LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7796329 / 65135-73211 JSONTXT 3 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T539 0-2 Sentence denotes 5.
T540 3-14 Sentence denotes Conclusions
T541 16-20 Sentence denotes 5.1.
T542 21-41 Sentence denotes Findings and Summary
T543 42-75 Sentence denotes The main findings are as follows.
T544 76-215 Sentence denotes First, the simple frequency analysis shows that the percentage of respondents who agree with conspiracy theories ranges from 8.0% to 44.0%.
T545 216-301 Sentence denotes The belief rates are high for conspiracy theories concerning politicians or politics.
T546 302-441 Sentence denotes It is also noteworthy that the proportion of people who moderately believe conspiracy theories is significant, ranging from 28.6% to 40.7%.
T547 442-529 Sentence denotes This result suggests the potential for conspiracy theories to spread in Korean society.
T548 530-923 Sentence denotes Second, the mean analysis shows that beliefs in conspiracy theories differ greatly between groups supporting and opposing the current government; groups trusting and not trusting the government; groups with high and low perceived risk, anxiety, and negative emotions; groups with and without better qualitative information; and groups with and without poor health generally and after COVID-19.
T549 924-1150 Sentence denotes Third, the correlation analysis shows that the quality of information has the greatest correlation with beliefs in conspiracy theories, followed by trust in the government, support for Moon’s government, and negative emotions.
T550 1151-1496 Sentence denotes Fourth, the regression analysis shows that among the independent variables, authoritarianism, support for minority parties, religiosity, trust in SNS, perceived risk, anxiety, negative emotions, blame attribution, the quantity of information, health status, and health after COVID-19, all have positive effects on beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T551 1497-1694 Sentence denotes Support for Moon’s government, Christianity, trust in the government, perceived control, analytic thinking, knowledge, and the quality of information and gender (female), all have negative effects.
T552 1695-1775 Sentence denotes Overall, we consider 19 variables that influence beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T553 1776-1901 Sentence denotes The finding that women have less probability for believing in conspiracy theories than man is a sensitive for interpretation.
T554 1902-2003 Sentence denotes It is possible that men’s power orientation seems to be strengthen their belief in conspiracy theory.
T555 2004-2076 Sentence denotes However, this assumption should also be proved through further research.
T556 2077-2260 Sentence denotes The variable with the largest standardized regression coefficient is the quality of information, followed by health status, support for Moon’s government, perceived risk, and anxiety.
T557 2261-2376 Sentence denotes These results show that the quality of information is very important in suppressing beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T558 2377-2475 Sentence denotes The explanatory power of Model 1 is 20.8%, that of Model 2 is 17.3%, and that of Model 3 is 24.8%.
T559 2476-2672 Sentence denotes This result confirms that all three factors are important for explaining beliefs in conspiracy theories and suggests that additional variables are needed to increase the model’s explanatory power.
T560 2674-2678 Sentence denotes 5.2.
T561 2679-2706 Sentence denotes Implications and Discussion
T562 2707-2842 Sentence denotes First, this study provides implications regarding which information variable has the greatest impact on beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T563 2843-2918 Sentence denotes Specifically, such beliefs decrease as the quality of information improves.
T564 2919-2993 Sentence denotes In addition, increasing the quantity of information spreads these beliefs.
T565 2994-3133 Sentence denotes This finding suggests that communications with the public should include high-quality information rather than large amounts of information.
T566 3134-3301 Sentence denotes In addition, because conspiracy theories are highly likely to be embedded in large quantities of information, it is necessary to filter or monitor information content.
T567 3302-3437 Sentence denotes Second, this study found that political, psychological, and structural factors simultaneously influence beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T568 3438-3555 Sentence denotes This result suggests that these three factors should be considered in a balanced way to suppress conspiracy theories.
T569 3556-3644 Sentence denotes Because the three factors have very different properties, various approaches are needed.
T570 3645-3796 Sentence denotes A political approach should consider the structure of negotiations, the distribution of interests, and the competitive structure of winners and losers.
T571 3797-3915 Sentence denotes A psychological approach should be mindful of the structure of thinking and the possibility for individuals to change.
T572 3916-4043 Sentence denotes A structural approach should consider ways to change the social structure’s fundamental framework rather than individual minds.
T573 4044-4237 Sentence denotes Third, the simple frequency analysis results show that although the percentage of respondents who believe conspiracy theories is relatively small, many respondents take a more neutral position.
T574 4238-4432 Sentence denotes Because this neutral group may become a potential resource for the spread of conspiracy theories, it is necessary to analyze its characteristics and prepare to decrease this group’s active role.
T575 4433-4661 Sentence denotes Fourth, within the political factor, authoritarianism, support for Moon’s government, support for other parties, religiosity, Christianity, trust in the government, and trust in SNS, all influence beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T576 4662-4857 Sentence denotes Because ideological factors, such as authoritarianism and religiosity, are difficult to manipulate artificially, possible approaches to reduce conspiracy theories using these factors are limited.
T577 4858-5007 Sentence denotes However, support for Moon’s government and trust in the government can be impacted through the intentional efforts by the government to secure trust.
T578 5008-5196 Sentence denotes To build trust during the COVID-19 pandemic, the government must transparently disclose information, communicate with the public, and make strategic efforts to quickly respond to problems.
T579 5197-5288 Sentence denotes In the context of COVID-19, studies have discussed ways to make good use of trusted actors.
T580 5289-5469 Sentence denotes Gruzd and Mai [27] explain that the spread of misinformation can potentially be mitigated by fact-checking and directing people to credible information from public health agencies.
T581 5470-5605 Sentence denotes Messages on inoculations from trusted opinion leaders can prevent beliefs in conspiracies and enhance intentions to be vaccinated [76].
T582 5606-5868 Sentence denotes Thus, Earnshaw et al. [2] suggest that increasing the uptake of COVID-19 vaccines when they become available and gaining support for COVID-19 public health-related policies require strategies that leverage trusted sources of COVID-19 information (e.g., doctors).
T583 5869-5982 Sentence denotes Fifth, within the psychological factor, all six variables significantly influence beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T584 5983-6066 Sentence denotes In particular, the impacts of perceived risk and anxiety are large and significant.
T585 6067-6239 Sentence denotes This result suggests that because the increase in anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic can lead to the spread of conspiracy theories, efforts are needed to control anxiety.
T586 6240-6419 Sentence denotes In particular, the fact that a sense of control reduces beliefs in conspiracy theories suggests that it is important to give individuals confidence that they can control COVID-19.
T587 6420-6541 Sentence denotes The government should organize effective quarantine measures to control COVID-19 and actively promote them to the public.
T588 6542-6720 Sentence denotes In addition, because perceived risk, anxiety, and negative emotions are all based on negative thinking, communication strategies must reinforce positive aspects of the situation.
T589 6721-6891 Sentence denotes Beliefs in conspiracy theories decrease in the case of analytic thinking, implying a need for a policy that focuses on disseminating analytical information to the public.
T590 6892-7077 Sentence denotes Additionally, because beliefs in conspiracy theories increase in the case of external blame attribution, it is necessary to emphasize individual responsibility in the COVID-19 pandemic.
T591 7079-7083 Sentence denotes 5.3.
T592 7084-7116 Sentence denotes Limitations and Further Research
T593 7117-7240 Sentence denotes This study attempted to analyze the determinants of beliefs in conspiracy theories by constructing a more integrated model.
T594 7241-7277 Sentence denotes However, it has several limitations.
T595 7278-7444 Sentence denotes First, the analysis focused on political, psychological, and structural factors, but these three factors cannot fully explain beliefs in COVID-19 conspiracy theories.
T596 7445-7615 Sentence denotes As the explanatory power of the full model, including all three factors, is 35.2%, it is necessary to identify additional important factors and variables for each factor.
T597 7616-7810 Sentence denotes In particular, this study overlooks not only a lot of perception and communication factors [77,78,79], but also structure ones [80,81,82,83,84,85,86] and cultural value ones [87,88,89,90,91,92].
T598 7811-7938 Sentence denotes Second, this study measures beliefs in conspiracy theories by focusing on conspiracy theories related to the COVID-19 pandemic.
T599 7939-8076 Sentence denotes Thus, analytic approaches are needed to compare our findings with findings related to beliefs in other, more general conspiracy theories.