| Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
| T559 |
0-341 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Figure 1 Brief summary of the chemical composition and biological activities of royal jelly, bee pollen, and propolis along with their effects on aged skeletal muscle and possible underlying mechanism. ↑ denotes increase, ↓ denotes decrease, MRJPs: major royal jelly proteins, 10-HDA: trans-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid, GI: gastrointestinal. |
| T560 |
342-451 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Panels (A,B) describe the composition and the biological properties of royal jelly, bee pollen, and propolis. |
| T561 |
452-776 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Thanks to their rich structure (which consists of proteins, polyphenols, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements) [2,28,37,49,59,60,61,68,80,86], these bee substances demonstrate a wide range of therapeutic activities such as counteracting inflammation and oxidative stress, in addition to many others [37,38,39,43,45,63,83]. |
| T562 |
777-870 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Panel (C) summarizes the effects of royal jelly, bee pollen, and propolis on skeletal muscle. |
| T563 |
871-1019 |
Sentence |
denotes |
These products increased muscle mass [36,54,95,96] and restored muscle function in old [36,38,95,96,97] and exhausted [54,90,101,106] animal models. |
| T564 |
1020-1485 |
Sentence |
denotes |
As shown in Panel (D), these effects originated from multiple molecular events that resulted in several therapeutic actions including amelioration of inflammation [36,38,90,101,107,108] and oxidative [95,106,109,110] damages, metabolic regulation [69,70,96,100,106,109,111,112], enhancements of satellite cell responsiveness [96,97], improving muscular blood supply [110], inhibition of catabolic genes [97], and promotion of peripheral neuronal regeneration [113]. |
| T565 |
1486-1715 |
Sentence |
denotes |
However, future studies could examine the involvement of other possible mechanisms in the muscle-enhancing potential of these bee products such as the role of gut microbiome in the absorption of nutrient contents of bee products. |
| T566 |
1716-1898 |
Sentence |
denotes |
It is not clear if these api-materials affect muscle quality via modulation of sex steroids and signaling pathways of dietary restriction, which are known to affect muscle integrity. |
