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PMC:7396557 JSONTXT 19 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-89 Sentence denotes Chinese Patent Medicines in the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China
T2 91-99 Sentence denotes Abstract
T3 100-110 Sentence denotes Background
T4 111-254 Sentence denotes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging and rapidly evolving disease, with no recommended effective anti-coronavirus drug treatment.
T5 255-461 Sentence denotes Traditional Chinese Patent Medicines (CPMs) have, however, been widely used to treat COVID-19 in China, and a number of clinical practice results have shown them to have a significant role in its treatment.
T6 462-568 Sentence denotes Consequently, numerous guidelines and expert consensus have recommended the use of CPMs to treat COVID-19.
T7 570-586 Sentence denotes Aim of the Study
T8 587-868 Sentence denotes The objectives of this review are to provide up-to-date information on the pharmacology and clinical research on CPMs in the treatment of COVID-19, discuss the research findings, and to better guide clinical application and scientific research on CPMs in the treatment of COVID-19.
T9 870-877 Sentence denotes Methods
T10 878-999 Sentence denotes The frequencies of CPM recommendations by guidelines and expert consensus for treatment of COVID-19 in China were ranked.
T11 1000-1351 Sentence denotes This report identifies the top 10 CPMs, which include Huoxiang Zhengqi capsule (HXZQC), Lianhua Qingwen capsule (LHQWC), Jinhua Qinggan granule (JHQGG), Shufeng Jiedu capsule (SFJDC), Tanreqing injection (TRQI), Xiyanping injection (XYPI), Xuebijing injection (XBJI), Shenfu injection (SFI), Shengmai injection (SMI), and Angong Niuhuang pill (AGNHP).
T12 1352-1638 Sentence denotes Relevant studies from 2000 to 2020 on these top 10 CPMs, covering usage, dosage, mechanism, curative effect, and precautions, were collected from pharmacopoeia, reports, and theses via library and digital databases (including PubMed, CNKI, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Elsevier).
T13 1640-1647 Sentence denotes Results
T14 1648-1856 Sentence denotes The properties of the top 10 CPMs included antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic, anti-acute lung injury, anti-shock, immune regulation, and enhancement of pulmonary function.
T15 1857-2039 Sentence denotes In addition, clinical research results and Chinese treatment data showed that the CPMs had good therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of COVID-19, and adverse reactions were minimal.
T16 2041-2052 Sentence denotes Conclusions
T17 2053-2294 Sentence denotes Knowledge of the characteristics of the top 10 CPMs and precautions that should be taken may help clinicians to rationally improve therapeutic efficacy, and promote the role of Chinese Medicine in the control of the COVID-19 global epidemic.
T18 2296-2308 Sentence denotes Introduction
T19 2309-2363 Sentence denotes COVID-19 is an emerging and rapidly evolving epidemic.
T20 2364-2517 Sentence denotes The cumulative number of confirmed cases globally reached 1,040,772 on April 4, 2020, comprising 149,790 (14.39%) cured cases, and 55,698 (5.35%) deaths.
T21 2518-2603 Sentence denotes The causative organism has been designated as the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV).
T22 2604-2768 Sentence denotes On January 30, 2020, the epidemic was declared a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization (WHO) (Fisher and Heymann, 2020).
T23 2769-3081 Sentence denotes On February 11, 2020, the WHO Director-General, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, announced that the disease caused by this new coronavirus was “COVID-19,” which is an acronym for “coronavirus disease 2019.” The virus seems to be highly contagious and had quickly spread to 119 countries and regions by March 12, 2020.
T24 3082-3459 Sentence denotes The clinical spectrum of COVID-19 varies from asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic forms to clinical symptoms characterized by respiratory failure that necessitates mechanical ventilation and support in an intensive care unit (ICU), to multiorgan and systemic manifestations in terms of sepsis, septic shock, and multiple organ dysfunction syndromes (MODS) (Wu and McGoogan, 2020).
T25 3460-3590 Sentence denotes Currently, there is no effective anti-coronaviral drug that is recommended for treatment of COVID-19, and no vaccine is available.
T26 3591-3734 Sentence denotes There is no evidence supporting the efficacy of broad-spectrum antibiotics, gamma globulin, interferon, or corticosteroid therapy for COVID-19.
T27 3735-3849 Sentence denotes Treatment is symptomatic, and oxygen therapy represents the major intervention for patients with severe infection.
T28 3850-3992 Sentence denotes Mechanical ventilation may be necessary in cases of respiratory failure refractory to oxygen therapy (Huang et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020).
T29 3993-4141 Sentence denotes Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has a long history and has played an important role in the prevention and treatment of serious epidemic diseases.
T30 4142-4341 Sentence denotes During the development of the COVID-19 epidemic, more than 3,100 TCM medical staff were deployed to Hubei province, and TCM was included in the guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19.
T31 4342-4435 Sentence denotes Currently, the total number of confirmed cases treated by TCM has reached 60,107 (Gao, 2020).
T32 4436-4583 Sentence denotes The decoctions, CPMs, acupuncture, and other TCM treatments have been comprehensively used for treatment, mainly based on syndrome differentiation.
T33 4584-4807 Sentence denotes Specific CPMs have been widely employed to treat COVID-19 with remarkable therapeutic effects (National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China and National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020).
T34 4808-5000 Sentence denotes CPMs are approved by the National Drug Regulatory Authority of China and processed according to prescribed methods using Chinese herbal medicines as raw materials, guided by the theory of TCM.
T35 5001-5100 Sentence denotes They are available in different dosage forms, such as pill, tablet, capsule, granule, or injection.
T36 5101-5198 Sentence denotes The use of CPMs is guided by syndrome differentiation and overall analysis of signs and symptoms.
T37 5199-5327 Sentence denotes Provinces of China have prepared therapeutic schedules for the treatment of COVID-19 based on actual conditions (see Table 1 ).
T38 5328-5420 Sentence denotes Many guidelines and expert consensus in China have recommended using CPMs to treat COVID-19.
T39 5421-5509 Sentence denotes In this article, we identify the top 10 recommended CPMs to treat COVID-19 ( Figure 1 ).
T40 5510-5833 Sentence denotes The list of CPMs includes Huoxiang Zhengqi capsule (HXZQC), Lianhua Qingwen capsule (LHQWC), Jinhua Qinggan granule (JHQGG), Shufeng Jiedu capsule (SFJDC), Tanreqing injection (TRQI), Xiyanping injection (XYPI), Xuebijing injection (XBJI), Shenfu injection (SFI), Shengmai injection (SMI), and Angong Niuhuang pill (AGNHP).
T41 5834-6024 Sentence denotes Information on the drugs include the recommended guidelines, drug ingredients, indications, pharmacological research, clinical research, usage and dosage, adverse reactions, and precautions.
T42 6025-6077 Sentence denotes Table 1 Therapeutic regimens for COVID-19 in China.
T43 6078-6088 Sentence denotes Serial No.
T44 6090-6145 Sentence denotes Therapeutic regimen of COVID-19 Website Date of issue
T45 6146-6210 Sentence denotes 1 National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China.
T46 6211-6367 Sentence denotes Guideline on Diagnosis and Treatment of COVID-19 (Trial 7th edition) http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202003/46c9294a7dfe4cef80dc7f5912eb1989.shtml Mar.
T47 6368-6376 Sentence denotes 03, 2020
T48 6377-6534 Sentence denotes 2 Beijing Municipal COVID-19 TCM Preventive and Therapeutic Regime (Trial Version IV) http://zyj.beijing.gov.cn/sy/tzgg/202003/t20200307_1682382.html Mar.
T49 6535-6543 Sentence denotes 06, 2020
T50 6544-6692 Sentence denotes 3 Tianjin Municipal COVID-19 TCM Preventive and Therapeutic Regime (Trial Version III) http://wsjk.tj.gov.cn/art/2020/2/21/art_70_71264.html Feb.
T51 6693-6701 Sentence denotes 20, 2020
T52 6702-6829 Sentence denotes 4 Hebei Provincial COVID-19 TCM Therapeutic regime (Trial Version IV) https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/9QTqGDw6vkQyWX-VrjulqQ Feb.
T53 6830-6838 Sentence denotes 13, 2020
T54 6839-7012 Sentence denotes 5 Gansu Provincial TCM Preventive and Therapeutic Regime of Novel Coronavirus Infected Pneumonia (Trial Version II) http://wsjk.gansu.gov.cn/file.jsp?contentId=83488 Feb.
T55 7013-7021 Sentence denotes 01, 2020
T56 7022-7162 Sentence denotes 6 Guangdong Provincial COVID-19 TCM Therapeutic Regime (Trial Version II) http://szyyj.gd.gov.cn/zwgk/gsgg/content/post_2902010.html Feb.
T57 7163-7171 Sentence denotes 18, 2020
T58 7172-7341 Sentence denotes 7 Shaanxi Provincial TCM Therapeutic Regime of Novel Coronavirus Infected Pneumonia (Trial Version II) http://sxwjw.shaanxi.gov.cn/art/2020/2/2/art_10_67602.html Feb.
T59 7342-7350 Sentence denotes 02, 2020
T60 7351-7541 Sentence denotes 8 Hunan Provincial TCM Diagnosis And Treatment Scheme of Novel Coronavirus Infected Pneumonia (Trial Version III) http://tcm.hunan.gov.cn/tcm/xxgk/tzgg/202002/t20200203_11168981.html Feb.
T61 7542-7550 Sentence denotes 03, 2020
T62 7551-7721 Sentence denotes 9 Jilin Provincial TCM Therapeutic Regime of Novel Coronavirus Infected Pneumonia (Trial Version I) http://jltcm.jl.gov.cn/tzgg/xgdt/202001/t20200126_6654768.html Jan.
T63 7722-7730 Sentence denotes 26, 2020
T64 7731-7910 Sentence denotes 10 Technical Guidelines of Sichuan Province on TCM Prevention and Control of COVID-19 http://wsjkw.sc.gov.cn/scwsjkw/zcwj11/2020/2/6/ac6fea21a3ad490aa0a73c9d70004ad6.shtml Feb.
T65 7911-7919 Sentence denotes 05, 2020
T66 7920-8089 Sentence denotes 11 Shanghai Municipal COVID-19 TCM Diagnosis And Treatment Scheme (Trial Version II) http://wsjkw.sh.gov.cn/zyygz2/20200224/a1f1aab9745e4490867cb4aaf40eaad0.html Feb.
T67 8090-8098 Sentence denotes 24, 2020
T68 8099-8248 Sentence denotes 12 Jiangxi Provincial COVID-19 TCM Preventive and Therapeutic Regime (Trial Version III) http://www.jxhfpc.gov.cn/doc/2020/02/21/140518.shtml Feb.
T69 8249-8256 Sentence denotes 21,2020
T70 8257-8426 Sentence denotes 13 COVID-19 TCM Therapeutic Regime of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Trial Version III) http://wsjkw.gxzf.gov.cn/zwgk/zfxxgkml/wsjszh/zyzy/2020/0224/1752.html Feb.
T71 8427-8435 Sentence denotes 24, 2020
T72 8436-8610 Sentence denotes 14 TCM Preventive and Therapeutic Regime for Novel Coronavirus Infected Pneumonia of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region http://www.xjhfpc.gov.cn/info/2074/17765.htm Jan.
T73 8611-8619 Sentence denotes 30, 2020
T74 8620-8790 Sentence denotes 15 Hainan Provincial COVID-19 TCM Preventive and Therapeutic Regime (Trial Version III) http://wst.hainan.gov.cn/swjw/xxgk/0200/0202/202003/t20200305_2756534.html Feb.
T75 8791-8799 Sentence denotes 14, 2020
T76 8800-8945 Sentence denotes 16 Heilongjiang Provincial COVID-19 TCM Preventive and Therapeutic Regime (Version III) http://www.hljdaily.com.cn/article/90/154485.html Feb.
T77 8946-8954 Sentence denotes 26, 2020
T78 8955-9122 Sentence denotes 17 Guizhou Provincial COVID-19 TCM Preventive and Therapeutic Reference Regime (Version II) http://atcm.guizhou.gov.cn/xwzx/zyyw/202002/t20200219_50116162.html Feb.
T79 9123-9131 Sentence denotes 19, 2020
T80 9132-9323 Sentence denotes 18 Shanxi Provincial of TCM Preventive and Therapeutic Regime of Novel Coronavirus Infected Pneumonia (For Trial Implementation) http://www.sx.chinanews.com/news/2020/0201/162758.html Feb.
T81 9324-9332 Sentence denotes 01, 2020
T82 9333-9476 Sentence denotes 19 Jiangsu Provincial COVID-19 TCM Diagnosis and Intervention Regime (Trial Version III) http://www.jstcm.com/article_info.asp?id=10042 Feb.
T83 9477-9485 Sentence denotes 18, 2020
T84 9486-9646 Sentence denotes 20 COVID-19 TCM Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme of the Nei Monggol Autonomous Region (Trial Version II) http://wjw.nmg.gov.cn/doc/2020/02/18/292482.shtml Feb.
T85 9647-9654 Sentence denotes 14,2020
T86 9655-9852 Sentence denotes 21 Liaoning Provincial TCM Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme of Novel Coronavirus Infected Pneumonia (Trial Version II) http://wsjk.ln.gov.cn/wst_zdzt/xxgzbd/tzgg/202002/t20200203_3733244.html Feb.
T87 9853-9861 Sentence denotes 03, 2020
T88 9862-9972 Sentence denotes 22 Anhui Provincial COVID-19 TCM Therapist Consensus http://wjw.ah.gov.cn/ahtcm/NewsDetail.aspx?id=987 Feb.
T89 9973-9981 Sentence denotes 18, 2020
T90 9982-10170 Sentence denotes 23 Shandong Provincial TCM Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme of Novel Coronavirus Infected Pneumonia http://wsjkw.shandong.gov.cn/ztzl/rdzt/qlzhfkgz/fkdt/202002/t20200201_2513391.html Jan.
T91 10171-10179 Sentence denotes 31, 2020
T92 10180-10376 Sentence denotes 24 TCM Preventive and Therapeutic Regime for Novel Coronavirus Infected Pneumonia of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (For Trial Implementation) http://wsjkw.nx.gov.cn/info/1040/13360.htm Jan.
T93 10377-10385 Sentence denotes 28, 2020
T94 10386-10632 Sentence denotes 25 TCM Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme and Preventive Scheme for Novel Coronavirus Infected Pneumonia of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology https://www.tjh.com.cn/html/2020/0208/28991.shtml Feb.
T95 10633-10640 Sentence denotes 08,2020
T96 10641-10697 Sentence denotes Figure 1 The top 10 CPMs for the treatment of COVID-19:
T97 10698-11026 Sentence denotes 1) Huoxiang Zhengqi capsule (HXZQC), 2) Lianhua Qingwen capsule (LHQWC), 3) Jinhua Qinggan granule (JHQGG), 4) Shufeng Jiedu capsule (SFJDC), 5) Tanreqing injection (TRQI), 6) Xiyanping injection (XYPI), 7) Xuebijing injection (XBJI), 8) Shenfu injection (SFI), 9) Shengmai injection (SMI), and 10) Angong Niuhuang pill (AGNHP).
T98 11028-11085 Sentence denotes Relevant Information on the Clinical Application of HXZQC
T99 11087-11119 Sentence denotes Recommended Therapeutic Regimens
T100 11120-11245 Sentence denotes HXZQC has been recommended in 20 therapeutic regimens for COVID-19 in China (see detailed information in Tables 1 and 2 ).
T101 11246-11317 Sentence denotes Table 2 List of recommended CPMs in therapeutic regimens for COVID-19.
T102 11318-11395 Sentence denotes Drug name Therapeutic regimens of COVID-19 Number of “therapeutic regimens”
T103 11396-11429 Sentence denotes AGNHP 2-13, 15‑19, 21‑23, 25 21
T104 11430-11469 Sentence denotes HXZQC 1, 4-8, 10‑16, 18, 19, 21‑25 20
T105 11470-11511 Sentence denotes XBJI 1-4, 6, 7, 10‑13, 15, 16, 17‑25 20
T106 11512-11554 Sentence denotes LHQWC 1, 2, 4-7, 11‑16, 18, 19, 21‑25 19
T107 11555-11592 Sentence denotes SFI 1-4, 6, 10‑13, 15, 16, 18‑25 19
T108 11593-11634 Sentence denotes SMI 1, 3, 6, 7, 10‑13, 15, 16, 18‑25 18
T109 11635-11678 Sentence denotes SFJDC 1, 4‑7, 11‑13, 16, 18, 19, 21‑24 15
T110 11679-11717 Sentence denotes XYPI 1, 3, 6, 7, 10‑13, 15, 20‑25 15
T111 11718-11766 Sentence denotes JHQGG 1, 2, 4‑7, 11, 12, 18, 21, 22, 24, 25 13
T112 11767-11809 Sentence denotes TRQI 1-3, 6, 7, 11‑13, 16, 19, 21, 22 12
T113 11811-11831 Sentence denotes Ingredients of HXZQC
T114 11832-12397 Sentence denotes Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. (Guanghuoxiang), Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (Baizhu), Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E.H.Wilson (Houpo), Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino (Banxia), Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton (Zisu), Angelica dahurica (Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Franch. & Sav. (Baizhi), Citrus × aurantium L. (Chenpi), Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf (Fuling), Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. (Jiegeng), Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC. (Gancao), Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (Dazao), Areca catechu L. (Binglang), and Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Shengjiang).
T115 12398-12466 Sentence denotes Basic information on HXZQC is provided in the Supplementary Table .
T116 12468-12520 Sentence denotes Indications for the Treatment of COVID-19 With HXZQC
T117 12521-12674 Sentence denotes HXZQC is used for cold outside and inside damp indications during the clinical observation period of COVID-19 and early stage of the disease (mild case).
T118 12675-12799 Sentence denotes The indicative symptoms include weakness, headache and dizziness, abdominal fullness and distention, vomiting, and diarrhea.
T119 12801-12846 Sentence denotes Progress of Pharmacological Research on HXZQC
T120 12847-13042 Sentence denotes Modern pharmacological studies have found that HXZQC has antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immune regulatory activities, improves gastrointestinal discomfort and other properties (see Table 3 ).
T121 13043-13145 Sentence denotes Table 3 Pharmacological functions and clinical research on top 10 CPMs for the treatment of COVID-19.
T122 13146-13234 Sentence denotes Drug name Pharmacological action Mechanism Clinical application Therapeutic efficacy
T123 13235-13433 Sentence denotes HXZQC Regulate the immunity and improve the gastroenteric function Inhibits LPS and epithelial barrier disorder, stipulate expression of proinflammatory cytokine of macrophage (Wang et al., 2012).
T124 13434-13541 Sentence denotes Improve thymus coefficient, spleen coefficient, immunoglobulin G (IgG) level of the mice (Li et al., 2017).
T125 13542-13695 Sentence denotes Regulates effect of the balance of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, and reduction of IL-2, IL-10, IL-1β and TNF-α level (He et al., 2006; Zong et al., 2015).
T126 13696-13852 Sentence denotes Improves serum NO level of rats, reduces concentration of 5-HT, and downregulates the level of plasma motilin and colonic somatostatin (Huang et al., 2016).
T127 13854-14009 Sentence denotes Children with rotavirus enteritis Shortens anti-diarrheal time and total course of time in treating children with rotavirus enteritis (Ma and Wang, 2012).
T128 14010-14108 Sentence denotes Anti-virus Inhibits Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 regulating the gastrointestinal tract (Liu, 2009).
T129 14110-14230 Sentence denotes Influenza Extends relief time of fever symptom, relieves time of muscle aches and relieves time of fatigue (Han, 2016).
T130 14231-14553 Sentence denotes Inhibition effect of vibrio parahaemolyticus, Candida albicans, staphylococcus aureus and diplococcus pneumonia (Zhang, 2013) – Cold Relieves fever, nasal congestion, running nose, spontaneous sweating, headache, cough and spitting, fatigue and weakness, body ache and other cold symptoms (Wu, 2010; Zhao et al., 2017).
T131 14554-14629 Sentence denotes Acute gastro-enteritis Improves total response rate and clinical symptoms.
T132 14630-14889 Sentence denotes LHQWC Anti-virus Inhibits proliferation of influenza virus and regulates immune response to viral infection (Ding et al., 2017; Yao et al., 2020).Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication, affects virus morphology and exerts anti-inflammatory activity in vitro (Li R.
T133 14890-14907 Sentence denotes F. et al., 2020).
T134 14909-15403 Sentence denotes COVID-19 Improves the fever, weakness, cough, short breath, chest distress, anorexia and other clinical symptoms of COVID-19, reduces the ratio of common to severe (Cheng et al., 2020; Hu et al., 2020; Lyu et al., 2020).Lianhua Qingwen granule combined with Abidole can effectively relieve clinical symptoms of mild COVID-19 patients, regulate expression of related inflammatory factors, improve the curative effect and reduce the rate of severe illness (Liu et al., 2020; Yu P. et al., 2020).
T135 15404-15544 Sentence denotes Anti-acute lung injury Inhibits expression and secretion level of MCP-1, reduces infiltration of mononuclear macrophages (Li et al., 2019).
T136 15545-15693 Sentence denotes Reduces LDH and MDA level, increases content of GSH-Px, and relieves the exudation of inflammatory cells in the alveolar cavity (Ping et al., 2016).
T137 15694-15773 Sentence denotes Downregulates expression of IKK/IκB/NF-κB signaling pathway (Cui et al., 2016).
T138 15774-15948 Sentence denotes Reduces protein expression and mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines in lung tissues through reducing content of inflammatory cytokines in mice blood (Tang et al., 2015).
T139 15950-16132 Sentence denotes H1N1 Improves cough, sore throat, body ache and other symptoms of the patients infected with H1N1 virus, and reduces the duration of fever (Duan et al., 2011; Zhao P. et al., 2014).
T140 16133-16285 Sentence denotes Influenza LHQWC has better total response rate, symptom improvement rate and body temperature recovery rate than the control group (Wang et al., 2019).
T141 16286-16451 Sentence denotes URI Improves the patients’ nasal congestion, fever, headache, sore throat, weakness, aches in the limbs, intolerance of cold and other clinical symptoms (Li, 2019).
T142 16452-16601 Sentence denotes Chronic obstructive pulmonary Improves the condition of the patients with AECOPD, and reduces release of inflammatory mediators (Dong et al., 2014).
T143 16602-16752 Sentence denotes JHQGG Anti-virus Decreases average level of CRP and IFN-γ in serum of the influenza patients, and decreases inflammatory response (Qi et al., 2016).
T144 16754-16840 Sentence denotes COVID-19 Alleviates symptoms of fever, cough, fatigue and sputum (Duan et al., 2020).
T145 16841-16896 Sentence denotes H1N1 Shortens antipyretic time (Wang C. et al., 2011).
T146 16897-17015 Sentence denotes Influenza Reduces the serum levels of cytokines and improve their immune function (Li et al., 2013; Qi et al., 2016).
T147 17016-17282 Sentence denotes SFJDC Anti-virus Improves mice pneumonia symptoms caused by influenza virus, reduce lung index of the mice infected with H1N1, and significantly reduces mortality rate of the infected animals (Liu et al., 2010; Lv et al., 2013; Qiu et al., 2014; Bao et al., 2019).
T148 17284-17353 Sentence denotes Acute URI + fever Improves respiratory symptoms (Wang and Qiu, 2018)
T149 17354-17522 Sentence denotes Anti-inflammation Reduces the WBC count, and reduces the serum transcription factor NF-κB, chemokine MCP-1, inflammatory mediator BK and COX-2 level (Ma et al., 2018).
T150 17524-17666 Sentence denotes CAP Shortens recover time of multiple symptoms and signs such as fever, reduces levels of PCT, CRP and WBC and other indicators (Wang, 2016).
T151 17667-17898 Sentence denotes Immune-regulation Reduces levels of B lymphocytes, CD8+ proportion, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IgM, IgG, etc., reduces quality of thymus, spleen and lung of pneumonia mice, and increase CD4+/CD8+ and NK cell proportion (Ma et al., 2019).
T152 17900-17957 Sentence denotes AECOPD Reduces levels of IL-8, TNF-α, CRP and PCT (Yu H.
T153 17958-18026 Sentence denotes X. et al., 2020) and increases arterial blood gas PaO2 (Wang, 2015).
T154 18027-18163 Sentence denotes Anti-acute lung injury Inhibition of the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway, and down-regulation of NF-κB mRNA expression (Tao et al., 2014).
T155 18164-18245 Sentence denotes The action might be closely related with ERK signaling pathway (Li et al., 2017).
T156 18247-18427 Sentence denotes Bacterial acute bronchitis and Pneumonia Shortens recovery time of body temperature, duration of cough and the course of treatment, and increases oxygen index (Wang et al., 2014).
T157 18428-18580 Sentence denotes TRQI Anti-virus Inhibition of intracellular proliferation and enhancement of body immunity of mice infected with influenza virus (Zheng and Gu, 2009).
T158 18581-18729 Sentence denotes Destroys MRSA biofilm, and induces its death, and when in combined use with vancomycin or linezolid below the MIC concentration (Yang et al., 2018).
T159 18731-18855 Sentence denotes Viral pneumonia A systematic review: TRQI had advantages in response rate of treatment, average length of stay (Pan, 2016).
T160 18856-18925 Sentence denotes Anti-bacteria Destroys the bacterial biofilm (Wang Y. et al., 2011).
T161 18927-19046 Sentence denotes Acute bronchitis Improves response rate, reduce fever, cough, crackles and X-ray shadow absorption (Wang et al., 2016)
T162 19047-19227 Sentence denotes Anti-inflammation Inhibits release of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, IL-6 and NO, and inhibits airway inflammation caused by LPS through MAPK/NF-B pathway (Liu et al., 2016).
T163 19229-19311 Sentence denotes Acute attack of chronic bronchitis Improves clinical symptoms (Gao et al., 2019).
T164 19312-19440 Sentence denotes Anti-airway mucus hypersecretion Regulates the IL-17 signaling pathway and its downstream protein MUC5AC (Liu W. et al., 2019).
T165 19442-19647 Sentence denotes CAP Improves clinical effect and the symptom of cough with expectoration, shortens the duration of fever and promotes shadow absorption on chest radiography and the hemogram recovery (Jiang et al., 2009).
T166 19648-19804 Sentence denotes Anti-acute lung injury Improves blood flow status of capillaries in the alveolar walls while repressing LPS-induced inflammatory cascade (Li et al., 2005).
T167 19806-20025 Sentence denotes Tuberculosis accompanied by infection A systematic review: TRQI might have the same overall effect with some antibacterial drugs in treating patients with tuberculosis accompanied by lung infection (Lian et al., 2018).
T168 20026-20177 Sentence denotes AECOPD Reduction of the patients’ serum IL-8 and NE level, and improvement of airway inflammation reaction and mucus hypersecretion (Li et al., 2010).
T169 20178-20329 Sentence denotes A systematic review: improves clinical effect and lung function of AECOPD patients, reduces pCO2, and shortens the length of stay (Zhong et al., 2010).
T170 20330-20411 Sentence denotes XYPI Anti-virus Inhibits proliferation of human rhinovirus in mice (Liu, 2015).
T171 20413-20517 Sentence denotes Viral pneumonia Increases the cure rate, and improve the symptoms and signs (Li, 2015; Qi et al., 2018)
T172 20518-20819 Sentence denotes Anti-acute lung injury Inhibits release of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-10, IL4, etc., and could promote the proinflammatory cytokines/anti-inflammatory cytokines to tend to be balanced, and inhibit excess anti-inflammatory responses during the course of acute lung injury (Nie et al., 2012).
T173 20821-21080 Sentence denotes Severe pneumonia Shortens the course of disease, improves the treatment efficiency, reduces incidence rate of antibiotic resistance, reduces occurrence of double infection, further improves the prognosis and reduces the mortality rate (Zhang and Wang, 2015).
T174 21081-21312 Sentence denotes Reduces leukocytes, improve oxygen index, lower CPIS score, promotes absorption of pulmonary inflammation, shortens the duration of mechanical ventilation and length of stay in ICU, and improves clinical effect (Yang et al., 2014).
T175 21313-21488 Sentence denotes Inhibition effect of staphylococcus aureus and pneumonia streptococcus (Yu et al., 2009) – Upper respiratory infection Improves symptoms of the patients (Liu and Li, 2015).
T176 21489-21643 Sentence denotes XBJI Anti-inflammation Downregulates expression of inflammatory cytokines stimulated by Pam3CSK4 and activating MAPK, PI3K/Akt and other pathways (Li T.
T177 21644-21661 Sentence denotes T. et al., 2020).
T178 21662-21863 Sentence denotes Reduces TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 level of mice with sepsis, prevents the neutrophils from infiltrating the lung and kidney, inhibit Th1/Th2, Th17 and Tregs balance (Zhang et al., 2006; Chen et al., 2018).
T179 21865-21970 Sentence denotes COVID-19 Improves the inflammatory markers and prognosis of severe COVID-19 patients (Wen et al., 2020).
T180 21971-22107 Sentence denotes SIRS Expression of CD4+, CD4+/CD8+, CD14+/HLA-DR increased, and improves systematic status of the SIRS patients (Zhao W. et al., 2014).
T181 22108-22309 Sentence denotes Severe pneumonia Reduces the level of inflammatory factors, improves the total treatment efficiency (Qi et al., 2011), reduces infectious indicators and the average length of stays (Zhu et al., 2014).
T182 22310-22459 Sentence denotes Anti-acute lung injury Reduces TNF-α level, alleviates the degree of pulmonary tissue edema and inflammatory cell infiltration (Zhang et al., 2014).
T183 22461-22626 Sentence denotes SCAP Improves primary endpoint-pneumonia severity index, reduces mortality rate in 28 days, and shortens the duration of mechanical ventilation (Song et al., 2019).
T184 22627-22829 Sentence denotes Immune-regulation Blocks p-38 MAPK and NF-κB 65 pathways (Liu et al., 2014); reduces IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α level, improves CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio and NK cell relative activity (Teng et al., 2012).
T185 22831-23019 Sentence denotes AECOPD Lowers the inflammatory indicators, improve cough, expectoration, short breath and other clinical symptoms, and shortens their length of stay (Chen et al., 2011; Zhu et al., 2019).
T186 23020-23098 Sentence denotes Anti-oxidation Improves activity of SOD, reduce ROS level (Jin et al., 2018).
T187 23099-23138 Sentence denotes Downregulates MDA (Luo and Zhou, 2017).
T188 23140-23255 Sentence denotes Sepsis Reduces mortality rate of sepsis patients in 28 days, the APACHE-II and body temperature (Li et al., 2018).
T189 23256-23430 Sentence denotes SFI Anti-acute lung injury Increases the wet/dry weight ratio of lung tissues, neutrophil ratio in BALF, protein content, lung tissue MDA and serum NO (Lin and Zhan, 2010).
T190 23431-23492 Sentence denotes Reduces activation of NF-κB of lung tissue (Ai et al., 2006).
T191 23493-23608 Sentence denotes Reduces expression level of p65, P50 mRNA and protein in lung tissues and TNF-α level in serum (Liu et al., 2019a).
T192 23610-23736 Sentence denotes Sepsis Lowers IL-6 level, regulate balance between pro-inflammatory factors and anti-inflammatory factors (Qiu et al., 2012).
T193 23737-23862 Sentence denotes Increases CD4+ and CD8+T cell counts in peripheral blood and upregulated HLA-DR expression in monocytes (Zhang et al., 2017).
T194 23863-23973 Sentence denotes Anti-shock Increases content of ATP and taurine, and reduces content of AMP in the heart (Liu et al., 2019b).
T195 23975-24062 Sentence denotes Severe pneumonia of elderly Decreases level of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 (Lv et al., 2017).
T196 24063-24182 Sentence denotes Acute lung injury Improves respiratory rate, oxygen index, and lowers the ICAM-1, ET-1 and NO level (Ma et al., 2019).
T197 24183-24303 Sentence denotes Respiratory failure Improves serum prealbumin, oxygen index, shortens the duration of mechanical ventilation (Li, 2013)
T198 24304-24442 Sentence denotes SMI Improve pulmonary function Raises NO level, dropping oxygen free radical levels and decreases lipid peroxidation (Lin et al., 2007).
T199 24443-24526 Sentence denotes Lowers expression of NF-κB and activity of iNOS in lung tissues (Liu et al., 2009).
T200 24528-24653 Sentence denotes COPD Improves pulmonary function index, blood gas index, IgG index and disappearance time of lung rale (Huang et al., 2019).
T201 24654-24733 Sentence denotes Anti-inflammation Inhibits expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 (Liu et al., 2015).
T202 24734-24880 Sentence denotes Inhibits generation of inflammatory cytokines of ischemia-reperfusion rats, lowers expression level of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, etc. (Wang et al., 2015)
T203 24881-24943 Sentence denotes Immune-regulation Inhibits monocyte MCP-1 (Liu et al., 2015).
T204 24944-25087 Sentence denotes Increases the content of serum immunoglobulin IgG and the number of T cells, enhances the phagocytic function of macrophages (Du et al., 2001).
T205 25089-25286 Sentence denotes Prevent inflammatory response Improves microcirculation, protect the organ functions, and prevents further occurrence and development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (Guo et al., 2004).
T206 25287-25420 Sentence denotes Improve pulmonary function Raises NO level, dropping oxygen free radical levels and decreases lipid peroxidation (Lin et al., 2007).
T207 25421-25504 Sentence denotes Lowers expression of NF-κB and activity of iNOS in lung tissues (Liu et al., 2009).
T208 25505-25671 Sentence denotes AGNHP Anti-inflammation Inhibits release of superoxide radical; reverses changes in cortical monoamine neurotransmitters (Zhang F. et al., 2010; Zhu and Sun, 2014).
T209 25672-25755 Sentence denotes Lowers serum LPS level and lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) content (Zhang et al., 2009).
T210 25756-25839 Sentence denotes Lowers total LDH activity, and changes percentage of isomerase (Tang et al., 2005).
T211 25841-26086 Sentence denotes Hyperpyrexia, coma caused by severe infectious diseases Promotes consciousness, improves the neurologic function (Feng and Yang, 2015), shortens average defervescence time (Long and Wu, 2014) and moderates effect on Th1/Th2 (Ma and Zhou, 2015).
T212 26087-26251 Sentence denotes Viral encephalitis Reduces body temperature, avoids convulsion, promotes consciousness, and alleviates cerebral edema and brain cell damage (Zhang and Dong, 2014).
T213 26252-26505 Sentence denotes Neuroprotective effect Regulates Th17/Treg balance, inhibits chronic inflammation, reduces plaque collagen fibers, and reduces inflammatory cells infiltration (Fan et al., 2020) Pneumonia Reduces PCT and improves immune function (Zhuo and Wen, 2017).
T214 26506-26608 Sentence denotes Antipyretic and analgesic – ACI intracerebral hemorrhage Neuroprotective effect (Han et al., 2019).
T215 26609-26857 Sentence denotes Research by Zhonghua Liu et al. (Liu, 2009) revealed that HXZQC inhibited the lung index of mice infected with avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N1, reduced the development of lung disease, and enhanced the antiviral capacity of mice infected with AIV.
T216 26858-26991 Sentence denotes The death rate of the infected mice was reduced through regulation of the gastrointestinal tract and strengthening of the stomach Qi.
T217 26992-27152 Sentence denotes Hongkun Zhang (Zhang, 2013) found that HXZQC inhibited growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
T218 27153-27434 Sentence denotes Research by Wang et al. (2012) found that HXZQC inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated expression of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages and inhibited epithelial barrier disorder induced by interferon-γ (IFN-γ), regulating immunity and improving gastroenteric function.
T219 27435-27697 Sentence denotes Research by Chunyuan Li et al. (Li et al., 2017) showed that HXZQC significantly improved the thymus coefficient, spleen coefficient and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels of mice with dampness obstructing spleen-stomach, and enhanced the immune function of the mice.
T220 27698-28027 Sentence denotes Studies by Yinghui He et al. (He et al., 2006) and Shaobo Zong et al. (Zong et al., 2015) discovered that HXZQC had therapeutic effects in mice with Bacillus dysenteriae and Salmonella typhimurium-induced diarrhea (BSD mice), mice with bacterial enteritis, and model rats with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
T221 28028-28286 Sentence denotes Clinical symptoms were significantly improved, which might be due to effects on the balance of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, and reduction of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels.
T222 28287-28446 Sentence denotes The results suggested that HXZQC, via immune-regulation and anti-inflammatory activity, could have therapeutic effects against many gastrointestinal disorders.
T223 28447-28659 Sentence denotes Research by Hefei Huang et al. (Huang et al., 2016) showed that HXZQC extracts had a positive regulatory effect on intestinal dysfunction, and had therapeutic efficacy in model rats with diarrhea-predominant IBS.
T224 28660-28815 Sentence denotes Efficacy was mediated by improving serum NO levels and reducing the concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), plasma motilin, and colonic somatostatin.
T225 28817-28843 Sentence denotes Clinical Research on HXZQC
T226 28844-29056 Sentence denotes Modern clinical studies have shown that HXZQC has therapeutic effects against viral diseases, such as gastrointestinal-type cold, influenza, upper respiratory infection (URI), and viral enteritis (see Table 3 ).
T227 29057-29303 Sentence denotes The Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) (Version 2004) (Chinese Medical Association and China Association of Chinese Medicine, 2004) recommended that HXZQC could be used for advanced stage pulmonary closure.
T228 29304-29622 Sentence denotes Research by Shuping Ma et al. showed that, compared with the control group (Ribavirin, interferon), HXZQC + Western medicines (Ribavirin, interferon) had a significant effect on antidiarrheal time and shortened the total time course in the treatment of children with rotavirus enteritis (p < 0.05) (Ma and Wang, 2012).
T229 29623-29724 Sentence denotes Xiaoping Han et al. (Han, 2016) randomized 78 influenza patients into control and observation groups.
T230 29725-29886 Sentence denotes Patients in the control group were given oral oseltamivir phosphate, while patients in the observation group received HXZQC in addition to oseltamivir phosphate.
T231 29887-30037 Sentence denotes Compared with those in the control group, patients in the observation group had faster relief of fever symptoms, muscle aches, and fatigue (p < 0.05).
T232 30038-30164 Sentence denotes The total response rate in the observation group was 97.44%, which was higher than the 82.05% of the control group (p < 0.05).
T233 30165-30272 Sentence denotes The results showed that HXZQC enhanced the efficacy of oseltamivir phosphate in the treatment of influenza.
T234 30273-30500 Sentence denotes Xingzhou Wu (Wu, 2010) randomized 90 cold dampness patients into two groups: the treatment group received HXZQP, while the control group received Ribavirin injection + Compound paracetamol and amantadine hydrochloride capsules.
T235 30501-30608 Sentence denotes The total response rate in the treatment group was 88.9% compared to 77.1% in the control group (p < 0.05).
T236 30609-30871 Sentence denotes Patients in the treatment group exhibited greater improvements in aversion to cold, fever, nasal congestion, running nose, spontaneous sweating, headache, cough and spitting, fatigue and weakness, body ache, and other cold symptoms compared to the control group.
T237 30872-31005 Sentence denotes Hongjie Zhao et al. studied the efficacy and safety of HXZQC in the treatment of gastrointestinal-type cold by systematic evaluation.
T238 31006-31250 Sentence denotes A total of 680 patients in eight randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the research, and the results showed that the group receiving HXZQC had a significantly better clinical response than the group using Western medicines alone.
T239 31251-31416 Sentence denotes The effects of HXZQC were superior to Western medicines in improving single symptoms (such as aversion to cold, fever, bowel sound and diarrhea) (Zhao et al., 2017).
T240 31417-31538 Sentence denotes Dandan Yu et al. conducted a meta-analysis of 44 studies, including a total of 4,153 patients with acute gastroenteritis.
T241 31539-31759 Sentence denotes The results showed that treatment with HXZQP + conventional therapy or norfloxacin tablets was superior to a single Western medicine in terms of total response rate and improvement of clinical symptoms (Yu et al., 2019).
T242 31761-31786 Sentence denotes Usage and Dosage of HXZQC
T243 31787-31835 Sentence denotes Oral administration, four capsules, twice a day.
T244 31837-31863 Sentence denotes Adverse Reactions of HXZQC
T245 31864-32021 Sentence denotes Potential drug eruption, purpura, shock, asthma, intestinal obstruction, upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, hypoglycemia of childhood, infantile convulsions.
T246 32023-32040 Sentence denotes HXZQC Precautions
T247 32041-32137 Sentence denotes 1) Nourishing traditional Chinese medicines should not be taken during the period of medication.
T248 32138-32223 Sentence denotes 2) It is advisable that patients are on a light diet during the period of medication.
T249 32225-32282 Sentence denotes Relevant Information on the Clinical Application of LHQWC
T250 32284-32316 Sentence denotes Recommended Therapeutic Regimens
T251 32317-32455 Sentence denotes LHQWC has been recommended in 19 therapeutic regimens for treatment of COVID-19 in China (see detailed information in Tables 1 and 2 ).
T252 32457-32477 Sentence denotes Ingredients of LHQWC
T253 32478-32961 Sentence denotes Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl (Lianqiao), Lonicera japonica Thunb. (Jinyinhua), Ephedra equisetina Bunge (Zhimahuang), Prunus armeniaca L. (Chaoxingren), Gypsum fibrosum (Shigao), Isatis tinctoria L. (Banlangen), Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai (Guanzhong), Houttuynia cordata Thunb. (Yuxingcao), Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. (Guanghuoxiang), Rheum palmatum L. (Dahuang), Rhodiola rosea L. (Hongjingtian), Mentholum (Bohenao), and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC. (Gancao).
T254 32962-33030 Sentence denotes Basic information on LHQWC is provided in the Supplementary Table .
T255 33032-33084 Sentence denotes Indications for the Treatment of COVID-19 With LHQWC
T256 33085-33221 Sentence denotes LHQWC is used during the clinical observation period of COVID-19, and wind-heat invading lung in early stage of the disease (mild case).
T257 33222-33351 Sentence denotes The indicative symptoms are fever, mild aversion to cold, cough, weakness, headache and body pain, sore throat, and constipation.
T258 33353-33398 Sentence denotes Progress of Pharmacological Research on LHQWC
T259 33399-33597 Sentence denotes Modern pharmacological studies have shown that LHQWC has antiviral, immune-regulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, efficacy against lung injury, and other effects (see Table 3 ).
T260 33598-33798 Sentence denotes LHQWC significantly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in Vero E6 cells and markedly reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, CCL-2/MCP-1, and CXCL-10/IP-10) at the mRNA level.
T261 33799-33885 Sentence denotes Furthermore, LHQWC treatment resulted in abnormal virion particle morphology in cells.
T262 33886-34017 Sentence denotes LHQWC significantly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication, affects virus morphology and exerts anti-inflammatory activity in vitro (Li R.
T263 34018-34035 Sentence denotes F. et al., 2020).
T264 34036-34263 Sentence denotes In vitro experiments have shown significant antiviral activity against SARS-CoV, AIV H7N9, dual H1N1/H3N2, together with inhibition of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV activity to a certain degree (Yao et al., 2020).
T265 34264-34494 Sentence denotes Yuewen Ding et al. used MTT and plaque reduction assays to show that LHQWC inhibited proliferation of multiple strains of influenza virus, and reduced virus titer and levels of inflammatory cytokines in the lungs of infected mice.
T266 34495-34653 Sentence denotes The results indicated that LHQWC acted as a broad-spectrum antiviral and, in particular, regulated the immune response to viral infection (Ding et al., 2017).
T267 34654-34878 Sentence denotes Qi Li et al. discovered that LHQWC not only reversed LPS-stimulated expression of macrophage chemotactic factor-1 (MCP-1) by macrophages, but also significantly improved pulmonary edema in a mouse model of acute lung injury.
T268 34879-35079 Sentence denotes Inhibition of expression and secretion of MCP-1 in lung tissues of model mice was accompanied by reduced infiltration of mononuclear macrophages and reduction of inflammatory injury (Li et al., 2019).
T269 35080-35204 Sentence denotes Fen Ping et al. studied the effects of LHQWC on rats with oxidative lung injury caused by fine particulate matters (PM 2.5).
T270 35205-35519 Sentence denotes The results showed that LHQWC significantly reduced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) serum levels in rats with lung injury, increased levels of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), reduced pathological damage of lung tissues, and inhibited exudation of inflammatory cells into the alveolar cavity.
T271 35520-35643 Sentence denotes Together, the data indicated that LHQWC protected against oxidative stress injury in the lungs of rats (Ping et al., 2016).
T272 35644-35768 Sentence denotes Wenwen Cui et al. studied the impact of LHQWC in a mouse model of acute lung injury caused by intratracheal infusion of LPS.
T273 35769-35964 Sentence denotes LHQWC alleviated the inflammatory response in lung tissues by downregulating the IKK/IκB/nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway, thus, protecting mice from acute lung injury (Cui et al., 2016).
T274 35965-36150 Sentence denotes Siwen Tang et al. studied the effects of LHQWC intervention on pathological lung tissue injury in mice and expression of inflammatory cytokines caused by exposure to automobile exhaust.
T275 36151-36403 Sentence denotes The results showed that LHQWC reduced protein and mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines in lung tissue by reducing blood levels of inflammatory cytokines, thus, protecting against lung tissue injury caused by automobile exhaust (Tang et al., 2015).
T276 36405-36431 Sentence denotes Clinical Research on LHQWC
T277 36432-36613 Sentence denotes Modern clinical studies have shown that LHQWC has therapeutic effects against viral diseases, such as COVID-19, SARS, MERS, influenza, and human infection with H7N9 avian influenza.
T278 36614-36730 Sentence denotes It can also be used to treat URI, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other conditions (see Table 3 ).
T279 36731-37454 Sentence denotes LHQWC has been recommended in diagnosis and treatment schemes such as China’s SARS Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme (Version 2004) (Chinese Medical Association and China Association of Chinese Medicine, 2004), MERS Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme (Version 2015) (National Health and Family Planning Commission of People’s Republic of China, 2015), China’s Influenza Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme (Version 2019) (National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China and National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2019), and Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme for Human Infection with H7N9 Avian Influenza (Version 1, 2017) (National Health and Family Planning Commission of People's Republic of China, 2017).
T280 37455-37591 Sentence denotes Ke Hu et al. conducted a prospective multicenter open-label randomized controlled trial on LHQWC capsule in confirmed cases of COVID-19.
T281 37592-37736 Sentence denotes Patients (284) were randomized to receive usual treatment alone or in combination with LHQWC capsules (four capsules, thrice daily) for 14 days.
T282 37737-37818 Sentence denotes The primary endpoint was the rate of symptom (fever, fatigue, coughing) recovery.
T283 37819-37955 Sentence denotes The recovery rate was significantly higher in the combined treatment group compared with the control group (91.5% vs. 82.4%, p = 0.022).
T284 37956-38053 Sentence denotes The median time to symptom recovery was markedly shorter in the combined treatment group (median:
T285 38054-38080 Sentence denotes 7 vs. 10 days, p < 0.001).
T286 38081-38254 Sentence denotes Time to recovery of fever (2 vs. 3 days), fatigue (3 vs. 6 days) and coughing (7 vs. 10 days) was also significantly shorter in the combined treatment group (all p < 0.001).
T287 38255-38449 Sentence denotes The rate of improvement in chest computed tomographic manifestations (83.8% vs. 64.1%, p < 0.001) and clinical cure (78.9% vs. 66.2%, p = 0.017) were also higher in the combined treatment group.
T288 38450-38566 Sentence denotes However, the two groups did not differ in the rate of conversion to severe cases or viral assay findings (p > 0.05).
T289 38567-38625 Sentence denotes No serious adverse events were reported (Hu et al., 2020).
T290 38626-38831 Sentence denotes Ruibing Lyu et al. conducted clinical research on 63 patients receiving conventional therapy in combination with LHQWC (treatment group) and 38 patients receiving only conventional therapy (control group).
T291 38832-38889 Sentence denotes Clinical data were collected 10 days after the treatment.
T292 38890-39104 Sentence denotes A comparison between the two groups was performed in terms of disappearance rates of cardinal symptoms (fever, cough, and weakness), duration of fever and disappearance rates of other individual symptoms and signs.
T293 39105-39312 Sentence denotes The disappearance rates of fever, cough, and weakness in the treatment group were 86.7%, 55.6%, and 82.5%, respectively, which were higher than those in the control group (67.7%, 30.6%, and 58.6%; p < 0.05).
T294 39313-39420 Sentence denotes The median duration of fever was 6 days in patients in the treatment group and 7 days in the control group.
T295 39421-39502 Sentence denotes There was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p = 0.171).
T296 39503-39652 Sentence denotes The disappearance rates of short breath and moist crackles (68.2% and 56.0%) were higher than those in the control group (20.0% and 20.0%, p < 0.05).
T297 39653-39820 Sentence denotes There were four cases of aggravation in the treatment group (6.4%) and six cases in the control group (15.8%), with no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05).
T298 39821-39903 Sentence denotes There were no obvious adverse reactions in the treatment group (Lyu et al., 2020).
T299 39904-40032 Sentence denotes Dezhong Cheng et al. conducted a multi-center retrospective analysis of the therapeutic effect of LHQWC in 51 COVID-19 patients.
T300 40033-40163 Sentence denotes The control group was treated with simple nutritional support, symptomatic treatment, antiviral therapy and antimicrobial therapy.
T301 40164-40286 Sentence denotes The treatment group was combined with LHQWC (6 g/bag) on the basis of the control group, one bag each time, 3 times a day.
T302 40287-40351 Sentence denotes The clinical data of patients treated for 7 days were collected.
T303 40352-40540 Sentence denotes The results showed that combined application of LHQWC significantly improved fever, weakness, cough, shortness of breath, chest distress, anorexia, and other clinical symptoms of COVID-19.
T304 40541-40720 Sentence denotes Improvements of the main symptoms and reduced incidence of the severe form suggested that LHQWC could be effective in the treatment of patients with COVID-19 (Cheng et al., 2020).
T305 40721-40845 Sentence denotes Ping Yu et al. conducted a study on the therapeutic effect of LHQWC combined with Abidole in the treatment of mild COVID-19.
T306 40846-40908 Sentence denotes A total of 295 patients were randomly divided into two groups.
T307 40909-41087 Sentence denotes The control group (n = 148) was treated with Abidole (0.2 g per day) orally, and the observation group (n = 147) was treated with LHQWC (6 g, thrice daily) combined with Abidole.
T308 41088-41343 Sentence denotes The results showed that the total effective rate of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group (80.95% vs 64.86%), and the rate of severe illness was significantly lower than that of the control group (14.29% vs 23.65%).
T309 41344-41732 Sentence denotes After 7 days of treatment, the scores for the main TCM syndromes (fever, fatigue, cough, dry throat, chest tightness) and the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (p < 0.05), while white blood cells (WBC) and lymphocyte (LYM) were significantly higher than those in the control group.
T310 41733-41949 Sentence denotes The effective rate of chest computerized tomography (CT) in the observation group was 69.39%, which was higher than that in the control group (62.84%), but the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05).
T311 41950-42019 Sentence denotes There were no serious drug-related adverse reactions in either group.
T312 42020-42288 Sentence denotes The results show that LHQWC combined with Abidole can effectively relieve clinical symptoms in patients with mild COVID-19, regulate the expression of related inflammatory factors, improve the curative effect and reduce the rate of severe illness (Yu P. et al., 2020).
T313 42289-42399 Sentence denotes Lili Liu et al. conducted a retrospective analysis of the therapeutic effect of LHQWC in 32 COVID-19 patients.
T314 42400-42442 Sentence denotes The patients were divided into two groups:
T315 42443-42592 Sentence denotes Group A + L, in which 18 patients received Abidole (0.2 g, thrice daily) combined with LHQWC; and Group L, in which 14 patients received LHQWC alone.
T316 42593-42652 Sentence denotes During treatment there was one critical case in each group.
T317 42653-42758 Sentence denotes Abnormal liver function was observed in 14 cases (77.78%) in Group A + L and 8 cases (57.14%) in Group L.
T318 42759-42861 Sentence denotes Antibiotic treatment was applied in 17 cases (94.44%) in Group A + L and 13 cases (92.86%) in Group L.
T319 42862-42962 Sentence denotes Glucocorticoid use was reported in 10 cases (55.56%) in Group A + L and 9 cases (64.29%) in Group L.
T320 42963-43337 Sentence denotes Compared with Group L, significantly faster recovery of temperature (t = −2.471, p = 0.019), recovery of respiratory symptoms (t = −2.918, p = 0.007), chest CT inflammation absorption (t = −2.937, p = 0.006), time until two consecutive negative virus nucleic acid tests (t = −2.930, p = 0.006), and shorter hospital stay (t = −2.785, p = 0.009) were observed in Group A + L.
T321 43338-43471 Sentence denotes Abidor combined with LHQWC can be used to treat COVID-19, with good tolerance, to shorten the course of treatment (Liu et al., 2020).
T322 43472-43629 Sentence denotes Zhongping Duan et al. conducted a random, double-blind, and positive-drug parallel control clinical trial on the efficiency and safety of LHQWC against H1N1.
T323 43630-43708 Sentence denotes It was found that LHQWC reduced disease severity and the duration of symptoms.
T324 43709-43862 Sentence denotes The drug was also well tolerated, indicating that LHQWC might become an alternative therapeutic measure against H1N1 viral infection (Duan et al., 2011).
T325 43863-44104 Sentence denotes Pan Zhao et al. found by meta-analysis that LHQWC improved cough, sore throat, body ache, and other symptoms of patients infected with H1N1 virus, reduced the duration of fever, and was more effective than oseltamivir (Zhao P. et al., 2014).
T326 44105-44227 Sentence denotes Shiheng Wang et al. conducted a systematic review of the literature on efficacy and safety of LHQWC in treating viral flu.
T327 44228-44465 Sentence denotes The results showed that LHQWC gave a better total response rate, symptom improvement rate and body temperature recovery rate than the control group in treating viral flu, but consideration of its safety was important (Wang et al., 2019).
T328 44466-44756 Sentence denotes Li Tiehui et al. compared the clinical therapeutic effect of LHQWC and vitamin C Yinqiao Tablets in patients with URI, and found that LHQWC significantly improved nasal congestion, fever, headache, sore throat, weakness, aches in the limbs, intolerance of cold, and other clinical symptoms.
T329 44757-44842 Sentence denotes LHQWC had high efficacy and safety, and was therefore worthy of promotion (Li, 2019).
T330 44843-45092 Sentence denotes Dong Liang et al. conducted clinical research on 100 patients with COPD, and discovered that LHQWC improved conditions in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD), especially those in the high risk subgroup.
T331 45093-45208 Sentence denotes The mode of action might be related to its ability to reduce release of inflammatory mediators (Dong et al., 2014).
T332 45210-45236 Sentence denotes Usage and Dosage of LHQWC:
T333 45237-45287 Sentence denotes Oral administration, four capsules, 3 times a day.
T334 45289-45315 Sentence denotes Adverse Reactions of LHQWC
T335 45316-45543 Sentence denotes Possible nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach discomfort, heartburn, poor appetite, and other gastrointestinal adverse reactions; there might be abnormal liver function, palpitations or rash, and other side effects occasionally.
T336 45545-45562 Sentence denotes LHQWC Precautions
T337 45563-45619 Sentence denotes 1) Pregnant and lactating women should use with caution.
T338 45620-45760 Sentence denotes 2) It contains ephedrae herba (Mahuang), so should be used with caution by athletes and patients with high blood pressure and heart disease.
T339 45761-45865 Sentence denotes 3) Those with previous history of liver disease or with abnormal liver function should use with caution.
T340 45866-46025 Sentence denotes 4) It contains rheum, so the dose should be reduced appropriate in subjects who experience increased stool frequency and shapeless stools after administration.
T341 46026-46106 Sentence denotes 5) Nourishing traditional Chinese medicine should not be taken at the same time.
T342 46108-46165 Sentence denotes Relevant Information on the Clinical Application of JHQGG
T343 46167-46199 Sentence denotes Recommended Therapeutic Regimens
T344 46200-46324 Sentence denotes JHQGG has been recommended in 13 therapeutic regimens of COVID-19 in China (see detailed information in Tables 1 and 2 ).
T345 46326-46346 Sentence denotes Ingredients of JHQGG
T346 46347-46792 Sentence denotes Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl (Lianqiao), Lonicera japonica Thunb. (Jinyinhua), Ephedra equisetina Bunge (Zhimahuang), Prunus armeniaca L. (Chaoxingren), Gypsum Fibrosum (Shigao), Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Huangqin), Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. (Zhebeimu), Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge (Zhimu), Arctium lappa L. (Niubangzi), Artemisia annua L. (Qinghao), Mentha canadensis L. (Bohe), and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC. (Gancao).
T347 46793-46861 Sentence denotes Basic information on JHQGG is provided in the Supplementary Table .
T348 46863-46915 Sentence denotes Indications for the Treatment of COVID-19 With JHQGG
T349 46916-47077 Sentence denotes JHQGG is used to treat the syndrome of wind-heat invading lung during the clinical observation period of COVID-19 and the early stage of the disease (mild case).
T350 47078-47189 Sentence denotes Indicative symptoms are fever, mild aversion to cold, weakness, cough, headache and body pain, and sore throat.
T351 47191-47236 Sentence denotes Progress of Pharmacological Research on JHQGG
T352 47237-47370 Sentence denotes Modern pharmacological studies have found that JHQGG has antiviral, immune-regulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects (see Table 3 ).
T353 47371-47520 Sentence denotes Jianping Qi et al. showed that JHQGG significantly decreased the average levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and IFN-γ in serum of influenza patients.
T354 47521-47808 Sentence denotes Patients exhibited decreased inflammatory response and improved immune function after treatment, which might be due to the antiviral activity of the main ingredients, such as Lonicerae japonicae flos, Scutellariae radix, Forsythiae fructus, and Artemisiae annuae herba (Qi et al., 2016).
T355 47810-47836 Sentence denotes Clinical Research on JHQGG
T356 47837-47947 Sentence denotes Modern clinical studies have shown that JHQGG has therapeutic efficacy against viral diseases (see Table 3 ).
T357 47948-48042 Sentence denotes JHQGG has been recommended in China’s Influenza Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme (Version 2019).
T358 48043-48261 Sentence denotes COVID-19 outpatients (123) were randomly divided into a treatment group (JHQGG two bags per time, 3 times a day, combined with routine treatment for 5 days, n = 82) and a control group (only routine treatment, n = 41).
T359 48262-48446 Sentence denotes The addition of JHQGG significantly alleviated fever, cough, fatigue, sputum and anxiety, and the hospitalization rate tended to be lower than in the control group (Duan et al., 2020).
T360 48447-48560 Sentence denotes In treatment of H1N1, use of JHQGG alone or in combination with oseltamivir effectively shortened fever duration.
T361 48561-48832 Sentence denotes The duration of fever in patients treated with oseltamivir in combination with JHQGG was significantly shorter (19%) than in those treated with oseltamivir alone, suggesting that JHQGG could serve as an alternative therapeutic measure against H1N1 (Wang C. et al., 2011).
T362 48833-49002 Sentence denotes Jianping Qi observed 174 cases of influenza patients and found that JHQGG significantly reduced serum levels of cytokines and improved immune function (Qi et al., 2016).
T363 49003-49194 Sentence denotes A double-blind, randomized and controlled study on JHQGG in treating influenza syndrome of wind-heat invading lung by Guoqin Li et al. showed that it was effective and safe (Li et al., 2013).
T364 49196-49221 Sentence denotes Usage and Dosage of JHQGG
T365 49222-49285 Sentence denotes Taken after dissolving in boiled water, one bag, 3 times a day.
T366 49287-49313 Sentence denotes Adverse Reactions of JHQGG
T367 49314-49522 Sentence denotes Potential for nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach discomfort, heartburn, poor appetite and other gastrointestinal adverse reactions; there might be abnormal liver function, palpitations, or rash occasionally.
T368 49524-49541 Sentence denotes JHQGG Precautions
T369 49542-49618 Sentence denotes 1) Those with deficiency-cold in spleen and stomach should use with caution.
T370 49619-49759 Sentence denotes 2) It contains ephedrae herba (Mahuang), so should be used with caution by athletes and patients with high blood pressure and heart disease.
T371 49760-49864 Sentence denotes 3) Those with previous history of liver disease or with abnormal liver function should use with caution.
T372 49865-49945 Sentence denotes 4) Nourishing traditional Chinese medicine should not be taken at the same time.
T373 49947-50004 Sentence denotes Relevant Information on the Clinical Application of SFJDC
T374 50006-50038 Sentence denotes Recommended Therapeutic Regimens
T375 50039-50163 Sentence denotes SFJDC has been recommended in 15 therapeutic regimens of COVID-19 in China (see detailed information in Tables 1 and 2 ).
T376 50165-50185 Sentence denotes Ingredients of SFJDC
T377 50186-50516 Sentence denotes Reynoutria japonica Houtt. (Huzhang), Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl (Lianqiao), Isatis tinctoria L. (Banlangen), Bupleurum chinense DC. (Chaihu), Patrinia scabiosifolia Link (Baijiangcao), Verbena officinalis L. (Mabiancao), Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (Lugen), and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC. (Gancao).
T378 50517-50585 Sentence denotes Basic information on SFJDC is provided in the Supplementary Table .
T379 50587-50639 Sentence denotes Indications for the Treatment of COVID-19 With SFJDC
T380 50640-50789 Sentence denotes SFJDC is used to treat external wind-heat syndrome during the clinical observation period of COVID-19 and the early stage of the disease (mild case).
T381 50790-50891 Sentence denotes Indicative symptoms are fever, aversion to cold, cough with yellow phlegm, weakness, and sore throat.
T382 50893-50938 Sentence denotes Progress of Pharmacological Research on SFJDC
T383 50939-51104 Sentence denotes Modern pharmacological studies have found that SFJDC has antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties and protects against lung injury (see Table 3 ).
T384 51105-51218 Sentence denotes Yanyan Bao et al. evaluated the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of SFJDC by cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition.
T385 51219-51365 Sentence denotes A total of eight viruses, including H1N1, herpes simplex (HSV), respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus (ADV) and Coxsackie virus, were evaluated.
T386 51366-51500 Sentence denotes SFJDC had significant in vitro broad-spectrum antiviral activity and the best inhibitory effect was against parainfluenza virus (PIV).
T387 51501-51593 Sentence denotes Similar results were obtained from in vivo experiments (Qiu et al., 2014; Bao et al., 2019).
T388 51594-51717 Sentence denotes Ying Liu et al. used H1N1 FM1 and PR8 strains to induce nasal drip infection in an immunocompromised mouse pneumonia model.
T389 51718-51807 Sentence denotes Therapeutic and preventive effects of SFJDC were observed against H1N1 infection in vivo.
T390 51808-52074 Sentence denotes The results showed that SFJDC influenced the immune function of the mice, improved pneumonia symptoms caused by influenza virus, reduced the lung index of mice infected with H1N1, significantly reduced mortality, and had good therapeutic efficacy (Liu et al., 2010).
T391 52075-52183 Sentence denotes Research by Weiwei Lv et al. found that SFJDC had inhibitory activity against multiple viruses and bacteria.
T392 52184-52273 Sentence denotes Its antiviral activity was inferior to that of Ribavirin, but its cytotoxicity was lower.
T393 52274-52395 Sentence denotes Both antiviral activity and antibacterial action were superior to those of Qingkailing granules (QKLG) (Lv et al., 2013).
T394 52396-52524 Sentence denotes Li Ma et al. used a mouse pneumonia model induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae to study the anti-inflammatory mechanism of SFJDC.
T395 52525-52776 Sentence denotes They discovered that it reduced white blood cell (WBC) count, reduced serum levels of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), MCP-1, inflammatory mediator BK and COX-2, thus, having a therapeutic effect in the model (Ma et al., 2018).
T396 52777-53000 Sentence denotes Further studies found that SFJDC had a significant immune regulatory function, reducing levels of B lymphocytes, CD8+ cells, interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-2, IgM, and IgG to improve lung function in mice with pneumonia.
T397 53001-53172 Sentence denotes SFJDC increased the CD4+/CD8+ ratio and number of natural killer (NK) cells, thus, having a therapeutic effect in the pneumonia model (Ma et al., 2019a; Ma et al., 2019b).
T398 53173-53279 Sentence denotes Zhengang Tao et al. observed a protective function of SFJDC against endotoxin LPS-induced rat lung injury.
T399 53280-53397 Sentence denotes Their results showed that SFJDC inhibited the LPS-induced inflammatory response, and reduced LPS-induced lung injury.
T400 53398-53576 Sentence denotes Its mechanism of action might be inhibition of the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/NF-κB signaling pathway and downregulation of NF-κB mRNA expression (Tao et al., 2014).
T401 53577-53744 Sentence denotes Yanmei Li et al. used a Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAK)-induced KM mouse acute lung injury model to explore the mode of action of SFJDC in treatment of acute lung injury.
T402 53745-53904 Sentence denotes They found that SFJDC significantly alleviated lung injury in the model and its mode of action might be related to the ERK signaling pathway (Li et al., 2017).
T403 53906-53932 Sentence denotes Clinical Research on SFJDC
T404 53933-54061 Sentence denotes SFJDC comes from “Detoxification Powder,” and is mainly used to treat fever, parotitis, amygdalitis, plague, and other diseases.
T405 54062-54304 Sentence denotes Recent studies have shown that SFJDC has good clinical efficacy against viral diseases (such as MERS, influenza, human infection with H7N9 avian influenza) and respiratory diseases (such as acute URI, AECOPD, pneumonia, etc.) (see Table 3 ).
T406 54305-54591 Sentence denotes SFJDC has been recommended in diagnosis and treatment schemes such as MERS Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme (Version 2015), China’s Influenza Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme (Version 2019), and Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme for Human Infection with H7N9 Avian Influenza (Version 1, 2017).
T407 54592-54804 Sentence denotes Lei Wang et al. conducted a retrospective analysis of 87 patients with acute URI + fever, and found that patients treated with SFJDC had a significantly higher total response rate than those in the control group.
T408 54805-54909 Sentence denotes SFJDC effectively improved respiratory symptoms in patients with acute URI + fever (Wang and Qiu, 2018).
T409 54910-55181 Sentence denotes In the treatment of community acquired pneumonia (CAP), application of SFJDC shortened recovery time, reduced the duration of fever and reduced the levels of procalcitonin (PCT), CRP, WBC, and other indicators, effectively shortening the course of treatment (Wang, 2016).
T410 55182-55291 Sentence denotes Hongxia Yu et al. evaluated the impact of SFJDC on inflammation-associated cytokines in patients with AECOPD.
T411 55292-55463 Sentence denotes The results showed that SFJDC significantly reduced the levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8), TNF-α, CRP, and PCT, and had significant therapeutic efficacy against AECOPD (Yu H.
T412 55464-55481 Sentence denotes X. et al., 2020).
T413 55482-55673 Sentence denotes Tiling Wang et al. added SFJDC treatment to conventional treatment in 60 mild and moderate AECOPD patients and compared with 60 patients receiving conventional treatment as the control group.
T414 55674-55824 Sentence denotes After 1 week, the treatment group had significantly higher arterial blood gas PaO2 than the control group, without any adverse reactions (Wang, 2015).
T415 55825-56091 Sentence denotes Research showed that treatment of bacterial acute bronchitis and pneumonia with a combination of antibacterial drugs and SFJDC significantly shortened recovery of body temperature, duration of cough and the course of treatment compared with antibacterial drug alone.
T416 56092-56397 Sentence denotes Chunlan Wang et al. observed that combined use of SFJDC and antibiotics significantly improved body temperature, blood sugar, ALT (glutamate transaminase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and other indicators compared with the control group, and patients had a higher oxygen index than the control group.
T417 56398-56593 Sentence denotes The results suggested that SFJDC had a significant protective function against lung injury, and the mechanism might be related to inhibition of inflammatory response by SFJDC (Wang et al., 2014).
T418 56595-56620 Sentence denotes Usage and Dosage of SFJDC
T419 56621-56671 Sentence denotes Oral administration, four capsules, 3 times a day.
T420 56673-56699 Sentence denotes Adverse Reactions of SFJDC
T421 56700-56718 Sentence denotes Occasional nausea.
T422 56720-56737 Sentence denotes SFJDC Precautions
T423 56738-56901 Sentence denotes (1) Use is forbidden in those with allergic constitution or who are allergic to the drug. (2) Use is forbidden in those with deficiency-cold in spleen and stomach.
T424 56903-56959 Sentence denotes Relevant Information on the Clinical Application of TRQI
T425 56961-56993 Sentence denotes Recommended Therapeutic Regimens
T426 56994-57117 Sentence denotes TRQI has been recommended in 12 therapeutic regimens of COVID-19 in China (see detailed information in Tables 1 and 2 ).
T427 57119-57138 Sentence denotes Ingredients of TRQI
T428 57139-57302 Sentence denotes Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Huangqin), Ursi fellis pulvis (Xiongdanfen), Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl (Lianqiao), and Lonicera japonica Thunb. (Jinyinhua).
T429 57303-57370 Sentence denotes Basic information on TRQI is provided in the Supplementary Table .
T430 57372-57423 Sentence denotes Indications for the Treatment of COVID-19 With TRQI
T431 57424-57568 Sentence denotes TRQI is used for syndromes of epidemic toxin lung closure and phlegm-heat lung obstruction in the progressive stage of COVID-19 (critical case).
T432 57569-57687 Sentence denotes Indicative symptoms are fever, cough, cough with difficulty in expectoration, chest distress, and shortness of breath.
T433 57689-57733 Sentence denotes Progress of Pharmacological Research on TRQI
T434 57734-57923 Sentence denotes Modern pharmacological studies have shown that TRQI is effective against influenza virus, destroys bacterial biofilm, inhibits airway inflammation, and improves lung injury (see Table 3 ).
T435 57924-58132 Sentence denotes Research by Jinsu Zheng et al. discovered that TRQI improved pathological injury of lung tissues in mice infected with influenza virus, and had significant antiviral activity in influenza virus infected mice.
T436 58133-58270 Sentence denotes The antiviral activity of TRQI might be due to its inhibition of cellular proliferation and enhancement of immunity (Zheng and Gu, 2009).
T437 58271-58406 Sentence denotes Weifeng Yang et al. discovered that TRQI could destroy methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilm and induce its death.
T438 58407-58638 Sentence denotes When combined with vancomycin or linezolid below the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) concentration, synergistic anti-biofilm activity was observed that was significantly higher than when using TRQI alone (Yang et al., 2018).
T439 58639-58858 Sentence denotes Research by Yi Wang et al. showed that the efficacy of TRQI in the treatment of acute pneumonia was mediated by destruction of bacterial biofilm, which is different to the mechanism of penicillin (Wang Y. et al., 2011).
T440 58859-59028 Sentence denotes Wei Liu et al. discovered that TRQI might treat airway mucus hypersecretion by regulating the interleukin-17 (IL-17) signaling pathway and its downstream protein MUC5AC.
T441 59029-59263 Sentence denotes An in vivo experiment showed that TRQI could significantly inhibit excessive secretion of LPS-stimulated MUC5AC and expression of TNF-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and IL-17A in terms of protein and mRNA levels (Liu W. et al., 2019).
T442 59264-59458 Sentence denotes Animal experiments conducted by Wei Liu et al. showed that TRQI inhibited airway inflammation caused by LPS through the MAPK/NF-κB pathway, and showed a dose-dependent effect (Liu et al., 2016).
T443 59459-59701 Sentence denotes Li Wen et al. found that TRQI improved signs and symptoms in AECOPD patients, which might be mediated by reduction of serum IL-8 and neutrophil elastase (NE) levels, and improved airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion (Li et al., 2010).
T444 59702-60031 Sentence denotes Research by Li Pengtao et al. discovered that TRQI improved blood flow in capillaries of the alveolar walls while repressing the LPS-induced inflammatory cascade, which was the pharmacological basis for its effective alleviation of acute lung injury and prevention of decreased arterial partial oxygen pressure (Li et al., 2005).
T445 60033-60058 Sentence denotes Clinical Research on TRQI
T446 60059-60357 Sentence denotes Modern clinical studies have shown that TRQI has therapeutic efficacy against infectious diseases, such as viral pneumonia, MERS, human infection with H7N9 avian influenza, acute bronchitis, acute attack of chronic bronchitis, CAP, tuberculosis accompanied by infection, and AECOPD (see Table 3 ).
T447 60358-60537 Sentence denotes TRQI has been recommended in MERS Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme (Version 2015) and Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme for Human Infection with H7N9 Avian Influenza (Version 1, 2017).
T448 60538-60827 Sentence denotes A systematic evaluation of eight published randomized and controlled trials that included a total of 590 adult patients with viral pneumonia found that TRQI had advantages in terms of response rate, faster change of chest radiography, average length of stay, and other aspects (Pan, 2016).
T449 60828-61048 Sentence denotes Research results from Jinzhi Liang et al. showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the clinical effect of combined TRQI and Ribavirin or TRQI alone in the treatment of hand-foot-and-mouth disease.
T450 61049-61127 Sentence denotes Both treatments were superior to that of Ribavirin alone (Liang et al., 2013).
T451 61128-61349 Sentence denotes Research by Wang Pei et al. showed that potential benefits of TRQI in the treatment of acute bronchitis included improved response rate, and reduced fever, cough, crackles, and X-ray shadow absorption (Wang et al., 2016).
T452 61350-61596 Sentence denotes Research results of Lini Gao et al. showed that combined use of TRQI and Western medicines was more effective than Western medicines alone in the treatment of acute bronchitis and gave superior improvement of clinical symptoms (Gao et al., 2019).
T453 61597-61785 Sentence denotes Hongli Jiang et al. showed by systematic evaluation that administration of TRQI to treat CAP on the basis of antibiotics and symptomatic treatment significantly improved clinical symptoms.
T454 61786-61981 Sentence denotes Cough with expectoration was improved, the duration of fever was shortened and recovery of chest radiography and hemogram were promoted without significant adverse reactions (Jiang et al., 2009).
T455 61982-62254 Sentence denotes Lian Xiong et al. showed by systematic evaluation that TRQI might have the same overall effect as some antibacterial drugs in treatment of patients with tuberculosis accompanied by lung infection, but improved efficacy was observed in combination with antibacterial drugs.
T456 62255-62373 Sentence denotes This might be due to the bacteriostatic effects of TRQI and elimination of inflammatory mediators (Lian et al., 2018).
T457 62374-62698 Sentence denotes A total of 14 trials and 954 patients were included in a study by Yunqing Zhong, and the results showed that combined use of TRQI and antibacterial drugs improved the clinical effects and lung function in AECOPD patients, reduced pCO2, and shortened the length of stay without serious adverse reactions (Zhong et al., 2010).
T458 62700-62724 Sentence denotes Usage and Dosage of TRQI
T459 62725-62903 Sentence denotes 20 ml once for adults, 40 ml once for severe patients, with addition of 250–500 ml 5% glucose or 0.9% sodium chloride; intravenous drip at less than 60 drops per min, once a day.
T460 62905-62930 Sentence denotes Adverse Reactions of TRQI
T461 62931-63015 Sentence denotes 1) Some patients may have dizziness, chest distress, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
T462 63016-63087 Sentence denotes 2) Flushing, rash or itching and other allergic reactions occasionally.
T463 63088-63144 Sentence denotes 3) Rarely, palpitations, chill and difficulty breathing.
T464 63145-63181 Sentence denotes 4) Extremely rarely, allergic shock.
T465 63182-63282 Sentence denotes 5) Other adverse reactions: dry mouth, fever, periorbital facial edema, discomfort at infusion site.
T466 63284-63300 Sentence denotes TRQI Precautions
T467 63301-63717 Sentence denotes 1) Use is forbidden in those with liver and renal failure; 2) Use is forbidden in those with severe lung and heart disease accompanied by heart failure; 3) Use is forbidden in pregnant women and infants less than 24 months; 4) It should be used alone and must not be mixed with other drugs; 5) Dilution ratio of the liquid shall be no lower than 1:10 (liquid: solvent) and the diluted liquid must be used within 4 h.
T468 63719-63775 Sentence denotes Relevant Information on the Clinical Application of XYPI
T469 63777-63809 Sentence denotes Recommended Therapeutic Regimens
T470 63810-63933 Sentence denotes XYPI has been recommended in 15 therapeutic regimens of COVID-19 in China (see detailed information in Tables 1 and 2 ).
T471 63935-63954 Sentence denotes Ingredients of XYPI
T472 63955-63987 Sentence denotes Andrographolide total sulfonate.
T473 63988-64055 Sentence denotes Basic information on XYPI is provided in the Supplementary Table .
T474 64057-64108 Sentence denotes Indications for the Treatment of COVID-19 With XYPI
T475 64109-64221 Sentence denotes XYPI is used for syndrome of exuberance of internal heat toxin in progressive stage of COVID-19 (critical case).
T476 64222-64310 Sentence denotes Indicative symptoms are fever, sore throat, cough with yellow phlegm and chest distress.
T477 64311-64397 Sentence denotes It could also be used to treat viral infection combined with mild bacterial infection.
T478 64399-64443 Sentence denotes Progress of Pharmacological Research on XYPI
T479 64444-64612 Sentence denotes The main ingredient of XYPI is andrographolide total sulfonate, which is antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial and immune-regulatory (see Table 3 ).
T480 64613-64888 Sentence denotes Yang Yu et al. conducted in vivo experiments with XYPI, and discovered that it could significantly protect mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and significantly inhibited citric acid-induced cough frequency in guinea pigs (Yu et al., 2009).
T481 64889-65051 Sentence denotes Using in vitro experiments, Lu Wang et al. studied the inhibitory effect of XYPI on inflammatory factors released by LPS-stimulated mouse mononuclear macrophages.
T482 65052-65184 Sentence denotes The results showed that XYPI significantly inhibited the release of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and IL-6 (Wang et al., 2008).
T483 65185-65401 Sentence denotes Yinglan Nie et al. explored the mode of action of XYPI in the treatment of acute lung injury by observing its effect on cytokine content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) following LPS-induced acute lung injury.
T484 65402-65647 Sentence denotes The results showed that XYPI could play an anti-inflammatory role by modulating the balance of pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines and prevent excess anti-inflammatory responses during the course of acute lung injury (Nie et al., 2012).
T485 65648-65748 Sentence denotes Qi Liu et al. observed antiviral activity of XYPI against human rhinovirus-induced mouse infections.
T486 65749-65909 Sentence denotes XYPI significantly reduced the virus titer in trachea-lung tissue homogenate of infected mice, effectively inhibiting proliferation of human rhinovirus in mice.
T487 65910-66100 Sentence denotes Respiratory lesions were alleviated in tested animals, survival rate was improved, there were few adverse reactions, and it was an efficient and safe drug against human rhinovirus infection.
T488 66101-66163 Sentence denotes Its specific mode of action, however, was unclear (Liu, 2015).
T489 66165-66190 Sentence denotes Clinical Research on XYPI
T490 66191-66370 Sentence denotes XYPI is a broad-spectrum antiviral Chinese patent medicine that is widely used to treat acute URI, viral pneumonia and pulmonary infection in clinical practice with good efficacy.
T491 66371-66591 Sentence denotes Recent studies have discovered that it can also inhibit some viruses and bacteria, and could be used to treat influenza, human infection with H7N9 avian influenza, capillary bronchitis and other diseases (see Table 3 ).
T492 66592-66721 Sentence denotes XYPI has been recommended in China’s Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme for Human Infection with H7N9 Avian Influenza (Version 2017).
T493 66722-66856 Sentence denotes Xiuping Yin et al. used the association rule method to analyze drug combinations, including XYPI in patients with pulmonary infection.
T494 66857-67118 Sentence denotes The results showed that it could play a role as alternative or as a supplement to antibiotics in the treatment of pulmonary infection, but the safety and rationality of its use in drug combinations required further study in clinical practice (Yin et al., 2015).
T495 67119-67322 Sentence denotes Guangming Li et al. conducted a retrospective analysis of 92 patients with viral pneumonia and found that XYPI was more effective than Ribavirin, providing significant improvement of symptoms (Li, 2015).
T496 67323-67493 Sentence denotes Ruihan Qi et al. analyzed the therapeutic effect of XYPI in the treatment of viral pneumonia by systematic evaluation and found that it was more effective than Ribavirin.
T497 67494-67618 Sentence denotes XYPI increased the cure rate, improved signs and symptoms, and reduced the incidence of adverse reactions (Qi et al., 2018).
T498 67619-67746 Sentence denotes Lili Zhang et al. used XYPI in combination with Western medicine to treat severe pneumonia of the elderly in clinical practice.
T499 67747-68009 Sentence denotes The results showed that it significantly shortened the course of disease, improved treatment efficiency, reduced the incidence of antibiotic resistance, reduced occurrence of double infection, improved the prognosis, and reduced mortality (Zhang and Wang, 2015).
T500 68010-68195 Sentence denotes Zhixu Yang et al. observed the clinical effect of XYPI in treating the syndrome of phlegm-heat obstructing lung of severe pneumonia from the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine.
T501 68196-68407 Sentence denotes The results showed significant improvements that included reduced fever, reduced numbers of leukocytes, improved oxygen index, lower clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS), and reduced pulmonary inflammation.
T502 68408-68545 Sentence denotes It also shortened the duration of mechanical ventilation and length of stay in ICU, and improved the clinical effect (Yang et al., 2014).
T503 68546-68624 Sentence denotes In addition, XYPI has also shown significant efficacy in the treatment of URI.
T504 68625-68833 Sentence denotes Xiaowen Liu et al. conducted a retrospective analysis of 660 patients with acute URI and found that the total response rate in the XYPI treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group.
T505 68834-68898 Sentence denotes The difference was statistically significant (Liu and Li, 2015).
T506 68900-68924 Sentence denotes Usage and Dosage of XYPI
T507 68925-68952 Sentence denotes 1) Intramuscular injection.
T508 68953-68960 Sentence denotes Adults:
T509 68961-68991 Sentence denotes 50-100 mg, 2 or 3 times a day.
T510 68992-69012 Sentence denotes 2) Intravenous drip.
T511 69013-69020 Sentence denotes Adults:
T512 69021-69087 Sentence denotes 250–500 mg a day, diluted with 0.9% sodium chloride or 5% glucose.
T513 69089-69114 Sentence denotes Adverse Reactions of XYPI
T514 69115-69299 Sentence denotes The main adverse reactions are allergic reaction, damage to the skin, damage to the digestive system, damage to the respiratory system, and general damage to the cardiovascular system.
T515 69300-69473 Sentence denotes These are manifested by rash, itching, shivering, facial blushing, fever, cyanosis, difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, chest distress, and allergic shock.
T516 69475-69491 Sentence denotes XYPI Precautions
T517 69492-69563 Sentence denotes 1) Use is forbidden in pregnant women and children under 1 year of age.
T518 69564-69618 Sentence denotes Use with caution in the elderly above 75 years of age.
T519 69619-69775 Sentence denotes 2) Use is forbidden in those with a history of allergic or severe adverse reactions to this drug or preparations containing andrographolide total sulfonate.
T520 69776-69985 Sentence denotes 3) Enhanced monitoring is recommended in patients using XYPI for the first time; pay close attention to reactions during administration, especially if discovering abnormalities within 30 min of administration.
T521 69986-70050 Sentence denotes Stop administration immediately and take active rescue measures.
T522 70051-70136 Sentence denotes 4) When used in combination with other injections, XYPI should be administered first.
T523 70137-70215 Sentence denotes Other injections can be infused after flushing or replacing the infusion tube.
T524 70217-70273 Sentence denotes Relevant Information on the Clinical Application of XBJI
T525 70275-70307 Sentence denotes Recommended Therapeutic Regimens
T526 70308-70431 Sentence denotes XBJI has been recommended in 20 therapeutic regimens of COVID-19 in China (see detailed information in Tables 1 and 2 ).
T527 70433-70452 Sentence denotes Ingredients of XBJI
T528 70453-70661 Sentence denotes Carthamus tinctorius L. (Honghua), Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Chishao), Conioselinum anthriscoides ‘Chuanxiong’ (Chuanxiong), Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen), and Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (Danggui).
T529 70662-70729 Sentence denotes Basic information on XBJI is provided in the Supplementary Table .
T530 70731-70782 Sentence denotes Indications for the Treatment of COVID-19 With XBJI
T531 70783-70889 Sentence denotes XBJI is used for syndrome of blood-stasis and toxins in the progressive stage of COVID-19 (critical case).
T532 70890-70972 Sentence denotes Indicative symptoms are fever, dyspnea and tachypnea, palpitations, and dysphoria.
T533 70973-71150 Sentence denotes It could also be used for treatment of infection-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome in the stage of impaired organ function.
T534 71152-71196 Sentence denotes Progress of Pharmacological Research on XBJI
T535 71197-71358 Sentence denotes Modern pharmacological studies have shown that XBJI is anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immune-regulatory, and protects against acute lung injury (see Table 3 ).
T536 71359-71651 Sentence denotes Tiantian Li et al. found that in mice with MRSA-induced sepsis, XBJI protected the infected mice by downregulating expression of inflammatory cytokines stimulated by Pam3CSK4, MAPK, PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase)/Akt and other pathways, thus, inhibiting the inflammatory response (Li T.
T537 71652-71669 Sentence denotes T. et al., 2020).
T538 71670-72041 Sentence denotes Shuwen Zhang et al. and Xi Chen et al. found that XBJI significantly reduced TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 levels in mice with sepsis, prevented neutrophil infiltration of lung and kidney, modulated T helper cell (Th) 1/Th2, Th17, and Tregs balance, reduced inflammatory response, and improved survival rate in mice with infectious shock (Zhang et al., 2006; Chen et al., 2018).
T539 72042-72309 Sentence denotes Mingwei Liu et al. studied rats with paraquat-induced acute lung injury and discovered that XBJI could enhance immunity, reduce expression of inflammatory factors, and protect against acute lung injury by blocking p-38 MAPK and NF-κB p65 pathways, (Liu et al., 2014).
T540 72310-72650 Sentence denotes Research by Yin Teng et al. found that XBJI in combination with conventional treatment significantly reduced interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and TNF-α levels, improved CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio and NK cell relative activity, reduced inflammatory response, and enhanced cellular immunity in patients with severe pneumonia (Teng et al., 2012).
T541 72651-72908 Sentence denotes Research by Hui Jin et al. showed that XBJI significantly improved the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and protected against oxidative damage in mice under high-temperature stimulation (Jin et al., 2018).
T542 72909-73078 Sentence denotes Research by Luo Peng et al. showed that XBJI downregulated MDA levels, upregulated SOD levels, and alleviated LPS-induced acute lung injury in rats (Luo and Zhou, 2017).
T543 73079-73294 Sentence denotes In a rat model of oleic acid or LPS-induced acute lung injury, XBJI reduced TNF-α levels, alleviated pulmonary tissue edema and inflammatory cell infiltration, and protected against lung injury (Zhang et al., 2014).
T544 73295-73578 Sentence denotes Research by Yuexia Ma et al. showed that although XBJI had no direct antiviral effect in mice with H1N1 severe pneumonia; it alleviated lung injury and protected against death, which might be due to its regulation of inflammatory cytokine levels in the early stage (Ma et al., 2015).
T545 73580-73605 Sentence denotes Clinical Research on XBJI
T546 73606-73893 Sentence denotes Modern clinical studies have shown that XBJI in combination with conventional treatment has therapeutic effects in relevant diseases, such as MERS, human infection with H7N9 avian influenza, CAP, severe pneumonia, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, COPD and sepsis (see Table 3 ).
T547 73894-74073 Sentence denotes XBJI has been recommended in MERS Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme (Version 2015) and Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme for Human Infection with H7N9 Avian Influenza (Version 1, 2017).
T548 74074-74242 Sentence denotes Clinical research by Wen Long et al. randomly divided 60 severe COVID-19 patients into routine treatment (n = 20), XBJI 50 ml (n = 20), and XBJI 100 ml (n = 20) groups.
T549 74243-74415 Sentence denotes On the basis of conventional treatment, XBJI (50 ml) was injected twice a day for 7 days in the XBJI 50 ml group, or 100 ml twice a day for 7 days in the XBJI 100 ml group.
T550 74416-74552 Sentence denotes After treatment, the white blood cell count (WBC) and lymphocyte count (LYM) of the three groups increased, while CRP and ESR decreased.
T551 74553-74683 Sentence denotes Compared with the routine treatment group, the WBC count in the XBJI 100 ml group after treatment significantly increased (×109/L:
T552 74684-74826 Sentence denotes 7.12 ± 0.55 vs. 5.67 ± 0.51, p < 0.05), and the levels of CRP and ESR in the XBJI 50 ml and 100 ml groups significantly decreased [CRP (mg/L):
T553 74827-74877 Sentence denotes 32.3 ± 4.6, 28.0 ± 6.2 vs. 37.3 ± 5.9; ESR (mm/h):
T554 74878-74931 Sentence denotes 45.9 ± 5.7, 40.5 ± 7.4 vs. 55.3 ± 6.6, all p < 0.05].
T555 74932-75082 Sentence denotes Compared with the XBJI 50 ml group, the increase of WBC, and the decrease of CRP and ESR were more significant in the XBJI 100 ml group [WBC (×109/L):
T556 75083-75123 Sentence denotes 7.12 ± 0.55 vs. 5.82 ± 0.49; CRP (mg/L):
T557 75124-75162 Sentence denotes 28.0 ± 6.2 vs. 32.3 ± 4.6; ESR (mm/h):
T558 75163-75204 Sentence denotes 40.5 ± 7.4 vs. 45.9 ± 5.7, all p < 0.05].
T559 75205-75251 Sentence denotes The APACHE II score of three groups decreased.
T560 75252-75451 Sentence denotes In the XBJI 100 ml group, the APACHE II score after treatment was significantly lower than those in the routine treatment and XBJI 50 ml groups (12.3 ± 1.5 vs. 16.5 ± 1.6, 15.9 ± 1.4, both p < 0.05).
T561 75452-75708 Sentence denotes After treatment, the 2019-nCoV nucleic acid test in the three groups partly turned negative: nine cases in the routine treatment group, eight cases in the XBJI 50 ml group and nine cases in the XBJI 100 ml group, with no significant differences (p > 0.05).
T562 75709-75786 Sentence denotes The conditions of patients in the three groups were improved after treatment.
T563 75787-76010 Sentence denotes Eight cases in the routine treatment group were transformed into common type and one case into critical type; nine cases and 12 cases in the XBJI 50 ml and 100 ml groups, respectively, were transformed into the common type.
T564 76011-76137 Sentence denotes Patients in the XBJI 100 ml group improved more obviously than in the XBJI 50 ml and routine treatment groups (both p < 0.05).
T565 76138-76267 Sentence denotes The XBJI injection can effectively improve the inflammatory markers and prognosis of severe COVID-19 patients (Wen et al., 2020).
T566 76268-76514 Sentence denotes Clinical research by Qi Fei et al. showed that, of 80 patients with severe pneumonia, those receiving a combination of XBJI and conventional treatment exhibited reduced levels of blood LDH, α1-acid glycoprotein (α1-AG) and α1-antitrypsin (α1-AT).
T567 76515-76628 Sentence denotes Body temperature was reduced significantly and secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and other cytokines was inhibited.
T568 76629-76732 Sentence denotes The total treatment efficiency was up to 80%, compared to 67.5% in the control group (Qi et al., 2011).
T569 76733-77042 Sentence denotes An RCT study comprised of 33 centers and 710 patients conducted by Yuanlin Song et al. showed that XBJI in combination with conventional treatment significantly improved the primary endpoint, pneumonia severity index, in patients with severe CAP (the control group vs XBJI Group, 46.33% vs 60.78%, p < 0.001).
T570 77043-77293 Sentence denotes There was also significantly reduced mortality in 28 days (24.65% vs 15.87%, p = 0.006), the duration of mechanical ventilation was shortened (11 vs 16.5 d, p = 0.012) and length of stay in ICU was reduced (12 vs 16 d, p = 0.004) (Song et al., 2019).
T571 77294-77549 Sentence denotes Mingjin Zhu et al. conducted a meta-analysis of 12 studies with a total of 860 patients and showed that XBJI in combination with conventional treatment was superior to the treatment group in improving total response rate in patients with severe pneumonia.
T572 77550-77730 Sentence denotes Infectious indicators (WBC, CRP, CPIS) and inflammatory cytokine (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) levels were reduced, and the average length of stay in hospital was reduced (Zhu et al., 2014).
T573 77731-78072 Sentence denotes Wei Zhao et al. studied 56 patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and found that after 7 d treatment with XBJI in combination with conventional treatment, body temperature, WBC, and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE-II) score improved more significantly compared to the control group (p < 0.05).
T574 78073-78291 Sentence denotes Expression of CD4+, CD4+/CD8+, CD14+/HLA-DR (human leukocyte antigen-DR) increased significantly, and the combination regulated the SIRS immune state and improved systemic status of the patients (Zhao W. et al., 2014).
T575 78292-78479 Sentence denotes Clinical research found that XBJI in combination with conventional treatment lowered TNF-α, CRP, and other inflammatory indicators in AECOPD patients and had a certain therapeutic effect.
T576 78480-78693 Sentence denotes In patients with accompanying SIRS, the combination significantly improved cough, expectoration, shortness of breath, and other clinical symptoms, and shortened hospital stay (Chen et al., 2011; Zhu et al., 2019).
T577 78694-79079 Sentence denotes Meta-analysis by Chengyu Li et al. included sepsis patients from 16 RCTs (total 1,144 cases), and evidence of moderate intensity showed that XBJI in combination with conventional treatment effectively reduced the mortality rate of sepsis patients over 28 d (934/1144, p < 0.00001), APACHE-II score (792/1144, p < 0.00001) and body temperature (362/1144, p < 0.00001) (Li et al., 2018).
T578 79081-79105 Sentence denotes Usage and Dosage of XBJI
T579 79106-79128 Sentence denotes Intravenous injection.
T580 79129-79172 Sentence denotes 1) Systemic inflammatory response syndrome:
T581 79173-79280 Sentence denotes 50 ml plus 100 ml 0.9% sodium chloride injection for intravenous drip, completed in 30–40 min, twice a day.
T582 79281-79319 Sentence denotes Three times a day for severe patients.
T583 79320-79359 Sentence denotes 2) Multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome:
T584 79360-79468 Sentence denotes 100 ml plus 100 ml 0.9% sodium chloride injection for intravenous drip, completed in 30–40 min, twice a day.
T585 79469-79515 Sentence denotes Three or four times a day for severe patients.
T586 79517-79542 Sentence denotes Adverse Reactions of XBJI
T587 79543-79651 Sentence denotes Allergic reactions: skin flush, rash, itching, palpitations, cyanosis, laryngeal edema, allergic shock, etc.
T588 79652-79751 Sentence denotes Cardiovascular system: palpitations, cyanosis, increase, or decrease of blood pressure, arrhythmia.
T589 79752-79788 Sentence denotes Nervous system: dizziness, headache.
T590 79789-79897 Sentence denotes Respiratory system: difficulty breathing, chest distress, labored breathing, shortness of breath, and cough.
T591 79898-79986 Sentence denotes Digestive system: nausea, vomiting, stomach ache, diarrhea, and abnormal liver function.
T592 79987-80099 Sentence denotes Others: facial edema, conjunctival congestion, abnormal tears, phlebitis, lumbago, backache, and local numbness.
T593 80101-80117 Sentence denotes XBJI Precautions
T594 80118-80198 Sentence denotes 1) Not for use in pregnant women and children under 14 (inclusive) years of age.
T595 80199-80302 Sentence denotes 2) The product must not be mixed with others, and must be used with caution in combination with others.
T596 80303-80410 Sentence denotes When used in combination with other drugs, 50 ml 0.9% sodium chloride injection must be used between doses.
T597 80411-80531 Sentence denotes 3) Allergic history, family allergic history and patient history of medications should be queried before administration.
T598 80532-80634 Sentence denotes 4) During administration, special attention should be given to the initial 30 min of intravenous drip.
T599 80635-80742 Sentence denotes In case of abnormality, the drug should be discontinued immediately and symptomatic treatment administered.
T600 80743-80871 Sentence denotes 5) Monitoring of administration should be enhanced in older patients and in patients receiving TCM injection for the first time.
T601 80873-80928 Sentence denotes Relevant Information on the Clinical Application of SFI
T602 80930-80962 Sentence denotes Recommended Therapeutic Regimens
T603 80963-81085 Sentence denotes SFI has been recommended in 19 therapeutic regimens of COVID-19 in China (see detailed information in Tables 1 and 2 ).
T604 81087-81105 Sentence denotes Ingredients of SFI
T605 81106-81180 Sentence denotes Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. (Hongshen) and Aconitum carmichaeli Debeaux (Fuzi).
T606 81181-81247 Sentence denotes Basic information on SFI is provided in the Supplementary Table .
T607 81249-81299 Sentence denotes Indications for the Treatment of COVID-19 With SFI
T608 81300-81411 Sentence denotes SFI is used for deliverance due to sudden yang deficiency in the progressive stage of COVID-19 (critical case).
T609 81412-81530 Sentence denotes Indicative symptoms are dyspnea, pale complexion, and severe symptoms are unconsciousness, drip sweat, and cold limbs.
T610 81532-81575 Sentence denotes Progress of Pharmacological Research on SFI
T611 81576-81712 Sentence denotes Modern pharmacological studies have shown that SFI has functions, including anti-shock, and protection from lung injury (see Table 3 ).
T612 81713-81816 Sentence denotes Yuhang Ai et al. explored the effects and mechanism of SFI in an LPS-induced lung injury model in rats.
T613 81817-81936 Sentence denotes The results indicated that SFI might protect the lung by reducing activation of NF-κB in lung tissue (Ai et al., 2006).
T614 81937-82161 Sentence denotes Research by Xia Liu et al. found that SFI improved the inflammatory response of rat lung tissue in an LPS shock model by reducing expression of p65 and p50 mRNA and protein in lung tissue and serum TNF-α (Liu et al., 2019a).
T615 82162-82399 Sentence denotes Li Lin et al. studied the impact of SFI on LPS acute lung injury in rats, and found that SFI significantly increased the wet/dry weight ratio (W/D) of lung tissue, neutrophil ratio in BALF, protein content, lung tissue MDA, and serum NO.
T616 82400-82576 Sentence denotes It significantly alleviated injury in lung tissue, indicating that SFI had an important preventive and therapeutic effect on LPS-induced acute lung injury (Lin and Zhan, 2010).
T617 82577-82678 Sentence denotes Xi Liu et al. used the LPS intravenous injection method to establish a septic shock model in rabbits.
T618 82679-82864 Sentence denotes Administration of SFI significantly improved mean arterial pressure (MAP), reduced LPS, LDH, and AST serum levels, and significantly improved the morphology of heart, liver, and kidney.
T619 82865-83028 Sentence denotes In addition, SFI increased levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and taurine in the heart, while reducing the level of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) in the heart.
T620 83029-83146 Sentence denotes The results showed that SFI had a significant protective effect against LPS-induced septic shock (Liu et al., 2019b).
T621 83148-83172 Sentence denotes Clinical Research on SFI
T622 83173-83371 Sentence denotes SFI is composed of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. and Aconitum carmichaeli Debeaux, and has properties that include enhancing cardiac function, increasing blood pressure, and protecting ischemic myocardium.
T623 83372-83525 Sentence denotes It is widely used to rescue from shock (infectious or cardiogenic shock) caused by various reasons, cardiac failure, and arrhythmia in clinical practice.
T624 83526-83620 Sentence denotes Recent studies have shown that SFI significantly protects against lung injury (see Table 3 ).
T625 83621-83866 Sentence denotes SFI has been recommended in China’s SARS Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme (Version 2004), the MERS Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme (Version 2015), and the Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme for Human Infections with H7N9 Avian Influenza (Version 2017).
T626 83867-84014 Sentence denotes Qiu Z.L. et al. observed a therapeutic effect of SFI in patients with severe sepsis and an impact on the expression levels of serum IL-6 and IL-10.
T627 84015-84228 Sentence denotes They found that SFI significantly lowered IL-6 levels in patients with severe sepsis and regulated the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory factors, thus, improving the therapeutic effect (Qiu et al., 2012).
T628 84229-84346 Sentence denotes Ning Zhang et al. randomized 160 patients with sepsis into an SFI treatment group and a conventional treatment group.
T629 84347-84473 Sentence denotes By collecting post-treatment immunological parameters, they conducted a comparative analysis of the impact on immune function.
T630 84474-84643 Sentence denotes The results showed that patients in the SFI treatment group had increased CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts in peripheral blood and upregulated HLA-DR expression in monocytes.
T631 84644-84789 Sentence denotes In addition, the SFI treatment group had a better response than the control group for duration of vasopressor administration and APACHE-II score.
T632 84790-84972 Sentence denotes The results showed that SFI enhanced cellular immune function in patients with septic shock and might become an important adjunctive therapy for sepsis patients (Zhang et al., 2017).
T633 84973-85076 Sentence denotes Another study found that SFI played an active role in the treatment of severe pneumonia in the elderly.
T634 85077-85364 Sentence denotes Among 89 elderly patients with severe pneumonia, the SFI treatment group had significantly decreased levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 7 days after administration, indicating that SFI effectively reduced inflammatory mediators, thus, playing an active therapeutic effect (Lv et al., 2017).
T635 85365-85682 Sentence denotes Min Ma et al. conducted clinical research on 80 patients with traumatic acute lung injury, and found that SFI significantly improved respiratory rate, improved the oxygen index, and reduced levels of intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and NO, thus, improving prognosis of these patients.
T636 85683-85777 Sentence denotes This study provided a potential new therapy for traumatic acute lung injury (Ma et al., 2019).
T637 85778-85906 Sentence denotes Jie Li et al. observed an impact of SFI intervention on duration of mechanical ventilation in patients with respiratory failure.
T638 85907-86014 Sentence denotes The results showed that the total response rate in the SFI group was higher than that of the control group.
T639 86015-86228 Sentence denotes SFI significantly improved serum prealbumin and high-sensitivity CRP levels in patients with respiratory failure and improved their oxygen index, thus, shortening the duration of mechanical ventilation (Li, 2013).
T640 86230-86253 Sentence denotes Usage and Dosage of SFI
T641 86254-86274 Sentence denotes 1) Intravenous drip:
T642 86275-86336 Sentence denotes 20–100 ml, diluted in 250–500 ml of 5%–10% glucose injection.
T643 86337-86362 Sentence denotes 2) Intravenous injection:
T644 86363-86417 Sentence denotes 5–20 ml, diluted in 20 ml of 5%–10% glucose injection.
T645 86419-86443 Sentence denotes Adverse Reactions of SFI
T646 86444-86664 Sentence denotes Dizziness, headache, shivering, fever, palpitations, chest distress, chest pain, difficulty breathing, nausea, retching, abdominal pain, rash, itching, rash or swelling, pain, and other discomfort in local infusion site.
T647 86666-86681 Sentence denotes SFI Precautions
T648 86682-86727 Sentence denotes 1) To be used with caution in pregnant women.
T649 86728-86793 Sentence denotes 2) Avoid direct mixing with coenzyme A, VitK3, and aminophylline.
T650 86794-86837 Sentence denotes 3) Prepared drug should be used within 4 h.
T651 86839-86894 Sentence denotes Relevant Information on the Clinical Application of SMI
T652 86896-86928 Sentence denotes Recommended Therapeutic Regimens
T653 86929-87051 Sentence denotes SMI has been recommended in 18 therapeutic regimens of COVID-19 in China (see detailed information in Tables 1 and 2 ).
T654 87053-87071 Sentence denotes Ingredients of SMI
T655 87072-87160 Sentence denotes Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. (Hongshen) and Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl. (Maidong).
T656 87161-87227 Sentence denotes Basic information on SMI is provided in the Supplementary Table .
T657 87229-87279 Sentence denotes Indications for the Treatment of COVID-19 With SMI
T658 87280-87419 Sentence denotes SMI is used for the syndrome of deficiency of both qi and yin and deficiency of pulse in the progressive stage of COVID-19 (critical case).
T659 87420-87558 Sentence denotes Indicative symptoms are weakness and shortness of breath, tachypnea, palpitations, dry mouth, sweating, and even dysphoria and cold limbs.
T660 87560-87603 Sentence denotes Progress of Pharmacological Research on SMI
T661 87604-87794 Sentence denotes Modern pharmacological studies have shown that SMI has functions that include protection from inflammatory shock, protection of heart and lung function, and immunoregulation (see Table 3 ).
T662 87795-87797 Sentence denotes Y.
T663 87798-87800 Sentence denotes Z.
T664 87801-88003 Sentence denotes Zhang et al. observed that SMI had strong anti-shock and neuroprotective properties in LPS-induced shock, possibly due to inhibition of brain lipid peroxidation and improvement of SOD activity (Zhang Y.
T665 88004-88021 Sentence denotes Z. et al., 2010).
T666 88022-88283 Sentence denotes SMI suppressed apoptosis of lung tissue cells during pulmonary ischemia/reperfusion injury in rabbits, resulting in attenuation of pneumocyte injury by raising NO levels, lowering oxygen free radical levels, and decreasing lipid peroxidation (Lin et al., 2007).
T667 88284-88541 Sentence denotes It has also been reported that SMI reduced expression of NF-κB and activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lung tissues of rats poisoned by paraquat, and significantly alleviated erythrocyte diapedesis in the alveolar space (Liu et al., 2009).
T668 88542-88682 Sentence denotes Research by Shuhua Xu et al. showed that SMI improved cardiac function and significantly improved hemodynamics in rats with cardiac failure.
T669 88683-88837 Sentence denotes In addition, it improved the oxygen supply to tissues and the capacity of the tissues to use oxygen, thus, improving oxygen metabolism (Xu and Liu, 2010).
T670 88838-89111 Sentence denotes SMI also inhibited expression of ICAM-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) to alleviate inflammatory infiltration following ischemia/reperfusion, and alleviated myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury caused by multiple inflammatory responses (Liu et al., 2015).
T671 89112-89380 Sentence denotes It also inhibited generation of inflammatory cytokines in rats subjected to ischemia/reperfusion, reduced serum expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, etc., thus, alleviating inflammatory factor-induced cardiomyocyte injury and improving immune function (Wang et al., 2015).
T672 89381-89565 Sentence denotes Research by Xuan Liu et al. discovered that SMI inhibited MCP-1, which indicated that SMI might be important in the inhibition of monocyte and macrophage activation (Liu et al., 2015).
T673 89566-89806 Sentence denotes Lihua Du discovered that SMI significantly increased the weights of thymus and spleen in mice, raised serum IgG levels and the number of T cells, enhanced the phagocytic function of macrophages and had a significant immunomodulatory effect.
T674 89808-89832 Sentence denotes Clinical Research on SMI
T675 89833-90003 Sentence denotes SFI has often been used to treat shock caused by various factors, COPD, systematic inflammatory response syndrome and other diseases in clinical practice (see Table 3 ).
T676 90004-90146 Sentence denotes SMI has been recommended in China’s SARS Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme (Version 2004) and MERS Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme (Version 2015).
T677 90147-90419 Sentence denotes Biao Deng et al. studied 71 patients with shock and found that SMI in combination with conventional Western medicine had definite therapeutic efficacy, shortened the course of disease, reduced the length of hospital stay, and lowered the fatality rate (Deng et al., 2006).
T678 90420-90520 Sentence denotes Hefeng Qin observed 68 patients with infectious shock and found that SMI had good clinical efficacy.
T679 90521-90666 Sentence denotes It significantly improved CRP, PCT and TNF-α serum levels, and shortened the recovery time of vital signs with few adverse reactions (Qin, 2014).
T680 90667-90921 Sentence denotes Wang Xian’an et al. observed 80 patients treated for infectious shock, and discovered that SMI in combination with ulinastatin had a significant therapeutic effect, enhancing immune function, and alleviating the inflammatory response (Wang et al., 2017).
T681 90922-90924 Sentence denotes X.
T682 90925-91026 Sentence denotes Huang et al. evaluated 23 RCTs with a total of 1,804 participants to study the impact of SMI on COPD.
T683 91027-91229 Sentence denotes The results showed that SMI not only increased the total clinical response rate, but also improved pulmonary function, blood gas, and IgG indexes, and shortened the time for disappearance of lung rales.
T684 91230-91373 Sentence denotes The results indicated that SMI in combination with Western medicine might have a positive effect in the treatment of COPD (Huang et al., 2019).
T685 91374-91424 Sentence denotes Zongjun Fang et al. studied 38 patients with COPD.
T686 91425-91556 Sentence denotes The control group (18 cases) received conventional Western medicine, while 20 cases (the treatment group) received SMI in addition.
T687 91557-91877 Sentence denotes The results showed that patients in the treatment group had better vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), maximal breathing capacity (MBC), maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), load breathing time, arterial blood gas analysis, and Burp dyspnea scores than the control group or the pre-treatment patients.
T688 91878-91993 Sentence denotes The treatment group also had significantly improved respiratory function and clinical symptoms (Fang et al., 1998).
T689 91994-92197 Sentence denotes Changxing Guo et al. randomized 33 patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome into a conventional Western medicine treatment group (15 cases) and SMI + conventional treatment group (18 cases).
T690 92198-92400 Sentence denotes After treatment, patients in the SMI treatment group had increased prostacyclin PGI2 and PGI2/thromboxane A2 (TXA2) in blood to a certain extent compared to patients in the conventional treatment group.
T691 92401-92573 Sentence denotes Patients in the SMI group also had decreased levels of TXA2, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and endothelin, and there were significant differences between the two groups.
T692 92574-92802 Sentence denotes The results indicated that SMI could play an active role in improving microcirculation, protecting organ functions, and preventing further occurrence and development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (Guo et al., 2004).
T693 92804-92827 Sentence denotes Usage and Dosage of SMI
T694 92828-92903 Sentence denotes Intravenous drip, 20–60 ml diluted with 250–500 ml of 5% glucose injection.
T695 92905-92929 Sentence denotes Adverse Reactions of SMI
T696 92930-93267 Sentence denotes The adverse reactions mainly include immediate hypersensitivity, predominantly skin allergy manifested by itching, rash, systematic urticaria, and then allergic shock; there may also be serious abdominal distension, corneal edema, abnormal vision, hypotension, ascending vascular pain, acute hepatic damage, sinus arrest, and drug fever.
T697 93269-93284 Sentence denotes SMI Precautions
T698 93285-93380 Sentence denotes 1) Not to be used in newborns, infants, pregnant women, or those with an allergic constitution.
T699 93381-93432 Sentence denotes 2) Not for administration by intravenous injection.
T700 93433-93481 Sentence denotes The administration speed should not be too fast.
T701 93482-93594 Sentence denotes In those receiving the drug for the first time, the initial administration should be at 15 drips/min for 10 min.
T702 93595-93731 Sentence denotes If there are no abnormalities, the speed of administration can be increased to normal, which is generally controlled at 40–50 drips/min.
T703 93732-93833 Sentence denotes 3) This drug has a pressor response, and blood pressure should be monitored in hypertensive patients.
T704 93835-93892 Sentence denotes Relevant Information on the Clinical Application of AGNHP
T705 93894-93926 Sentence denotes Recommended Therapeutic Regimens
T706 93927-94051 Sentence denotes AGNHP has been recommended in 21 therapeutic regimens of COVID-19 in China (see detailed information in Tables 1 and 2 ).
T707 94053-94073 Sentence denotes Ingredients of AGNHP
T708 94074-94430 Sentence denotes Curcuma kwangsiensis S.G.Lee & C.F.Liang (Yujin), Calculus Bovis (Niuhuang), Cornu Bubali (Shuiniujiao), Coptis chinensis Franch. (Huanglian), Cinnabaris (Zhusha), Moschus (Shexiang), Margarita (Zhenzhu), Realgar (Xionghuang), Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Huangqin), Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis (Zhizi), and Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl (Bingpian).
T709 94431-94499 Sentence denotes Basic information on AGNHP is provided in the Supplementary Table .
T710 94501-94553 Sentence denotes Indications for the Treatment of COVID-19 With AGNHP
T711 94554-94705 Sentence denotes AGNHP is used for the syndrome of epidemic toxin lung closure and inner blocking causing collapse in the progressive stage of COVID-19 (critical case).
T712 94706-94812 Sentence denotes Indicative symptoms are hyper-pyretic convulsions, coma and delirium, difficulty breathing, and dysphoria.
T713 94814-94859 Sentence denotes Progress of Pharmacological Research on AGNHP
T714 94860-95004 Sentence denotes Modern pharmacological studies have shown that AGNHP has antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects (see Table 3 ).
T715 95005-95236 Sentence denotes Zuguang Ye et al. discovered that AGNHP could significantly reduce the body temperature of hyperpyrexic rabbits in a fever model induced by intravenous injection of typhoid Vi polysaccharide vaccine in rabbit ear (Ye et al., 2003).
T716 95237-95497 Sentence denotes Feng Zhang, Kunjie Zhu et al. found in an LPS-induced intracerebral inflammation model that AGNHP antagonized the toxic effect of LPS on dopaminergic neurons, inhibited release of superoxide radical, and reverse changes in cortical monoamine neurotransmitters.
T717 95498-95704 Sentence denotes It was speculated that its impact on cortical monoamine neurotransmitters might be one of the mechanisms by which AGNHP promoted consciousness in LPS brain damage (Zhang F. et al., 2010; Zhu and Sun, 2014).
T718 95705-95854 Sentence denotes Research by Dan Zhang et al. showed that AGNHP lowered serum LPS and lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels in a rat model of sepsis (Zhang et al., 2009).
T719 95855-96064 Sentence denotes Yishan Tang et al. found that AGNHP lowered total LDH activity in serum and brain tissue, and changed the percentage of isomerase in a rat pertussis-induced infectious cerebral edema model (Tang et al., 2005).
T720 96065-96242 Sentence denotes Fan Q et al. discovered that AGNHP had anti-atherosclerotic effects in the high fat diet-induced ApoE−/− mouse model at early- and mid-stage via regulation of Th17/Treg balance.
T721 96243-96372 Sentence denotes It inhibited chronic inflammation, reduced plaque collagen fibers, and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration (Fan et al., 2020).
T722 96374-96400 Sentence denotes Clinical Research on AGNHP
T723 96401-96607 Sentence denotes Modern clinical studies have shown that AGNHP has therapeutic effects against hyperpyrexia, coma caused by severe infectious diseases, and viral encephalitis and severe pneumonia of infants (see Table 3 ).
T724 96608-96808 Sentence denotes Yueming Feng et al. conducted a systematic evaluation and found that AGNHP could be used to promote consciousness of coma patients with acute cerebral infarction (ACI) and improve neurologic function.
T725 96809-96978 Sentence denotes This may be due to the ability of AGNHP to alleviate the inflammatory response, reduce cerebral edema, and promote recovery of neurologic function (Feng and Yang, 2015).
T726 96979-97104 Sentence denotes Haijun Zhang et al. discovered through clinical observation that AGNHP could be used to treat viral encephalitis in children.
T727 97105-97267 Sentence denotes AGNHP rapidly reduced body temperature, prevented convulsions, promoted consciousness, and alleviated cerebral edema and brain cell damage (Zhang and Dong, 2014).
T728 97268-97482 Sentence denotes Research by Zhulin Zhuo et al. found that AGNHP with the adjuvant, Ribavirin was efficacious in acute severe viral pneumonia of children, significantly reduced PCT and improved immune function (Zhuo and Wen, 2017).
T729 97483-97701 Sentence denotes Yanling Shi discovered through clinical observation that AGNHP in combination with sodium phosphate improved anoxic conditions and myocardial damage in patients with neonatal asphyxia and myocardial damage (Shi, 2019).
T730 97702-97936 Sentence denotes Xie Long et al. in a study of 70 patients with ACI and central hyperpyrexia found that combined use of conventional Western medicine and AGNHP reduced the duration of fever and significantly improved the prognosis (Long and Wu, 2014).
T731 97937-98058 Sentence denotes Hanwei Liu et al. conducted a systematic review of relevant literature on AGNHP treatment of ACI and cerebral hemorrhage.
T732 98059-98273 Sentence denotes The results showed that adjuvant treatment with ANP (AGNHP) appeared to improve the total response rate and neurologic deficit score in patients with ACI and acute intracerebral hemorrhage (AIH) (Han et al., 2019).
T733 98274-98399 Sentence denotes Research by Ma et al. showed that ANP had a moderating effect on Th1/Th2 in cerebral infarction patients (Ma and Zhou, 2015).
T734 98401-98426 Sentence denotes Usage and Dosage of AGNHP
T735 98427-98447 Sentence denotes Oral administration.
T736 98448-98464 Sentence denotes 3 g, once a day.
T737 98466-98492 Sentence denotes Adverse Reactions of AGNHP
T738 98493-98598 Sentence denotes Overdose administration might cause mercurial nephrosis or allergic reaction and other adverse reactions.
T739 98599-98652 Sentence denotes Improper use of this product might cause hypothermia.
T740 98654-98671 Sentence denotes AGNHP Precautions
T741 98672-98779 Sentence denotes 1) Nasogastric administration can be used in patients unable to take orally because of high fever and coma.
T742 98780-98833 Sentence denotes The pills can be dissolved in warm but not hot water.
T743 98834-98916 Sentence denotes The water or decoction used to dissolve the pills should be controlled at 40–60°C.
T744 98917-99144 Sentence denotes The use of boiling water is forbidden for two reasons: first, to avoid increased decomposition of realgar and cinnabar by high temperature, and reduce generation of the highly toxic arsenic trioxide, free arsenium, and mercury.
T745 99145-99281 Sentence denotes Research has shown that arsenic trioxide in realgar preparations is not significantly changed below 60°C but begins to increase at 80°C.
T746 99282-99422 Sentence denotes The decoction used for dissolving AGNHP should therefore not exceed 60°C secondly, musk, borneol and other aromatic substances are volatile.
T747 99423-99500 Sentence denotes Boiling water could result in excess volatilization, thus, reducing efficacy.
T748 99501-99569 Sentence denotes 2) Must not be used with nitrate, nitrite, ferrite or sulfate drugs.
T749 99570-99603 Sentence denotes 3) Not for use in pregnant women.
T750 99604-99696 Sentence denotes 4) It contains cinnabar and realgar, and should not be taken at high doses for long periods.
T751 99697-99828 Sentence denotes Should be used with caution in those with hepatic and renal dysfunction. (5) It contains musk, so athletes should use with caution.
T752 99830-99856 Sentence denotes Discussion and Conclusions
T753 99857-99947 Sentence denotes It is a critical moment in the battle to defeat the current outbreak of novel coronavirus.
T754 99948-100044 Sentence denotes For this specific indication, rapid performance of TCM can contribute as an alternative measure.
T755 100045-100136 Sentence denotes TCM can effectively prevent the disease from transforming into severe and critical disease.
T756 100137-100285 Sentence denotes In severe cases, TCM has won time for recovery by improving symptoms (The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China, 2020).
T757 100286-100489 Sentence denotes Treatment practice for COVID-19 has shown that early intervention with TCM is an important method to improve cure rate, shorten the course of disease, delay disease progression and reduce mortality rate.
T758 100490-100620 Sentence denotes For example, the total response rate of Qingfei Paidu Decoction was more than 90% in Shanxi and Hebei provinces (He et al., 2020).
T759 100621-100779 Sentence denotes CPMs have played an important role in preventing and treating epidemic diseases in China because they are convenient to use, easily stored and cost-effective.
T760 100780-100920 Sentence denotes The positive role of CPMs has been emphasized in the “Diagnosis and Treatment of COVID-19 (Trial Version 7)” and other therapeutic regimens.
T761 100921-101082 Sentence denotes During the medical observation period and early stage of COVID-19, HXZQC, LHQWC, SFJDC, and JHQGG can be selected according to different clinical manifestations.
T762 101083-101150 Sentence denotes At the same time, they can also promote immunity against the virus.
T763 101151-101268 Sentence denotes For severe and critical disease, the choice shall be made according to different syndromes during clinical treatment.
T764 101269-101597 Sentence denotes For viral infections combined with mild bacterial infections, XYPI and TRQI can be used; for high fever with disturbance of consciousness, AGNHP can be used; for systemic inflammatory response syndrome or multiple organ function failure, XBJI is recommended; SMI can be used for immunosuppression; and SFI can be used for shock.
T765 101598-101816 Sentence denotes Furthermore, the reason that TCM works is not only because it inhibits the virus, but also because it might block infection, regulate the immune response, inhibit the inflammatory storm, and promote repair of the body.
T766 101817-101946 Sentence denotes Moreover, the prevention and control measures of COVID-19 have fully reflected the ideology of “preventive treatment of disease”.
T767 101947-102035 Sentence denotes Physicians should pay attention to the reasonable application of CPMs to treat COVID-19.
T768 102036-102112 Sentence denotes Severe patients are prone to septic shock, and liver and kidney dysfunction.
T769 102113-102201 Sentence denotes In patients with related underlying diseases, drug metabolism and clearance are reduced.
T770 102202-102318 Sentence denotes Treatment options: hepato-renal toxic drugs should be avoided to reduce the risk of drug accumulation and poisoning.
T771 102319-102409 Sentence denotes For example, AGNHP contains cinnabar and realgar, and should not be taken for a long time.
T772 102410-102475 Sentence denotes People with liver and kidney dysfunction should use with caution.
T773 102476-102722 Sentence denotes TRQI should be carefully selected because it aggravates liver and kidney function; LHQWC and JHQGG contain ephedrae herba (Mahuang), and doctors need to monitor patients’ blood pressure, heart condition and combined use of antihypertensive drugs.
T774 102723-102913 Sentence denotes In clinical application of XBJI, SFI and other traditional Chinese medicine injections, attention should be paid to the choice of solvent and the interval between infusions with other drugs.
T775 102914-102992 Sentence denotes As is well known, clinicians use CPMs under the guidance of the theory of TCM.
T776 102993-103180 Sentence denotes Foreign doctors and patients wishing to use CPMs to treat COVID-19 should exercise caution, especially in countries where they may be used incorrectly without the knowledge of TCM theory.
T777 103181-103226 Sentence denotes There are some limitations within this paper.
T778 103227-103509 Sentence denotes First, as there is little direct clinical evidence for the prevention of COVID-19, the reported studies are from previous reports on the prevention of SARS, MERS, H7N9, and H1N1 influenza by CPMs, which can only be considered as indirect evidence in respect of the current outbreak.
T779 103510-103599 Sentence denotes Secondly, the programs for prevention of COVID-19 were issued shortly after the outbreak.
T780 103600-103802 Sentence denotes Chinese medicine experts suggested CPMs to treat COVID-19 based on their previous experience in the prevention and treatment of similar diseases combined with their initial understanding of the disease.
T781 103803-103964 Sentence denotes The actual effects of these programs need to be verified in clinical application, and updated and improved according to the evidence of new research on COVID-19.
T782 103965-104108 Sentence denotes For future studies, we recommend prospective cohort studies, RCTs or registry studies to evaluate the effect of CPMs in prevention of COVID-19.
T783 104109-104207 Sentence denotes Some clinical trial protocols to treat COVID-19 using the top 10 CPMs are ongoing (see Table 4 ).
T784 104208-104553 Sentence denotes At present, since COVID-19 has not yet been controlled, a series of prospective population studies with rigorous design and large sample should commence with protocol registration, and implementation in a timely manner, to produce reliable evidence for CM prevention of COVID-19 or similar emerging respiratory infectious diseases in the future.
T785 104554-104665 Sentence denotes Table 4 Registration information on clinical trial protocols for the top 10 CPMS in the treatment of COVID-19.
T786 104666-104755 Sentence denotes CPMS Registration Number Registration Date Clinical research unit  Registration title
T787 104756-104949 Sentence denotes XYPJ ChiCTR2000029756 2020/2/12 Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan, China) Clinical study of nebulized Xiyanping injection in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19)
T788 104950-105242 Sentence denotes ChiCTR2000030117 2020/2/23 Jiangxi Qingfeng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Ganzhou, China) A multicenter, randomized, open, parallel controlled trial for the evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of Xiyanping injection in the treatment of common type novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19)
T789 105243-105372 Sentence denotes ChiCTR2000030218 2020/2/25 Fifth People’s Hospital of Ganzhou (Ganzhou, China) Study of Pinavir/Ritonavir tablets (Trade Name:
T790 105373-105458 Sentence denotes Kelizhi) Combined with Xiyanping injection for novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19)
T791 105459-105746 Sentence denotes LHQWC ChiCTR2000029433 2020/2/1 Hebei Yiling Hospital (Shijiazhuang, China), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan, China) A randomized, open-label, blank-controlled trial for Lian-Hua Qing-Wen Capsule/granule in the treatment of suspected novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19)
T792 105747-106017 Sentence denotes ChiCTR2000029434 2020/2/1 Hebei Yiling Hospital (Shijiazhuang, China), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan, China) A randomized, open-label, blank-controlled trial for Lian-Hua Qing-Wen Capsule/granule in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19)
T793 106018-106299 Sentence denotes TRQI ChiCTR2000029432 2020/2/1 The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangzhou, China) A real world study for the efficacy and safety of large dose Tanreqing injection in the treatment of patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19)
T794 106300-106483 Sentence denotes ChiCTR2000029813 2020/2/14 Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Shanghai, China) Clinical trial for Tanreqing capsules in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19)
T795 106484-106717 Sentence denotes XBJI ChiCTR2000029381 2020/1/27 The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou, China) A prospective comparative study for Xue-Bi-Jing injection in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19)
T796 106718-106917 Sentence denotes ChiCTR2000030388 2020/3/1 Jingzhou First People’s Hospital (Jingzhou, China) Efficacy and safety of Xue-Bi-Jing injection in the treatment of severe cases of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19)
T797 106918-107145 Sentence denotes SFJDC ChiCTR2000030043 2020/2/21 Peking University Third Hospital (Beijing, China) Shen-Fu injection in the treatment of severe novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19): a multicenter, randomized, open-label, controlled trial
T798 107147-107167 Sentence denotes Author Contributions
T799 107168-107199 Sentence denotes WZ and ZF wrote the manuscript.
T800 107200-107256 Sentence denotes HW, YY, LW, NS, GS and YS searched for related articles.
T801 107257-107297 Sentence denotes YC, XL, and GG proofread the manuscript.
T802 107298-107358 Sentence denotes SX guided the writing and critically revised the manuscript.
T803 107359-107409 Sentence denotes All authors have read and approved the manuscript.
T804 107411-107418 Sentence denotes Funding
T805 107419-107767 Sentence denotes This work was supported by the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine “twelfth five-year” key clinical pharmacy construction project (No.ZP0101YX001), the National of Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovative Talents Training Project of China and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (No.20720200012).
T806 107769-107789 Sentence denotes Conflict of Interest
T807 107790-107962 Sentence denotes The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
T808 107964-107979 Sentence denotes Acknowledgments
T809 107980-108212 Sentence denotes We thank the Sixth Committee of Patent Chinese Medicine Beijing Association of Chinese Medicine and Beijing Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine pharmacy quality control center for assistance in the collection of articles.
T810 108213-108352 Sentence denotes We thank International Science Editing, which was recommended by American Scientific Publishers (ASP) for their language polishing service.
T811 108354-108376 Sentence denotes Supplementary Material
T812 108377-108534 Sentence denotes The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2020.01066/full#supplementary-material
T813 108535-108571 Sentence denotes Click here for additional data file.
T814 108573-108586 Sentence denotes Abbreviations
T815 108587-110592 Sentence denotes COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019; CPMs, Chinese Patent Medicines; TCM, Traditional Chinese Medicine; HXZQC, Huoxiang Zhengqi capsule; LHQWC, Lianhua Qingwen capsule; JHQGG, Jinhua Qinggan granule; SFJDC, Shufeng Jiedu capsule; TRQI, Tanreqing injection; XYPI, Xiyanping injection; XBJI, Xuebijing injection; SFI, Shenfu injection; SMI, Shengmai injection; AGNHP, Angong Niuhuang pill; WHO, World Health Organization; ICU, intensive care unit; MODS, multiple organ dysfunction syndromes; AIV, avian influenza virus; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome; IL-1, interleukin-1; IL-2, interleukin-2; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-8, interleukin-8; IL-10, interleukin-10; IL-17, interleukin-17; IL-1α, interleukin-1α; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; MCP-1, macrophage chemotactic factor-1; 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CRP, C-reactive protein; PCT, procalcitonin; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, glutamate transaminase; MDA, malondialdehyde; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; SOD, superoxide dismutase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; CPE, cytopathic effect; WBC, white blood cell; Th, T helper cell; NK, natural killer; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; HLA-DR, human leukocyte antigen-DR; ICAM-1, intracellular adhesion molecule 1; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; TXA2, thromboxane A2; ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide; BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; URI, upper respiratory infection; SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome; MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome; RCTs, randomized controlled trials; CAP, community acquired pneumonia; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; AECOPD, acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome; APACHE-II, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II.