| Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
| T3 |
0-214 |
Sentence |
denotes |
With the current national opioid crisis, it is critical to examine the mechanisms underlying pathophysiologic interactions between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and opioids in the central nervous system (CNS). |
| T4 |
215-403 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Recent advances in experimental models, methodology, and our understanding of disease processes at the molecular and cellular levels reveal opioid-HIV interactions with increasing clarity. |
| T5 |
404-611 |
Sentence |
denotes |
However, despite the substantial new insight, the unique impact of opioids on the severity, progression, and prognosis of neuroHIV and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are not fully understood. |
| T6 |
612-837 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In this review, we explore, in detail, what is currently known about mechanisms underlying opioid interactions with HIV, with emphasis on individual HIV-1-expressed gene products at the molecular, cellular and systems levels. |
| T7 |
838-1089 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Furthermore, we review preclinical and clinical studies with a focus on key considerations when addressing questions of whether opioid-HIV interactive pathogenesis results in unique structural or functional deficits not seen with either disease alone. |
| T8 |
1090-1292 |
Sentence |
denotes |
These considerations include, understanding the combined consequences of HIV-1 genetic variants, host variants, and μ-opioid receptor (MOR) and HIV chemokine co-receptor interactions on the comorbidity. |
| T9 |
1293-1452 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Lastly, we present topics that need to be considered in the future to better understand the unique contributions of opioids to the pathophysiology of neuroHIV. |
| T10 |
1453-1520 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Graphical Abstract Blood-brain barrier and the neurovascular unit. |
| T11 |
1521-1699 |
Sentence |
denotes |
With HIV and opiate co-exposure (represented below the dotted line), there is breakdown of tight junction proteins and increased leakage of paracellular compounds into the brain. |
| T12 |
1700-1852 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Despite this, opiate exposure selectively increases the expression of some efflux transporters, thereby restricting brain penetration of specific drugs. |
