Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
T137 |
0-45 |
Sentence |
denotes |
3.2 Inhibiting virus adsorption and invasion |
T138 |
46-221 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The first step for virus to invade a cell is to bind to the cell surface by electrostatic interaction or a receptor, such as heparan sulfated proteoglycan on the cell surface. |
T139 |
222-411 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Polysaccharides, especially sulfated polysaccharides, have strong polyanionic properties, and can block the positive charge on the cell surface to prevent virus adsorption or invasion [12]. |
T140 |
412-569 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The invasion process of virus is often associated with the endocytosis of virus, the fusion of virus with cell membrane, and the translocation of virus [12]. |
T141 |
570-801 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Heparin or heparin-like materials with broad-spectrum antiviral properties [[87], [88], [89]] have been developed to mimic the cell surface carbohydrates responsible for initial viral attachment, such as HS and carrageenan [34,90]. |
T142 |
802-963 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The sulfated polysaccharide derived from marine microalga showed strong inhibition against IAV infection via the viral adsorption and internalization steps [91]. |
T143 |
964-1111 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The antiviral effect of sulfated polysaccharides from seaweeds was mainly exerted during dengue virus (DENV)-2 adsorption and internalization [92]. |
T144 |
1112-1404 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Iota-carrageenan and its N-sulfonated derivatives of poly (allylamine) hydrochloride showed strong antiviral activities against human metapneumovirus (hMPV), a kind of respiratory infections RNA virus, by blocking virus release from the cellular membrane and inhibiting virus adsorption [93]. |
T145 |
1405-1522 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Iota-carrageenan also effectively prevents the replication of HRV in primary human nasal epithelial cells in culture. |
T146 |
1523-1647 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The data suggest that iota-carrageenan acts primarily by preventing the binding or the entry of virions into the cells [85]. |
T147 |
1648-1759 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Fucoidan can bind to the neuraminidase (NA) of IAV, and inhibit the activity of NA to block the release of IAV. |
T148 |
1760-1938 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Additionally, fucoidan can also interfere with the activation of EGFR, PKCα, NF-κB, and Akt, and inhibit both IAV endocytosis and EGFR internalization in IAV-infected cells [73]. |
T149 |
1939-2070 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The antiviral mechanism of the fucoidans may be through blocking herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 virion adsorption to host cells [94]. |
T150 |
2071-2272 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Our team found that 3,6-O-sulfated chitosan (36S) possessed broad anti-HPV activities by directly targeting viral capsid protein and host PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway to inhibit cell autophagy (Fig. 6 ) [95]. |
T151 |
2273-2504 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Interestingly, using HCoV-NL63 as a model system, it can be determined that HTCC polymer blocks the interaction between S protein and cell receptor, consequently blocking its entry into cells and preventing virus infection [68,96]. |
T152 |
2505-2670 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The nano/microspheres of N-(2-hydroxypropyl) -3-trimethyl chitosan (HTCC-NS/MS) were used for adsorption of the coronavirus HCoV-NL63 from aqueous virus suspensions. |
T153 |
2671-2803 |
Sentence |
denotes |
This nano/microspheres can be applied for the removal of coronaviruses and purification of water from pathogenic coronaviruses [97]. |
T154 |
2804-2872 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Fig. 6 The mechanism of 3,6-O-sulfated chitosan inhibiting HBV [95]. |