CORD-19-Sentences  

CORD-19:fff600839441a60bb883d5f4328aa3227e127d1d JSONTXT 10 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
TextSentencer_T1 0-170 Sentence denotes Effects of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection on the development of the immune response against pseudorabies virus 4 2 7 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 2 0 8 -7
TextSentencer_T1 0-170 Sentence denotes Effects of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection on the development of the immune response against pseudorabies virus 4 2 7 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 2 0 8 -7
TextSentencer_T2 172-180 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T2 172-180 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T3 181-402 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection on the development of the immune response after pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccination in pigs.
TextSentencer_T3 181-402 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection on the development of the immune response after pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccination in pigs.
TextSentencer_T4 403-570 Sentence denotes Pigs were intranasally inoculated with the European PRRSV strain, Lelystad virus ter Huurne, and were vaccinated intramuscularly with PRV 2 weeks later (LV-PRV group).
TextSentencer_T4 403-570 Sentence denotes Pigs were intranasally inoculated with the European PRRSV strain, Lelystad virus ter Huurne, and were vaccinated intramuscularly with PRV 2 weeks later (LV-PRV group).
TextSentencer_T5 571-626 Sentence denotes Control pigs were vaccinated with PRV only (PRV group).
TextSentencer_T5 571-626 Sentence denotes Control pigs were vaccinated with PRV only (PRV group).
TextSentencer_T6 627-732 Sentence denotes Eight weeks after PRV vaccination, pigs from both groups were challenged intranasally with wild-type PRV.
TextSentencer_T6 627-732 Sentence denotes Eight weeks after PRV vaccination, pigs from both groups were challenged intranasally with wild-type PRV.
TextSentencer_T7 733-879 Sentence denotes We measured the lymphoproliferative, and the cytolytic responses to PRV of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), isolated from blood samples.
TextSentencer_T7 733-879 Sentence denotes We measured the lymphoproliferative, and the cytolytic responses to PRV of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), isolated from blood samples.
TextSentencer_T8 880-955 Sentence denotes In addition, serum samples were examined for antibodies against PRV and LV.
TextSentencer_T8 880-955 Sentence denotes In addition, serum samples were examined for antibodies against PRV and LV.
TextSentencer_T9 956-1039 Sentence denotes One week after PRV vaccination, PBMC proliferated abundantly to PRV in both groups.
TextSentencer_T9 956-1039 Sentence denotes One week after PRV vaccination, PBMC proliferated abundantly to PRV in both groups.
TextSentencer_T10 1040-1239 Sentence denotes However, in the LV-PRV group the lymphoproliferative response declined after 1 week, whereas, in the PRV group, the lymphoproliferative response was high for 3 weeks and declined thereafter (P<0.05).
TextSentencer_T10 1040-1239 Sentence denotes However, in the LV-PRV group the lymphoproliferative response declined after 1 week, whereas, in the PRV group, the lymphoproliferative response was high for 3 weeks and declined thereafter (P<0.05).
TextSentencer_T11 1240-1396 Sentence denotes After challenge, the lymphoproliferative response was 1 week earlier and was consistently and signi®cantly higher in the PRV group than in the LV-PRV group.
TextSentencer_T11 1240-1396 Sentence denotes After challenge, the lymphoproliferative response was 1 week earlier and was consistently and signi®cantly higher in the PRV group than in the LV-PRV group.
TextSentencer_T12 1397-1618 Sentence denotes The PRV-speci®c killing was higher at 3 weeks after PRV vaccination and 5 weeks after PRV challenge 19AE3 and 24AE6%, respectively, in the PRV group, compared to 7AE4 and 6AE9%, respectively, in the LV-PRV group (P<0.05).
TextSentencer_T12 1397-1618 Sentence denotes The PRV-speci®c killing was higher at 3 weeks after PRV vaccination and 5 weeks after PRV challenge 19AE3 and 24AE6%, respectively, in the PRV group, compared to 7AE4 and 6AE9%, respectively, in the LV-PRV group (P<0.05).
TextSentencer_T13 1619-1718 Sentence denotes However, later after vaccination and challenge the cytolytic response was identical in both groups.
TextSentencer_T13 1619-1718 Sentence denotes However, later after vaccination and challenge the cytolytic response was identical in both groups.
TextSentencer_T14 1719-1783 Sentence denotes The antibody titre against PRV developed equally in both groups.
TextSentencer_T14 1719-1783 Sentence denotes The antibody titre against PRV developed equally in both groups.
TextSentencer_T15 1784-1844 Sentence denotes After challenge, no PRV virus was isolated from both groups.
TextSentencer_T15 1784-1844 Sentence denotes After challenge, no PRV virus was isolated from both groups.
TextSentencer_T16 1845-2086 Sentence denotes From these results we conclude that, although PRRSV infection did cause changes in the time course of the T-lymphocyte response after PRV vaccination, PRRSV infection did not inhibit the development of vaccine-induced protection after PRV. #
TextSentencer_T16 1845-2086 Sentence denotes From these results we conclude that, although PRRSV infection did cause changes in the time course of the T-lymphocyte response after PRV vaccination, PRRSV infection did not inhibit the development of vaccine-induced protection after PRV. #
TextSentencer_T17 2088-2286 Sentence denotes Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a positive stranded RNA virus that causes reproductive failure in late term gestation sows and respiratory disease in pigs of all ages.
TextSentencer_T17 2088-2286 Sentence denotes Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a positive stranded RNA virus that causes reproductive failure in late term gestation sows and respiratory disease in pigs of all ages.
TextSentencer_T18 2287-2403 Sentence denotes The virus primarily infects and destroys alveolar macrophages, which are important in the host defence in the lungs.
TextSentencer_T18 2287-2403 Sentence denotes The virus primarily infects and destroys alveolar macrophages, which are important in the host defence in the lungs.
TextSentencer_T19 2404-2483 Sentence denotes Therefore, PRRSV-infected pigs may be more susceptible to secondary infections.
TextSentencer_T19 2404-2483 Sentence denotes Therefore, PRRSV-infected pigs may be more susceptible to secondary infections.
TextSentencer_T20 2484-2680 Sentence denotes Since PRRSV occurs endemically in many countries and may in¯uence the ef®cacy of host defence mechanisms, it is possible that a PRRSV infection interferes with the vaccination ef®cacy against PRV.
TextSentencer_T20 2484-2680 Sentence denotes Since PRRSV occurs endemically in many countries and may in¯uence the ef®cacy of host defence mechanisms, it is possible that a PRRSV infection interferes with the vaccination ef®cacy against PRV.
TextSentencer_T21 2681-2803 Sentence denotes Previous studies on the effect of PRRSV infection on secondary infections under experimental conditions are contradictory.
TextSentencer_T21 2681-2803 Sentence denotes Previous studies on the effect of PRRSV infection on secondary infections under experimental conditions are contradictory.
TextSentencer_T22 2804-2966 Sentence denotes Galina et al. (1994) described more clinical signs, meningitis and bacteraemia after a Streptococcus suis infection only when pigs were pre-inoculated with PRRSV.
TextSentencer_T22 2804-2966 Sentence denotes Galina et al. (1994) described more clinical signs, meningitis and bacteraemia after a Streptococcus suis infection only when pigs were pre-inoculated with PRRSV.
TextSentencer_T23 2967-3353 Sentence denotes Thacker et al. (1999) described more severe and persistent pneumonic lesions and clinical respiratory disease when a Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection was followed by a PRRSV infection. van Reeth et al. (1994 Reeth et al. ( , 1996 described more severe disease after a dual infection with PRRSV and porcine respiratory coronavirus or in¯uenza virus compared with the single infections.
TextSentencer_T23 2967-3353 Sentence denotes Thacker et al. (1999) described more severe and persistent pneumonic lesions and clinical respiratory disease when a Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection was followed by a PRRSV infection. van Reeth et al. (1994 Reeth et al. ( , 1996 described more severe disease after a dual infection with PRRSV and porcine respiratory coronavirus or in¯uenza virus compared with the single infections.
TextSentencer_T24 3354-3573 Sentence denotes In contrast, others described no in¯uence of a PRRSV infection on the clinical signs of disease after infection with Pasteurella multocida, Haemophilus parasuis, S. suis or Salmonella cholerasuis (Cooper et al., 1995) .
TextSentencer_T24 3354-3573 Sentence denotes In contrast, others described no in¯uence of a PRRSV infection on the clinical signs of disease after infection with Pasteurella multocida, Haemophilus parasuis, S. suis or Salmonella cholerasuis (Cooper et al., 1995) .
TextSentencer_T25 3574-3792 Sentence denotes In addition, Albina et al. (1998) could not demonstrate an immunosuppressive effect of PRRSV on a pseudorabies virus (PRV) glycoprotein immunisation and described an enhanced antibody response after challenge with PRV.
TextSentencer_T25 3574-3792 Sentence denotes In addition, Albina et al. (1998) could not demonstrate an immunosuppressive effect of PRRSV on a pseudorabies virus (PRV) glycoprotein immunisation and described an enhanced antibody response after challenge with PRV.
TextSentencer_T26 3793-3936 Sentence denotes More illness and a more severe disease outcome after infection with other microorganisms due to an earlier PRRSV infection have been described.
TextSentencer_T26 3793-3936 Sentence denotes More illness and a more severe disease outcome after infection with other microorganisms due to an earlier PRRSV infection have been described.
TextSentencer_T27 3937-4059 Sentence denotes These studies focussed on increased illness and pathological alterations by the secondary infection in PRRSVinfected pigs.
TextSentencer_T27 3937-4059 Sentence denotes These studies focussed on increased illness and pathological alterations by the secondary infection in PRRSVinfected pigs.
TextSentencer_T28 4060-4163 Sentence denotes However, the effect of PRRSV on the cellular immune response against secondary infections is not clear.
TextSentencer_T28 4060-4163 Sentence denotes However, the effect of PRRSV on the cellular immune response against secondary infections is not clear.
TextSentencer_T29 4164-4344 Sentence denotes Therefore, we examined the effects of a PRRSV infection on the development of the cellular immune response against a PRV infection in a well-de®ned PRV vaccination-challenge model.
TextSentencer_T29 4164-4344 Sentence denotes Therefore, we examined the effects of a PRRSV infection on the development of the cellular immune response against a PRV infection in a well-de®ned PRV vaccination-challenge model.
TextSentencer_T30 4345-4411 Sentence denotes PRV is an alphaherpesvirus that causes Aujeszky's disease in pigs.
TextSentencer_T30 4345-4411 Sentence denotes PRV is an alphaherpesvirus that causes Aujeszky's disease in pigs.
TextSentencer_T31 4412-4527 Sentence denotes Both humoral and cellular immunity appear to be involved in the development of a protective immune response to PRV.
TextSentencer_T31 4412-4527 Sentence denotes Both humoral and cellular immunity appear to be involved in the development of a protective immune response to PRV.
TextSentencer_T32 4528-4720 Sentence denotes Previous reports have described the time course of the lymphoproliferative and cytolytic responses after a PRV infection and challenge in detail (Kimman et al., 1995b; De Bruin et al., 1998) .
TextSentencer_T32 4528-4720 Sentence denotes Previous reports have described the time course of the lymphoproliferative and cytolytic responses after a PRV infection and challenge in detail (Kimman et al., 1995b; De Bruin et al., 1998) .
TextSentencer_T33 4721-4851 Sentence denotes Therefore, we used this PRV model to investigate the immunosuppressive effect of PRRSV on a PRV vaccination and challenge in pigs.
TextSentencer_T33 4721-4851 Sentence denotes Therefore, we used this PRV model to investigate the immunosuppressive effect of PRRSV on a PRV vaccination and challenge in pigs.
TextSentencer_T34 4852-5021 Sentence denotes We investigated the development of the humoral, lymphoproliferative and cytolytic responses against PRV in pigs that were inoculated with PRRSV prior to PRV vaccination.
TextSentencer_T34 4852-5021 Sentence denotes We investigated the development of the humoral, lymphoproliferative and cytolytic responses against PRV in pigs that were inoculated with PRRSV prior to PRV vaccination.
TextSentencer_T35 5022-5130 Sentence denotes PRRSV stocks for inoculation were prepared on alveolar macrophages as described by Wensvoort et al. (1991) .
TextSentencer_T35 5022-5130 Sentence denotes PRRSV stocks for inoculation were prepared on alveolar macrophages as described by Wensvoort et al. (1991) .
TextSentencer_T36 5131-5204 Sentence denotes Pigs were inoculated with PRRSV strain Lelystad virus ter Huurne (LV-TH).
TextSentencer_T36 5131-5204 Sentence denotes Pigs were inoculated with PRRSV strain Lelystad virus ter Huurne (LV-TH).
TextSentencer_T37 5205-5385 Sentence denotes PRV stocks for vaccination and challenge were prepared on SK-6 cells (Kasza et al., 1971 ) and secondary porcine kidney cells, respectively, as described by Kimman et al. (1995b) .
TextSentencer_T37 5205-5385 Sentence denotes PRV stocks for vaccination and challenge were prepared on SK-6 cells (Kasza et al., 1971 ) and secondary porcine kidney cells, respectively, as described by Kimman et al. (1995b) .
TextSentencer_T38 5386-5504 Sentence denotes Pigs were vaccinated with an avirulent mutant strain M141 (gE À ) of PRV (De Wind et al., 1990; Kimman et al., 1992) .
TextSentencer_T38 5386-5504 Sentence denotes Pigs were vaccinated with an avirulent mutant strain M141 (gE À ) of PRV (De Wind et al., 1990; Kimman et al., 1992) .
TextSentencer_T39 5505-5593 Sentence denotes The pigs were then challenged with wild-type PRV strain NIA-3 (McFerran and Dow, 1975) .
TextSentencer_T39 5505-5593 Sentence denotes The pigs were then challenged with wild-type PRV strain NIA-3 (McFerran and Dow, 1975) .
TextSentencer_T40 5594-5707 Sentence denotes This strain was also used to infect target cells for the cytolytic assay, as described by Kimman et al. (1995a) .
TextSentencer_T40 5594-5707 Sentence denotes This strain was also used to infect target cells for the cytolytic assay, as described by Kimman et al. (1995a) .
TextSentencer_T41 5708-5901 Sentence denotes Minnesota miniature pigs from our institute, which are inbred for swine±leukocyte± antigen complex (SLA) (haplotype d/d) (Sachs et al., 1976) , were kept under speci®c pathogen-free conditions.
TextSentencer_T41 5708-5901 Sentence denotes Minnesota miniature pigs from our institute, which are inbred for swine±leukocyte± antigen complex (SLA) (haplotype d/d) (Sachs et al., 1976) , were kept under speci®c pathogen-free conditions.
TextSentencer_T42 5902-5987 Sentence denotes The pigs were born from unvaccinated sows and had no antibodies against PRV or PRRSV.
TextSentencer_T42 5902-5987 Sentence denotes The pigs were born from unvaccinated sows and had no antibodies against PRV or PRRSV.
TextSentencer_T43 5988-6053 Sentence denotes Pigs were randomly allocated to two groups and housed separately.
TextSentencer_T43 5988-6053 Sentence denotes Pigs were randomly allocated to two groups and housed separately.
TextSentencer_T44 6054-6177 Sentence denotes Six pigs were intranasally inoculated with 0.5 ml of PRRSV strain LV-TH at a concentration of 10 5 TCID 50 /ml per nostril.
TextSentencer_T44 6054-6177 Sentence denotes Six pigs were intranasally inoculated with 0.5 ml of PRRSV strain LV-TH at a concentration of 10 5 TCID 50 /ml per nostril.
TextSentencer_T45 6178-6223 Sentence denotes Five control SPF pigs were left uninoculated.
TextSentencer_T45 6178-6223 Sentence denotes Five control SPF pigs were left uninoculated.
TextSentencer_T46 6224-6338 Sentence denotes After 2 weeks both groups were vaccinated intramuscularly with 10 5 plaque-forming units (PFU)/ml PRV strain M141.
TextSentencer_T46 6224-6338 Sentence denotes After 2 weeks both groups were vaccinated intramuscularly with 10 5 plaque-forming units (PFU)/ml PRV strain M141.
TextSentencer_T47 6339-6452 Sentence denotes These pigs were subsequently challenged intranasally with 10 5 PFU/ml NIA-3 virus, 8 weeks after PRV vaccination.
TextSentencer_T47 6339-6452 Sentence denotes These pigs were subsequently challenged intranasally with 10 5 PFU/ml NIA-3 virus, 8 weeks after PRV vaccination.
TextSentencer_T48 6453-6551 Sentence denotes Blood samples were taken weekly, starting 1 week before and then 2 weeks after the LV inoculation.
TextSentencer_T48 6453-6551 Sentence denotes Blood samples were taken weekly, starting 1 week before and then 2 weeks after the LV inoculation.
TextSentencer_T49 6552-6657 Sentence denotes Rectal temperatures were recorded daily for 25 days after LV inoculation and 25 days after PRV challenge.
TextSentencer_T49 6552-6657 Sentence denotes Rectal temperatures were recorded daily for 25 days after LV inoculation and 25 days after PRV challenge.
TextSentencer_T50 6658-6718 Sentence denotes Body weights were recorded at weekly intervals for 3 months.
TextSentencer_T50 6658-6718 Sentence denotes Body weights were recorded at weekly intervals for 3 months.
TextSentencer_T51 6719-6805 Sentence denotes Pigs were considered to have fever when body temperatures were above or equal to 408C.
TextSentencer_T51 6719-6805 Sentence denotes Pigs were considered to have fever when body temperatures were above or equal to 408C.
TextSentencer_T52 6806-6941 Sentence denotes Growth performance was assessed by calculating the mean relative daily gain (MRDG) in body weight according to Stellman et al. (1989) .
TextSentencer_T52 6806-6941 Sentence denotes Growth performance was assessed by calculating the mean relative daily gain (MRDG) in body weight according to Stellman et al. (1989) .
TextSentencer_T53 6942-7038 Sentence denotes The ethical committee for animal experiments of ID-Lelystad approved the experiments (Table 1) .
TextSentencer_T53 6942-7038 Sentence denotes The ethical committee for animal experiments of ID-Lelystad approved the experiments (Table 1) .
TextSentencer_T54 7040-7128 Sentence denotes PBMC isolation and culturing was done as previously described by Kimman et al. (1995b) .
TextSentencer_T54 7040-7128 Sentence denotes PBMC isolation and culturing was done as previously described by Kimman et al. (1995b) .
TextSentencer_T55 7129-7251 Sentence denotes Brie¯y, PBMC were stimulated in vitro for 4 days with negative cell-lysate of SK-6 cells, or infectious NIA-3 (PRV) virus.
TextSentencer_T55 7129-7251 Sentence denotes Brie¯y, PBMC were stimulated in vitro for 4 days with negative cell-lysate of SK-6 cells, or infectious NIA-3 (PRV) virus.
TextSentencer_T56 7252-7429 Sentence denotes For cytolytic assays, PBMC were used directly (direct killing) or they were stimulated for 6 days in vitro with NIA-3 (indirect killing) as described by De Bruin et al. (1998) .
TextSentencer_T56 7252-7429 Sentence denotes For cytolytic assays, PBMC were used directly (direct killing) or they were stimulated for 6 days in vitro with NIA-3 (indirect killing) as described by De Bruin et al. (1998) .
TextSentencer_T57 7430-7683 Sentence denotes Proliferation of PBMC was measured by 3 H-thymidine incorporation as described by De Bruin et al. (1998) and expressed as delta counts, i.e. the number of counts of virusstimulated PBMC minus the number of counts of negative cell-lysate-stimulated PBMC.
TextSentencer_T57 7430-7683 Sentence denotes Proliferation of PBMC was measured by 3 H-thymidine incorporation as described by De Bruin et al. (1998) and expressed as delta counts, i.e. the number of counts of virusstimulated PBMC minus the number of counts of negative cell-lysate-stimulated PBMC.
TextSentencer_T58 7684-7867 Sentence denotes Proliferation was investigated starting 1 week before LV inoculation and then at weekly intervals from 2 weeks after LV inoculation and was measured after subsequent PRV inoculations.
TextSentencer_T58 7684-7867 Sentence denotes Proliferation was investigated starting 1 week before LV inoculation and then at weekly intervals from 2 weeks after LV inoculation and was measured after subsequent PRV inoculations.
TextSentencer_T59 7868-8155 Sentence denotes The following target cells were used in the cytolytic assays: PRV-infected and uninfected L14 cells (a retrovirus immortalised B-lymphoblastoid cell line of the haplotype d/d SLA) (Kaeffer et al., 1990) and K562 cells (a cell line from human erythroleukemia cells) (ATCC, Rockville, MD).
TextSentencer_T59 7868-8155 Sentence denotes The following target cells were used in the cytolytic assays: PRV-infected and uninfected L14 cells (a retrovirus immortalised B-lymphoblastoid cell line of the haplotype d/d SLA) (Kaeffer et al., 1990) and K562 cells (a cell line from human erythroleukemia cells) (ATCC, Rockville, MD).
TextSentencer_T60 8156-8249 Sentence denotes The K562 cells were used to assess the killing by porcine NK cells (Pescovitz et al., 1988) .
TextSentencer_T60 8156-8249 Sentence denotes The K562 cells were used to assess the killing by porcine NK cells (Pescovitz et al., 1988) .
TextSentencer_T61 8250-8407 Sentence denotes Infected L14 cells were obtained by infecting the cells, 24 h before the start of the cytolytic assay, with NIA-3 virus at a multiplicity of infection of 10.
TextSentencer_T61 8250-8407 Sentence denotes Infected L14 cells were obtained by infecting the cells, 24 h before the start of the cytolytic assay, with NIA-3 virus at a multiplicity of infection of 10.
TextSentencer_T62 8408-8656 Sentence denotes The cells were labelled by incubation of various numbers of cells in a volume of 50 ml serum-free medium which contained 400 mCi 51 Cr (Amersham CJS4, Den Bosch, The Netherlands) for 2 h at 378C on a Rock'n Roller (Labinco, Breda, The Netherlands).
TextSentencer_T62 8408-8656 Sentence denotes The cells were labelled by incubation of various numbers of cells in a volume of 50 ml serum-free medium which contained 400 mCi 51 Cr (Amersham CJS4, Den Bosch, The Netherlands) for 2 h at 378C on a Rock'n Roller (Labinco, Breda, The Netherlands).
TextSentencer_T63 8657-8737 Sentence denotes After being labelled, the cells were washed three times in RPMI complete medium.
TextSentencer_T63 8657-8737 Sentence denotes After being labelled, the cells were washed three times in RPMI complete medium.
TextSentencer_T64 8738-8896 Sentence denotes Volumes of 50 ml medium containing 10 4 cells were added to the wells of 96-well V-bottomed microtitre plates (Nunc, Life Technology, Breda, The Netherlands).
TextSentencer_T64 8738-8896 Sentence denotes Volumes of 50 ml medium containing 10 4 cells were added to the wells of 96-well V-bottomed microtitre plates (Nunc, Life Technology, Breda, The Netherlands).
TextSentencer_T65 8897-8972 Sentence denotes The cytolytic activity of the effector cells was measured by 51 Cr release.
TextSentencer_T65 8897-8972 Sentence denotes The cytolytic activity of the effector cells was measured by 51 Cr release.
TextSentencer_T66 8973-9152 Sentence denotes Volumes of 50 ml medium containing effector cells and 50 ml medium containing 10 4 51 Cr-labelled target cells were mixed in order to obtain effector:target ratios of 50:1 to 6:1.
TextSentencer_T66 8973-9152 Sentence denotes Volumes of 50 ml medium containing effector cells and 50 ml medium containing 10 4 51 Cr-labelled target cells were mixed in order to obtain effector:target ratios of 50:1 to 6:1.
TextSentencer_T67 9153-9205 Sentence denotes The plates were then centrifuged for 5 min at 200Âg.
TextSentencer_T67 9153-9205 Sentence denotes The plates were then centrifuged for 5 min at 200Âg.
TextSentencer_T68 9206-9279 Sentence denotes Maximal release of 51 Cr was determined by adding 50 ml 20% Triton X-100.
TextSentencer_T68 9206-9279 Sentence denotes Maximal release of 51 Cr was determined by adding 50 ml 20% Triton X-100.
TextSentencer_T69 9280-9360 Sentence denotes Spontaneous release was determined in wells that did not contain effector cells.
TextSentencer_T69 9280-9360 Sentence denotes Spontaneous release was determined in wells that did not contain effector cells.
TextSentencer_T70 9361-9491 Sentence denotes Killing of the target cells was determined by measuring the release of 51 Cr in the supernatant after an incubation period of 5 h.
TextSentencer_T70 9361-9491 Sentence denotes Killing of the target cells was determined by measuring the release of 51 Cr in the supernatant after an incubation period of 5 h.
TextSentencer_T71 9492-9636 Sentence denotes Volumes of 50 ml supernatant were mixed with 100 ml optiphase supermix liquid scintillation¯uid (EG&G Instruments, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands).
TextSentencer_T71 9492-9636 Sentence denotes Volumes of 50 ml supernatant were mixed with 100 ml optiphase supermix liquid scintillation¯uid (EG&G Instruments, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands).
TextSentencer_T72 9637-9748 Sentence denotes Radioactivity was then measured in a Wallac Microbetaplus 1450 (EG&G Instruments, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands).
TextSentencer_T72 9637-9748 Sentence denotes Radioactivity was then measured in a Wallac Microbetaplus 1450 (EG&G Instruments, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands).
TextSentencer_T73 9749-9909 Sentence denotes The percentage of speci®c 51 Cr release was calculated as cpm experimental release À cpm spontaneous release cpm maximal release À cpm spontaneous release  100
TextSentencer_T73 9749-9909 Sentence denotes The percentage of speci®c 51 Cr release was calculated as cpm experimental release À cpm spontaneous release cpm maximal release À cpm spontaneous release  100
TextSentencer_T74 9910-9982 Sentence denotes Direct killing was investigated at 10 and 18 days after PRV vaccination.
TextSentencer_T74 9910-9982 Sentence denotes Direct killing was investigated at 10 and 18 days after PRV vaccination.
TextSentencer_T75 9983-10159 Sentence denotes Indirect killing was investigated 1 week before the LV inoculation and then 2 weeks after LV inoculation and was measured at weekly intervals after subsequent PRV inoculations.
TextSentencer_T75 9983-10159 Sentence denotes Indirect killing was investigated 1 week before the LV inoculation and then 2 weeks after LV inoculation and was measured at weekly intervals after subsequent PRV inoculations.
TextSentencer_T76 10160-10278 Sentence denotes Blood samples were collected from all pigs 1 day before LV inoculation and at weekly intervals after PRV inoculations.
TextSentencer_T76 10160-10278 Sentence denotes Blood samples were collected from all pigs 1 day before LV inoculation and at weekly intervals after PRV inoculations.
TextSentencer_T77 10279-10314 Sentence denotes Serum samples were stored at À208C.
TextSentencer_T77 10279-10314 Sentence denotes Serum samples were stored at À208C.
TextSentencer_T78 10315-10484 Sentence denotes Sera were tested for the presence of virus neutralising antibodies directed against PRV in a virus neutralisation test (VN titres) as described by Kimman et al. (1992) .
TextSentencer_T78 10315-10484 Sentence denotes Sera were tested for the presence of virus neutralising antibodies directed against PRV in a virus neutralisation test (VN titres) as described by Kimman et al. (1992) .
TextSentencer_T79 10485-10698 Sentence denotes Sera were tested for the presence of virus antibodies directed against PRRSV in an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) and for the presence of PRRSV by virus isolation as described by Wensvoort et al. (1991) .
TextSentencer_T79 10485-10698 Sentence denotes Sera were tested for the presence of virus antibodies directed against PRRSV in an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) and for the presence of PRRSV by virus isolation as described by Wensvoort et al. (1991) .
TextSentencer_T80 10699-10848 Sentence denotes PRV virus excretion was monitored by collecting swab specimens of oropharyngeal uid (OPF) from the day before challenge until day 10 after challenge.
TextSentencer_T80 10699-10848 Sentence denotes PRV virus excretion was monitored by collecting swab specimens of oropharyngeal uid (OPF) from the day before challenge until day 10 after challenge.
TextSentencer_T81 10849-10985 Sentence denotes Swab specimens were extracted with 4 ml of Dulbecco's minimal essential medium supplemented with 2% foetal bovine serum and antibiotics.
TextSentencer_T81 10849-10985 Sentence denotes Swab specimens were extracted with 4 ml of Dulbecco's minimal essential medium supplemented with 2% foetal bovine serum and antibiotics.
TextSentencer_T82 10986-11132 Sentence denotes To determine the virus content per gram OPF, we measured the weight of the collected¯uid after centrifugation of the swabs (Kimman et al., 1992) .
TextSentencer_T82 10986-11132 Sentence denotes To determine the virus content per gram OPF, we measured the weight of the collected¯uid after centrifugation of the swabs (Kimman et al., 1992) .
TextSentencer_T83 11133-11260 Sentence denotes The amount of PRV excretion was quantitated by titration of the virus on SK-6 monolayers as described by Kimman et al. (1992) .
TextSentencer_T83 11133-11260 Sentence denotes The amount of PRV excretion was quantitated by titration of the virus on SK-6 monolayers as described by Kimman et al. (1992) .
TextSentencer_T84 11261-11513 Sentence denotes Differences in lymphoproliferative responses, virus-speci®c killing activity, VN antibody titres and MRDG were tested for statistical signi®cance by analysis of variance (ANOVA) after testing for homogeneity of variances within groups (Barletts' test).
TextSentencer_T84 11261-11513 Sentence denotes Differences in lymphoproliferative responses, virus-speci®c killing activity, VN antibody titres and MRDG were tested for statistical signi®cance by analysis of variance (ANOVA) after testing for homogeneity of variances within groups (Barletts' test).
TextSentencer_T85 11514-11550 Sentence denotes The signi®cance level was set at 5%.
TextSentencer_T85 11514-11550 Sentence denotes The signi®cance level was set at 5%.
TextSentencer_T86 11551-11628 Sentence denotes LV speci®c antibodies were detected from 1 week after LV inoculation in IPMA.
TextSentencer_T86 11551-11628 Sentence denotes LV speci®c antibodies were detected from 1 week after LV inoculation in IPMA.
TextSentencer_T87 11629-11722 Sentence denotes This response peaked on 7 weeks after LV inoculation (titre log 4.6) and declined thereafter.
TextSentencer_T87 11629-11722 Sentence denotes This response peaked on 7 weeks after LV inoculation (titre log 4.6) and declined thereafter.
TextSentencer_T88 11723-11817 Sentence denotes After 15 weeks post-LV inoculation, antibodies against LV (titre log 3.4) were still detected.
TextSentencer_T88 11723-11817 Sentence denotes After 15 weeks post-LV inoculation, antibodies against LV (titre log 3.4) were still detected.
TextSentencer_T89 11818-12001 Sentence denotes PRV VN antibodies were detected from 1 week after PRV vaccination with M141 (gE À PRV-strain), in the LV-PRV and the PRV group, with a virus neutralisation assay (titres log 2.7À3.3).
TextSentencer_T89 11818-12001 Sentence denotes PRV VN antibodies were detected from 1 week after PRV vaccination with M141 (gE À PRV-strain), in the LV-PRV and the PRV group, with a virus neutralisation assay (titres log 2.7À3.3).
TextSentencer_T90 12002-12170 Sentence denotes After challenge with PRV, no increase of the antibody-titres was observed and no difference was observed in the development of the humoral response between both groups.
TextSentencer_T90 12002-12170 Sentence denotes After challenge with PRV, no increase of the antibody-titres was observed and no difference was observed in the development of the humoral response between both groups.
TextSentencer_T91 12171-12324 Sentence denotes In contrast to the antibody-titres against LV, the antibody-titres after PRV vaccination and challenge did not decrease during the experiment (15 weeks).
TextSentencer_T91 12171-12324 Sentence denotes In contrast to the antibody-titres against LV, the antibody-titres after PRV vaccination and challenge did not decrease during the experiment (15 weeks).
TextSentencer_T92 12325-12467 Sentence denotes One week after PRV vaccination, PBMC from PRV-infected pigs proliferated abundantly in vitro in both groups on stimulation with PRV (Fig. 1) .
TextSentencer_T92 12325-12467 Sentence denotes One week after PRV vaccination, PBMC from PRV-infected pigs proliferated abundantly in vitro in both groups on stimulation with PRV (Fig. 1) .
TextSentencer_T93 12468-12644 Sentence denotes The proliferation of PBMC tended to be higher (but not statistically signi®cantly) in the PRV group (50,587AE36,565 CPM) than in the LV-PRV group (18,042AE19,888 CPM) (P<0.09).
TextSentencer_T93 12468-12644 Sentence denotes The proliferation of PBMC tended to be higher (but not statistically signi®cantly) in the PRV group (50,587AE36,565 CPM) than in the LV-PRV group (18,042AE19,888 CPM) (P<0.09).
TextSentencer_T94 12645-12710 Sentence denotes The response peaked 2 weeks after PRV vaccination in both groups.
TextSentencer_T94 12645-12710 Sentence denotes The response peaked 2 weeks after PRV vaccination in both groups.
TextSentencer_T95 12711-12895 Sentence denotes In the LV-PRV group the lymphoproliferative response declined 1 week later, whereas in the PRV group the lymphoproliferative response remained high for 3 weeks and declined thereafter.
TextSentencer_T95 12711-12895 Sentence denotes In the LV-PRV group the lymphoproliferative response declined 1 week later, whereas in the PRV group the lymphoproliferative response remained high for 3 weeks and declined thereafter.
TextSentencer_T96 12896-13028 Sentence denotes The proliferation was signi®cantly higher (P<0.05) in the PRV group than in the LV-PRV group in weeks 4 and 5 after PRV vaccination.
TextSentencer_T96 12896-13028 Sentence denotes The proliferation was signi®cantly higher (P<0.05) in the PRV group than in the LV-PRV group in weeks 4 and 5 after PRV vaccination.
TextSentencer_T97 13029-13174 Sentence denotes In contrast to the VN antibodies, the lymphoproliferative response increased after challenge with wild-type NIA-3 virus ( Fig. 1) in both groups.
TextSentencer_T97 13029-13174 Sentence denotes In contrast to the VN antibodies, the lymphoproliferative response increased after challenge with wild-type NIA-3 virus ( Fig. 1) in both groups.
TextSentencer_T98 13175-13324 Sentence denotes This secondary lymphoproliferative response started 1 week after challenge in the PRV group and 2 weeks after challenge in the LV-PRV group (P<0.05).
TextSentencer_T98 13175-13324 Sentence denotes This secondary lymphoproliferative response started 1 week after challenge in the PRV group and 2 weeks after challenge in the LV-PRV group (P<0.05).
TextSentencer_T99 13325-13500 Sentence denotes After PRV challenge, the speci®c proliferation of PBMC to PRV stimulation was consistently and signi®cantly lower, in the LV-PRV group than in the PRV group (P<0.05) (Fig. 1).
TextSentencer_T99 13325-13500 Sentence denotes After PRV challenge, the speci®c proliferation of PBMC to PRV stimulation was consistently and signi®cantly lower, in the LV-PRV group than in the PRV group (P<0.05) (Fig. 1).
TextSentencer_T100 13501-13505 Sentence denotes 3.3.
TextSentencer_T100 13501-13505 Sentence denotes 3.3.
TextSentencer_T101 13506-13546 Sentence denotes Time course of cytolytic activity 3.3.1.
TextSentencer_T101 13506-13546 Sentence denotes Time course of cytolytic activity 3.3.1.
TextSentencer_T102 13547-13594 Sentence denotes Indirect killing after LV and PRV inoculations:
TextSentencer_T102 13547-13594 Sentence denotes Indirect killing after LV and PRV inoculations:
TextSentencer_T103 13595-13932 Sentence denotes When PBMC from the PRV and LV-PRV group were stimulated in vitro with NIA-3 virus, PRV-speci®c killing (i.e. killing of PRV-infected L14 cells and killing of uninfected L14 cells) increased between weeks 3 and 6 after PRV vaccination (up to 30% of PRVinfected target cells were killed compared with up to 15% of uninfected target cells).
TextSentencer_T103 13595-13932 Sentence denotes When PBMC from the PRV and LV-PRV group were stimulated in vitro with NIA-3 virus, PRV-speci®c killing (i.e. killing of PRV-infected L14 cells and killing of uninfected L14 cells) increased between weeks 3 and 6 after PRV vaccination (up to 30% of PRVinfected target cells were killed compared with up to 15% of uninfected target cells).
TextSentencer_T104 13933-14151 Sentence denotes In both groups, PRV-speci®c killing by these cells was detected for a period of at least 6 weeks after challenge; (up to 35% of PRV-infected target cells were killed compared with up to 15% of uninfected target cells).
TextSentencer_T104 13933-14151 Sentence denotes In both groups, PRV-speci®c killing by these cells was detected for a period of at least 6 weeks after challenge; (up to 35% of PRV-infected target cells were killed compared with up to 15% of uninfected target cells).
TextSentencer_T105 14152-14215 Sentence denotes K562 cells were only poorly killed (10% after PRV vaccination).
TextSentencer_T105 14152-14215 Sentence denotes K562 cells were only poorly killed (10% after PRV vaccination).
TextSentencer_T106 14216-14447 Sentence denotes The PRV-speci®c killing was higher at 3 weeks after PRV vaccination and 5 weeks after PRV challenge 19AE3 and 24AE6%, respectively, in the PRV group, compared to 7AE4 and 6AE9%, respectively, in the LV-PRV group (P<0.05) (Fig. 2) .
TextSentencer_T106 14216-14447 Sentence denotes The PRV-speci®c killing was higher at 3 weeks after PRV vaccination and 5 weeks after PRV challenge 19AE3 and 24AE6%, respectively, in the PRV group, compared to 7AE4 and 6AE9%, respectively, in the LV-PRV group (P<0.05) (Fig. 2) .
TextSentencer_T107 14448-14527 Sentence denotes However, later after PRV vaccination the killing was comparable in both groups.
TextSentencer_T107 14448-14527 Sentence denotes However, later after PRV vaccination the killing was comparable in both groups.
TextSentencer_T108 14528-14636 Sentence denotes K562 cells were poorly killed in both groups (up to 20% in the PRV and LV-PRV group 1 week after challenge).
TextSentencer_T108 14528-14636 Sentence denotes K562 cells were poorly killed in both groups (up to 20% in the PRV and LV-PRV group 1 week after challenge).
TextSentencer_T109 14637-14817 Sentence denotes On day 10 after PRV vaccination, directly used PBMC from the PRV group killed the PRV-infected L14 cells more ef®ciently (30AE5%) than PBMC from the LV-PRV group (18AE7%) (P<0.05).
TextSentencer_T109 14637-14817 Sentence denotes On day 10 after PRV vaccination, directly used PBMC from the PRV group killed the PRV-infected L14 cells more ef®ciently (30AE5%) than PBMC from the LV-PRV group (18AE7%) (P<0.05).
TextSentencer_T110 14818-14968 Sentence denotes In contrast, on day 18 after PRV vaccination, PBMC from the PRV and LV-PRV group killed the PRV-infected L14 cells equally well (14AE5%) and (11AE4%).
TextSentencer_T110 14818-14968 Sentence denotes In contrast, on day 18 after PRV vaccination, PBMC from the PRV and LV-PRV group killed the PRV-infected L14 cells equally well (14AE5%) and (11AE4%).
TextSentencer_T111 14969-15007 Sentence denotes No killing of K562 cells was detected.
TextSentencer_T111 14969-15007 Sentence denotes No killing of K562 cells was detected.
TextSentencer_T112 15008-15178 Sentence denotes Pigs from the LV-PRV group had fever after inoculation with LV from days 3 to 6 after LV inoculation and again after PRV vaccination on days 17 and 18 after LV infection.
TextSentencer_T112 15008-15178 Sentence denotes Pigs from the LV-PRV group had fever after inoculation with LV from days 3 to 6 after LV inoculation and again after PRV vaccination on days 17 and 18 after LV infection.
TextSentencer_T113 15179-15257 Sentence denotes In contrast, pigs from the PRV group had no fever after vaccination (Fig. 3) .
TextSentencer_T113 15179-15257 Sentence denotes In contrast, pigs from the PRV group had no fever after vaccination (Fig. 3) .
TextSentencer_T114 15258-15309 Sentence denotes Pigs from both groups had no fever after challenge.
TextSentencer_T114 15258-15309 Sentence denotes Pigs from both groups had no fever after challenge.
TextSentencer_T115 15310-15353 Sentence denotes LV was isolated from sera from 4 pigs (n6).
TextSentencer_T115 15310-15353 Sentence denotes LV was isolated from sera from 4 pigs (n6).
TextSentencer_T116 15354-15444 Sentence denotes LV was isolated on day 3 (2 pigs), day 10 (1 pig) and day 24 (1 pig) after LV inoculation.
TextSentencer_T116 15354-15444 Sentence denotes LV was isolated on day 3 (2 pigs), day 10 (1 pig) and day 24 (1 pig) after LV inoculation.
TextSentencer_T117 15445-15514 Sentence denotes No PRV was isolated from OPF of both groups after challenge with PRV.
TextSentencer_T117 15445-15514 Sentence denotes No PRV was isolated from OPF of both groups after challenge with PRV.
TextSentencer_T118 15515-15618 Sentence denotes The mean daily weight gain did not differ after LV and after both PRV inoculations between both groups.
TextSentencer_T118 15515-15618 Sentence denotes The mean daily weight gain did not differ after LV and after both PRV inoculations between both groups.
TextSentencer_T119 15619-15766 Sentence denotes Pigs had no clinical signs of PRRSV disease after LV inoculation (except fever) and no clinical signs of Aujeszky's disease after PRV inoculations.
TextSentencer_T119 15619-15766 Sentence denotes Pigs had no clinical signs of PRRSV disease after LV inoculation (except fever) and no clinical signs of Aujeszky's disease after PRV inoculations.
TextSentencer_T120 15767-15924 Sentence denotes Results showed that a PRRSV infection prior to a PRV vaccination caused differences in the level and time course of the cellular immune response against PRV.
TextSentencer_T120 15767-15924 Sentence denotes Results showed that a PRRSV infection prior to a PRV vaccination caused differences in the level and time course of the cellular immune response against PRV.
TextSentencer_T121 15925-16092 Sentence denotes The lymphoproliferative response tended to be quicker (not signi®cantly) and longer (2 weeks) (P<0.05) in the PRV group than in the LV-PRV group after PRV vaccination.
TextSentencer_T121 15925-16092 Sentence denotes The lymphoproliferative response tended to be quicker (not signi®cantly) and longer (2 weeks) (P<0.05) in the PRV group than in the LV-PRV group after PRV vaccination.
TextSentencer_T122 16093-16248 Sentence denotes This lymphoproliferative response was also quicker (1 week) and consistently higher in the PRV group than in the LV-PRV group after PRV challenge (P<0.05).
TextSentencer_T122 16093-16248 Sentence denotes This lymphoproliferative response was also quicker (1 week) and consistently higher in the PRV group than in the LV-PRV group after PRV challenge (P<0.05).
TextSentencer_T123 16249-16480 Sentence denotes Furthermore, when we used in vitro PRV-stimulated PBMC, the cytolytic response against PRV reached a maximum in week 3 after PRV vaccination and week 5 after PRV challenge in the PRVgroup, whereas the LV-PRV group did not (P<0.05).
TextSentencer_T123 16249-16480 Sentence denotes Furthermore, when we used in vitro PRV-stimulated PBMC, the cytolytic response against PRV reached a maximum in week 3 after PRV vaccination and week 5 after PRV challenge in the PRVgroup, whereas the LV-PRV group did not (P<0.05).
TextSentencer_T124 16481-16573 Sentence denotes Later after vaccination and challenge, the cytolytic response was comparable in both groups.
TextSentencer_T124 16481-16573 Sentence denotes Later after vaccination and challenge, the cytolytic response was comparable in both groups.
TextSentencer_T125 16574-16845 Sentence denotes The same kinetics of the cytolytic response against PRV vaccination with M141 was described in an other study (De Bruin et al., 1998) , which indicates that the LV-PRV group in this study did not reach a maximum level in the cytolytic response, whereas the PRV group did.
TextSentencer_T125 16574-16845 Sentence denotes The same kinetics of the cytolytic response against PRV vaccination with M141 was described in an other study (De Bruin et al., 1998) , which indicates that the LV-PRV group in this study did not reach a maximum level in the cytolytic response, whereas the PRV group did.
TextSentencer_T126 16846-17029 Sentence denotes When PBMC were used directly, we also observed a signi®cantly higher cytolytic response against PRV on day 10 after PRV vaccination in the PRV group than in the LV-PRV group (P<0.05).
TextSentencer_T126 16846-17029 Sentence denotes When PBMC were used directly, we also observed a signi®cantly higher cytolytic response against PRV on day 10 after PRV vaccination in the PRV group than in the LV-PRV group (P<0.05).
TextSentencer_T127 17030-17193 Sentence denotes These results indicate a mild immunosuppressive effect by the PRRSV infection on the development of a cellular immune response after PRV vaccination and challenge.
TextSentencer_T127 17030-17193 Sentence denotes These results indicate a mild immunosuppressive effect by the PRRSV infection on the development of a cellular immune response after PRV vaccination and challenge.
TextSentencer_T128 17194-17405 Sentence denotes An explanation for this lower T-lymphocyte response may be that PRRSV infects monocytes and macrophages, which may hamper ef®cient antigen-presentation and thereby suppressing the ability of PBMC to proliferate.
TextSentencer_T128 17194-17405 Sentence denotes An explanation for this lower T-lymphocyte response may be that PRRSV infects monocytes and macrophages, which may hamper ef®cient antigen-presentation and thereby suppressing the ability of PBMC to proliferate.
TextSentencer_T129 17406-17622 Sentence denotes Although PRRSV clearly affected the time course of the cellular immune response against a PRV infection, no effect on the humoral response against PRV was detected after vaccination and challenge in the LV-PRV group.
TextSentencer_T129 17406-17622 Sentence denotes Although PRRSV clearly affected the time course of the cellular immune response against a PRV infection, no effect on the humoral response against PRV was detected after vaccination and challenge in the LV-PRV group.
TextSentencer_T130 17623-17914 Sentence denotes This ®nding is in contrast to Brun et al. (1994) , who observed an enhanced secondary humoral response after an in¯uenza challenge, and Albina et al. (1998) and Molitor et al. (1992) , who also observed an enhanced humoral response after challenge with PRV, after an earlier PRRSV infection.
TextSentencer_T130 17623-17914 Sentence denotes This ®nding is in contrast to Brun et al. (1994) , who observed an enhanced secondary humoral response after an in¯uenza challenge, and Albina et al. (1998) and Molitor et al. (1992) , who also observed an enhanced humoral response after challenge with PRV, after an earlier PRRSV infection.
TextSentencer_T131 17915-17983 Sentence denotes It is possible that PRRSV infection stimulates the humoral response.
TextSentencer_T131 17915-17983 Sentence denotes It is possible that PRRSV infection stimulates the humoral response.
TextSentencer_T132 17984-18198 Sentence denotes However, an explanation for this discrepancy is that we used a very potent vaccine strain, inducing protection and no increase of antibody-titres (Kimman et al., 1992 (Kimman et al., , 1994 De Bruin et al., 1998) .
TextSentencer_T132 17984-18198 Sentence denotes However, an explanation for this discrepancy is that we used a very potent vaccine strain, inducing protection and no increase of antibody-titres (Kimman et al., 1992 (Kimman et al., , 1994 De Bruin et al., 1998) .
TextSentencer_T133 18199-18431 Sentence denotes We could not detect differences in protection against a PRV challenge between both groups, but a negative effect of a PRRSV infection on protection after PRV vaccination can not be excluded when less potent vaccine strains are used.
TextSentencer_T133 18199-18431 Sentence denotes We could not detect differences in protection against a PRV challenge between both groups, but a negative effect of a PRRSV infection on protection after PRV vaccination can not be excluded when less potent vaccine strains are used.
TextSentencer_T134 18432-18691 Sentence denotes However, the M141 vaccine strain was used, because this strain induced a high cellular immune response (De Bruin et al., 1998) and eventually negative effects of a PRRSV infection on the development of the cellular immune response could be measured very well.
TextSentencer_T134 18432-18691 Sentence denotes However, the M141 vaccine strain was used, because this strain induced a high cellular immune response (De Bruin et al., 1998) and eventually negative effects of a PRRSV infection on the development of the cellular immune response could be measured very well.
TextSentencer_T135 18692-18782 Sentence denotes No weight loss or differences in mean daily weight gain were observed between both groups.
TextSentencer_T135 18692-18782 Sentence denotes No weight loss or differences in mean daily weight gain were observed between both groups.
TextSentencer_T136 18783-18862 Sentence denotes Furthermore, no PRV was excreted after challenge indicating optimal protection.
TextSentencer_T136 18783-18862 Sentence denotes Furthermore, no PRV was excreted after challenge indicating optimal protection.
TextSentencer_T137 18863-19161 Sentence denotes The only observed clinical signs were fever for 4 days after LV inoculation and again 2 days after the PRV vaccination in LV-PRV group. van Reeth et al. (1994) also described fever and more clinical signs after dual infections of PRRSV with porcine respiratory coronavirus and swine in¯uenza virus.
TextSentencer_T137 18863-19161 Sentence denotes The only observed clinical signs were fever for 4 days after LV inoculation and again 2 days after the PRV vaccination in LV-PRV group. van Reeth et al. (1994) also described fever and more clinical signs after dual infections of PRRSV with porcine respiratory coronavirus and swine in¯uenza virus.
TextSentencer_T138 19162-19416 Sentence denotes Although we measured fever after LV inoculation and PRV vaccination, we could not detect clinical signs of Aujeszky's disease after vaccination with M141 (a PRV mutant strain that causes mild clinical signs (Kimman et al., 1994; De Bruin et al., 1998) ).
TextSentencer_T138 19162-19416 Sentence denotes Although we measured fever after LV inoculation and PRV vaccination, we could not detect clinical signs of Aujeszky's disease after vaccination with M141 (a PRV mutant strain that causes mild clinical signs (Kimman et al., 1994; De Bruin et al., 1998) ).
TextSentencer_T139 19417-19557 Sentence denotes Obviously, even though pigs were recovering from the earlier PRRSV infection, the PRV mutant strain M141 could not cause Aujeszky's disease.
TextSentencer_T139 19417-19557 Sentence denotes Obviously, even though pigs were recovering from the earlier PRRSV infection, the PRV mutant strain M141 could not cause Aujeszky's disease.
TextSentencer_T140 19558-19725 Sentence denotes Thus, although T-lymphocyte responses were diminished against PRV, and pigs had some fever in the LV-PRV group, pigs were clinically protected against a PRV challenge.
TextSentencer_T140 19558-19725 Sentence denotes Thus, although T-lymphocyte responses were diminished against PRV, and pigs had some fever in the LV-PRV group, pigs were clinically protected against a PRV challenge.
TextSentencer_T141 19726-19889 Sentence denotes In conclusion, we demonstrated that a PRRSV infection prior to a PRV vaccination mildly affects the level and time course of the T-lymphocyte response against PRV.
TextSentencer_T141 19726-19889 Sentence denotes In conclusion, we demonstrated that a PRRSV infection prior to a PRV vaccination mildly affects the level and time course of the T-lymphocyte response against PRV.
TextSentencer_T142 19890-20043 Sentence denotes Despite this difference, the PRRSV infection did not in¯uence the capacity of the gE À PRV strain to induce protection against a wild-type PRV challenge.
TextSentencer_T142 19890-20043 Sentence denotes Despite this difference, the PRRSV infection did not in¯uence the capacity of the gE À PRV strain to induce protection against a wild-type PRV challenge.