Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
T283 |
0-4 |
Sentence |
denotes |
5.2. |
T284 |
5-39 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Substrate Diversity of the CoV HEs |
T285 |
40-117 |
Sentence |
denotes |
HEs as envelope proteins are found in CoVs, orthomyxoviruses and toroviruses. |
T286 |
118-181 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Coronaviral HEs are involved in virus attachment to SA species. |
T287 |
182-290 |
Sentence |
denotes |
HE protein in β-CoVs binds to Neu5,9Ac2 form SA and agglutinates the red blood cells (RBCs) of rodents [52]. |
T288 |
291-404 |
Sentence |
denotes |
As with SA-O-acetylesterase, HE potentiates viral entry with the S protein and spreading via the mucosal glycans. |
T289 |
405-473 |
Sentence |
denotes |
It contains a carbohydrate-recognizing domain (CRD) known in lectin. |
T290 |
474-556 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The HE glycan-binding domain (GBD) mediates virus attachment to SAs on host cells. |
T291 |
557-575 |
Sentence |
denotes |
HE is the only HA. |
T292 |
576-709 |
Sentence |
denotes |
This indicates that compared to the S glycoprotein, HE is only minor a HA and the S glycoprotein mainly attaches to the cell surface. |
T293 |
710-932 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The HE protein of murine hepatitis virus (MHV), an enveloped CoV, binds to SA-4-acetylester or SA-9-O-acetylester of the carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule 1a (CEACAM; known as CD66a) as the key receptor [53]. |
T294 |
933-1010 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Murine CoVs HEs acquired by horizontal gene transfer, bind to C9-O-Ac Neu5Ac. |
T295 |
1011-1070 |
Sentence |
denotes |
However, some murine CoV HEs cannot bind to C4-O-Ac Neu5Ac. |
T296 |
1071-1221 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The original mouse MHV HE binds to C9-O-Ac Neu5Ac, while the MHV S-strain HE evolutionarily acquired the ability to bind to C4-O-Ac Neu5Ac [12,53,54]. |
T297 |
1222-1373 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In terms of structure, the C5 N- and C9 O-Ac Neu5Ac-accomodating hydrophobic pocket was shifted to a C5 N- and C4-O-Ac Neu5Ac-accomodating pocket [55]. |
T298 |
1374-1436 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Type I HE is specific for the 9-O-acetylated SAs (9-O-Ac-SAs). |
T299 |
1437-1475 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Type II HE is specific for 4-O-Ac-SAs. |
T300 |
1476-1600 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The SA-binding shift indicates quasi-synchronous adaptations of the SA-recognition sites of the lectin and esterase domains. |
T301 |
1601-1736 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Type I HE monomers of β-CoV lineage A have a bimodular enzyme–lectin domain similar to cellular glycan/carbohydrate-modifying proteins. |
T302 |
1737-1941 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Originally, HE homologs are found in various viruses including toroviruses and orthomyxoviruses such as the influenza virus C/D and isavirus, as well as the exceptional case of β-CoV lineage A among CoVs. |
T303 |
1942-2098 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The HE gene was transmitted to a β-CoV lineage A progenitor via horizontal gene transfer from a 9-O-Ac-Sia–recognizing HEF, as shown in influenza virus C/D. |
T304 |
2099-2274 |
Sentence |
denotes |
HE acquisition and expansion occurred by cross-species transmission over HE evolution and this phenomenon reflects viral evolutionary adaptation to host SA-containing glycans. |
T305 |
2275-2387 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Therefore, CoV HE receptor switching precedes virus evolution driven by SA-containing glycan diversity of hosts. |
T306 |
2388-2489 |
Sentence |
denotes |
For instance, the BcoV HE prefers 7,9-di-O-Ac-SAs, which is also a target of the bovine torovirus HE. |
T307 |
2490-2633 |
Sentence |
denotes |
For a more outstanding case, such a switching event occurred in the murine CoVs for the β-CoV lineage A type switch toward O-Ac-SA recognition. |
T308 |
2634-2878 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In the HE specificity of murine CoVs, two different murine CoV subtypes of virus group exist with one subtype possessing the typical 9-O-Ac-SA (type I) attachment factor and the other exclusively 4-O-Ac-SA (type II) attachment virus group [56]. |
T309 |
2879-3068 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The first coronaviral HE proteins identified were from the porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), BCoV and HCoV-OC43, which bear SA-9-O-acetylesterases similar to HEF [8]. |
T310 |
3069-3154 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Rat CoV (RCoV) has SA-4-O-acetylesterases, converting Neu4,5Ac2 to Neu5Ac [53,57,58]. |
T311 |
3155-3212 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Some murine CoVs prefer 4-O-Ac-SAs and others 9-O-Ac-SAs. |
T312 |
3213-3294 |
Sentence |
denotes |
HCoV-OC43 and BCoV prefer α2-6-SA 9-O-acetylation by their SA-O-acetyleseterases. |
T313 |
3295-3467 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The S glycoproteins of BCoV and HCoV-OC43 are Neu5,9Ac2-recognizing lectins and agglutinate murine, rat and chicken erythrocytes due to the enriched 9-O-Ac-SA species [52]. |
T314 |
3468-3551 |
Sentence |
denotes |
BCoV and HCoV-OC43 adapted to SA receptor determinants of 9-O-Ac-SA receptors [59]. |
T315 |
3552-3661 |
Sentence |
denotes |
For a second receptor, the binding of S glycoprotein to Neu5,9Ac2 receptor is essential for entry into cells. |
T316 |
3662-3849 |
Sentence |
denotes |
BCoV-infection is prevented by prior treatment of cells with NA enzyme or with viral SA-O-acetylesterases, blocking the roles of HE and S glycoprotein in SA-dependent entry to host cells. |