LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7534795 / 29225-46304 JSONTXT 11 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T204 0-29 Sentence denotes 3.3 Miscellaneous mechanisms
T205 30-389 Sentence denotes Other proposed mechanisms of COVID-19–associated cardiovascular impairment include instability of coronary atherosclerotic plaques (Madjid, Vela, Khalili-Tabrizi, Casscells, & Litovsky, 2007) and increased platelet-aggregating activity (Modica, Karlsson, & Mooe, 2007) leading to excessive and uncontrolled coagulation and thrombosis (Milbrandt et al., 2009).
T206 390-658 Sentence denotes The systemic inflammatory response to pneumonia induces endothelial dysfunction, increases the procoagulant activity of the blood and consequently triggers inflammatory reactions within coronary atherosclerotic plaques, making them unstable and susceptible to rupture.
T207 659-760 Sentence denotes Together, this contributes to the formation of an occlusive thrombus over a ruptured coronary plaque.
T208 761-928 Sentence denotes It is documented that COVID-19 patients are prone to arterial and venous thromboembolisms due to hypoxia, excessive inflammation and diffuse intravascular coagulation.
T209 929-1071 Sentence denotes In a Dutch study of 184 ICU patients with proven COVID-19 pneumonia, one-third of patients exhibited blood clots and thrombotic complications.
T210 1072-1264 Sentence denotes These findings, consequently, reinforced the recommendation to use antiplatelets and other pharmacological thrombosis prophylaxis drugs in all COVID-19 patients (Klok et al., 2020) (Table 4 ).
T211 1265-1413 Sentence denotes Table 4 Overview of the pharmacological interventions under investigation targeting hypercoagulability and platelet activation in COVID-19 patients.
T212 1414-1520 Sentence denotes Pharmacological intervention Sample size and criteria Treatment protocol Key findings Conclusion Reference
T213 1521-1614 Sentence denotes • Heparin anticoagulant treatment in sepsis-induced coagulopathy • Retrospective cohort study
T214 1615-1634 Sentence denotes • ≥ 18 years of age
T215 1635-1662 Sentence denotes • Severe COVID-19 infection
T216 1663-1728 Sentence denotes • Evaluation of 28-day mortality in heparin and non-heparin users
T217 1729-1779 Sentence denotes • 48.5% comorbid hypertension and/or heart disease
T218 1780-1797 Sentence denotes • N = 99 heparin
T219 1798-2023 Sentence denotes • N = 350 no heparin • Unfractionated (10, 000–15, 000 U/day) or low molecular weight heparin (40–60 mg enoxaparin/day) for 7 days or longer • No difference in 28-day mortality endpoint between heparin and non-heparin users.
T220 2024-2134 Sentence denotes • Lower 28-day mortality in patients with sepsis-induced coagulopathy (SIC) score of ≥4 in stratified analysis
T221 2135-2350 Sentence denotes • Odd Ratio (OR) 0.372 (95% CI 0.154–0.901) • Heparin may be associated with a lower 28-day mortality rate only in patients with enhanced coagulopathy risk such as SIC score of 4 or greater (Tang, Bai, et al., 2020)
T222 2351-2505 Sentence denotes • Antiplatelet and anticoagulant combination therapy for hypoxemia, respiratory failure, and cardiac adverse events • Case control, proof-of-concept study
T223 2506-2557 Sentence denotes • Adult patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure
T224 2558-2626 Sentence denotes • N = 5 ASA + clopidogrel + tirofiban + fondaparinux + standard care
T225 2627-2687 Sentence denotes • N = 5 matched controls given low molecular weight heparin
T226 2688-2758 Sentence denotes • Secondary outcome included major and minor cardiac adverse events 1.
T227 2759-2865 Sentence denotes Single dose of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) 250 mg i.v. and single loading dose of oral clopidogrel 300 mg2.
T228 2866-2925 Sentence denotes ASA and clopidogrel continued at 75 mg orally for 30 days3.
T229 2926-3025 Sentence denotes Tirofiban 25 μg/kg as bolus i.v. injection, then 0.15 μg/kg/min continuous i.v. infusion for 48 h4.
T230 3026-3155 Sentence denotes Fondaparinux 2.5 mg/day s.c. for the duration of the hospital stay • Significant improvement in alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient
T231 3156-3209 Sentence denotes • Significant improvement in CRP and lymphocyte count
T232 3210-3343 Sentence denotes • Patients in treatment group did not experience any cardiac adverse events • Small study and not a randomized controlled trial (RCT)
T233 3344-3541 Sentence denotes • Intensive antithrombotic therapy may be useful in patients with severe respiratory distress with prothrombotic state at risk for acute cardiac events (Viecca, Radovanovic, Forleo, & Santus, 2020)
T234 3542-3770 Sentence denotes A 12-year follow-up study conducted by Wu et al. of 25 patients who recovered from SARS-CoV infection demonstrated patients were affected by various metabolic disturbances altering lipid metabolism and the cardiovascular system.
T235 3771-3953 Sentence denotes These patients suffered from hyperlipidemia, increased serum concentrations of free fatty acids, abnormal glucose metabolism and other cardiovascular abnormalities (Wu et al., 2017).
T236 3954-4194 Sentence denotes Considering the genetic similarities between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, Zhang et al. recently proposed the use of the lipid-lowering statins, which also possess anti-inflammatory properties, as a therapeutic option for patients with COVID-19.
T237 4195-4433 Sentence denotes This study reported that amongst 13,981 cases of COVID-19, in-hospital use of statins was associated with a lower risk of death and a significantly lower inflammatory response during the entire hospitalization period (Zhang et al., 2020).
T238 4434-4583 Sentence denotes Thus, suggesting the use of lipid-lowering drugs with anti-inflammatory properties can improve the cardiovascular outcomes in patients with COVID-19.
T239 4584-4749 Sentence denotes COVID-19 patients are susceptible to hypoxemia due to reduced lung performance, impaired gas exchange across the inflamed alveoli and abnormal ventilation/perfusion.
T240 4750-4857 Sentence denotes This will lead to decreased myocardial oxygen supply, myocardial ischemia and impaired calcium homeostasis.
T241 4858-5082 Sentence denotes The disturbance in calcium balance will trigger the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and different inflammatory components which consequently lead to the death of cardiomyocytes (Moccia et al., 2020; Zheng et al., 2020).
T242 5083-5240 Sentence denotes Additionally, the systemic response to pneumonia includes an increase in sympathetic activity causing severe tachycardia and increased peripheral resistance.
T243 5241-5445 Sentence denotes Subsequently, a rapid heart rate together with vasoconstriction may result in elevated myocardial oxygen requirements and a shortened diastolic interval, the period during which coronary perfusion occurs.
T244 5446-5670 Sentence denotes The mismatch between myocardial oxygen demand and supply can lead to cardiac ischemia and infarction, especially in the presence of pre-existing coronary artery disease (Corrales-Medina, Musher, Shachkina, & Chirinos, 2013).
T245 5671-6093 Sentence denotes Volume overload due to impaired sodium and water metabolism (Dreyfuss, Leviel, Paillard, Rahmani, & Coste, 1988), transient disturbance of endothelial function and vascular tone (Benson, Akbarian, Adler, & Abelmann, 1970; Kumar, Wallace, Ramirez, Benson, & Abelmann, 1970) and cardiac arrhythmias (Cilli et al., 2018) may also contribute to decreased left ventricular function or worsening of HF in patients with COVID-19.
T246 6094-6288 Sentence denotes Collectively, these effects can all result in the aggravation of existing CVDs and trigger severe events, such as acute coronary syndromes, thrombosis, myocardial ischemia or exacerbation of HF.
T247 6289-6485 Sentence denotes Indeed, cardiovascular protective strategies are needed for the prevention and management of severe adverse cardiovascular events to improve the prognosis of COVID-19 patients (Table 5, Table 6 ).
T248 6486-6597 Sentence denotes Table 5 Overview of proposed pharmacological approaches to attenuate COVID-19 associated cardiovascular injury.
T249 6598-6704 Sentence denotes Pharmacological intervention Sample size and criteria Treatment protocol Key findings Conclusion Reference
T250 6705-6856 Sentence denotes • Colchicine for the improvement of cardiac biomarkers, inflammation, and clinical outcomes • Prospective, open-label randomized controlled trial (RCT)
T251 6857-6893 Sentence denotes • N = 55 colchicine + standard care
T252 6894-6917 Sentence denotes • N = 50 standard care
T253 6918-7279 Sentence denotes • Primary endpoints included maximum cardiac troponin level, time for C-reactive protein (CRP) to reach 3× upper limit normal, time to deterioration by at least 2 points on clinical status scale • Colchicine 1.5 mg loading dose, 0.5 mg after 60 min, and then 0.5 mg twice daily + standard care for up to 3 weeks • No difference in cardiac troponin or CRP levels
T254 7280-7381 Sentence denotes • Clinical deterioration less common with colchicine treatment odd ratio (OR) 0.11 (95% CI 0.01–0.96)
T255 7382-7692 Sentence denotes • Abdominal pain and diarrhea significantly more common with colchicine treatment • Colchicine may not have a significant effect on cardiac or inflammatory biomarkers, however it may be useful in stabilizing patients with severe COVID-19 infection and preventing clinical deterioration (Deftereos et al., 2020)
T256 7693-7787 Sentence denotes • Statin therapy and impact on inflammation and patient prognosis • Retrospective cohort study
T257 7788-7836 Sentence denotes • Primary endpoint of 28-day all-cause mortality
T258 7837-7887 Sentence denotes • Secondary endpoint included acute cardiac injury
T259 7888-7910 Sentence denotes • N = 1219 statin use
T260 7911-7960 Sentence denotes • N = 12, 762 no statin • In-hospital statin use
T261 7961-7982 Sentence denotes • Atorvastatin 83.2%,
T262 7983-8003 Sentence denotes • Rosuvastatin 15.6%
T263 8004-8214 Sentence denotes • Dose differences between statins were converted to a daily equivalent dose of atorvastatin ranging from 18.9–20.0 mg/day • Reduced all-cause mortality with statin use hazard ratio (HR) 0.63 (95% CI 0.48–0.84)
T264 8215-8325 Sentence denotes • Patients on ACEi/ARB therapy in addition to statin did not have increased mortality compared to statin alone
T265 8326-8383 Sentence denotes • Statin therapy not associated with acute cardiac injury
T266 8384-8664 Sentence denotes • Inflammatory markers CRP, IL-6 were lower in statin treated patients while in hospital • Reduced mortality and improved prognosis associated with in-hospital statin use may be due to the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of statins (Zhang, Qin, Cheng, et al., 2020)
T267 8665-8789 Sentence denotes • ACEi/ARB impact on mortality in COVID-19 patients with concomitant hypertension • Retrospective, multi-centre cohort study
T268 8790-8854 Sentence denotes • Patients with comorbid hypertension hospitalized with COVID-19
T269 8855-8875 Sentence denotes • Age 18 to 74 years
T270 8876-8924 Sentence denotes • Primary endpoint of 28-day all-cause mortality
T271 8925-8952 Sentence denotes • N = 188 ACEi/ARB therapy
T272 8953-9016 Sentence denotes • N = 940 no ACEi/ARB • ACEi/ARB for treatment of hypertension
T273 9017-9157 Sentence denotes • individual patient dosing regimens not specified • Risk of all-cause mortality lower in ACEi/ARB treated group HR 0.42 (95% CI 0.19–0.92).
T274 9158-9290 Sentence denotes • Use of ACEi/ARB in comparison to other anti-hypertension therapies was associated with lower mortality HR 0.30 (95% CI 0.12–0.70).
T275 9291-9428 Sentence denotes • No difference in acute cardiac injury outcome between groups • Chronic ACEi/ARB therapy may not increase mortality of COVID-19 patients
T276 9429-9539 Sentence denotes • May not have much benefit in acute heart injury due to COVID-19 inflammation (Zhang, Zhu, Cai, et al., 2020)
T277 9540-9646 Sentence denotes • Statin use impact on acute myocardial injury patient outcomes • Retrospective observational cohort study
T278 9647-9680 Sentence denotes • Patients with elevated troponin
T279 9681-9716 Sentence denotes • History of CVD in 24% of patients
T280 9717-9728 Sentence denotes • N = 3069
T281 9729-9830 Sentence denotes • Objective to characterize myocardial injury and associated outcomes • 36% of patients using statins
T282 9831-10100 Sentence denotes • Doses and regimens not specified • Statin use amongst patients with acute myocardial injury was associated with improved survival HR 0.57 (95% CI 0.47–0.69) • Statin treatment may be associated with a survival benefit in patients with CVD and elevated troponin levels
T283 10101-10209 Sentence denotes • Exact beneficial mechanism(s) associated with statins in COVID-19 remain to be studied (Lala et al., 2020)
T284 10210-10371 Sentence denotes Table 6 Summary of the ongoing trials investigating pharmacological agents targeting a cytokine storm and acute cardiac injury secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
T285 10372-10454 Sentence denotes Pharmacological intervention Sample size and criteria Treatment protocol Reference
T286 10455-10471 Sentence denotes • TACTIC-E Trial
T287 10472-10526 Sentence denotes • Immunomodulatory agents • Multi-arm randomized trial
T288 10527-10576 Sentence denotes • Pre-intensive care unit (ICU) COVID-19 patients
T289 10577-10658 Sentence denotes • Immunomodulatory drug EDP1815 vs. dapagliflozin + ambrisentan vs. standard care
T290 10659-10795 Sentence denotes • Primary outcome includes need for cardiovascular organ support • EDP1815 as 2 capsules twice daily (1.6 × 1011 cells) for up to 7 days
T291 10796-10867 Sentence denotes • Dapagliflozin 10 mg + ambrisentan 5 mg once daily (NCT04393246, 2020)
T292 10868-11021 Sentence denotes • High dose IV Vitamin C to ameliorate cytokine storm and associated organ dysfunction • Prospective placebo controlled randomized controlled trial (RCT)
T293 11022-11032 Sentence denotes • N = 308
T294 11033-11078 Sentence denotes • High dose i.v. vitamin C (HIVC) vs. placebo
T295 11079-11276 Sentence denotes • Primary outcome of ventilator-free days • 12 g/50 ml vitamin C infusion 12 ml/h twice daily for 7 days vs. 50 ml sterile water for injection infused at 12 ml/h (Liu, Zhu, Zhang, Li, & Peng, 2020)
T296 11277-11331 Sentence denotes • TOC-COVID Trial • Prospective placebo controlled RCT
T297 11332-11374 Sentence denotes • N = 100 tocilizumab + standard treatment
T298 11375-11414 Sentence denotes • N = 100 placebo + standard treatment
T299 11415-11520 Sentence denotes • Primary outcome of ventilation-free days • Tocilizumab 8 mg/kg single i.v. dose (Rilinger et al., 2020)
T300 11521-11537 Sentence denotes • TACTIC-R Trial
T301 11538-11608 Sentence denotes • Immunomodulatory agents • Randomized parallel 3-arm open label trial
T302 11609-11631 Sentence denotes • N = 125 Baricitinib
T303 11632-11654 Sentence denotes • N = 125 Ravulizumab
T304 11655-11681 Sentence denotes • N = 125 standard of care
T305 11682-11796 Sentence denotes • Primary outcome includes need for cardiovascular organ support • Baricitinib 4 mg orally once daily on days 1–14
T306 11797-11872 Sentence denotes • Ravulizumab single i.v. weight-based dose regimen (Kulkarni et al., 2020)
T307 11873-11889 Sentence denotes • CytoResc Trial
T308 11890-11976 Sentence denotes • Cytokine storm in hyperinflammation and shock • Prospective, open-label, pilot study
T309 11977-12052 Sentence denotes • ‘CytoSorb’ polystyrene-based hemoadsorber to adsorb circulating cytokines
T310 12053-12076 Sentence denotes • N = 40–50 ‘CytoSorb’
T311 12077-12102 Sentence denotes • N = 40–50 standard care
T312 12103-12257 Sentence denotes • Primary outcome is time to resolution of vasoplegic shock • ‘CytoSorb’ therapy administered via a shaldon catheter for 3–7 days (Stockmann et al., 2020)
T313 12258-12312 Sentence denotes • MelCOVID Trial • Double blind placebo controlled RCT
T314 12313-12336 Sentence denotes • ICU COVID-19 patients
T315 12337-12374 Sentence denotes • N = 12 melatonin + standard of care
T316 12375-12415 Sentence denotes • N = 6 placebo control + standard care
T317 12416-12519 Sentence denotes • Secondary outcome includes CRP, IL-6 levels • Melatonin 5 mg/kg/day i.v. divided every 6 h for 7 days
T318 12520-12614 Sentence denotes • Placebo dose of 5 mg/kg/day i.v. divided every 6 h for 7 days (Rodriguez-Rubio et al., 2020)
T319 12615-12704 Sentence denotes • Siltuximab for patients diagnosed with severe respiratory complications due to COVID-19
T320 12705-12788 Sentence denotes • Anti-IL-6 mitigation of cytokine storm • Observational retrospective cohort study
T321 12789-12859 Sentence denotes • Cohort A: continuous positive airway pressure followed by siltuximab
T322 12860-12905 Sentence denotes • Cohort B: intubation followed by siltuximab
T323 12906-12986 Sentence denotes • Control group receiving continuous positive airway pressure or intubation only
T324 12987-12997 Sentence denotes • N = 220
T325 12998-13093 Sentence denotes • Primary outcome of mortality over 30 days • Detailed siltuximab dosing regimen not specified.
T326 13094-13149 Sentence denotes • Treatment procedure was based on clinicians judgement
T327 13150-13180 Sentence denotes • Study completed May 8, 2020.
T328 13181-13216 Sentence denotes Results pending (NCT04322188, 2020)
T329 13217-13232 Sentence denotes • COV-AID Trial
T330 13233-13310 Sentence denotes • Use of anti-interleukin agents for cytokine storm • Phase 3 prospective RCT
T331 13311-13350 Sentence denotes • Patients with signs of cytokine storm
T332 13351-13395 Sentence denotes • N = 38 Anakinra alone (anti-IL-1 receptor)
T333 13396-13434 Sentence denotes • N = 76 Siltuximab alone (anti-IL-6)
T334 13435-13466 Sentence denotes • N = 38 Anakinra + siltuximab
T335 13467-13514 Sentence denotes • N = 76 Tocilizumab alone (anti-IL-6 receptor)
T336 13515-13546 Sentence denotes • N = 38 Anakinra + tocilizumab
T337 13547-13575 Sentence denotes • N = 76 standard care alone
T338 13576-13666 Sentence denotes • Primary outcome as time to clinical improvement • Anakinra 100 mg s.c. daily for 28 days
T339 13667-13709 Sentence denotes • Siltuximab single i.v. infusion 11 mg/kg
T340 13710-13783 Sentence denotes • Tocilizumab single i.v. infusion 8 mg/kg max 800 mg (Maes et al., 2020)
T341 13784-13832 Sentence denotes • Sarilumab for hospitalized COVID-19 infections
T342 13833-13874 Sentence denotes • Cytokine storm syndrome • Phase 2/3 RCT
T343 13875-13885 Sentence denotes • Phase 2:
T344 13886-13963 Sentence denotes Sarilumab in hospitalized patients regardless of disease severity vs. placebo
T345 13964-14049 Sentence denotes • Primary outcome of % change in CRP in patients with serum IL-6 > upper limit normal
T346 14050-14069 Sentence denotes • Phase 3 Cohort 1:
T347 14070-14159 Sentence denotes Sarilumab in hospitalized critical infection receiving mechanical ventilation vs. placebo
T348 14160-14171 Sentence denotes • Cohort 2:
T349 14172-14252 Sentence denotes Sarilumab in hospitalized infection receiving mechanical ventilation vs. placebo
T350 14253-14264 Sentence denotes • N = 1912
T351 14265-14351 Sentence denotes • Primary outcome of at least 1 point improvement on 7 point clinical scale • Phase 2:
T352 14352-14375 Sentence denotes Low dose sarilumab i.v.
T353 14376-14386 Sentence denotes • Phase 2:
T354 14387-14410 Sentence denotes Mid-dose sarilumab i.v.
T355 14411-14430 Sentence denotes • Phase 3 Cohort 1:
T356 14431-14454 Sentence denotes Low dose sarilumab i.v.
T357 14455-14474 Sentence denotes • Phase 3 Cohort 1:
T358 14475-14498 Sentence denotes Mid-dose sarilumab i.v.
T359 14499-14518 Sentence denotes • Phase 3 Cohort 2:
T360 14519-14543 Sentence denotes High dose sarilumab i.v.
T361 14544-14613 Sentence denotes • Placebo given to match sarilumab administration (NCT04315298, 2020)
T362 14614-14635 Sentence denotes • CORIMUNO-SARI Trial
T363 14636-14690 Sentence denotes • Sarilumab to mitigate enhanced IL-6 signalling • RCT
T364 14691-14741 Sentence denotes • Moderate, severe, or critical COVID-19 pneumonia
T365 14742-14774 Sentence denotes • Sarilumab vs. standard of care
T366 14775-14863 Sentence denotes • N = 239 • Sarilumab 400 mg single i.v. infusion over 1 h on day 1 (NCT04324073, 2020)
T367 14864-14943 Sentence denotes • Barcitinib for hospitalized COVID-19 patients • Non-randomized clinical trial
T368 14944-15006 Sentence denotes • Any adult patient hospitalized with moderate/severe COVID-19
T369 15007-15059 Sentence denotes • Barcitinib + standard care vs. standard care alone
T370 15060-15173 Sentence denotes • Primary outcome of clinical status after 15 days • Barcitinib 2 mg orally daily for 10 days (NCT04321993, 2020)
T371 15174-15223 Sentence denotes • RUXCOVID Trial • Phase 3 placebo-controlled RCT
T372 15224-15263 Sentence denotes • Patients age ≥ 12 with cytokine storm
T373 15264-15321 Sentence denotes • Ruxolitinib + standard care vs. placebo + standard care
T374 15322-15356 Sentence denotes • N = 402 randomized in 2:1 ratio
T375 15357-15427 Sentence denotes • treatment: placebo • Ruxolitinib 5 mg orally twice daily for 14 days
T376 15428-15481 Sentence denotes • May extend treatment to 28 days (NCT04362137, 2020)
T377 15482-15550 Sentence denotes • Losartan (ARB) in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 • Phase 2 RCT
T378 15551-15589 Sentence denotes • Losartan vs. placebo + standard care
T379 15590-15600 Sentence denotes • N = 200
T380 15601-15725 Sentence denotes • Secondary outcome includes cardiovascular organ failure/dysfunction • Losartan 50 mg orally once daily (NCT04312009, 2020)
T381 15726-15811 Sentence denotes • Losartan (ARB) in patients not requiring hospitalization for COVID-19 • Phase 2 RCT
T382 15812-15850 Sentence denotes • Losartan vs. placebo + standard care
T383 15851-15861 Sentence denotes • N = 500
T384 15862-15999 Sentence denotes • Primary outcome of patients admitted to hospital within 15 days of randomization • Losartan 25 mg orally once daily (NCT04311177, 2020)
T385 16000-16111 Sentence denotes • Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) free fatty acid for hospitalized COVID-19 patients • Phase 3 interventional trial
T386 16112-16176 Sentence denotes • Treatment with EPA gastro-resistant capsules vs. standard care
T387 16177-16202 Sentence denotes • 28-day treatment period
T388 16203-16321 Sentence denotes • Primary outcome of time to treatment failure i.e. need for additional therapy, intubation, transfer to ICU, or death
T389 16322-16499 Sentence denotes • Secondary outcome includes reduction of IL-6 levels • Eicosapentaenoic acid free fatty acid (EPA-FFA) 1 g gastro-resistant capsules twice daily (2 g total) (NCT04335032, 2020)
T390 16500-16517 Sentence denotes • COLCORONA Trial
T391 16518-16638 Sentence denotes • Colchicine and inflammatory cytokine storm • Phase 3 multi-centre placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial (RCT)
T392 16639-16662 Sentence denotes • Age 40 years or older
T393 16663-16804 Sentence denotes • Patients must have at least one high-risk factor i.e. uncontrolled hypertension, HF, coronary artery disease (CAD), diabetes, obesity, etc.
T394 16805-16829 Sentence denotes • Colchicine vs. placebo
T395 16830-16848 Sentence denotes • 30-day treatment
T396 16849-16860 Sentence denotes • N = 6000
T397 16861-17012 Sentence denotes • Primary composite endpoint of need for hospitalization or death • Colchicine 0.5 mg orally twice daily for 3 days, then 0.5 mg once daily for 27 days
T398 17013-17079 Sentence denotes • Placebo will match colchicine administration (NCT04322682, 2020)