LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7212965 / 8750-14558 JSONTXT 11 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T55 0-7 Sentence denotes Methods
T56 9-50 Sentence denotes Information Sources and Literature Search
T57 51-229 Sentence denotes We conducted a systematic literature search to identify all published and unpublished studies that could be considered eligible for our review, with no restrictions on languages.
T58 230-361 Sentence denotes In the setting of a pandemic with exponential increases in published and unpublished studies, our search strategy was multifaceted.
T59 362-537 Sentence denotes To capture relevant published articles, we electronically searched OVID Medline from inception to March 23, 2020 using the Medical Subject Heading term developed for COVID-19.
T60 538-676 Sentence denotes We then searched the following platforms on April 5, 2020 for additional published and unpublished studies: medRxiv, LitCovid,11 and SSRN.
T61 677-773 Sentence denotes An additional unpublished article under peer review was obtained through personal communication.
T62 774-898 Sentence denotes For studies from the United States, we continued to monitor major journals for additional publications until April 19, 2020.
T63 900-935 Sentence denotes Study Selection and Data Extraction
T64 936-1084 Sentence denotes Independent screening of titles and abstracts was performed by independent reviewers (P.D., S.S., J.F.) to identify potential studies for inclusion.
T65 1085-1193 Sentence denotes A second reviewer (O.A.) subsequently reviewed the full-text articles and identified articles for inclusion.
T66 1194-1261 Sentence denotes Any disagreements about inclusion were resolved through discussion.
T67 1262-1387 Sentence denotes We incorporated any studies (prospective or retrospective) that reported on patient characteristics and symptoms of interest.
T68 1388-1505 Sentence denotes For studies published in Chinese, we used Google translate to assess for potential inclusion and for data extraction.
T69 1506-1743 Sentence denotes Due to concerns about inclusion of the same patients in different publications, we used a hierarchical model of data extraction to minimize double counting of patients across similar institutions with coinciding dates of study inclusion.
T70 1744-1902 Sentence denotes We aimed to identify and include data from the largest possible cohort from each location or hospital.12 Data extraction was performed using a 2-step process.
T71 1903-1994 Sentence denotes The initial data extraction focused on data elements for study and patient characteristics.
T72 1995-2128 Sentence denotes Subsequently, we identified studies for full data extraction based on study location (unique hospitals) and total number of patients.
T73 2129-2363 Sentence denotes Additionally, when a study from a specific hospital did not provide all of the necessary information for the diarrhea symptoms, the next largest study from the same hospital (when available) was selected for inclusion in our analysis.
T74 2364-2452 Sentence denotes Data extraction was performed using a standardized Microsoft Excel data extraction form.
T75 2453-2666 Sentence denotes Data extraction was performed in pairs; one study author independently extracted data while a second reviewer checked for accuracy of the data extraction (S.S., O.A., S.M.S., P.D., J.D.F., J.K.L., Y.F.Y., H.B.E.).
T76 2667-2861 Sentence denotes Because the reporting of the data in the primary studies was suboptimal, a third reviewer (O.A.) additionally verified the extracted data to confirm the numbers and to resolve any disagreements.
T77 2862-2915 Sentence denotes Studies with discrepancies in the data were excluded.
T78 2916-2961 Sentence denotes The following data elements were extracted:1.
T79 2962-3080 Sentence denotes Study: author, year, location (hospital name, city, province or state), dates of inclusion, and date of last follow-up
T80 3081-3083 Sentence denotes 2.
T81 3084-3388 Sentence denotes Patient characteristics: number of patients, age (mean, median, interquartile interval or range), number of females, severity of illness, inclusion criteria (hospitalized or outpatients), GI comorbidities (pre-existing conditions, such as chronic liver disease, hepatitis, and inflammatory bowel disease)
T82 3389-3391 Sentence denotes 3.
T83 3392-3489 Sentence denotes Outcomes: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and liver function test (LFT) abnormalities
T84 3490-3492 Sentence denotes 4.
T85 3493-3747 Sentence denotes Additional information: severity, characteristics, duration, timing (before or concurrent with respiratory symptoms), relationship with clinical outcomes (need for ventilator, survival, discharge, and continued hospitalization), and viral stool shedding.
T86 3749-3775 Sentence denotes Assessment of Risk of Bias
T87 3776-3905 Sentence denotes We assessed the risk of bias according to the following domains as suggested in the ROBINS-I tool for nonrandomized studies.13 1.
T88 3906-3956 Sentence denotes Bias due to selection of participants in the study
T89 3957-3959 Sentence denotes 2.
T90 3960-3984 Sentence denotes Bias due to missing data
T91 3985-3987 Sentence denotes 3.
T92 3988-4023 Sentence denotes Bias in the measurement of outcomes
T93 4024-4026 Sentence denotes 4.
T94 4027-4071 Sentence denotes Bias in the selection of the reported result
T95 4072-4212 Sentence denotes We considered the domains for each study and then made a judgment of high or low risk of bias for the studies included in the meta-analysis.
T96 4214-4235 Sentence denotes Certainty of Evidence
T97 4236-4366 Sentence denotes Certainty of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) framework.
T98 4367-4453 Sentence denotes The certainty of evidence was categorized into 4 levels ranging from very low to high.
T99 4454-4755 Sentence denotes Within the GRADE framework, evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) starts as high-certainty evidence and observational studies start out as low-certainty evidence, but can be rated down for the following reasons: risk of bias, inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision, and publication bias.
T100 4756-4911 Sentence denotes Additionally, evidence from well-conducted observational studies start as low-certainty evidence, but can be rated up for large effects or dose–response.14
T101 4913-4940 Sentence denotes Data Synthesis and Analysis
T102 4941-5156 Sentence denotes A meta-analysis of prevalence of GI and liver abnormalities was performed using meta 4.11-0 package in R software, version 3.6.3.15 , 16 The prevalence was expressed as a proportion and 95% confidence interval (CI).
T103 5157-5266 Sentence denotes We used the fixed-effects model using the Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation method for proportions.
T104 5267-5619 Sentence denotes This is the preferred method of transformation and avoids giving an undue larger weight to studies with very large or very small prevalence.17 , 18 The I 2 statistic was used to measure heterogeneity.19 To explore heterogeneity, we performed subgroup analyses based on the location (region) of the study and clinical settings (inpatient vs outpatient).
T105 5620-5808 Sentence denotes To assess the robustness of our results, we performed sensitivity analyses by limiting the included studies to those that clearly reported the presence of symptoms at initial presentation.