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PMC:1435744 / 2248-5164 JSONTXT 4 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T3593 0-2 IN denotes In
T3595 3-6 DT denotes the
T3596 7-18 NN denotes development
T3597 19-21 IN denotes of
T3598 22-25 DT denotes the
T3600 26-35 JJ denotes mammalian
T3599 36-42 NN denotes retina
T3601 42-44 , denotes ,
T3602 44-45 DT denotes a
T3604 46-53 JJ denotes diverse
T3603 54-59 NN denotes range
T3605 60-62 IN denotes of
T3606 63-67 NN denotes cell
T3607 68-73 NNS denotes types
T3608 74-76 VBZ denotes is
T3594 77-86 VBN denotes generated
T3609 87-91 IN denotes from
T3610 92-93 DT denotes a
T3611 94-98 NN denotes pool
T3612 99-101 IN denotes of
T3613 102-113 JJ denotes multipotent
T3615 114-121 JJ denotes retinal
T3616 122-132 NN denotes progenitor
T3614 133-138 NNS denotes cells
T3617 138-139 . denotes .
T3618 139-227 sentence denotes Among these cell types, photoreceptors account for over 70% of all cells in the retina.
T3619 140-145 IN denotes Among
T3621 146-151 DT denotes these
T3623 152-156 NN denotes cell
T3622 157-162 NNS denotes types
T3624 162-164 , denotes ,
T3625 164-178 NNS denotes photoreceptors
T3620 179-186 VBP denotes account
T3626 187-190 IN denotes for
T3627 191-195 IN denotes over
T3628 196-198 CD denotes 70
T3629 198-199 NN denotes %
T3630 200-202 IN denotes of
T3631 203-206 DT denotes all
T3632 207-212 NNS denotes cells
T3633 213-215 IN denotes in
T3634 216-219 DT denotes the
T3635 220-226 NN denotes retina
T3636 226-227 . denotes .
T3637 227-300 sentence denotes In vertebrates, there are two classes of photoreceptors, rods and cones.
T3638 228-230 IN denotes In
T3640 231-242 NNS denotes vertebrates
T3641 242-244 , denotes ,
T3642 244-249 EX denotes there
T3639 250-253 VBP denotes are
T3643 254-257 CD denotes two
T3644 258-265 NNS denotes classes
T3645 266-268 IN denotes of
T3646 269-283 NNS denotes photoreceptors
T3647 283-285 , denotes ,
T3648 285-289 NNS denotes rods
T3649 290-293 CC denotes and
T3650 294-299 NNS denotes cones
T3651 299-300 . denotes .
T3652 300-406 sentence denotes Rods are sensors of dim light, while cones function in bright light and are responsible for color vision.
T3653 301-305 NNS denotes Rods
T3654 306-309 VBP denotes are
T3655 310-317 NNS denotes sensors
T3656 318-320 IN denotes of
T3657 321-324 JJ denotes dim
T3658 325-330 NN denotes light
T3659 330-332 , denotes ,
T3660 332-337 IN denotes while
T3662 338-343 NNS denotes cones
T3661 344-352 VBP denotes function
T3663 353-355 IN denotes in
T3664 356-362 JJ denotes bright
T3665 363-368 NN denotes light
T3666 369-372 CC denotes and
T3667 373-376 VBP denotes are
T3668 377-388 JJ denotes responsible
T3669 389-392 IN denotes for
T3670 393-398 NN denotes color
T3671 399-405 NN denotes vision
T3672 405-406 . denotes .
T3673 406-640 sentence denotes Phototransduction, a series of signal amplifications detecting a single photon of light, is initiated by the capture of light with 11-cis-retinal, a chromophore bound by the opsin proteins: rhodopsin in rods and cone opsins in cones.
T3674 407-424 NN denotes Phototransduction
T3676 424-426 , denotes ,
T3677 426-427 DT denotes a
T3678 428-434 NN denotes series
T3679 435-437 IN denotes of
T3680 438-444 NN denotes signal
T3681 445-459 NNS denotes amplifications
T3682 460-469 VBG denotes detecting
T3683 470-471 DT denotes a
T3685 472-478 JJ denotes single
T3684 479-485 NN denotes photon
T3686 486-488 IN denotes of
T3687 489-494 NN denotes light
T3688 494-496 , denotes ,
T3689 496-498 VBZ denotes is
T3675 499-508 VBN denotes initiated
T3690 509-511 IN denotes by
T3691 512-515 DT denotes the
T3692 516-523 NN denotes capture
T3693 524-526 IN denotes of
T3694 527-532 NN denotes light
T3695 533-537 IN denotes with
T3696 538-540 CD denotes 11
T3698 540-541 HYPH denotes -
T3697 541-544 NN denotes cis
T3699 544-545 HYPH denotes -
T3700 545-552 JJ denotes retinal
T3701 552-554 , denotes ,
T3702 554-555 DT denotes a
T3703 556-567 NN denotes chromophore
T3704 568-573 VBN denotes bound
T3705 574-576 IN denotes by
T3706 577-580 DT denotes the
T3708 581-586 NN denotes opsin
T3707 587-595 NN denotes proteins
T3709 595-597 : denotes :
T3710 597-606 NN denotes rhodopsin
T3711 607-609 IN denotes in
T3712 610-614 NNS denotes rods
T3713 615-618 CC denotes and
T3714 619-623 NN denotes cone
T3715 624-630 NNS denotes opsins
T3716 631-633 IN denotes in
T3717 634-639 NNS denotes cones
T3718 639-640 . denotes .
T3719 640-778 sentence denotes The proteins that carry out phototransduction are located in an elaborate and highly specialized membranous structure, the outer segment.
T3720 641-644 DT denotes The
T3721 645-653 NN denotes proteins
T3723 654-658 WDT denotes that
T3724 659-664 VBP denotes carry
T3725 665-668 RP denotes out
T3726 669-686 NN denotes phototransduction
T3727 687-690 VBP denotes are
T3722 691-698 VBN denotes located
T3728 699-701 IN denotes in
T3729 702-704 DT denotes an
T3731 705-714 JJ denotes elaborate
T3732 715-718 CC denotes and
T3733 719-725 RB denotes highly
T3734 726-737 JJ denotes specialized
T3735 738-748 JJ denotes membranous
T3730 749-758 NN denotes structure
T3736 758-760 , denotes ,
T3737 760-763 DT denotes the
T3739 764-769 JJ denotes outer
T3738 770-777 NN denotes segment
T3740 777-778 . denotes .
T3741 778-907 sentence denotes The outer segment appears to be relatively fragile, degenerating in response to many environmental and/or genetic perturbations.
T3742 779-782 DT denotes The
T3744 783-788 JJ denotes outer
T3743 789-796 NN denotes segment
T3745 797-804 VBZ denotes appears
T3746 805-807 TO denotes to
T3747 808-810 VB denotes be
T3748 811-821 RB denotes relatively
T3749 822-829 JJ denotes fragile
T3750 829-831 , denotes ,
T3751 831-843 VBG denotes degenerating
T3752 844-846 IN denotes in
T3753 847-855 NN denotes response
T3754 856-858 IN denotes to
T3755 859-863 JJ denotes many
T3757 864-877 JJ denotes environmental
T3758 878-881 CC denotes and
T3759 881-882 HYPH denotes /
T3760 882-884 CC denotes or
T3761 885-892 JJ denotes genetic
T3756 893-906 NNS denotes perturbations
T3762 906-907 . denotes .
T3763 907-1023 sentence denotes In the rodent retina, the production of specific cell types during development progresses in a general order [1,2].
T3764 908-910 IN denotes In
T3766 911-914 DT denotes the
T3768 915-921 NN denotes rodent
T3767 922-928 NN denotes retina
T3769 928-930 , denotes ,
T3770 930-933 DT denotes the
T3771 934-944 NN denotes production
T3772 945-947 IN denotes of
T3773 948-956 JJ denotes specific
T3775 957-961 NN denotes cell
T3774 962-967 NNS denotes types
T3776 968-974 IN denotes during
T3777 975-986 NN denotes development
T3765 987-997 VBZ denotes progresses
T3778 998-1000 IN denotes in
T3779 1001-1002 DT denotes a
T3781 1003-1010 JJ denotes general
T3780 1011-1016 NN denotes order
T3782 1017-1018 -LRB- denotes [
T3784 1018-1019 CD denotes 1
T3785 1019-1020 , denotes ,
T3783 1020-1021 CD denotes 2
T3786 1021-1022 -RRB- denotes ]
T3787 1022-1023 . denotes .
T3788 1023-1084 sentence denotes Rod photoreceptor generation peaks around the time of birth.
T3789 1024-1027 NN denotes Rod
T3790 1028-1041 NN denotes photoreceptor
T3791 1042-1052 NN denotes generation
T3792 1053-1058 VBZ denotes peaks
T3793 1059-1065 IN denotes around
T3794 1066-1069 DT denotes the
T3795 1070-1074 NN denotes time
T3796 1075-1077 IN denotes of
T3797 1078-1083 NN denotes birth
T3798 1083-1084 . denotes .
T3799 1084-1237 sentence denotes Cone photoreceptors, ganglion cells, horizontal cells and amacrine cells are generated earlier, while Müller glia and bipolar cells are generated later.
T3800 1085-1089 NN denotes Cone
T3801 1090-1104 NNS denotes photoreceptors
T3803 1104-1106 , denotes ,
T3804 1106-1114 NN denotes ganglion
T3805 1115-1120 NNS denotes cells
T3806 1120-1122 , denotes ,
T3807 1122-1132 JJ denotes horizontal
T3808 1133-1138 NNS denotes cells
T3809 1139-1142 CC denotes and
T3810 1143-1151 NN denotes amacrine
T3811 1152-1157 NNS denotes cells
T3812 1158-1161 VBP denotes are
T3802 1162-1171 VBN denotes generated
T3813 1172-1179 RBR denotes earlier
T3814 1179-1181 , denotes ,
T3815 1181-1186 IN denotes while
T3817 1187-1193 NNP denotes Müller
T3818 1194-1198 NNS denotes glia
T3819 1199-1202 CC denotes and
T3820 1203-1210 JJ denotes bipolar
T3821 1211-1216 NNS denotes cells
T3822 1217-1220 VBP denotes are
T3816 1221-1230 VBN denotes generated
T3823 1231-1236 RB denotes later
T3824 1236-1237 . denotes .
T3825 1237-1436 sentence denotes This production of different cell types at different times appears to derive from differences in the intrinsic properties of progenitor cells involved in the transcription or chromatin modification.
T3826 1238-1242 DT denotes This
T3827 1243-1253 NN denotes production
T3829 1254-1256 IN denotes of
T3830 1257-1266 JJ denotes different
T3832 1267-1271 NN denotes cell
T3831 1272-1277 NNS denotes types
T3833 1278-1280 IN denotes at
T3834 1281-1290 JJ denotes different
T3835 1291-1296 NNS denotes times
T3828 1297-1304 VBZ denotes appears
T3836 1305-1307 TO denotes to
T3837 1308-1314 VB denotes derive
T3838 1315-1319 IN denotes from
T3839 1320-1331 NNS denotes differences
T3840 1332-1334 IN denotes in
T3841 1335-1338 DT denotes the
T3843 1339-1348 JJ denotes intrinsic
T3842 1349-1359 NNS denotes properties
T3844 1360-1362 IN denotes of
T3845 1363-1373 NN denotes progenitor
T3846 1374-1379 NNS denotes cells
T3847 1380-1388 VBN denotes involved
T3848 1389-1391 IN denotes in
T3849 1392-1395 DT denotes the
T3850 1396-1409 NN denotes transcription
T3851 1410-1412 CC denotes or
T3852 1413-1422 NN denotes chromatin
T3853 1423-1435 NN denotes modification
T3854 1435-1436 . denotes .
T3855 1436-1538 sentence denotes Recent studies identified several important transcription factors of photoreceptor development [3-7].
T3856 1437-1443 JJ denotes Recent
T3857 1444-1451 NNS denotes studies
T3858 1452-1462 VBD denotes identified
T3859 1463-1470 JJ denotes several
T3861 1471-1480 JJ denotes important
T3862 1481-1494 NN denotes transcription
T3860 1495-1502 NNS denotes factors
T3863 1503-1505 IN denotes of
T3864 1506-1519 NN denotes photoreceptor
T3865 1520-1531 NN denotes development
T3866 1532-1533 -LRB- denotes [
T3867 1533-1534 CD denotes 3
T3868 1534-1535 SYM denotes -
T3869 1535-1536 CD denotes 7
T3870 1536-1537 -RRB- denotes ]
T3871 1537-1538 . denotes .
T3872 1538-1693 sentence denotes Two Otx family homeobox genes, Otx2 and Crx, play essential roles in early cell fate determination and terminal differentiation of photoreceptors [3,8,9].
T3873 1539-1542 CD denotes Two
T3875 1543-1546 NN denotes Otx
T3876 1547-1553 NN denotes family
T3877 1554-1562 NN denotes homeobox
T3874 1563-1568 NNS denotes genes
T3879 1568-1570 , denotes ,
T3880 1570-1574 NN denotes Otx2
T3881 1575-1578 CC denotes and
T3882 1579-1582 NN denotes Crx
T3883 1582-1584 , denotes ,
T3878 1584-1588 VBP denotes play
T3884 1589-1598 JJ denotes essential
T3885 1599-1604 NNS denotes roles
T3886 1605-1607 IN denotes in
T3887 1608-1613 JJ denotes early
T3889 1614-1618 NN denotes cell
T3890 1619-1623 NN denotes fate
T3888 1624-1637 NN denotes determination
T3891 1638-1641 CC denotes and
T3892 1642-1650 JJ denotes terminal
T3893 1651-1666 NN denotes differentiation
T3894 1667-1669 IN denotes of
T3895 1670-1684 NNS denotes photoreceptors
T3896 1685-1686 -LRB- denotes [
T3898 1686-1687 CD denotes 3
T3899 1687-1688 , denotes ,
T3900 1688-1689 CD denotes 8
T3901 1689-1690 , denotes ,
T3897 1690-1691 CD denotes 9
T3902 1691-1692 -RRB- denotes ]
T3903 1692-1693 . denotes .
T3904 1693-1806 sentence denotes In the absence of Otx2 function, differentiating photoreceptor cells are converted to amacrine-like neurons [9].
T3905 1694-1696 IN denotes In
T3907 1697-1700 DT denotes the
T3908 1701-1708 NN denotes absence
T3909 1709-1711 IN denotes of
T3910 1712-1716 NN denotes Otx2
T3911 1717-1725 NN denotes function
T3912 1725-1727 , denotes ,
T3913 1727-1742 VBG denotes differentiating
T3915 1743-1756 NN denotes photoreceptor
T3914 1757-1762 NNS denotes cells
T3916 1763-1766 VBP denotes are
T3906 1767-1776 VBN denotes converted
T3917 1777-1779 IN denotes to
T3918 1780-1788 NN denotes amacrine
T3920 1788-1789 HYPH denotes -
T3919 1789-1793 JJ denotes like
T3921 1794-1801 NNS denotes neurons
T3922 1802-1803 -LRB- denotes [
T3923 1803-1804 CD denotes 9
T3924 1804-1805 -RRB- denotes ]
T3925 1805-1806 . denotes .
T3926 1806-2025 sentence denotes Crx, a downstream target of Otx2, controls the transcription of various photoreceptor cell-specific genes and is essential for the formation of outer segments, synaptic terminals, and phototransduction pathways [8,10].
T3927 1807-1810 NN denotes Crx
T3929 1810-1812 , denotes ,
T3930 1812-1813 DT denotes a
T3932 1814-1824 JJ denotes downstream
T3931 1825-1831 NN denotes target
T3933 1832-1834 IN denotes of
T3934 1835-1839 NN denotes Otx2
T3935 1839-1841 , denotes ,
T3928 1841-1849 VBZ denotes controls
T3936 1850-1853 DT denotes the
T3937 1854-1867 NN denotes transcription
T3938 1868-1870 IN denotes of
T3939 1871-1878 JJ denotes various
T3941 1879-1892 NN denotes photoreceptor
T3942 1893-1897 NN denotes cell
T3944 1897-1898 HYPH denotes -
T3943 1898-1906 JJ denotes specific
T3940 1907-1912 NNS denotes genes
T3945 1913-1916 CC denotes and
T3946 1917-1919 VBZ denotes is
T3947 1920-1929 JJ denotes essential
T3948 1930-1933 IN denotes for
T3949 1934-1937 DT denotes the
T3950 1938-1947 NN denotes formation
T3951 1948-1950 IN denotes of
T3952 1951-1956 JJ denotes outer
T3953 1957-1965 NNS denotes segments
T3954 1965-1967 , denotes ,
T3955 1967-1975 JJ denotes synaptic
T3956 1976-1985 NNS denotes terminals
T3957 1985-1987 , denotes ,
T3958 1987-1990 CC denotes and
T3959 1991-2008 NN denotes phototransduction
T3960 2009-2017 NNS denotes pathways
T3961 2018-2019 -LRB- denotes [
T3963 2019-2020 CD denotes 8
T3964 2020-2021 , denotes ,
T3962 2021-2023 CD denotes 10
T3965 2023-2024 -RRB- denotes ]
T3966 2024-2025 . denotes .
T3967 2025-2261 sentence denotes Crx transcripts begin to be expressed in developing photoreceptors at embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5) in the mouse and a strong upregulation of Crx transcription is apparent across the differentiating photoreceptors at postnatal day 6 (P6).
T3968 2026-2029 NN denotes Crx
T3969 2030-2041 NNS denotes transcripts
T3970 2042-2047 VBP denotes begin
T3971 2048-2050 TO denotes to
T3973 2051-2053 VB denotes be
T3972 2054-2063 VBN denotes expressed
T3974 2064-2066 IN denotes in
T3975 2067-2077 VBG denotes developing
T3976 2078-2092 NNS denotes photoreceptors
T3977 2093-2095 IN denotes at
T3978 2096-2105 JJ denotes embryonic
T3979 2106-2109 NN denotes day
T3980 2110-2114 CD denotes 12.5
T3981 2115-2116 -LRB- denotes (
T3982 2116-2121 NN denotes E12.5
T3983 2121-2122 -RRB- denotes )
T3984 2123-2125 IN denotes in
T3985 2126-2129 DT denotes the
T3986 2130-2135 NN denotes mouse
T3987 2136-2139 CC denotes and
T3988 2140-2141 DT denotes a
T3990 2142-2148 JJ denotes strong
T3989 2149-2161 NN denotes upregulation
T3992 2162-2164 IN denotes of
T3993 2165-2168 NN denotes Crx
T3994 2169-2182 NN denotes transcription
T3991 2183-2185 VBZ denotes is
T3995 2186-2194 JJ denotes apparent
T3996 2195-2201 IN denotes across
T3997 2202-2205 DT denotes the
T3999 2206-2221 VBG denotes differentiating
T3998 2222-2236 NNS denotes photoreceptors
T4000 2237-2239 IN denotes at
T4001 2240-2249 JJ denotes postnatal
T4002 2250-2253 NN denotes day
T4003 2254-2255 CD denotes 6
T4004 2256-2257 -LRB- denotes (
T4005 2257-2259 NN denotes P6
T4006 2259-2260 -RRB- denotes )
T4007 2260-2261 . denotes .
T4008 2261-2479 sentence denotes Photoreceptor cells in the Crx knockout (KO) mice exhibit a dramatic reduction of many photoreceptor molecules including visual pigments and develop neither photoreceptor outer segments nor a synaptic terminus [8,10].
T4009 2262-2275 NN denotes Photoreceptor
T4010 2276-2281 NNS denotes cells
T4012 2282-2284 IN denotes in
T4013 2285-2288 DT denotes the
T4015 2289-2292 NN denotes Crx
T4016 2293-2301 NN denotes knockout
T4017 2302-2303 -LRB- denotes (
T4018 2303-2305 NN denotes KO
T4019 2305-2306 -RRB- denotes )
T4014 2307-2311 NNS denotes mice
T4011 2312-2319 VBP denotes exhibit
T4020 2320-2321 DT denotes a
T4022 2322-2330 JJ denotes dramatic
T4021 2331-2340 NN denotes reduction
T4023 2341-2343 IN denotes of
T4024 2344-2348 JJ denotes many
T4026 2349-2362 NN denotes photoreceptor
T4025 2363-2372 NNS denotes molecules
T4027 2373-2382 VBG denotes including
T4028 2383-2389 JJ denotes visual
T4029 2390-2398 NNS denotes pigments
T4030 2399-2402 CC denotes and
T4031 2403-2410 VBP denotes develop
T4032 2411-2418 CC denotes neither
T4034 2419-2432 NN denotes photoreceptor
T4035 2433-2438 JJ denotes outer
T4033 2439-2447 NNS denotes segments
T4036 2448-2451 CC denotes nor
T4037 2452-2453 DT denotes a
T4039 2454-2462 JJ denotes synaptic
T4038 2463-2471 NN denotes terminus
T4040 2472-2473 -LRB- denotes [
T4042 2473-2474 CD denotes 8
T4043 2474-2475 , denotes ,
T4041 2475-2477 CD denotes 10
T4044 2477-2478 -RRB- denotes ]
T4045 2478-2479 . denotes .
T4046 2479-2734 sentence denotes In addition, mutations of human CRX have been demonstrated to be associated with three types of photoreceptor diseases: autosomal dominant cone-rod dystrophy 2, autosomal dominant-type retinitis pigmentosa, and Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA) [11-14].
T4047 2480-2482 IN denotes In
T4049 2483-2491 NN denotes addition
T4050 2491-2493 , denotes ,
T4051 2493-2502 NNS denotes mutations
T4052 2503-2505 IN denotes of
T4053 2506-2511 JJ denotes human
T4054 2512-2515 NN denotes CRX
T4055 2516-2520 VBP denotes have
T4056 2521-2525 VBN denotes been
T4048 2526-2538 VBN denotes demonstrated
T4057 2539-2541 TO denotes to
T4059 2542-2544 VB denotes be
T4058 2545-2555 VBN denotes associated
T4060 2556-2560 IN denotes with
T4061 2561-2566 CD denotes three
T4062 2567-2572 NNS denotes types
T4063 2573-2575 IN denotes of
T4064 2576-2589 NN denotes photoreceptor
T4065 2590-2598 NNS denotes diseases
T4066 2598-2600 : denotes :
T4067 2600-2609 JJ denotes autosomal
T4068 2610-2618 JJ denotes dominant
T4070 2619-2623 NN denotes cone
T4072 2623-2624 HYPH denotes -
T4071 2624-2627 NN denotes rod
T4069 2628-2637 NN denotes dystrophy
T4073 2638-2639 CD denotes 2
T4074 2639-2641 , denotes ,
T4075 2641-2650 JJ denotes autosomal
T4076 2651-2659 JJ denotes dominant
T4078 2659-2660 HYPH denotes -
T4077 2660-2664 NN denotes type
T4080 2665-2674 NN denotes retinitis
T4079 2675-2685 NN denotes pigmentosa
T4081 2685-2687 , denotes ,
T4082 2687-2690 CC denotes and
T4083 2691-2696 NNP denotes Leber
T4085 2696-2698 POS denotes 's
T4086 2699-2709 JJ denotes congenital
T4084 2710-2719 NN denotes amaurosis
T4087 2720-2721 -LRB- denotes (
T4088 2721-2724 NN denotes LCA
T4089 2724-2725 -RRB- denotes )
T4090 2726-2727 -LRB- denotes [
T4091 2727-2729 CD denotes 11
T4092 2729-2730 SYM denotes -
T4093 2730-2732 CD denotes 14
T4094 2732-2733 -RRB- denotes ]
T4095 2733-2734 . denotes .
T4096 2734-2916 sentence denotes While Otx2 and Crx control general photoreceptor development, three other transcription factors, TRβ2, Nrl, and Nr2e3 regulate the specification of photoreceptor cell types [4,5,7].
T4097 2735-2740 IN denotes While
T4099 2741-2745 NN denotes Otx2
T4100 2746-2749 CC denotes and
T4101 2750-2753 NN denotes Crx
T4098 2754-2761 VBP denotes control
T4103 2762-2769 JJ denotes general
T4105 2770-2783 NN denotes photoreceptor
T4104 2784-2795 NN denotes development
T4106 2795-2797 , denotes ,
T4107 2797-2802 CD denotes three
T4109 2803-2808 JJ denotes other
T4110 2809-2822 NN denotes transcription
T4108 2823-2830 NNS denotes factors
T4111 2830-2832 , denotes ,
T4112 2832-2836 NN denotes TRβ2
T4113 2836-2838 , denotes ,
T4114 2838-2841 NN denotes Nrl
T4115 2841-2843 , denotes ,
T4116 2843-2846 CC denotes and
T4117 2847-2852 NN denotes Nr2e3
T4102 2853-2861 VBP denotes regulate
T4118 2862-2865 DT denotes the
T4119 2866-2879 NN denotes specification
T4120 2880-2882 IN denotes of
T4121 2883-2896 NN denotes photoreceptor
T4123 2897-2901 NN denotes cell
T4122 2902-2907 NNS denotes types
T4124 2908-2909 -LRB- denotes [
T4126 2909-2910 CD denotes 4
T4127 2910-2911 , denotes ,
T4128 2911-2912 CD denotes 5
T4129 2912-2913 , denotes ,
T4125 2913-2914 CD denotes 7
T4130 2914-2915 -RRB- denotes ]
T4131 2915-2916 . denotes .
R1001 T4116 T4114 cc and,Nrl
R1005 T4117 T4114 conj Nr2e3,Nrl
R1008 T4118 T4119 det the,specification
R1012 T4119 T4102 dobj specification,regulate
R1015 T4120 T4119 prep of,specification
R1017 T4121 T4122 compound photoreceptor,types
R1024 T4122 T4120 pobj types,of
R1028 T4123 T4122 compound cell,types
R1032 T4124 T4125 punct [,7
R1034 T4125 T4102 parataxis 7,regulate
R1037 T4126 T4125 nummod 4,7
R1041 T4127 T4125 punct ",",7
R1044 T4128 T4125 nummod 5,7
R1048 T4129 T4125 punct ",",7
R1052 T4130 T4125 punct ],7
R1055 T4131 T4102 punct .,regulate
R400 T3593 T3594 prep In,generated
R401 T3595 T3596 det the,development
R402 T3596 T3593 pobj development,In
R403 T3597 T3596 prep of,development
R404 T3598 T3599 det the,retina
R405 T3599 T3597 pobj retina,of
R406 T3600 T3599 amod mammalian,retina
R407 T3601 T3594 punct ", ",generated
R408 T3602 T3603 det a,range
R409 T3603 T3594 nsubjpass range,generated
R410 T3604 T3603 amod diverse,range
R411 T3605 T3603 prep of,range
R412 T3606 T3607 compound cell,types
R413 T3607 T3605 pobj types,of
R414 T3608 T3594 auxpass is,generated
R415 T3609 T3594 prep from,generated
R416 T3610 T3611 det a,pool
R417 T3611 T3609 pobj pool,from
R418 T3612 T3611 prep of,pool
R419 T3613 T3614 amod multipotent,cells
R420 T3614 T3612 pobj cells,of
R421 T3615 T3614 amod retinal,cells
R422 T3616 T3614 compound progenitor,cells
R423 T3617 T3594 punct .,generated
R424 T3619 T3620 prep Among,account
R425 T3621 T3622 det these,types
R426 T3622 T3619 pobj types,Among
R427 T3623 T3622 compound cell,types
R428 T3624 T3620 punct ", ",account
R429 T3629 T3626 pobj %,for
R430 T3625 T3620 nsubj photoreceptors,account
R431 T3630 T3629 prep of,%
R432 T3626 T3620 prep for,account
R433 T3631 T3632 det all,cells
R434 T3632 T3630 pobj cells,of
R435 T3633 T3629 prep in,%
R436 T3627 T3628 quantmod over,70
R437 T3628 T3629 nummod 70,%
R438 T3634 T3635 det the,retina
R439 T3635 T3633 pobj retina,in
R440 T3735 T3730 amod membranous,structure
R441 T3636 T3620 punct .,account
R442 T3638 T3639 prep In,are
R443 T3640 T3638 pobj vertebrates,In
R444 T3641 T3639 punct ", ",are
R445 T3642 T3639 expl there,are
R446 T3643 T3644 nummod two,classes
R447 T3644 T3639 attr classes,are
R448 T3645 T3644 prep of,classes
R449 T3646 T3645 pobj photoreceptors,of
R450 T3736 T3730 punct ", ",structure
R451 T3647 T3644 punct ", ",classes
R452 T3648 T3644 appos rods,classes
R453 T3649 T3648 cc and,rods
R454 T3650 T3648 conj cones,rods
R455 T3737 T3738 det the,segment
R456 T3651 T3639 punct .,are
R457 T3738 T3730 appos segment,structure
R458 T3653 T3654 nsubj Rods,are
R459 T3655 T3654 attr sensors,are
R460 T3739 T3738 amod outer,segment
R461 T3656 T3655 prep of,sensors
R462 T3657 T3658 amod dim,light
R463 T3658 T3656 pobj light,of
R464 T3740 T3722 punct .,located
R465 T3659 T3654 punct ", ",are
R466 T3660 T3661 mark while,function
R467 T3661 T3654 advcl function,are
R468 T3742 T3743 det The,segment
R469 T3662 T3661 nsubj cones,function
R470 T3663 T3661 prep in,function
R471 T3664 T3665 amod bright,light
R472 T3665 T3663 pobj light,in
R473 T3743 T3745 nsubj segment,appears
R474 T3666 T3661 cc and,function
R475 T3667 T3661 conj are,function
R476 T3668 T3667 acomp responsible,are
R477 T3744 T3743 amod outer,segment
R478 T3669 T3668 prep for,responsible
R479 T3670 T3671 compound color,vision
R480 T3671 T3669 pobj vision,for
R481 T3746 T3747 aux to,be
R482 T3672 T3654 punct .,are
R483 T3674 T3675 nsubjpass Phototransduction,initiated
R484 T3747 T3745 xcomp be,appears
R485 T3676 T3674 punct ", ",Phototransduction
R486 T3677 T3678 det a,series
R487 T3748 T3749 advmod relatively,fragile
R488 T3678 T3674 appos series,Phototransduction
R489 T3679 T3678 prep of,series
R490 T3680 T3681 compound signal,amplifications
R491 T3749 T3747 acomp fragile,be
R492 T3681 T3679 pobj amplifications,of
R493 T3750 T3747 punct ", ",be
R494 T3682 T3681 acl detecting,amplifications
R495 T3683 T3684 det a,photon
R496 T3684 T3682 dobj photon,detecting
R497 T3685 T3684 amod single,photon
R498 T3751 T3747 advcl degenerating,be
R499 T3686 T3684 prep of,photon
R500 T3687 T3686 pobj light,of
R501 T3688 T3675 punct ", ",initiated
R502 T3752 T3751 prep in,degenerating
R503 T3689 T3675 auxpass is,initiated
R504 T3690 T3675 agent by,initiated
R505 T3753 T3752 pobj response,in
R506 T3691 T3692 det the,capture
R507 T3692 T3690 pobj capture,by
R508 T3693 T3692 prep of,capture
R509 T3754 T3753 prep to,response
R510 T3694 T3693 pobj light,of
R511 T3695 T3675 prep with,initiated
R512 T3696 T3697 nummod 11,cis
R513 T3697 T3695 pobj cis,with
R514 T3755 T3756 amod many,perturbations
R515 T3698 T3697 punct -,cis
R516 T3699 T3697 punct -,cis
R517 T3700 T3697 amod retinal,cis
R518 T3756 T3754 pobj perturbations,to
R519 T3701 T3697 punct ", ",cis
R520 T3702 T3703 det a,chromophore
R521 T3757 T3756 amod environmental,perturbations
R522 T3703 T3697 appos chromophore,cis
R523 T3758 T3757 cc and,environmental
R524 T3704 T3703 acl bound,chromophore
R525 T3705 T3704 agent by,bound
R526 T3706 T3707 det the,proteins
R527 T3707 T3705 pobj proteins,by
R528 T3759 T3758 punct /,and
R529 T3708 T3707 compound opsin,proteins
R530 T3709 T3707 punct : ,proteins
R531 T3710 T3707 appos rhodopsin,proteins
R532 T3760 T3758 cc or,and
R533 T3711 T3710 prep in,rhodopsin
R534 T3712 T3711 pobj rods,in
R535 T3713 T3710 cc and,rhodopsin
R536 T3761 T3757 conj genetic,environmental
R537 T3714 T3715 compound cone,opsins
R538 T3715 T3710 conj opsins,rhodopsin
R539 T3716 T3715 prep in,opsins
R540 T3762 T3745 punct .,appears
R541 T3717 T3716 pobj cones,in
R542 T3718 T3675 punct .,initiated
R543 T3764 T3765 prep In,progresses
R544 T3720 T3721 det The,proteins
R545 T3721 T3722 nsubjpass proteins,located
R546 T3766 T3767 det the,retina
R547 T3723 T3724 dep that,carry
R548 T3724 T3721 relcl carry,proteins
R549 T3725 T3724 prt out,carry
R550 T3726 T3724 dobj phototransduction,carry
R551 T3767 T3764 pobj retina,In
R552 T3727 T3722 auxpass are,located
R553 T3728 T3722 prep in,located
R554 T3729 T3730 det an,structure
R555 T3768 T3767 compound rodent,retina
R556 T3730 T3728 pobj structure,in
R557 T3731 T3730 amod elaborate,structure
R558 T3732 T3731 cc and,elaborate
R559 T3769 T3765 punct ", ",progresses
R560 T3733 T3734 advmod highly,specialized
R561 T3734 T3731 conj specialized,elaborate
R562 T3770 T3771 det the,production
R563 T3771 T3765 nsubj production,progresses
R564 T3772 T3771 prep of,production
R565 T3773 T3774 amod specific,types
R566 T3774 T3772 pobj types,of
R567 T3841 T3842 det the,properties
R568 T3842 T3840 pobj properties,in
R569 T3775 T3774 compound cell,types
R570 T3843 T3842 amod intrinsic,properties
R571 T3844 T3842 prep of,properties
R572 T3845 T3846 compound progenitor,cells
R573 T3776 T3771 prep during,production
R574 T3846 T3844 pobj cells,of
R575 T3847 T3846 acl involved,cells
R576 T3848 T3847 prep in,involved
R577 T3777 T3776 pobj development,during
R578 T3849 T3850 det the,transcription
R579 T3850 T3848 pobj transcription,in
R580 T3851 T3850 cc or,transcription
R581 T3778 T3765 prep in,progresses
R582 T3852 T3853 compound chromatin,modification
R583 T3853 T3850 conj modification,transcription
R584 T3779 T3780 det a,order
R585 T3854 T3828 punct .,appears
R586 T3856 T3857 amod Recent,studies
R587 T3780 T3778 pobj order,in
R588 T3857 T3858 nsubj studies,identified
R589 T3859 T3860 amod several,factors
R590 T3781 T3780 amod general,order
R591 T3860 T3858 dobj factors,identified
R592 T3861 T3860 amod important,factors
R593 T3862 T3860 compound transcription,factors
R594 T3782 T3783 punct [,2
R595 T3863 T3860 prep of,factors
R596 T3864 T3865 compound photoreceptor,development
R597 T3865 T3863 pobj development,of
R598 T3783 T3765 parataxis 2,progresses
R599 T3866 T3867 punct [,3
R600 T3867 T3858 parataxis 3,identified
R601 T3868 T3869 punct -,7
R602 T3869 T3867 prep 7,3
R603 T3870 T3867 punct ],3
R604 T3871 T3858 punct .,identified
R605 T3784 T3783 nummod 1,2
R606 T3873 T3874 nummod Two,genes
R607 T3874 T3878 nsubj genes,play
R608 T3785 T3783 punct ",",2
R609 T3875 T3874 compound Otx,genes
R610 T3876 T3874 compound family,genes
R611 T3877 T3874 compound homeobox,genes
R612 T3786 T3783 punct ],2
R613 T3879 T3874 punct ", ",genes
R614 T3787 T3765 punct .,progresses
R615 T3880 T3874 appos Otx2,genes
R616 T3881 T3880 cc and,Otx2
R617 T3882 T3880 conj Crx,Otx2
R618 T3789 T3790 compound Rod,photoreceptor
R619 T3883 T3878 punct ", ",play
R620 T3884 T3885 amod essential,roles
R621 T3885 T3878 dobj roles,play
R622 T3790 T3791 compound photoreceptor,generation
R623 T3886 T3878 prep in,play
R624 T3887 T3888 amod early,determination
R625 T3888 T3886 pobj determination,in
R626 T3889 T3890 compound cell,fate
R627 T3791 T3792 nsubj generation,peaks
R628 T3890 T3888 compound fate,determination
R629 T3891 T3888 cc and,determination
R630 T3892 T3893 amod terminal,differentiation
R631 T3793 T3792 prep around,peaks
R632 T3893 T3888 conj differentiation,determination
R633 T3894 T3888 prep of,determination
R634 T3794 T3795 det the,time
R635 T3895 T3894 pobj photoreceptors,of
R636 T3896 T3897 punct [,9
R637 T3795 T3793 pobj time,around
R638 T3897 T3878 parataxis 9,play
R639 T3796 T3795 prep of,time
R640 T3898 T3897 nummod 3,9
R641 T3899 T3897 punct ",",9
R642 T3900 T3897 nummod 8,9
R643 T3797 T3796 pobj birth,of
R644 T3901 T3897 punct ",",9
R645 T3902 T3897 punct ],9
R646 T3798 T3792 punct .,peaks
R647 T3903 T3878 punct .,play
R648 T3905 T3906 prep In,converted
R649 T3800 T3801 compound Cone,photoreceptors
R650 T3907 T3908 det the,absence
R651 T3908 T3905 pobj absence,In
R652 T3909 T3908 prep of,absence
R653 T3910 T3911 compound Otx2,function
R654 T3911 T3909 pobj function,of
R655 T3801 T3802 nsubjpass photoreceptors,generated
R656 T3912 T3906 punct ", ",converted
R657 T3913 T3914 amod differentiating,cells
R658 T3914 T3906 nsubjpass cells,converted
R659 T3915 T3914 compound photoreceptor,cells
R660 T3803 T3801 punct ", ",photoreceptors
R661 T3916 T3906 auxpass are,converted
R662 T3917 T3906 prep to,converted
R663 T3918 T3919 npadvmod amacrine,like
R664 T3804 T3805 compound ganglion,cells
R665 T3919 T3921 amod like,neurons
R666 T3920 T3919 punct -,like
R667 T3921 T3917 pobj neurons,to
R668 T3805 T3801 conj cells,photoreceptors
R669 T3922 T3923 punct [,9
R670 T3923 T3906 parataxis 9,converted
R671 T3924 T3923 punct ],9
R672 T3806 T3805 punct ", ",cells
R673 T3925 T3906 punct .,converted
R674 T3927 T3928 nsubj Crx,controls
R675 T3807 T3808 amod horizontal,cells
R676 T3929 T3927 punct ", ",Crx
R677 T3930 T3931 det a,target
R678 T3808 T3805 conj cells,cells
R679 T3931 T3927 appos target,Crx
R680 T3932 T3931 amod downstream,target
R681 T3933 T3931 prep of,target
R682 T3809 T3808 cc and,cells
R683 T3934 T3933 pobj Otx2,of
R684 T3935 T3928 punct ", ",controls
R685 T3936 T3937 det the,transcription
R686 T3810 T3811 compound amacrine,cells
R687 T3937 T3928 dobj transcription,controls
R688 T3938 T3937 prep of,transcription
R689 T3939 T3940 amod various,genes
R690 T3811 T3808 conj cells,cells
R691 T3940 T3938 pobj genes,of
R692 T3941 T3940 nmod photoreceptor,genes
R693 T3812 T3802 auxpass are,generated
R694 T3942 T3943 npadvmod cell,specific
R695 T3943 T3940 amod specific,genes
R696 T3944 T3943 punct -,specific
R697 T3813 T3802 advmod earlier,generated
R698 T3945 T3928 cc and,controls
R699 T3946 T3928 conj is,controls
R700 T3814 T3802 punct ", ",generated
R701 T3815 T3816 mark while,generated
R702 T3816 T3802 advcl generated,generated
R703 T3947 T3946 acomp essential,is
R704 T3817 T3818 compound Müller,glia
R705 T3948 T3947 prep for,essential
R706 T3949 T3950 det the,formation
R707 T3950 T3948 pobj formation,for
R708 T3951 T3950 prep of,formation
R709 T3952 T3953 amod outer,segments
R710 T3953 T3951 pobj segments,of
R711 T3818 T3816 nsubjpass glia,generated
R712 T3954 T3953 punct ", ",segments
R713 T3955 T3956 amod synaptic,terminals
R714 T3956 T3953 conj terminals,segments
R715 T3819 T3818 cc and,glia
R716 T3957 T3956 punct ", ",terminals
R717 T3958 T3956 cc and,terminals
R718 T3959 T3960 compound phototransduction,pathways
R719 T3820 T3821 amod bipolar,cells
R720 T3960 T3956 conj pathways,terminals
R721 T3821 T3818 conj cells,glia
R722 T3961 T3962 punct [,10
R723 T3962 T3946 parataxis 10,is
R724 T3963 T3962 nummod 8,10
R725 T3822 T3816 auxpass are,generated
R726 T3964 T3962 punct ",",10
R727 T3965 T3962 punct ],10
R728 T3966 T3928 punct .,controls
R729 T3823 T3816 advmod later,generated
R730 T3968 T3969 compound Crx,transcripts
R731 T3969 T3970 nsubj transcripts,begin
R732 T3824 T3802 punct .,generated
R733 T3971 T3972 aux to,expressed
R734 T3826 T3827 det This,production
R735 T3972 T3970 xcomp expressed,begin
R736 T3973 T3972 auxpass be,expressed
R737 T3974 T3972 prep in,expressed
R738 T3975 T3976 amod developing,photoreceptors
R739 T3976 T3974 pobj photoreceptors,in
R740 T3827 T3828 nsubj production,appears
R741 T3977 T3972 prep at,expressed
R742 T3978 T3979 amod embryonic,day
R743 T3829 T3827 prep of,production
R744 T3979 T3977 pobj day,at
R745 T3980 T3979 nummod 12.5,day
R746 T3981 T3979 punct (,day
R747 T3830 T3831 amod different,types
R748 T3982 T3979 appos E12.5,day
R749 T3983 T3977 punct ),at
R750 T3984 T3972 prep in,expressed
R751 T3985 T3986 det the,mouse
R752 T3831 T3829 pobj types,of
R753 T3832 T3831 compound cell,types
R754 T3986 T3984 pobj mouse,in
R755 T3987 T3970 cc and,begin
R756 T3833 T3827 prep at,production
R757 T3988 T3989 det a,upregulation
R758 T3989 T3991 nsubj upregulation,is
R759 T3990 T3989 amod strong,upregulation
R760 T3991 T3970 conj is,begin
R761 T3992 T3989 prep of,upregulation
R762 T3993 T3994 compound Crx,transcription
R763 T3994 T3992 pobj transcription,of
R764 T3834 T3835 amod different,times
R765 T3995 T3991 acomp apparent,is
R766 T3996 T3991 prep across,is
R767 T3835 T3833 pobj times,at
R768 T3997 T3998 det the,photoreceptors
R769 T3998 T3996 pobj photoreceptors,across
R770 T3999 T3998 amod differentiating,photoreceptors
R771 T3836 T3837 aux to,derive
R772 T4000 T3991 prep at,is
R773 T4001 T4002 amod postnatal,day
R774 T4002 T4000 pobj day,at
R775 T3837 T3828 xcomp derive,appears
R776 T4003 T4002 nummod 6,day
R777 T4004 T4002 punct (,day
R778 T4005 T4002 appos P6,day
R779 T3838 T3837 prep from,derive
R780 T4006 T3991 punct ),is
R781 T4007 T3991 punct .,is
R782 T3839 T3838 pobj differences,from
R783 T4009 T4010 compound Photoreceptor,cells
R784 T4010 T4011 nsubj cells,exhibit
R785 T3840 T3839 prep in,differences
R786 T4012 T4010 prep in,cells
R787 T4013 T4014 det the,mice
R788 T4053 T4054 amod human,CRX
R789 T4014 T4012 pobj mice,in
R790 T4015 T4016 nmod Crx,knockout
R791 T4016 T4014 nmod knockout,mice
R792 T4017 T4016 punct (,knockout
R793 T4018 T4016 appos KO,knockout
R794 T4054 T4052 pobj CRX,of
R795 T4019 T4014 punct ),mice
R796 T4020 T4021 det a,reduction
R797 T4055 T4048 aux have,demonstrated
R798 T4021 T4011 dobj reduction,exhibit
R799 T4022 T4021 amod dramatic,reduction
R800 T4056 T4048 auxpass been,demonstrated
R801 T4023 T4021 prep of,reduction
R802 T4024 T4025 amod many,molecules
R803 T4025 T4023 pobj molecules,of
R804 T4026 T4025 compound photoreceptor,molecules
R805 T4057 T4058 aux to,associated
R806 T4027 T4025 prep including,molecules
R807 T4028 T4029 amod visual,pigments
R808 T4058 T4048 xcomp associated,demonstrated
R809 T4029 T4027 pobj pigments,including
R810 T4030 T4011 cc and,exhibit
R811 T4031 T4011 conj develop,exhibit
R812 T4032 T4033 preconj neither,segments
R813 T4033 T4031 dobj segments,develop
R814 T4034 T4033 nmod photoreceptor,segments
R815 T4035 T4033 amod outer,segments
R816 T4059 T4058 auxpass be,associated
R817 T4036 T4033 cc nor,segments
R818 T4037 T4038 det a,terminus
R819 T4038 T4033 conj terminus,segments
R820 T4060 T4058 prep with,associated
R821 T4039 T4038 amod synaptic,terminus
R822 T4040 T4041 punct [,10
R823 T4041 T4031 parataxis 10,develop
R824 T4061 T4062 nummod three,types
R825 T4042 T4041 nummod 8,10
R826 T4043 T4041 punct ",",10
R827 T4044 T4041 punct ],10
R828 T4062 T4060 pobj types,with
R829 T4045 T4011 punct .,exhibit
R830 T4063 T4062 prep of,types
R831 T4047 T4048 prep In,demonstrated
R832 T4049 T4047 pobj addition,In
R833 T4050 T4048 punct ", ",demonstrated
R834 T4064 T4065 compound photoreceptor,diseases
R835 T4051 T4048 nsubjpass mutations,demonstrated
R836 T4052 T4051 prep of,mutations
R837 T4065 T4063 pobj diseases,of
R838 T4066 T4062 punct : ,types
R839 T4067 T4068 amod autosomal,dominant
R840 T4068 T4069 amod dominant,dystrophy
R841 T4069 T4062 appos dystrophy,types
R844 T4070 T4071 compound cone,rod
R847 T4071 T4069 compound rod,dystrophy
R850 T4072 T4071 punct -,rod
R854 T4073 T4069 nummod 2,dystrophy
R856 T4074 T4069 punct ", ",dystrophy
R859 T4075 T4076 amod autosomal,dominant
R866 T4076 T4077 amod dominant,type
R871 T4077 T4079 compound type,pigmentosa
R875 T4078 T4077 punct -,type
R878 T4079 T4069 conj pigmentosa,dystrophy
R883 T4080 T4079 compound retinitis,pigmentosa
R886 T4081 T4079 punct ", ",pigmentosa
R890 T4082 T4079 cc and,pigmentosa
R894 T4083 T4084 poss Leber,amaurosis
R898 T4084 T4079 conj amaurosis,pigmentosa
R901 T4085 T4083 case 's,Leber
R905 T4086 T4084 amod congenital,amaurosis
R907 T4087 T4084 punct (,amaurosis
R912 T4088 T4084 appos LCA,amaurosis
R919 T4089 T4048 punct ),demonstrated
R923 T4090 T4091 punct [,11
R927 T4091 T4048 parataxis 11,demonstrated
R931 T4092 T4093 punct -,14
R935 T4093 T4091 prep 14,11
R938 T4094 T4091 punct ],11
R943 T4095 T4048 punct .,demonstrated
R946 T4097 T4098 mark While,control
R949 T4098 T4102 advcl control,regulate
R953 T4099 T4098 nsubj Otx2,control
R957 T4100 T4099 cc and,Otx2
R959 T4101 T4099 conj Crx,Otx2
R964 T4103 T4104 amod general,development
R970 T4104 T4098 dobj development,control
R974 T4105 T4104 compound photoreceptor,development
R976 T4106 T4102 punct ", ",regulate
R977 T4107 T4108 nummod three,factors
R978 T4108 T4102 nsubj factors,regulate
R979 T4109 T4108 amod other,factors
R982 T4110 T4108 compound transcription,factors
R985 T4111 T4108 punct ", ",factors
R988 T4112 T4108 appos TRβ2,factors
R992 T4113 T4112 punct ", ",TRβ2
R995 T4114 T4112 conj Nrl,TRβ2
R998 T4115 T4114 punct ", ",Nrl