Epistemic_Statements  

CORD-19:023bc09bf4c0ac2b5663d36478631b1e30fc9372 JSONTXT 9 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-33 Epistemic_statement denotes Section I: General Considerations
T2 46-185 Epistemic_statement denotes encourage and educate potential breeders on their responsibility to choose healthy, quality bitches and queens for their breeding programs.
T3 291-538 Epistemic_statement denotes The practitioner should counsel prospective breeders regarding the ethical considerations involved in breeding, including the difficulty in placing puppies and kittens in permanent homes and the responsibility incurred in creating these new lives.
T4 539-717 Epistemic_statement denotes Bitches selected for breeding should be mature enough to have genetic clearances for their appropriate breed and young enough to produce reasonable litter size and survivability.
T5 718-793 Epistemic_statement denotes A bitch is at her peak reproductive potential between 2 and 4 years of age.
T6 1146-1244 Epistemic_statement denotes The bitch should be presented to the clinician during proestrus of the anticipated breeding cycle.
T7 1245-1411 Epistemic_statement denotes A complete physical examination should include a rectal examination to evaluate the bony pelvis and a digital vaginal examination to detect any vaginal abnormalities.
T8 1412-1492 Epistemic_statement denotes Brucella canis serology using the rapid-slide agglutination test should be done.
T9 1620-1758 Epistemic_statement denotes Any positive result requires additional testing and should cause a delay in breeding during the cycle in which test results are confirmed.
T10 1759-1892 Epistemic_statement denotes Regardless of previous breeding history, all bitches should be evaluated because the disease is spread orally, as well as venereally.
T11 1893-2113 Epistemic_statement denotes Serologic testing for canine herpes virus should be performed on virgin bitches or in Prenatal care for bitches and queens should begin with the selection of the most desirable members of a potential breeding population.
T12 2114-2280 Epistemic_statement denotes The resources of the important registration bodies and the available databases for evaluation of inherited genetic diseases should be used to select desirable traits.
T13 3067-3169 Epistemic_statement denotes Participation in any health database is voluntary but should be encouraged by practitioners (Box 1-1).
T14 4015-4145 Epistemic_statement denotes Certainly, not every bitch or queen is worthy of reproduction and the practitioner should bitches with a previously negative test.
T15 4231-4311 Epistemic_statement denotes More detailed information pertaining to herpes virus can be found in Chapter 16.
T16 4312-4417 Epistemic_statement denotes Isolation from other canids for 3 weeks before whelping to 3 weeks after whelping should prevent disease.
T17 4470-4557 Epistemic_statement denotes Vaginal cytology should be obtained and stained to assess the epithelial cells present.
T18 4558-4678 Epistemic_statement denotes The bitch should either have her vaccinations brought up to date or have titers performed to assess her antibody levels.
T19 4679-4798 Epistemic_statement denotes The bitch should be well protected against canine distemper and canine parvovirus to maximize maternal antibody levels.
T20 5203-5315 Epistemic_statement denotes The bitch should have baseline laboratory tests performed to assess her suitability for pregnancy and lactation.
T21 5316-5437 Epistemic_statement denotes A bitch with total plasma protein levels of less than 5.0 gm/dl is unlikely to whelp a litter of strong, healthy puppies.
T22 5526-5662 Epistemic_statement denotes If the bitch has a history of infertility or pregnancy loss, a vaginal culture should be performed during the first 5 days of proestrus.
T23 5663-5829 Epistemic_statement denotes Although the value of vaginal cultures is controversial, most clinicians consider a pure culture in significant numbers of a known pathogen to be worthy of treatment.
T24 5830-5963 Epistemic_statement denotes The vaginal culture should be interpreted within the context of patient history, physical examination findings, and vaginal cytology.
T25 6030-6091 Epistemic_statement denotes B. canis is rarely treated in any kennel or colony situation.
T26 6241-6337 Epistemic_statement denotes Antibiotic choice and duration of treatment should be based on safety and efficacy in pregnancy.
T27 6338-6464 Epistemic_statement denotes Bitches that have sustained pregnancy loss may be monitored weekly for hypoluteoidism, which is a poorly documented condition.
T28 6826-6927 Epistemic_statement denotes If the progesterone drops to 10 ng/ml, frequent monitoring of the progesterone levels is recommended.
T29 6928-7030 Epistemic_statement denotes Progesterone values of 5 ng/ml may warrant intervention with an exogenous progestogen supplementation.
T30 7031-7233 Epistemic_statement denotes Exogenous progestogen administration is an extralabel use of any of the available preparations and should always be accompanied by careful client education and a signed release form outlining the risks.
T31 7309-7359 Epistemic_statement denotes The queen should also be examined before breeding.
T32 7360-7511 Epistemic_statement denotes When presented, the queen should have a complete physical examination, including baseline laboratory work, and a fecal examination should be performed.
T33 7512-7613 Epistemic_statement denotes Serology for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) should be obtained.
T34 7614-7693 Epistemic_statement denotes Only queens testing negative for these two viruses should be used for breeding.
T35 7744-7861 Epistemic_statement denotes This condition may be avoided by blood typing the queen and breeding to a tom of an appropriate blood type (Box 1-2).
T36 8347-8454 Epistemic_statement denotes The AB blood type is rare and inherited separately as a third allele recessive to A and co-dominant with B.
T37 8832-8973 Epistemic_statement denotes In the case of breedings within catteries, the status of all cats with respect to feline coronavirus (FCOR) should be evaluated (Table 1 -1).
T38 8974-9072 Epistemic_statement denotes To prevent the spread of coronavirus, the tom and the queen should have the same serologic status.
T39 9073-9154 Epistemic_statement denotes The Chlamydia status of cattery members should also be determined using serology.
T40 9155-9335 Epistemic_statement denotes The queen should be vaccinated for feline panleukopenia (FPL), feline herpes virus (FHV), and feline calicivirus (FCV) to prevent clinical disease within the cattery (Table 1 -2).
T41 9336-9403 Epistemic_statement denotes However, vaccination alone may not prevent the spread of infection.
T42 9404-9525 Epistemic_statement denotes Higher levels of maternal antibody may be achieved by boostering the vaccinations just before or at the time of breeding.
T43 9972-10090 Epistemic_statement denotes Thus pregnancy likely involves pregnancy-specific secretion of luteotrophic hormones of placental or pituitary origin.
T44 10091-10213 Epistemic_statement denotes Several studies indicate that prolactin is a major luteotrophic factor in pregnant queens after implantation has occurred.
T45 10214-10264 Epistemic_statement denotes Hypoluteoidism has not been reported in the queen.
T46 10265-10422 Epistemic_statement denotes Progesterone therapy to prevent recurrent pregnancy loss should only be considered when infectious causes of pregnancy loss in the queen have been ruled out.
T47 10491-10712 Epistemic_statement denotes The bitch should be fed a quality, name-brand diet labeled complete for all life stages by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) standards using feeding trials or suitable for pregnancy and lactation.
T48 10794-10966 Epistemic_statement denotes The bitch should be kept in fit condition, and her caloric intake should be appropriate to allow for a weight gain of approximately 36% over her normal prepregnancy weight.
T49 10967-11145 Epistemic_statement denotes The diet should contain a protein level of 25% to 34% and a fat level of at least 18% with a balanced supply of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids, as well as optimum vitamins and minerals.
T50 11146-11231 Epistemic_statement denotes Supplements should be avoided to prevent dietary imbalances and inadvertent toxicity.
T51 11232-11356 Epistemic_statement denotes Calcium supplementation is unnecessary and can result in decreased parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulation of bone resorption.
T52 11357-11518 Epistemic_statement denotes Eclampsia (puerperal hypocalcemia) can occur when the bitch depends on intestinal calcium absorption rather than on the PTH-stimulated bone calcium mobilization.
T53 11629-11740 Epistemic_statement denotes Immediately after delivery, the bitch or queen should weigh approximately 5% more than her prepregnancy weight.
T54 11814-11975 Epistemic_statement denotes Recently, it has been established that nutrients may influence maternal or fetal gene expression, thereby influencing the metabolic status of an animal for life.
T55 11976-12079 Epistemic_statement denotes It has been established that both prenatal and postnatal nutrition contribute to metabolic programming.
T56 12190-12228 Epistemic_statement denotes This period may be brief or prolonged.
T57 12229-12334 Epistemic_statement denotes The bitch should be encouraged to eat by adding palatable foods to her diet (cooked meat or canned food).
T58 12335-12391 Epistemic_statement denotes If inappetence persists, force feeding may be necessary.
T59 12392-12491 Epistemic_statement denotes Nutritional insufficiency of taurine may result in resorption, abortion, and stillbirth of kittens.
T60 12492-12576 Epistemic_statement denotes Effects of a taurine deficient diet may persist beyond an individual lost pregnancy.
T61 12577-12718 Epistemic_statement denotes This effect is unlikely to be seen in queens who are fed feline commercial diets but may be seen in situations where dog food is fed to cats.
T62 12719-12759 Epistemic_statement denotes Dietary supplements are not recommended.
T63 12760-12860 Epistemic_statement denotes Pregnant and nursing queens may have nutritional needs that are four times maintenance requirements.
T64 12861-12974 Epistemic_statement denotes Canned foods may prove to be more palatable during pregnancy and should be offered if the queen's appetite wanes.
T65 12975-13136 Epistemic_statement denotes It is possible and recommended to treat bitches to prevent transplacental and transmammary transmission of somatic Toxocara canis and Ancylostoma caninum larvae.
T66 13481-13757 Epistemic_statement denotes The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and the Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) recommend aggressive deworming protocols of pregnant bitches, pregnant queens, and their offspring to prevent environmental contamination with parasite eggs and the potential zoonotic risk.
T67 13758-13893 Epistemic_statement denotes A number of different protocols have been suggested using multiple doses of fenbendazole and ivermectin orally in bitches (Table 1 -3).
T68 13894-14060 Epistemic_statement denotes In both bitches and queens, topical selamectin 6 mg/kg has been shown to greatly reduce worm burdens in both puppies (98%) and kittens (100%) up to 6 and 7 weeks old.
T69 14241-14434 Epistemic_statement denotes Products containing carbaryl should not be used because it may cause brachygnathia, taillessness, extra digits, failure of skeletal formation, and dystocia in bitches caused by uterine inertia.
T70 14435-14585 Epistemic_statement denotes Heartworm preventive should be continued throughout pregnancy and has been proved to have a high margin of safety even in pregnant bitches and queens.
T71 15287-15458 Epistemic_statement denotes Serious insult during the preimplantation phase may result in an all-or-none phenomenon in which implantation does not occur or the cells survive and continue development.
T72 16434-16571 Epistemic_statement denotes Excess vitamin D has been linked with tissue calcinosis, premature closure of fontanelles, enamel hypoplasia, and supravalvular stenosis.
T73 16572-16750 Epistemic_statement denotes Congenital malformations can best be evaluated by careful necropsy of all nonsurviving puppies or kittens with the goal of eliminating the cause of such defects (see Chapter 31).
T74 17022-17149 Epistemic_statement denotes Clinicians should obtain a good drug history, including the use of topical, herbal, and other alternative modalities (Box 1-6).
T75 17150-17247 Epistemic_statement denotes The bitch should have her pregnancy confirmed 25 to 30 days after her first breeding (Table 1-4).
T76 17248-17370 Epistemic_statement denotes In lean relaxed bitches, it may be possible to detect discrete swellings in the uterus as early as 21 days after breeding.
T77 17371-17576 Epistemic_statement denotes However, it is not possible to use palpation to differentiate uterine swellings congenital edema involves generalized subcutaneous edema and varying amounts of fluid in other body cavities ( Figure 1-1) .
T78 17577-17644 Epistemic_statement denotes The condition is known to be heritable likely as a recessive trait.
T79 17811-17884 Epistemic_statement denotes Cleft palates can be caused by genetic traits or by teratogenetic agents.
T80 17885-17986 Epistemic_statement denotes Both griseofulvin and corticosteroids have been implicated as teratogens that can cause cleft palate.
T81 18046-18270 Epistemic_statement denotes In general, all drugs should be avoided in the pregnant bitch or queen, including all live virus vaccines, unless they are necessary to maintain the welfare of the mother and the drug is reported to be safe during pregnancy.
T82 18271-18385 Epistemic_statement denotes associated with uterine pathology (Figures 1-4 and 1-5) from normal uterine development associated with pregnancy.
T83 18507-18688 Epistemic_statement denotes Real-time ultrasonography is valuable in early pregnancy diagnosis, as well as throughout the second half of gestation whenever there is a question of fetal viability or fetal loss.
T84 18977-19137 Epistemic_statement denotes If the LH peak is unknown, ultrasonography for pregnancy detection should be performed at approximately 30 days after the last known breeding (see Figure 1-4) .
T85 19256-19343 Epistemic_statement denotes In addition to pregnancy diagnosis, ultrasonography can be used to identify fetal loss.
T86 19438-19606 Epistemic_statement denotes This size disparity appears to be accompanied by low volume of embryonic fluid, cessation of fetal heart beat in the smaller sacs, shrinkage, and ultimately resorption.
T87 19607-19680 Epistemic_statement denotes Ultrasound has not been proved reliable for determination of litter size.
T88 19681-19854 Epistemic_statement denotes Determination of fetal age involves multiple measurements of the biparietal or trunk diameter and must take into consideration differences relative to breed and litter size.
T89 19855-19941 Epistemic_statement denotes Embryonic vesicles may be detected earlier in the queen than in the bitch (Table 1-5).
T90 20046-20098 Epistemic_statement denotes Fetal heartbeats may be detected as early as day 16.
T91 20099-20220 Epistemic_statement denotes Embryonic vesicles closest to the uterine bifurcation are detected earliest, and early examination may miss some fetuses.
T92 20221-20303 Epistemic_statement denotes The ultrasound should be repeated 5 to 7 days later if no fetal vesicles are seen.
T93 20304-20413 Epistemic_statement denotes Ultrasound in the queen can be used to detect fetal loss and may be used in an attempt to estimate fetal age.
T94 20467-20561 Epistemic_statement denotes In the bitch, progesterone elevations are not different whether a bitch is or is not pregnant.
T95 20562-20633 Epistemic_statement denotes Progesterone levels, however, can be used to confirm ovulation failure.
T96 20634-20751 Epistemic_statement denotes In the queen, progesterone levels may be used 40 days after breeding to differentiate pseudopregnancy from pregnancy.
T97 20899-21020 Epistemic_statement denotes Prolactin levels increase in both the pregnant bitch and the pregnant queen; however, a commercial test is not available.
T98 21368-21427 Epistemic_statement denotes At this visit, the physical examination should be repeated.
T99 21428-21540 Epistemic_statement denotes The body condition of the bitch or queen should be assessed, and recommendations made for adjustments as needed.
T100 21541-21678 Epistemic_statement denotes If the bitch or queen has previously been on a maintenance diet, she should be switched to a ration suitable for pregnancy and lactation.
T101 21679-21807 Epistemic_statement denotes In cases where the bitch or queen is underweight and anorectic, a balanced multivitamin, such as Pet-Tabs, should be considered.
T102 22004-22078 Epistemic_statement denotes Pregnancy may be accompanied by toxemia in bitches carrying large litters.
T103 22079-22202 Epistemic_statement denotes Ketosis can develop in bitches not meeting the nutritional demands of pregnancy, and a negative energy balance can develop.
T104 22203-22289 Epistemic_statement denotes Anorexia in late pregnancy must be corrected by force feeding or parenteral nutrition.
T105 22290-22482 Epistemic_statement denotes The owner should be questioned about any changes in behavior or appetite, increases or decreases in water consumption, extent of mammary development, and the presence of any vaginal discharge.
T106 22483-22610 Epistemic_statement denotes If the bitch or queen is found to be nonpregnant at this visit, a diagnostic workup for conception failure should be discussed.
T107 22696-22866 Epistemic_statement denotes The bitch or queen should remain in the home, kennel, or cattery environment and should not share housing or exercise areas with animals still in competition or training.
T108 22944-23042 Epistemic_statement denotes There are numerous viral and bacterial diseases that have potential risks for the pregnant animal.
T109 23043-23173 Epistemic_statement denotes Training classes and competitive field events should be discontinued because the effect of stress on the bitch can be significant.
T110 23368-23441 Epistemic_statement denotes Before term the bitch or queen should be introduced to her delivery area.
T111 23442-23579 Epistemic_statement denotes This area should be safe and quiet and provide the privacy and comfort needed for the dam to become acclimated and ready for parturition.
T112 23580-23684 Epistemic_statement denotes The bitch should be Figure 1-6 The lateral abdominal radiograph can be used to assess number of fetuses.
T113 23685-23781 Epistemic_statement denotes Six puppies can be seen on this film of a Labrador retriever bitch taken 6 days before whelping.
T114 23863-23940 Epistemic_statement denotes It can be used to assess fetal heart beats, as well as movement of the fetus.
T115 24188-24349 Epistemic_statement denotes The bitch or queen should have a lateral abdominal radiograph (Figure 1-6 ) taken 5 to 10 days before the expected delivery date to assess the number of fetuses.
T116 24350-24479 Epistemic_statement denotes Radiography is an accurate method for determination of fetal numbers but can underestimate the litter size in very large litters.
T117 25211-25364 Epistemic_statement denotes During the prenatal visit, it is prudent to evaluate the dam's blood glucose and serum calcium (ionized calcium preferred) levels and packed cell volume.
T118 25365-25549 Epistemic_statement denotes The physical examination should include a digital vaginal examination to detect any soft tissue obstructions (stricture or masses) and to evaluate the vaginal area for excessive edema.
T119 25761-25957 Epistemic_statement denotes The client should be given verbal and written instructions on the management of parturition and should be encouraged to inform the clinician of any change in rectal temperature (Boxes 1-7 and 1-8
T120 25958-26031 Epistemic_statement denotes Begin preparations for delivery of puppies before the female gives birth.
T121 26151-26285 Epistemic_statement denotes This box should be only slightly bigger than the mother, with sides 6 to 8 inches high to keep the pups from crawling out of the nest.
T122 26405-26549 Epistemic_statement denotes Newspapers make excellent bedding because they can be changed easily, are absorbent, and can be shredded by the mother as she makes her "nest. "
T123 27004-27069 Epistemic_statement denotes Labor in the female dog (bitch) can be divided into three stages.
T124 27141-27244 Epistemic_statement denotes During the first stage, the mother seems extremely restless and very nervous and often seeks seclusion.
T125 27245-27301 Epistemic_statement denotes She may refuse food even if offered her favorite treats.
T126 27302-27336 Epistemic_statement denotes This stage may last 6 to 24 hours.
T127 27696-27765 Epistemic_statement denotes About one-third of all puppies, however, are born hindquarters first.
T128 27910-27986 Epistemic_statement denotes You may have to perform these functions for the mother (see Obstetric Care).
T129 28233-28323 Epistemic_statement denotes This stage usually lasts 10 to 30 minutes, but it may range from a few seconds to an hour.
T130 28538-28618 Epistemic_statement denotes After a few minutes of rubbing, the puppy should begin to squirm and cry loudly.
T131 28619-28763 Epistemic_statement denotes The umbilical cord should be tied about an inch from the puppy's body with fine thread and then cut on the side of the knot away from the puppy.
T132 28822-28933 Epistemic_statement denotes If a puppy seems to be lodged in the birth canal and the mother cannot expel it, rapid assistance is necessary.
T133 28934-29007 Epistemic_statement denotes There may not be time to call the veterinarian and drive to the hospital.
T134 29106-29163 Epistemic_statement denotes Traction may have to be applied for as long as 5 minutes.
T135 29434-29556 Epistemic_statement denotes • It has been more than 3 hours since the delivery of the last pup, and it is probable that more puppies are still inside.
T136 29648-29755 Epistemic_statement denotes The greenish-black color is normal, but the discharge should be followed very soon by delivery of the pups.
T137 29988-30099 Epistemic_statement denotes The queen may experience a similar decrease in rectal temperature, although it is seldom reported by the owner.
T138 30183-30316 Epistemic_statement denotes During late pregnancy, the pattern of uterine electrical activity changes, which correlates with the decrease in plasma progesterone.
T139 30317-30416 Epistemic_statement denotes This suggests that progesterone plays an important role in the process of parturition in the bitch.
T140 30417-30557 Epistemic_statement denotes The client should be counseled to seek veterinary attention if labor is not initiated within 24 hours of the decrease in rectal temperature.
T141 30558-30723 Epistemic_statement denotes The client should be given after-hours contact information if the clinician will be providing after-hours care or contact information for appropriate emergency care.