Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
T314 |
0-4 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Iron |
T315 |
5-103 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The role of iron in immunonutrition has been widely discussed and confirmed by many studies [133]. |
T316 |
104-304 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Iron is required for a number of different cellular functions and there is a constant balance between iron uptake, transport, storage, and utilization required to maintain iron homeostasis [134, 135]. |
T317 |
305-437 |
Sentence |
denotes |
As the body lacks a defined mechanism for the active excretion of iron, iron balance is mainly regulated at the point of absorption. |
T318 |
438-550 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Iron deficiency induces thymus atrophy and has multiple effects on immune function in human subjects [133, 136]. |
T319 |
551-784 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The effects of this micronutrient in modulating the immune system include the regulation of T cell differentiation and proliferation [85], also helping to regulate the interplay between helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells [95, 137]. |
T320 |
785-957 |
Sentence |
denotes |
It also play a role in IFN-γ production and participates in the production of cytokines, in fact it is involved in the regulation of the production and action of cytokines. |
T321 |
958-1191 |
Sentence |
denotes |
It forms highly toxic hydroxyl radicals, involved in the killing of bacteria by neutrophils and it is a component of enzymes critical for the functioning of immune cells (e.g. ribonucleotide reductase involved in DNA synthesis) [95]. |
T322 |
1192-1318 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The iron-rich state promotes the M2-like macrophage phenotype and negatively regulates the M1 pro-inflammatory response [138]. |
T323 |
1319-1442 |
Sentence |
denotes |
This nutrient is necessary for the generation of ROS, that kill pathogens (by neutrophils) during the oxidative burst [85]. |
T324 |
1443-1540 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Finally, it appears to be essential for the differentiation and growth of epithelial tissue [95]. |
T325 |
1541-1680 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Iron at doses above the upper threshold has been associated with increased risk of malaria and other infections, including pneumonia [139]. |
T326 |
1681-1811 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Obviously it should be noted that treatment for anemia in a malarious area must be preceded by an effective anti-malarial therapy. |
T327 |
1812-1935 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Notably, iron rich status promotes M2-like macrophage phenotype and negatively regulates M1 pro-inflammatory response [65]. |
T328 |
1936-2012 |
Sentence |
denotes |
On the other hand, iron overload causes impairment of immune function [140]. |
T329 |
2013-2165 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Iron excess increases the harmfulness of inflammation and the microorganisms themselves require iron as it can contribute to the growth of the pathogen. |
T330 |
2166-2216 |
Sentence |
denotes |
RDA for iron reports a range of 8–18 mg/day [138]. |