LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7601109 / 14494-20415 JSONTXT 9 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T88 0-4 Sentence denotes 2.2.
T89 5-14 Sentence denotes Propolis:
T90 15-75 Sentence denotes Its Constituents, Biological, and Pharmacological Activities
T91 76-285 Sentence denotes Propolis, also known as bee glue, is a sticky wax-like substance that constitutes a mixture of bee salivary secretions, bee wax, and resinous sap occurring in the bark and leaf-buds of specific plants [37,65].
T92 286-373 Sentence denotes It comes in green, red, brown, or black colors based on the collected local flora [66].
T93 374-517 Sentence denotes The word propolis comprises two Greek words “pro” and “polis”, which in order mean “in front of or at the entrance to” and “community or city”.
T94 518-612 Sentence denotes Propolis is a hive-defensive substance, which bees use to protect and repair their hives [67].
T95 613-724 Sentence denotes Propolis is a unique product of a complex composition that comprises more than 420 chemical substances [37,68].
T96 725-895 Sentence denotes Nonetheless, its composition and biological activities vary considerably depending on its botanical and geographical origins as well as the time of harvesting [38,65,67].
T97 896-1097 Sentence denotes Propolis is rich in oxyprenylated phenylpropanoids—secondary metabolites from plants, fungi, and bacteria [69]—such as 7-isopentenyloxucoumarin, boropinic acid, 4-geranyloxyferulic acid, and auraptene.
T98 1098-1164 Sentence denotes The last two exist in raw Italian propolis at high concentrations:
T99 1165-1218 Sentence denotes 107.12 and 145.37 μg/g of dry propolis, respectively.
T100 1219-1638 Sentence denotes Flavonoids, a large group of phenolic compounds, are abundant in Italian propolis, and they are differentiated into several groups including flavanones (e.g., naringenine, 4.4 mg/g), flavones (e.g., apigenine, 1.7 mg/g), flavonols (e.g., galaning, 0.9 mg/g), tannins (e.g., gallic acid 8.4 mg/g), catechins (expressed as (+)-catechin 0.4 mg/g, and caffeic acid and its esters (expressed as caffeic acid, 9.2 mg/g) [69].
T101 1639-1801 Sentence denotes The most profuse flavonoids in ethanolic extracts of Brazilian propolis are artepillin C (38.6 mg/g), coumaric acid (10.6 mg/g), and kaempferide (12.6 mg/g) [70].
T102 1802-2235 Sentence denotes Key other constituents of propolis include polyphenol (e.g., phenolic acids and aromatic esters), phenolic aldehydes, terpenoids, ketones, enzymes (e.g., α- and β-amylase), vitamins (e.g., thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), pyridoxine (B6), ascorbic acid (C), tocopherol (E)), minerals (e.g., calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, sodium, barium) essential oils, alcohol, fatty acids, β-steroids, and many other elements [37,38,67,68,71].
T103 2236-2394 Sentence denotes The attention of several drug targeting studies has recently been focused on the therapeutic activities of individual bioactive compounds in propolis [65,68].
T104 2395-2479 Sentence denotes Flavonoids comprise the majority of mostly studies bioactive substances in propolis.
T105 2480-2637 Sentence denotes Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) is a flavonoid that exists in certain mushrooms, flowers (e.g., blue passion flower), and in other bee products (e.g., honey).
T106 2638-2736 Sentence denotes It expresses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and neuroprotective effects [72].
T107 2737-2925 Sentence denotes Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a derivative of hydroxycinnamic acid, expresses anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and ant-neoplastic properties [73,74,75].
T108 2926-3122 Sentence denotes Pinocembrin (5,7-dihydroxyflavanone) is the most copious flavonoid in propolis—1 g of balsam/an ethanolic extract from poplar propolis found in Spain contains up to 606–701 mg of pinocembrin [76].
T109 3123-3183 Sentence denotes It exists in numerous plants (e.g., Eucalyptus and Populus).
T110 3184-3284 Sentence denotes It exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiproliferative activities [77,78].
T111 3285-3404 Sentence denotes Essential/volatile oils are major bioactive constituents of propolis, and they contribute to its special aroma [79,80].
T112 3405-3529 Sentence denotes They also, partially, contribute to the strong antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of propolis [79,81,82].
T113 3530-3652 Sentence denotes The volatile fraction of propolis varies in each sample even within a single country due to plant source and climate [79].
T114 3653-3812 Sentence denotes For instance, cumulative knowledge shows that volatile oils in propolis found in countries surrounding the Mediterranean depend mainly on the botanical origin.
T115 3813-4018 Sentence denotes They primarily comprise poplar-derived compounds (e.g., benzoic acid and its esters and oxygenated sesquiterpene β-eudesmol) and conifer-derived compounds such as the hydrocarbon monoterpene α-pinene [80].
T116 4019-4166 Sentence denotes Interestingly, the number of volatile compounds derived from a single type of propolis is also reported to vary according to extraction techniques.
T117 4167-4404 Sentence denotes In this regard, reports from China show that traditional hydrodistillation, steam-distillation extraction, and dynamic headspace sampling could characterize around 12, 40 and 70 type of volatile components of propolis, respectively [79].
T118 4405-4538 Sentence denotes Moreover, the level of antimicrobial activity of volatile compounds of propolis greatly depends on their extent of purification [82].
T119 4539-4795 Sentence denotes Thanks to its countless bioactive elements, propolis enjoys a range of versatile biological and pharmacological properties including antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, antiaging, and cytostatic properties.
T120 4796-4916 Sentence denotes In addition, it is considered a perfect natural food preservative due to its antimicrobial activity [35,38,65,66,68,71].
T121 4917-5068 Sentence denotes Because of its enormous health-promoting activities, propolis is widely used as a dietary supplement in many countries, especially in Japan [37,38,39].
T122 5069-5193 Sentence denotes Propolis is not suitable for use in its crude state since it may contact harmful materials e.g., asphalt from the road [68].
T123 5194-5377 Sentence denotes Using solvents like ethanol, glycerol, chloroform, ether and acetone or water is necessary to get rid of hazardous substances and to increase its yield of bioactive compounds [67,68].
T124 5378-5455 Sentence denotes Although water may be a cheap solvent, propolis has poor solubility in water.
T125 5456-5558 Sentence denotes Therefore, propolis water extracts are 10-fold lower in their phenolic contents than ethanol extracts.
T126 5559-5629 Sentence denotes In addition, they retain the strong flavor and aroma of propolis [68].
T127 5630-5822 Sentence denotes Moreover, propolis contains allergenic components: caffeic acids derivates (e.g., 3-methyl-2-butenyl caffeate and phenylethyl caffeate), as well as benzyl salicylate and benzyl cinnamate [80].
T128 5823-5921 Sentence denotes Therefore, propolis use/consumption should be contraindicated in individuals with known allergies.