| Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
| T158 |
0-4 |
Sentence |
denotes |
3.4. |
| T159 |
5-38 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Influenza C Viruses Use Neu5,9Ac2 |
| T160 |
39-160 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In 1947, a new influenza virus without cross-reactive antisera against IAV (PR8) and IBV (Lee) was first isolated by R.M. |
| T161 |
161-242 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Taylor from throat washings of a New York man during an influenza outbreak [177]. |
| T162 |
243-324 |
Sentence |
denotes |
It was later designated type C and the first strain was named C/Taylor/1233/1947. |
| T163 |
325-462 |
Sentence |
denotes |
ICV usually causes mild upper respiratory infection but can cause lower respiratory infection in children less than 2 years of age [178]. |
| T164 |
463-628 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Most humans acquire antibodies to ICV at a young age [178,179] and antigenicity of ICV is stable, with no antigenic change being detected for at least 30 years [71]. |
| T165 |
629-718 |
Sentence |
denotes |
These facts may be related to the limited outbreaks of ICV in humans, mainly in children. |
| T166 |
719-1004 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Although ICV antigenicity is stable, comparison of HE gene sequences in viruses isolated from 1947 to 2014 demonstrated that there are six lineages comprised of C/Taylor/1233/1947, C/Kanagawa/1/1976, C/Mississippi/1980, C/Aichi/1/1981, C/Yamagata/26/1981 and C/Sao Paulo/378/1982 [71]. |
| T167 |
1005-1075 |
Sentence |
denotes |
ICVs have also been isolated from pigs [69] and cattle [70] (Table 1). |
| T168 |
1076-1404 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Different from IAVs and IBVs, ICV possesses hemagglutinin and receptor-destroying enzyme (RDE) on the same homotrimeric glycoprotein having multifunctional hemagglutinin (receptor-binding and membrane fusion activities) and esterase (receptor-destroying activity) and so-called hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HEF) protein [180]. |
| T169 |
1405-1553 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The glycoprotein HEF spikes are encoded by the fourth gene segment, and only the ICV (-)ssRNA genome is comprised of only seven gene segments [181]. |
| T170 |
1554-1956 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses of rat alpha 1-macroglobulin (RMG) and bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) incubated with ICV in comparison with those incubated with neuraminidase from A. ureafaciens revealed that RMG and BSM incubated with ICV have a reduced amount of Neu5,9Ac2 but an increased amount of Neu5Ac. |
| T171 |
1957-2275 |
Sentence |
denotes |
After confirmation by using purified Neu5,9Ac2 instead of RMG and BSM, it was concluded that RDE of ICV is neuraminate O-acetylesterase (9-O-acetyl N-acetylneuraminate O-acetylhydrolase (EC 3.1.1.53) catalyzing removal of the 9-O-acetyl group from Neu5,9Ac2, not cleaving the terminal Neu5Ac from glycoconjugate [182]. |
| T172 |
2276-2444 |
Sentence |
denotes |
RMG and BSM can potentially inhibit hemagglutination by ICV at 4oC, and their inhibitory effects were abolished by pre-incubation of RMG and BSM with ICV at 37oC [182]. |
| T173 |
2445-2525 |
Sentence |
denotes |
This evidence suggested that Neu5,9Ac2 is a receptor of ICV on the cell surface. |
| T174 |
2526-2794 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Receptor binding analysis of C/Johannesburg/1/66 classified in C/Aichi lineage [71] on a sialoglycan microarray showed that the virus predominantly binds to Neu5,9Ac2α2,6Galβ1,4GlcNAc β1,2Manα3(Neu5,9Ac2α2,6Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,2Manα6)Manβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,4GlcNAcitol-AEAB [72]. |
| T175 |
2795-2962 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Further studies by using ICVs from other lineages may help to clarify whether receptor binding specificity of all ICVs to Neu5,9Ac2 depends on the α2,6 linkage or not. |
