Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
T171 |
0-4 |
Sentence |
denotes |
6.1. |
T172 |
5-24 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Water Sterilization |
T173 |
25-108 |
Sentence |
denotes |
All humans need to drink water and have access to water to ensure personal hygiene. |
T174 |
109-238 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In the context of the recommendation to wash hands frequently to remove coronavirus and other pathogens, humans need clean water. |
T175 |
239-294 |
Sentence |
denotes |
However, water can easily be contaminated with viruses. |
T176 |
295-464 |
Sentence |
denotes |
It was proven that representative coronaviruses, mouse hepatitis virus, and transmissible gastrointestinal virus survived for weeks, even in pasteurized, settled sewage. |
T177 |
465-571 |
Sentence |
denotes |
This suggested that sewage and contaminated water sources posed a risk for coronavirus transmission [118]. |
T178 |
572-748 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Currently, numerous research groups have started to establish if SARS-CoV-2 is present in sewage water and traces of the virus have been found in numerous sewage sources [119]. |
T179 |
749-960 |
Sentence |
denotes |
SARS-CoV-2 was also recently detected in the stool of an asymptomatic child [120] and remains in the gastrointestinal tract of pediatric patients for a prolonged period even after clearance from the lungs [121]. |
T180 |
961-1181 |
Sentence |
denotes |
It is suggested that the fecal-oral route of transmission should not be excluded as a route of virus transmission [122], however, it is still being investigated if SARS-CoV-2 will spread through contaminated water [123]. |
T181 |
1182-1273 |
Sentence |
denotes |
An indirect form of LbL coating was effected by the manufacturing of lignin core particles. |
T182 |
1274-1345 |
Sentence |
denotes |
These lignin cores were coated with prepared cationic lignin particles. |
T183 |
1346-1492 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Negatively charged cowpea chlorotic mottle viruses and the cationic lignin particles were highly effective in removing the viruses from the water. |
T184 |
1493-1570 |
Sentence |
denotes |
It is suggested to develop this material into water filtration devices [124]. |
T185 |
1571-1677 |
Sentence |
denotes |
A microfiltration membrane was developed to filter water and reduce viral counts of a model bacteriophage. |
T186 |
1678-1861 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The LbL coating of the filters was performed with the synthetic polycation, poly(ethylene imine) which was covalently immobilized onto the poly(ether sulfone) water membrane material. |
T187 |
1862-2035 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Silver and copper nanoparticles were also coated in the LbL layers, and although an effective antiviral performance was seen, leached markedly into the filtered water [125]. |
T188 |
2036-2140 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In a proof-of-concept study, silicon wafers were LbL-coated with synthetic polyelectrolytes in bilayers. |
T189 |
2141-2238 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Antibacterial effects were apparent and also antiviral activity against the H1N1 influenza virus. |
T190 |
2239-2441 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Although the coated material proved to be 100% bactericidal against waterborne bacteria, it demonstrated 60% virucidal activity against an H1N1 droplet after coating three layers of the polyelectrolyte. |
T191 |
2442-2540 |
Sentence |
denotes |
However, as the coating was increased to 7.5 bilayers, 100% virucidal activity was observed [126]. |
T192 |
2541-2663 |
Sentence |
denotes |
LbL coating of nanofiltration membranes with gallic acid and PEI could effectively adsorb selected antibiotics from water. |
T193 |
2664-2767 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Although not directly related, an antiviral effect can be envisioned by this kind of LbL coating [127]. |
T194 |
2768-2934 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The successful disinfection of aqueous poliovirus and rotavirus solution was achieved by coating glass slides with synthetic poly(ethylene imine), PEI, cations [128]. |
T195 |
2935-3131 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Numerous other examples of LbL coatings on surfaces were also shown to be antimicrobial against many waterborne organisms, yet antiviral effects were not reviewed or were simply mentioned briefly. |
T196 |
3132-3313 |
Sentence |
denotes |
It is, however, apparent that the same intermolecular forces that lead to interaction between surfaces and viruses occur between surfaces and other microorganisms [129,130,131,132]. |