Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
T51 |
0-149 |
Sentence |
denotes |
We subsequently performed glycopeptide analysis to ascertain the compositions of glycans at all of the potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGs). |
T52 |
150-366 |
Sentence |
denotes |
MERS, SARS and HKU1 recombinant S proteins were reduced, alkylated and digested with an assortment of proteases to yield glycopeptides, which were subjected to in-line liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). |
T53 |
367-475 |
Sentence |
denotes |
This revealed differential levels of oligomannose, hybrid, and complex-type glycan populations (Fig. 2a, b). |
T54 |
476-542 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Using structures of the trimeric MERS and SARS S proteins (PDB ID: |
T55 |
543-699 |
Sentence |
denotes |
5X59 and 5X58, respectively), we generated models of fully glycosylated coronavirus spikes using experimentally determined glycan compositions (Fig. 3a, b). |
T56 |
700-880 |
Sentence |
denotes |
This revealed that oligomannose-type glycans on MERS S co-localize to specific clusters on the head of the S protein, consisting of glycans at Asn155, Asn166, and Asn236 (Fig. 3a). |
T57 |
881-1067 |
Sentence |
denotes |
We hypothesized that the fully oligomannose-type glycan population in this cluster arises due to the hindered accessibility of glycan processing enzymes to access the substrate glycan28. |
T58 |
1068-1174 |
Sentence |
denotes |
As such, we performed mutagenesis to knock out glycosylation sites with N155A, N166A, and N236A mutations. |
T59 |
1175-1347 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Site-specific analysis of these glycan-KO mutants revealed enhanced trimming of mannose residues, i.e. increased processing, when glycan clustering was reduced (SI Fig. 4). |
T60 |
1348-1509 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The presence of clustered oligomannose-type glycans is reminiscent of that found on other viral glycoproteins, including HIV-1 Env and LASV GPC24,31,34,36,45,46. |
T61 |
1510-1618 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Fig. 2 Quantitative site-specific N-linked glycan analysis of SARS and MERS coronavirus spike glycoproteins. |
T62 |
1619-1763 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Purified (a) MERS and b SARS S proteins were digested. Quantitative site-specific N-linked glycan analysis of a MERS and b SARS S glycoproteins. |
T63 |
1764-1913 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Purified S proteins were digested with trypsin, chymotrypsin, alpha-lytic protease, Glu-C, and trypsin plus chymotrypsin, then analysed by LC-ESI MS. |
T64 |
1914-2034 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Glycan compositions are based on the glycan library generated from negative-ion mass spectrometry of released N-glycans. |
T65 |
2035-2386 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The bar graphs represent the relative quantities of each glycan group with oligomannose-type glycan series (M9 to M5; Man9GlcNAc2 to Man5GlcNAc2) (green), afucosylated and fucosylated hybrid glycans (Hybrid & F Hybrid) (dashed pink), and complex glycans grouped according to the number of antennae and presence of core fucosylation (A1 to FA4) (pink). |
T66 |
2387-2436 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Left to right; least processed to most processed. |
T67 |
2437-2498 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The pie charts summarise the quantification of these glycans. |
T68 |
2499-2621 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Additional compositional information regarding the distribution of fucosylation and sialylation can be found in SI Fig. 3. |
T69 |
2622-2701 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Fig. 3 Structure-based mapping of N-linked glycans on MERS and SARS S proteins. |
T70 |
2702-2961 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The modelling of the experimentally observed glycosylation is illustrated on the prefusion structure of trimeric a MERS S (PDB ID 5X59)11 and b SARS S (PDB ID 5X58)11 glycoproteins. Structural-based mapping of N-linked glycans on a MERS and b SARS S proteins. |
T71 |
2962-3139 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The modelling of the experimentally observed glycosylation is illustrated on the prefusion structure of trimeric MERS S (PDB ID 5X59)11 and SARS S (PDB ID 5X58)11 glycoproteins. |
T72 |
3140-3221 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The glycans are colored according to oligomannose content, as defined by the key. |
T73 |
3222-3343 |
Sentence |
denotes |
DPP4 receptor-binding sites and ACE2 receptor-binding sites for MERS and SARS, respectively, are indicated in light blue. |
T74 |
3344-3418 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The S1 and S2 subunits are colored light grey and dark grey, respectively. |
T75 |
3419-3490 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Fig. 4 Amino-acid sequence diversification across SARS and MERS spikes. |
T76 |
3491-3548 |
Sentence |
denotes |
a Amino-acid diversity in SARS and MERS S gene sequences. |
T77 |
3549-3740 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Averaged values for each domain are also shown below. b Comparison of dN/dS values between buried and exposed residues across SARS and MERS S (n = 70 and 100 for SARS and MERS, respectively). |
T78 |
3741-3999 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The error bars correspond to the 95% highest posterior density intervals while the circles indicate mean dN/dS values. c Mapping of the per residue amino-acid diversity shown in A onto the structures of SARS and MERS S (PDB ID 5X58 and 5X59, respectively)11. |
T79 |
4000-4100 |
Sentence |
denotes |
S proteins are presented as backbone traces with residues colored according to amino-acid diversity. |
T80 |
4101-4207 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Residues with elevated diversity are colored in red, and N-linked glycans are presented as white surfaces. |