CORD-19:a5293bb4f17ad25a72133cdd9eee8748dd6a4b8d JSONTXT 8 Projects

A1 Pirfenidone inhibits TGF-b1-induced extracellular matrix production in nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts Abstract purpose of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy of, and suggest a regimen for, oral steroid in the treatment of CSU patients who were refractory to a high dosage of antihistamines. We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients diagnosed with urticaria between Feburary 1, 2012, and December 31, 2014 . A total of 98 patients with CSU were included. Of these, 16 patients (16.3%) were antihistamineresistant and prescribed a 2-week course of steroid. Thirteen patients (81.2%) were successfully controlled with antihistamines only after stopping the first course. Second course of steroid induced remission additionally in two patients (12.5%). No adverse events and complications associated with oral steroid were observed over the study period. This study demonstrated the excellence of a 2-week course of oral corticosteroid in antihistamine-resistant CSU and propose standardized corticosteroid treatment regimen. The altered distribution of follicular t helper cells may predict a more pronounced clinical course of primary sjögren's syndrome Margit Zeher Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary, Debrecen, Hungary World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A3 Recent studies emphasized the important role of follicular T helper (T FH ) cells, which contribute to B-cell differentiation, as well as antibody production. The aim of our study was to investigate the possible role of T FH cells in the pathogenesis of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). In the first part of the study, we focused on the periphery by analyzing immune-competent cells and serological markers. We enrolled 50 pSS patients and 16 healthy controls in the study. Patients had elevated ratio of peripheral T FH cells, however, when dividing patients into two groups defined by the presence of extraglandular manifestations (EGMs), only patients with EGMs differed from controls significantly. Moreover, T FH cell percentages correlated positively with both activated T cell and Tr1 cell values, but T FH cell percentages showed negative correlation with both IgM and IgG memory B cell proportions. Elevated T FH percentages were observed in the anti-SSA/SSB positive patients. In the second part, we concentrated on the site of the inflammation, and determined the composition of lymphocyte infiltration in labial salivary gland (LSG) biopsies with special emphasis on T FH cells. We selected tissue blocks obtained from 10 patients at the time of disease onset. LSGs were graded based on the organizational level of periductal lymphocytic infiltrates. T FH cell markers occurred predominantly in more organized structures with higher focus scores. The co-expression of CD3 and Bcl-6 markers identified T FH cells close to Bcl-6 + B cells with the typical formation of germinal centers. Systemic features were developed later in the disease course only in patients with more structured infiltrates. Our results indicate that the presence of T FH cells in LSGs at the disease onset may predict a more pronounced clinical course of pSS. We expect that the further understanding of the regulation of T FH cells will provide new potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of pSS patients with EGMs. Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder is one of the most common problems of children and adolescents and is a very common reason for visiting a pediatric psychologist or consultant. This disorder which has a profound effect on the lives of thousands of children and their families manifests in early childhood with symptoms of hyper activity, inattention and impulsivity. In studies conducted in western countries it has been pointed out that there is an association between ADHD symptoms and asthma in asthmatic children, and also the response to asthma treatment in children with ADHD is poor. This study is performed with the aim to evaluate the prevalence of ADHD in children referring to the clinic of Kashan Beheshti hospital. In this case-control study 206 children referred to the pediatric clinic of Kashan Beheshti hospital in the second half of 1388 were evaluated. Spirometery or peak flow metery was used for the diagnosis of ADHD. Using the SPSS software version 19, chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. Result It was found that the prevalence of ADHD in children with asthma is significant higher than control group and increases the risk about five fold more. It was also found that having ADHD does not have a significant correlation with the severity of asthma. Conclusion It was found that asthma is one of the risk factors for developing ADHD, but ADHD is not related to the severity of asthma morbidity. Keywords: Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder, Asthma Case report: A 7 years-old boy with main complaint of blistering all over his body, fever and weak condition. His lips were ulcerated, erythematous, swollen covered with pseudomembran and hemorrhagic crust. There were pruritic hyperpigmented plaques with papilovesicular eruptions at their center (bullous target lesions) covered almost of his whole body. There were also macula erythematous with vesicle and ulceration in his external genital and scrotum. He suffered from blistering since 3 days before admission. The lesion appeared first in the face and mouth, then spreads to the whole body. After that his mucosa of mouth and lips were ulcerated and he had difficulty in swallowing. He had been on medical treatment to a doctor before, but on the 4 th day of illness there were red blotches and vesicles appeared on his body, sore throat and oral thrush. So he admitted in hospital for 3 days, but his condition was getting worse and came to our hospital. The O widal test result was 1/320. The assessment were SJS and suspected Typhoid fever. Treatment were supportive, ceftriaxone and corticosteroid. This patient discharged in a good condition. Summary: Thypoid is one of SJS bacterial etiologies in children. Diagnosis established after clinical examination, serological, epidemiologicallyprevalent and probable infections in country area. Antibiotic is required for SJS caused by infections. with female, unemployment but not associated with lung function in asthmatics. Conclusion: The present study showed that depression was an important risk factor of the prevalence of asthma in Korean adult. These results warrant future studies to explore the mechanisms responsible for the association between depression and asthma. Management of allergic disease exacerbations in pregnancy Yasunobu Tsuzuki Sapporo Tokushukai Hospital, Japan World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A10 Introduction: Allergic disease exacerbations can affect maternal and fetal conditions in pregnancy. Some of allergic disease exacerbations may trigger pregnancy complications, life-threatening events of the mother and fetus. Eventually, it predisposes both them to the risk of severe damages. We report 4 cases of maternal allergic disease exacerbations (food allergy(FA) and anaphylaxis, bronchial asthma(BA), atopic dermatitis(AD), allergic rhinitis(AR), atopic eruption of pregnancy(AEP)), their management is discussed. Case report: Case1: a 31-year-old female in 32 weeks of gestation, with a medical history of BA in childhood, AD, AR, FA, was referred by an otolaryngologist because of persistent moderate-to-severe asthma symptoms, severe AR. We introduced long-acting β2-agonist plus inhaled corticosteroids, short term oral methylprednisolone and nasal corticosteroid. Case2: a 26-year-old female in 25 weeks of gestation, with a medical history of AD, but without a history of any FA or anaphylaxis, was brought to the emergency department because of dyspnea, generalized itchy rash, abdominal pain, and severe uterine contractions after having eaten dinner. She was diagnosed as anaphylaxis and threated abortion. She was immediately treated by epinephrine i.m injection 2 times and obsterician. We disclosed buckwheat allergy as the cause of anaphylaxis. Case3: a 30-year-old female in 27 weeks of gestation, with a medical history of AD, was referred by an obsterician because of her severe AD and AR. She had stopped the medication after her pregnancy, which developed severe AD and AR. We introduced local corticosteroids and nasal corticosteroid. Case4: a 34-year-old female in 31 weeks of gestation, with a medical history of AR and AD during her childhood, came to our hospital because of her severe itchy hives in her both arms and body. She was diagnosed as AEP and was introduced to use local corticosteroids. All mothers and their conditions improved immediately and the baibies of 4 cases were normally delivered without neurological deficiency or congenital malformations. Discussions: Allergic disease exacerbations may be common events during pregnancy, that reduce the maternal QOL and can even develop the potential risks of pregnancy complications, life-threatening events of mother and fetus, severe fetal brain damages. To prevent these situations, we should promote the appropriate therapies and educations to allergic diseases, and encourage the mothers to keep allergic medications, not only during pregnancy but prepregnant period. More investigations toward the pharmacologic management in allergic diseases are necessary to keep pregnant women and newborns healthy. The aim of this study was to establish a mouse model of SCIT mouse model of house dust mite induced atopic dermatitis. Female NC/Nga mice were treated with Dermatophagoides farinae (D.farinae) body extract ointment for 4 weeks to induce atopic dermatitis like skin lesion. Then we separated the mice into 2 groups, control group and immunotherapy (IT) group. Both groups were continuously treated with D.farinae body extract ointment for 4 weeks, however, only immunotherapy (IT) group was treated with 8 injections of D.farinae (100 ug subcutaneouse) twice a week along with D.farinae body extract ointment treatment. Subsequently, clinical severity of skin lesion, histological features, total IgE, IL-4 and IL-10 were measured. We observed that AD-like skin lesions of IT group were milder than control group. In histological examination, epidermis was thinner in IT group than control group. The level of total IgE was decreased in IT group than control group at 3 weeks from the beginning of immunotherapy, while the level of IgG4 was remarkably increased in IT group than control group from the beginning of immunotherapy. Increased level of IL-10 in IT group was observed at 2 weeks from the beginning of immunotherapy than control group. However, there was no significant difference of IL-4 between IT group and control group. In the present study, we have established a house dust mite SCIT mouse model and demonstrated that house dust mite SCIT might improve atopic dermatitis-like skin lesion by decreasing total IgE and increasing the IgG4 and Il-10. Using this model, it will be possible to find novel way to potentiate the effects of allergen immunotherapy. Atopic disease and/or atopy are risk factors for local anesthetic allergy in patients with history of hypersensitivity reactions to drugs? Fatma Merve Tepetam Sureyyapasa Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Training Hospital, Turkey World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A12 Background: There is some concern among physicians that a positive history of adverse reactions to drugs and/or atopic disease remains a risk factor for developing a hypersensitivity reaction to local anesthetics (LA). Objective: In the present study we aimed allergy testing to LA is justified in patients with a positive history of hypersensitivity reactions to drugs additionally by atopy and atopic diseases. Methods: The study was conducted among patients admitted to our allergy clinic who gave a reliable history of urticaria/angioedema, nasoocular symptoms and bronchospasm after ingesting drugs. A standard questionnaire regarding demographic data, history of atopic disease (asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, urticaria) was filled out, total IgE and eosinophil count were assesed for each patient. Skin prick tests (SPT), intradermal test (IDT) and subcutaneus incremental challenge test (ICT) were perfomed step by step with adrenaline free lidokain and prilokain. Results: 239 patients (63men,176 women) with history of drug allergy were admitted. Asthma prevalence, atopy rate and mean total IgE levels are found higher in the study. When we look at the results of skin tests and provocations with LA; while positive results of SPT werent found, 3 of IDT and 4 of ICT were positive. Of the all 4 patients that reacted to LA, had rhinosinusitis and a positive SPT reaction with aeroallergens, 1 patient had also food allergy, 2 patient had asthma. Although eosinofil counts were normal, 2 patient had high level of total Ig E. Conclusion: There is no increased risk requiring performing skin and provocation test for LA in the patients with a history of hypersensitivity reaction to drugs alone but additionally by presence of atopy, atopic disease and multidrug allergy history can increase the risk of LA allergy, the amount of evidence is scarce. Ant allergy is rare comparing bee allergy. Anaphylaxis caused by Brachyponera chinensis is sporadically reported in Far East nations. We experienced such a case. An otherwise healthy 63-year-old woman who developed an anaphylactic reaction in a public open-air bath, some five minutes after an ant stung her hip. She fell down there and experiencing diarrhea, dyspnea and urticaria, and transferred to a hospital, where she recovered with catecholamines and antihistamines. Later, an ant named Brachyponera chinensis (Emery, 1895) , which is often referred as Pachycondyla chinensis, was caught at the same place. Specific IgE against its venom protein was detected in her serum. This is the first case with specific IgE against ant venom proved in vitro in Japan. We explored medline and a Japanese database seeking literature written English or Japanese for anaphylactic cases by ants in Japan and investigated its nature. Including present case, 9 cases (age 20~63, male 5, female 4) with anaphylaxis by ant siting have been reported in Japan since 1987. The numbers of ant stings just before the onset of anaphylaxis were 1 to 3. The intervals between ant stings and onset of anaphylaxis in most cases were less than 15 minutes, except 2 cases without description and 1 case, in which the onset was two hours after the ant sting. Symptoms include wheal and urticaria, diarrhea, dyspnea, and hypotension. As for diagnosis, the causal relationship between ant stings and anaphylaxis was established mainly based on their temporal order. The patients themselves or doctors in charge caught the ants on the same day or later, enabling determination of the ant species. In most cases, the ants were identified as B. chinensis. The proof of IgE antibody against ant protein was done by skin prick test only in 2 cases. Our present case is the first Japanese case in which IgE antibody against B. chinensis protein was directly proved. Epinephrine was used in 5 cases, while only anti-histamine and glucocorticoid were used in other cases with good prognosis. All patients had prior history Background: The etiology of chronic urticaria (CU) remains unknown in most patients. Possible causes in some cases include food, but the role of hypersensitivity to food antigens in patients with CU remains controversial. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between food hypersensitivity and CU in 350 Korean participants. Methods: Patients with CU were assessed for a previous history of food hypersensitivity that caused symptoms of CU. Blood samples were taken from the patients to measure food allergen-specific IgE. Based on history and laboratory results, open oral food challenge (OFC) tests were performed. Results: Of 350 participants, 46 (13.1%) claimed to have experienced previous food hypersensitivity. Pork (n=16) were the main foods mentioned, followed by beef (n=7), shrimp (n=6) and mackerel (n=6). We found that 73 participants (20.8%) had elevated levels of foodspecific IgE, with pork (n=30), wheat (n=25), and beef (n=23) being the most common. However, when the open OFC tests were conducted in 102 participants with self-reported food hypersensitivity or raised levels of food-specific IgE, only four participants showed a positive reaction to pork. Conclusions: Although some participants claimed to have a history of CU related to food intake, when an open OFC test was conducted, few of them had positive results. We therefore conclude that food allergy is an uncommon cause of chronic CU. Dose optimizing study of a depigmented polymerized allergen extract of phleum pollen by means of conjunctival provocation test (CPT) Oliver Pfaar 1 , Angelika Sager 2 1 Center for Rhinology and Allergology Wiesbaden; 2 Leti Pharma Gmbh, Germany Correspondence: Angelika Sager -Leti Pharma Gmbh, Germany World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A17 Background: Clinical efficacy of a depigmented polymerized Phleum pollen extract has been shown in one large phase III studies with 1000 DPP/ml. To date dose-response studies are required to show optimal efficacy of an allergen dose. The conjunctival provocation test (CPT) is an outcome parameter accepted from the regulatory authorities (EMA). Method: 308 (ITT) patients with confirmed rhinitis and/or rhinoconjunctivitis were treated in a double-blind study with 4 doses of 100 DPP/ml, 1000 DPP/ml, 5000 DPP/ml and 10.000 DPP/ml allergen extract over 22 weeks in Germany, Poland, Spain and Czech Republic. A 1-day build-up phase applying 0.1 ml and 2 times 0.2 ml extract was followed by a maintenance period applying 0.5 ml in 3-4 weeks intervals. Before treatment a CPT was performed with increasing doses up to 3 HEP/ml of native Phleum extract, after treatment the CPT was repeated with doses up to 30 HEP/ml. The primary endpoint parameter was the percentage of patients with an increase of allergen extract to provoke a positive CPT after Allergen Immunotherapy (AIT). Secondary parameters were specific IgE, IgG1 and IgG4, Vitamin D baseline level as well as safety. The primary endpoint parameter was investigated using a hierarchic test procedure comparing the highest dose against the lowest, if statistically significant testing the next lower dose against the lowest until the difference was no longer significant. Results: The responder rates in the 100 DPP/mL and the 1,000 DPP/ mL groups were 72.9% and 72.3%, respectively (ITT), in the 5,000 DPP/mL (75.3%) and the 10,000 DPP/mL groups (77.4%). The respective differences to the 100 DPP/mL group were -4.5% for the 10,000 DPP/mL group, -2.5% for the 5,000 DPP/mL group, and 0.6% for the 1,000 DPP/mL group (ITT) . No statistically significant difference was found. For the PP set, similar results were observed. Vitamin D baseline results were low in all groups, but had no influence on the results. Specific IgEs remained stable in all groups whereas specific IgG1 and IgG4 showed dose-dependent increases. Systemic reactions occurred in 12.9% (100 DPP/ml), 10.8% (1000 DPP/ ml), 26.4% (5000 DPP/ml) and 33.3% (10.000 DPP/ml) of patients. 79.4% of SR were Grade 1, 8 .7% grade 2 and 1 grade 3 reaction occurred in the 100 DPP/ml group. Conclusion: We determined increased allergen amounts to obtain a positive CPT after AIT from 1000 -10.000 DPP/ml depigmented polymerized Phleum pollen extract. Since the CPT results did not discriminate the different doses the dose-finding study will be repeated with a different assessment method. Polyketide antibiotics including macrolides are known to affect signalling pathways of transcription factors and regulate a number of genes involved in their potential anti-inflammatory effects but these properties cannot be used in clinical settings due to a risk of bacterial resistance. The aim of our study was to assess the effect of colabomycin E, a new streptomycete-derived secondary metabolite *, on the mRNA expression and release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines from THP-1 monocyte/macrophage cell line and peripheral blood monocytes. Colabomycin E was isolated and purified from the natural producer Streptomyces aureus SOK1/5-04 by extraction of post-fermentation medias and mycelia with organic solvents and multiple subsequent liquid chromatography purification steps and crystallization. Monocytes/macrophages were cultured in RPMI1640 with 10% fetal calf serum and then stimulated with TNF-α (20ng/ml) under serum free conditions in the presence or absence of colabomycin E. The total mRNA was extracted from cultured monocytes/macrophages with RNAeasy Plus Mini Kit (Qiagen) and quantitative RT-PCR (SABiosciences) was used for the evaluation of 84 different gene expressions in TNF alpha and colabomycin E stimulated cultures and compared to unstimulated cells. The concentrations of cytokines and chemokines in culture supernatants of monocytes and THP-1 cells were measured by ELISA or Luminex. In THP-1 cells, Colabomycin E inhibited TNF alpha induced mRNA expression of several proinflammatory genes including IL-1β, IL-6, TLR8, and MyD88. The effect was evident after 4h and 8h cultures and in some of the genes persisted for 24h. Furthermore, colabomycin E downregulated TNF alpha induced IL-1β, IL-6 and chemokine CXCL8/IL-8 release in a dose dependent manner from 0.25μM concentration. The secretion of IL-18 from THP-1 cells was only slightly upregulated by TNF alpha and not affected by colabomycin E. Our data suggest that colabomycin E is a potent transcription inhibitor of proinflammatory cytokines in human mononuclear phagocytes. Supported by IGA MZCR grant NT/13012-4 and by MH CZ -DRO ("Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine -IKEM, IN 00023001"). Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common dermatologic diseases, affecting approximately 20% of children living in industrialized countries. Moreover, approximately 70% of cases of AD affect children less than 5 years of age. Most cases of AD are effectively treated with topical steroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors and intermittent use of immunosuppressive agents, including oral corticosteroids and cyclosporine. However, for recalcitrant AD, continuous use of systemic immunosuppressive agents is limited by severe adverse effects, especially for children. For this subgroup of patients, a few studies testing systemic immunomodulatory drugs have been reported, and high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy has been also intermittently reported to be effective without strong evidences. Herein we report a case of intractable atopic dermatitis in a 5-year-old girl who had a significant clinical improvement after receiving 3 cycles of IVIG treatment (2 g/kg) without notable side effects. Since the first infusion of IVIG, the patient's skin lesions improved steadily and the improvement persisted until the 8-month follow-up. The EASI score decreased remarkably, while the immunologic parameters did not correlate with clinical improvement. IVIG monotherapy is considered especially useful for children with severe AD since its immunoregulatory function is more profound in the relatively immature immune system of children. The mechanisms of action of immunoglobulin may include cytolysis of target cells through complement or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, induction of apoptosis of target cells, blockade of costimulatory molecules, and neutralization of pathogenic antibodies and soluble factors such as cytokines and their receptors, which ultimately lead to amelioration of the inflammatory process. This case suggests that IVIG therapy can be quite effective and safe for children with resistant atopic dermatitis. Wheat allergy is difficult to diagnose then other food allergens Suman Kumar Ent and Allergy Centre(INDIA), India World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A21 Background Wheat allergy is common in children and adults.Skin prick tests and wheat specific IgE tests has low specific value for wheat then other allergens. The challenge tests are to be done to confirm Wheat allergy.It has been noticed that in patients of Wheat allergies the reactions may occur late .In normal food allergen challenges maximum number of reactions are found within one hour of food challenge and others in second hour. In wheat allergen challenge less number of reactions occur in first hour followed by some in second hours and rest occur after 2 hours of test. Objective To see wheather wheat challenge tests have delayed responses in patients of wheat allergy. Methods Database of patients of Wheat allergy attending ENT AND ALLERGY CENTRE(INDIA)PANCHKULA. Retrospective study of wheat allergy patients for last 3 years. Observations 68 patients of suspected wheat allergy were put on Wheat challenge tesrts. 28 were positive, 2 were still not conclusive and 38 were negative. In wheat allergy challenge tests 25% patients showed reactions in 1 st hour. 55% patients reacted in 2 nd hour and 20% reactions occurred after 2 hours. In wheat allergy patients we need to know that reactions can occur even after 2 hours of challenge in comparison with other reallergens in which most reactions occur in 1 st hour of challenge. The effects of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) dietary supplement as an adjunct therapy for children aged 7 to 14 years old with asthma: A randomized -double blind placebo controlled clinical trial Lou Ver Leigh Arciaga Manzon 1 , Pilar Agnes Gonzalez Andaya 2 kDa components of Ag5 and conformational epitope on these subunits. In addition, since the 57kDa component arise from the removal of the C-termainal portion of 22kDa subunit of Ag 5, thus IgE specifically recognized N-terminal of 22 kDa subunit which remain bounded to the other component, whereas IgG reacted with C-terminal of 38 kDa component of Ag5. Conclusion: Recognition of the specific binding site on the 57kDa subunit of Ag5 can lead to understanding the regulating mechanism of IgE/IgG production in some immune circumstances that IgE tends to be dominated, whereas in other IgG is predominated. allergic, local allergic and non-allergic rhinitis by evaluate different levels in RANTES, IL-5, and TNF-α between the nasal polyps and serum from them. Methods: We recruited total 38 adolescents with allergic rhinitis (AR) (n=15, mean age: 17.4±4.2 yrs old), local allergic rhinitis (LAR) (n=9, mean age: 15.9±5.5 yrs old), and non-allergic rhinitis (NAR) (n=14, mean age: 15.6±2.9 yrs old) undergoing polypectomy. Atopic status was defined as presenting a sufficiently high total IgE serum concentration (IgE > 200 IU/mL) and a positive skin prick test or serum allergen test such as MAST (Green cross MS, Seoul, Korea) or ImmunoCAP system (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden). Immunoassays were performed using polyp tissue homogenates and sera to quantify the levels of RANTES, TNF-α, and IL-5, and with sera to assess total IgE, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) produced by them. Results: RANTES levels were higher in LAR than in NAR, but there was no significant difference between AR and NAR. IL-5 and TNF-α levels were higher in AR and LAR than in NAR but IFN-γ levels did not differ. There was significantly correlated between concentration of RANTES between polyp tissue homogenates and serum (R2 =0.51, P<0.05, n=38). IL-5, TNF-α, and IFN-γ also demonstrated positive correlation between concentration of that between polyp tissue homogenates and serum, however, there were not significant. Conclusions: RANTES levels were higher in polyp tissue homogenates from LAR than in those from NAR. Therefore, RANTES probably involves in the pathogenesis of LAR. IL-5 and TNF-α levels were higher in polyp tissue homogenates and sera from AR and LAR than in those from NAR. So IL-5 and TNF-α probably play important role in the pathogenesis of AR and LAR. Tgfβ1 level is associated with VDR gene polymorphism in children with allergy diseases Tatiana Sentsova 1 , Ilya Vorozhko 1 , Olga Chernyak 1 , Vera Revyakina 1 , Anna Timopheeva 1 , Andrey Donnikov 2 Method: Ragweed establishment: 1) Chamber study: Ten plants of ragweed were established in open-top chamber at different concentration of CO2 (380-400, 500-520, 600-620, 1000-1100ppm). 2) Field study: Beginning in March 2012 and 2014, a rural (Pocheon, Kyunggi-do, annual mean CO2: 230ppm) and urban (Kangnam, Seoul, annual mean CO2: 440ppm) locations were established. Seeds of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) and giant ragweed (A. trifida) were obtained from Daejin University from a common seed lot of ragweed. At final harvest, entire plants were collected. To determine qualitative changes in pollen, harvested pollen grains were suspended in 95% ethanol. The crude soluble pollen protein preparations were stored at -20°. Protein content of the extracts was quantified. Concentration of Allergens (common ragweed (Amb a 1) and giant ragweed(Amb t 5) was quantified through use of double sandwich ELISA. Results: 1) chamber study: 1) chamber study: Concentration of Amb a 1 was increased with increased CO2 Conc. (380-400, 500-520, 600-620, 1000-1100ppm: 18.4±5.0, 30.8±13.1, 42.5±11.2, 50 .1±21.2 ng/mL), Concentration of Amb t 5 was increased with increased CO2 Conc. (380-400, 500-520, 600-620, 1000-1100ppm: 22.1±6.8, 36.3±11.6, 48.3±19.5, 64.6±21 .3 ng/mL), 2) Field study: There were not significantly different between Pocheon (CO2 230ppm: 16.0±2.0ng/ mL) and Seoul (CO2 440ppm: 20.3±8.6ng/mL) in Conc. of Amb a 1, also Pocheon (CO2 230ppm: 24.5±6.9ng/mL) and Seoul (CO2 440ppm: 28.3 ±6.2ng/mL) in Conc. of Amb t 5, though Conc. of Amb a 1 and Amb t 5 were increased at Seoul than those at Pocheon. Conclusion: Increased CO2 significantly influence allergenicity and pollen concentration of common ragweed through the chamber and field study. The elementary example given here demonstrates strong probable links between rising CO2 levels and increased allergic diseases. We suggest that urbanization might provide a alternative to current experimental methods evaluating plant responses to climate change. Keywords: Allergens: Plant; Aeroallergens; Allergens: Environmental Control Objective: To observe the dynamic change of specific IgE (sIgE) and specific IgG4 (sIgG4) to house dust mite including Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) and its main components Der p1 and Der p2 after specific immunotherapy (SIT), and to evaluate the effect of its application in clinical monitoring of desensitization. Methods: This study observed the immune indexes of 51 children patients including the serum sIgE and sIgG4 to five periods of pre SIT(Pre)and after SIT (half of year (0.5Y),1 year,2 year(2Y) and 3 year(3Y)). 20 patients by conventional drug treatment were collected as control group. Results: After half of year of SIT, the levels of serum sIgE to Der p, Der p1 and Der p2 increased continuously, however, by then began to decline, after three years treatment, the levels of sIgE to Der p1 and Der p2 were reduced step by step, particularly, sIgE to Der p1 were significantly lower than Pre treatment. The levels of sIgG4 to Der p, Der p1 and Der p2 increased significantly along with the process of SIT. The increasing range of Der p sIgG4 reached to the maximum, followed by Der p1 and then Der p2. The sIgE/sIgG4 ratio of three allergens were decreased after SIT, and the biggest dropped degree was the sIgE/sIgG4 ratio to Der p1. The low age group of children (5 to 8 y) response to immune higher and faster than the high age group of children (9-16 y) after SIT, and the levels of components sIgG4 to Der p1 and Der p2 elevated faster than sIgG4 to Der p. Conclusions: In the early stage of treatment, the levels of Der p, Der p1 and Der p2 to sIgE and sIgG4 in serum by the body in a state of immune stimulating were significantly increased. As the SIT, the levels of sIgE gradually decreased, and the levels to sIgG4 increased, namely the sIgE/sIgG4 ratio reduced gradually, and the biggest declined of sIgE/ sIgG4 ratio was Der p1. the fastest degree to SIT reaction was the low age children with allergies. Effect of Asian dust events on asthma according to the socioeconomic status using claim data in KOREA Yoon-Sung Park Inha University Hospital, South Korea World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A34 Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of Asian dust events on asthma by socioeconomic status using claim data. Methods: Case crossover design was used. This study is based on the national health insurance claim (ICD : J45, J46), air pollutants [PM 10 (μg/m 3 ), CO(ppb), SO 2 (ppb), NO 2 (ppb), O 3 (ppb)] and climate [temperature(°C), humidity(%), visibility(km), wind speed(m/s), air pressure(hPa)] data from 2007 to 2013 in Seoul and Incheon, Korea. The socioeconomic status was classified into health insurance group and medical aid group. The daily maximum value of air pollutants and daily average climate were calculated. The daily numbers of asthma cases on the 'Event' days were compared with 'Control' days. To select event days, 2 criteria were applied: 1) exclude weekends 2) excluded reoccurred Asian dust events on the 14 days before and after the Asian dust event. It was observed for 7 days after the events days. Control days is defined as the 7 days before and after the event days. Log poisson regression was used to estimate the ratio of averaged asthma cases using age, gender, region and climate between event and control days. Results: 7 event days were selected. On the event days, the average numbers of asthma cases were much more than the control days on the gender, age, region and socioeconomic status. However, there was no significant difference statistically. Humidity of the event days was lower (p=0.0950) but wind speed (p=0.0203) and PM 10 (p=0.0376) were higher than control days. The estimated ratio of averaged asthma cases on event days was 0.96 (95% C.I.: 0.95-0.98). According to the socioeconomic status, the ratio of asthma patients during 7 days from 'day +0' to 'day +6' were as follows: 0.96 (0.95 -0.97) on the day +0, 1.27 (1.26 -1.29 ) on the day +1, 1.11 (1.09 -1.13 ) on the day +2, 1.25 (1.23 -1.26) on the day +3, 1.13 (1.12 -1.15 ) on the day +4, 1.06 (1.04 -1.07) on the day +5 and 0.83 (0.81 -0.84) on the day +6 in the health insurance group. Also, in medical aids group, the estimated ratio of the each day were 1.00 (0.94 -1.07), 1.14 (1.06 -1.22), 1.15 (1.06 -1.25 ), 1.18 (1.11 -1.25 ), 1.08 (1.01 -1.15 ), 1.02 (0.94 -1.10) and 0.78 (0.74 -0.83). Conclusion: Asian dust events can worsen asthma and its effects on asthma appear differently by the socioeconomic status. Time lag analysis is needed in studying asthma effect on Asian dust event using claim data. The present study demonstrates dose-dependent decreases of human β-defensin-2 (HBD-2) mRNA and protein levels in keratinocytes following stimulation to TSLP. In addition, this study demonstrated the effect of TSLP on HBD-2 expression in human skin equivalent models. We further investigated the regulatory mechanisms of TSLPreduced HBD-2 expression in primary human keratinocytes. TSLP induced STAT-3 protein expression in primary human keratinocytes. Data from immunohistochemical stain for skin lesions of atopic patients demonstrated the increased expression of STAT-3 than normal skin. HBD-2 was regulated through STAT-3-dependent pathway in keratinocytes. Our results from chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed the direct regulation of TSLP on HBD-2 promoter. Taken together, this study reveals that TSLP stimulation may reduce HBD-2 expression through a STAT-3 dependent mechanism in human keratinocytes. The present study suggests a novel and key role of STAT-3 in TSLP-mediated immune response in keratinocytes. Moreover, it would be helpful for understanding the pathologic signal transduction in AD. Effects of anti-IgE on IL-4, and CD19, 20, 200 Aim: Netherton syndrome (NS) is associated with the mutation in the SPINK5 gene, which codes LEKTI (lymphoepithelial Kazaltype related inhibitor), a serine protease inhibitor. LEKTI is expressed in epithelium, mucosa, and thymus. It is localized in the stratum granulosum of normal skin. NS is a rare genodermatosis characterized by autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, unknown etiology, ichthyosiform cutaneous changes, atopic diathesis, and alterations in the hair shaft. As a result of aging coupled with immune deficiency, clinical symptoms may vary. Materials and methods: A 20-year-old white Caucasian male presented to our Allergy-Immunology Unit with pruritus of the face and feet, skin desquamation, and sparse and thin hair. Dermatological examination demonstrated brittleness and scaling of the hairs, eyebrows, and eyelashes; erythema and desquamation of the cheeks; pinkish-red macules with scales; hypopigmented macular lesions on the ichthyosiform skin involving the area beginning from the patella and extending to the distal part of the leg; and lichenified, erythematous plaques with patchy fissures in both antecubital and popliteal regions. Microscopic examination of the material collected from the nails showed no fungal components. Subungual hyperkeratosis, discoloration, and destruction were noted in the toe nails. Patient presented to our clinic with sparse and brittle hair along with pruritic, erythematous, and scaling cutaneous lesions. Patient underwent a clinical examination and laboratory analyses. Based on the clinical and laboratory findings, patient diagnosed with Netherton syndrome. Results: Laboratory analyses yielded normal results except for a leukocyte count of 7,300/μL, CRP of 25.6 mg/mL (normal range:0-5 mg/ mL) and a total IgE of 31700 IU/mL (normal range:0-100 IU/mL) and IgG of 20g/L(normal range:7-16), IgA of 4g/L(normal range:0.7-4), IgM of 0.9g/L(normal range:0.4-2.3) and cow's milk,mite,grass, egg, hazelnut, orange, wheat, strawberry allergy were detected in the specific IgE studies. Anti nuclear antibody, hepatitis markers, HIV and rheumatoid factor were negative in patient. Renal function tests, complement-4 (C4), C3 levels were within normal ranges. During omalizumab treatment and after a short-term (4 months) treatment with omalizumab, he had a decreased CRP, IL-4, IL-5, IL-17, IL-1β and CD19-20, CD200 and had an increased CXCL8 levels. Conclusion: NS, peeling skin syndrome type B, and skin dermatitismultiple severe allergies-metabolic wasting syndrome are 3 autosomal recessive disorder resulting from aberrant regulation of epidermal desquamation. To our knowledge, this is the first time an association between omalizumab use and NS has been documented. As a conclusion allergic skin symptoms (pruritus, erythema, desquamation) and mucosal symptoms were decreased in patient. Augmentation of arginase 1 expression exacerbates airway inflammation in murine asthma models Sehyo Yune 1 , Jae-Won Paeng 2 , Mi-Jung Oh 3 , Byung-Jae Lee 1 , Dong-Chull Choi 4 , Young Hee Lim 5 , Kyoung Won Ha 6 , Jin-Young Lee 7 1 Samsung Medical Center; 2 Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; Purpose After I first joined at 1996 AAO-HNSF Annual Meeting in Washington, DC as residency, I became interested in high resolution nasal endoscopy and I planned study design for allergic rhinitis patients. Research diagram of DANYOUNG classification consist of the study design, with the three periods at 20 years strategic plan. Using digital HD 3chip endoscopy, digital HD Flexible videoendoscopy and 3chip endoscopy, DANYOUNG classification 2015 update is achieved by better objective visual data files. Method From Jun 2001 to Apr 2015, nasoendoscopic video data files were collected from allergic rhinitis patients. Nasoendoscopic video system is consist of stryker digital HD 3chip video camera system 1488 model, kay pentax digital HD Flexible videoendoscopy VNL-1190STK model and stryker 3chip video camera system 888, 988, 1088 model. Video data storage system is consist of stryker SDC-pro, SDC-HD, SDC3 recording system and NAS-LG system. Result DANYOUNG classification hypothesis based on surface change of allergic rhinitis patient's inferior turbinate mucosa.This classification consist of 3 stages. Stage 1 is hypertrophy state. Stage 2 is dimple state. Stage 3 is wrinkle state. A clear definition of stage is more characterized under digital HD endoscopic evaluation. Especially, irreversible change of nasal mucosa such as dimple and wrinkle shape is confirmed again. Conclusion DANYOUNG classification has very simple, objective advantage and useful on early diagnosis of allergic rhinitis. When OMU-CT is using together for allergic rhinitis patient, this staging is clear more than. DANYOUNG classification 2015 update can related on ARIA 2010 update, can be one in the future. Background: Although many patients with allergic rhinitis have symptoms due to sensitization with more than one kind of allergens, and mixed allergen extracts are widely used for immunotherapy, there are few published trials. Methods: We performed a 1-year single-centre cohort study of subcutaneous immunotherapy using house dust mite extract, weed pollen extract, or mixed house dust mite/weed pollen extract in 44 allergic rhinitis patients. All the allergens responsible for the symptom of each patient were included in his immunotherapy. Quality of life was evaluated with the Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) before and after 1-year immunotherapy. Results: After 1-year subcutaneous immunotherapy, RQLQ score of the house dust mite group 1.02±0.82(n=12)was significantly better than baseline RQLQ score 2.25±1.29 (p=0.024) ; RQLQ score for the weed pollen season of the weed pollen group 1.53±1.13 (n=21)was significantly better than baseline level 3.08±1.22 (p=0.000); RQLQ score for the weed pollen season of the mixed house dust mite/ weed pollen group 1.78±1.02 (n=11) was significantly better than baseline level 2.92±1.25 (p=0.004), RQLQ for ordinary times of the mixed house dust mite/weed pollen group 0.62±0.62 (n=11) was significantly better than baseline score 1.23±0.84 (p=0.002). The reduction of RQLQ score in the house dust mite group was 1.23±1.63, and 1.55±1.24 in the weed pollen group after 1-year treatment. In the mixed house dust mite/weed pollen group, RQLQ for ordinary times deceased by 0.60±0.47, with no difference compared to the house dust mite group (p=0.224); RQLQ for the weed pollen season decreased by 1.14±1.01, with no difference compared to the weed pollen group (p=0.358). Conclusions: There was no significant difference between the effect on quality of life of the mixed house dust mite/weed pollen extract immunotherapy and the effect of the house dust mite extract or the weed pollen extract immunotherapy. The efficacy of multi-allergen immunotherapy was not weaker than that of single-allergen immunotherapy. Background: Accumulating evidence suggests that desertification and climatic variability can contribute to increased desert dust formation in the air. Desert dust has been shown to exert adjuvant effects in animals. Objective: To examine if desert dust enhances allergic symptoms in real-life settings and to investigate its effect modifiers. Methods: We conducted a cohort study for 3,327 pregnant women during spring and fall in the period spanning October 2011 to May 2013 in three regions in Japan as an adjunct study of the Japan Environment & Children's Study. We timely acquired participants' daily symptom scores by sending a web-based questionnaire on high Background: There has been no nationwide population-based investigation of relationship between allergic rhinitis (AR) and mental health in Korea. Objective: To evaluate the association between AR and mental health status in the general adult Korean population. Also, to investigate relative burden of AR on mental health using Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) classification. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed by using data of 11,154 individuals 19 years old or older, collected through the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2011 to 2012. Univariate analysis was conducted on Healthy, AR groups with weighted prevalence of demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status and comobid diseases. Subanalysis classifying AR severity according to the ARIA classification was carried out to evaluate the relationship of AR severity with mental health. The odds ratios (ORs) for each components representing mental health status were estimated by multiple logistic regression analyses with confounder adjustment. Results: Univariate analysis with Chi-square test after adjusting age, sex, BMI, smoking status, alcohol use status and exercise status, components representing mental health status showed linear trend with the severity of AR according to ARIA classification. Stress, depressive mood, suicidal thought, psychological consultation factors were correlated with AR after adjusting demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status. Even after adjusting comorbid allergic diseases the correlation remained significant with stress, depressive mood, psychological consultation factors (OR [95% CI]; 1.227 [1.042, 1.445 ], 1.368 [1.095, 1.71 ], 1.804 [1.096, 2.969] ). Conclusion: Patients with AR appear to be at a higher risk for mental health disorders in the general adult Korean population. Moreover, persistent or severe AR was correlated with poor mental health. Therefore, better control of AR may be conducive to better mental health and more attention should be paid to the psychological status of AR patients. Oscillometric bronchodilator response in 3 to 5 years old healthy and asthmatic Filipino children Gemmalyn Esguerra, Emily Resurreccion, Kristine Elisa Kionisala, Jenni Rose Dela Cruz Philippine Children's Medical Center, Philippines Correspondence: Gemmalyn Esguerra -Philippine Children's Medical Center, Philippines World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A48 Background: Assessment of respiratory function is vital in the diagnosis and monitoring of children with asthma. Measurement of response to bronchodilator (salbutamol) is ideal for children 3-5 years old because it is not effort dependent, less invasive and requires less cooperation from the patient. Objectives: To compare the change in oscillometric parameters after inhalation of a beta 2-agonist among healthy and asthmatic children aged 3 to 5 years old using impulseoscillometry. Methods: The respiratory impedance at baseline and after 15 minutes of one dose of Salbutamol nebulization was measured with the impulse oscillometry(IOS) using the VIASYS (Healthcare ,Leibnizstr. Hoechberg Germany)at resistance at 5Hz and 20 HZ and reactance at 5HZ in 310 children aged 3-5years old. For the calculation of threshold or cutoff values, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were drawn and was determined by the Youden index (J = max{sensitivity + specificity -1}). Partial correlation study was done among multiple parameters to determine best positive correlation for diagnosis of asthma. Results: Fifty-six (18.1%) asthmatic subjects and 254 (81.9%) healthy subjects were able to complete the study. Mean percent (standard error of the mean) baseline pre bronchodilator indices for asthma were 1.21 ± 0.02 kPa/L/s for Z5Hz; 1.15 ± 0.02 kPa/L/s for R5Hz; 0.83 ± 0.01 kPa/L/s for R20Hz and -0.37 ± 0.01 kPa/L/s for X5Hz. In normal healthy subjects, the baseline mean values were 1.09 ± 0.01 kPa/L/s for Z5Hz; 1.04 ± 0.01 kPa/L/s for R5Hz; 0.79 ± 0.01 kPa/L/s for R20 Hz and -0.31 ± 0.01 kPa/L/s for X5Hz. In mean percent change initial values of asthmatics were -29.03% ± 0.73 for Z5Hz; -28.77% ± 0.81 for R5Hz; -22.96 % ± 0.97 for R20 Hz and 36.91 % ± 1.62 for X5Hz. Cut off values for bronchodilator response in diagnosing asthma using the percent change initial were as follows: -19.98% for Z5Hz with sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 96%; -21.25% for R5Hz with sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 98%; -13.96 % for R20 Hz with sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 78% and -24.25 % for X5Hz with sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 88%. Percent initial change of Z5Hz and R5Hz (r = 0.938, p<0.001) are significantly correlated. Values at baseline and postbronchodilator on the different IOS parameters were significantly higher in the asthmatic group. A postbronchodilator change of -20% in Z5Hz and -21% in R5Hz from the initial has strong positive correlation for the diagnosis of asthma. The computed percent change post-bronchodilator for Z5Hz and R5Hz are the best parameters that showed better accuracy in terms of specificity and sensitivity in the diagnosis of asthma using impulse oscillometry in our population. Background: To determine if EoE patients with concomitant seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis improve with aeroallergen immunotherapy (IT). Methods: We present a case series of 3 Caucasian patients with a history of atopy and EoE based on characteristic clinical symptoms, EGD findings, and esophageal biopsy. One had oral allergy syndrome. None of the patients had peripheral eosinophilia. Two had seasonal exacerbations of their EoE symptoms. These patients were all started on aeroallergen immunotherapy for atopic disease other than EoE. Results: In this small group of aeroallergen and food sensitized adult patients, we demonstrated a lack of improvement in clinical symptoms of EoE with aeroallergen immunotherapy while making no modifications in diet or oral medications. It is difficult to ascertain improvement due to the lack of a validated adult symptom score and inherent restraints of repeat esophageal endoscopy due to cost and procedural risks. It is also unclear if the biopsy always accurately reflects disease activity. There are several limitation of this small sample which includes absence of a control group, no statistical validity, and possible selection bias. Conclusions: We would like to continue further evaluation of the prevalence of aeroallergen sensitized adults with EoE and will consider a similar evaluation of pediatric patients. We will review further data at an attempt to isolate a population in which improvement with aeroallergen immunotherapy may be successful in improving control of EoE without aggressive dietary modifications or medication management. Background Eczema herpeticum (EH) is a widespread herpes simplex virus infection, most often presenting as complication of atopic dermatitis (AD). Along with increased incidence of AD, the number of patients of EH seems to be increased over the years. However, population-based epidemiologic data on EH are insufficient because of its rarity. We aimed to evaluate the epidemiologic trends of EH in Korean during last 10 years, comparing those with prevalence of AD. Methods A retrospective analysis was carried out for patients diagnosed with EH between January 2005 and December 2014 at a single tertiary hospital in Korea. Variables of interest included age, sex, season of onset, treatment, outcomes, recurrence, and whether they had underlying AD or not. The prevalence of AD at the same period was investigated by the years. Total 1,043 episodes of EH in 621 patients were diagnosed during ten years. The number of EH episodes per patient was 1.68 (range 1 -6) , with more than one episode in 288 patients. Mean age at onset was 23.4 years, and sex ratio was M:F = 1:1.4. The patients who had recurrent episodes tend to be older (25.9 years) than those with EH episode only once (21.3 years), and there was no significant difference of sex ratio between two groups. Seasonal variation of onset was not found. Duration of treatment was 7.8 days, and most of treatment (93.7%) included systemic antiviral agent. Eleven patients were hospitalized and improved by intravenous antiviral agent, but six of them showed recurrence after discharge. Majority of patients with EH had underlying AD except only four patients. At the same period, total 33,692 patients were diagnosed as AD in our clinic, with continuous increase of prevalence annually. The ratio of EH/AD was 1.83% in average, and it was steadily decreased by years: 2.52% in 2005, 1.36% in 2014. EH was more commonly complicated in old age, showing significantly increased EH/AD ratio above 30 years old. Conclusions EH is not a rare complication of AD, affecting about 2% of AD patients. While the prevalence of AD is increased over the years, total number of EH patients was little changed, leading to slight but continuous decline of EH/AD ratio. As patients getting older, EH could be more commonly complicated in AD, and show more recurrent course than in younger patients. Specific sublingual immunotherapy in Korean patients with atopic dermatitis Byung Soo Kim 1 Background: Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) with house dust mites (HDM) preparation has recently been proven to be beneficial for treating allergic rhinitis and asthma. However, there has been no report regarding the efficacy and safety of SLIT in Korean patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of SLIT in Korean patients with AD. Methods: A total of 34 patients with AD and IgE-proven HDM sensitization (Class ≥ 3) were recruited from Pusan National University Hospital between July 2011 and September 2014. Patients were treated with SLIT for at least 12 months. Eczema area and severity index (EASI) score, total serum IgE level, results of specific IgE assays to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D. farinae, and adverse effects were recorded at each scheduled visit. "Responder" was defined as a patient with ≥ 30% improvement in EASI score after SLIT. Results: Twenty-three patients continued SLIT for 12 months or more, and 11 patients (32.4%) dropped out because of exacerbation of dermatitis or were lost to follow-up. The average duration of SLIT treatment was 22.4 months (range, 12-32 months). EASI scores reduced significantly after 12 months of treatment (p < 0.001) compared with those at baseline. A total of 19 patients (19/23; 82.6%) were determined to be responders to SLIT after 12 months. Total and specific IgE serum levels did not significantly reduce after SLIT. No patients experienced serious adverse events, with the exception of two patients who developed transient lip and tongue swelling. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that SLIT with HDM extracts is effective and tolerable in Korean patients with AD. Further controlled long-term trials are required to reinforce the current results. Background: Bitter taste receptors (TAS2R) in human airway smooth muscle have been recently shown to have an important role in bronchodilation, together with β2-adrenergic receptors. Object: To evaluate the association between genetic variations in TAS2R and clinical features, including bronchodilator response and asthma control. Method: We analysed the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TAS2R10 and TAS2R14 and variables including demographic data, atopy, duration of disease, asthma control status, including variables such as asthma control test (ACT) score, percent predicted value of FEV 1 , forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV 1 /FVC ratio, and bronchodilator response (BDR), in 721 asthma patients in Korea. Result: Three novel SNPs of M207I, H203Q, and -79G/A in TAS2R10 and three known SNPs of -815C/T, -1267A/G, and -1897C/T in TAS2R14 were analysed. Increased BDR was significantly associated with SNP of -815T>C [OR (95% confidence interval (CI)) = 1.88 (1.01 -3.49), p=0.04], -1267 A>G [OR (95% CI) = 2.07 (1.03 -4.15 ), p=0.04] and -1897C>T [OR (95% CI) = 3.05 (1.01 -9.23), p=0.04, and OR=1.91 (1.08−3.36), A kampo formula, ogi-kenchu-to, decreases side-effects of steroid ointment for infantile atopic dermatitis: Three cases report Noriko Yahiro Yashiro Dermatology Clinic, Japan World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A54 Ogi-kenchu-to is one of the traditional Japanese medical system called "Kampo" medicine formulae. It has been reported that Ogi-kenchu-to shows dominant effects of parasympathetic nerve systems, and clinically used as anti-fatigue effect, immune-activation, and relaxation of peripheral capillaries. Here, I report three infant cases of severe atopic dermatitis with impoverish skin which shows a therapeutically promising efficacy by the treatment of Ogi-kenchu-to. Three infants visited my clinic for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. All three infants showed full body atopic skin with high level of IgE and TARC in serum. Two of three cases had erythroderma, and the other one had persistent airway inflammation. Sufficient volume of steroid ointment treatment was necessary for all three patients to prevent atopic march. However, impoverish skin was found in all cases at initial administration because of long-term insufficient management. Since the impoverish skin is caused by chronic inflammation under the continuous activation of eosinophil which controlled by dominant effect of sympathetic nerve systems, Ogi-kenchu-to was an administrated for tree patients in combination with sufficient steroid ointment treatment. After 3-6 months later, both impoverish skin and atopic dermatitis were improved, and the serum level of IgE and TARC was decreased, which resulted in the decrease of the steroid ointment dose. It has been difficult to continue steroid ointment treatment only for atopic infants with the impoverish skin. My cases indicated that Ogi-Kenchu-to might play an important role for the treatment of impoverish skin in patients with intractable atopic dermatitis. Although the efficacy of kampo medicine has not been clarified enough, several immune-pharmacological studies reported that components related Kampo formulae including Ogi-Kenchu-to might effect on the antiallergic actions. In conclusion, the therapy in combination with Kampo formulae might achieve a better response for atopic dermatitis with impoverish skin, thereby should be extended to common use as complementary medicine. To test use of jet nebulizers NE-C802 as a drug delivery system in the children with asthma Amit Agarwal 1 Background: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airway characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing, particularly at night or early in the morning. These episodes are usually associated with variable airflow obstruction within the lungs that is often reversible either spontaneously or with treatment. Methods: Two hundred patients were initially screened in the outpatient clinic, Department of the Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh. Out of the 200 patients, 30 were selected. Informed consent of one of their parents was obtained prior to enrolment into the study. Included patients were also be on daily Budesonide therapy for asthma control and Living in and around Chandigarh. The patients were then assessed every two weeks for symptomatic control of asthma and the participants and their parents were explained and demonstrated about the functioning of the nebulizers. PEFR, Height and Weight measurements were taken at every visit when nebulizer was used. Patients were assessed for improvement or deterioration of symptoms. The study was approved by Institute Ethics Commitee (PGI/IEC/2014/2337). Results: Seventy percent patients/parents/guardians preferred using nebulizer for one of the following reasons: Better symptom control, Decreased frequency of exacerbations or Management of exacerbations can be done at home by increasing the duration of drug delivery through the nebulizer. Thirty percent patients/parents/guardians preferred using spacer because they felt that their children could use a spacer easily as compared to nebulizer. Conclusion: Thirty patients completed eight weeks of inhalation therapy with NE-C802 nebulizers. There were no significant deteriorations in symptoms during the therapy. NE-C802 nebulizer preferred over the use of spacer as a drug delivery system in control the symptoms of Asthma. House-dust mites (HDMs) are important sources of indoor allergens. Our aim was to define the sensitization rate of specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) in Der p and its components and investigate their clinical features in children with allergic disease. We performed a prospective evaluation of 80 HDM sensitized patients with histories of allergic rhinitis (AR), atopic dermatitis (AD), asthma and urticaria (UC). The patients underwent an allergen identification test using ImmunoCAP for total IgE, Der p, Der f, Der p 1, Der p 2, and Der p 10. Results Seventy-nine patients had detectable serum levels of Der p specific IgE, and 80, 66, 63, and 7 patients were sensitized to Der f, Der p 1, Der p 2, and Der p 10, respectively. The level of Der p 1-specific IgE was significantly lower in the UC group than in the AD and AR groups. Total IgE level was significantly higher in the Der p 10sensitized group. Der p 10 serum IgE level was highly correlated with crab and shrimp specific IgE. A significant positive correlation was observed between total IgE and specific IgE to Der p and its components and Der f. Conclusions Sensitization to HDM and its components in our study is similar to that reported in previous studies from temperate climate. There was a significant difference in Der p 1 in patients with UC, AD and AR. Effectiveness of premedication and rapid desensitization in hypersensitivity to l-asparaginase Hwan Soo Kim, Sul Mui Won, Yoon Hong Chun, Jong-Seo Yoon, Hyun Hee Kim, Jin Tack Background L-asparaginase is a crucial chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, hypersensitivity to L-asparaginase is common which limits its usage. We aimed to evaluate the usefulness of premedication and desensitization in Lasparaginase hypersensitivity. We performed 44 cases premedication and 3 cases of desensitization in 16 patients with hypersensitivity to L-asparaginase. With premedication, 33 cases completed L-asparaginase injection with no hypersensitivity reaction. 11 cases showed mild hypersensitivity reaction, such as urticaria. Desensitization was performed in 3 cases: 2 cases were successful and in 1 case, medication was switched to Erwinia asparaginase. Premedication and desensitization appears to be useful in helping patients receive desired dose of L-asparaginase in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Angioedema with Eosinophilia: The First Report from Thailand Thatchai Kampitak Samitivej Sukhumvit Hospital, Thailand World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A58 Background: Angioedema with eosinophilia (AE) is an uncommon form of angioedema. Although its pathogenesis remains unclear, it can be classified into episodic angioedema with eosinophilia (EAE) and nonepisodic angioedema with eosinophilia (NEAE). While EAE has been generally observed in the Western populations, almost all patients with NEAE were Asian, exclusively Japanese and Korean. Previously, AE has never been reported in Thai patients. Methods: A case series of 3 patients with AE from Thailand is described. Results: Three Thai patients with AE were identified during April 2014-March 2015. All but 1 patient were female. The mean age at the onset of symptoms was 32 years (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) (34) (35) (36) (37) (38) (39) . All patients presented with symmetrical swelling of distal extremities without systemic symptoms. No fever or weight gain was observed. Arthralgia and urticaria were present in 1 patient, respectively. No potential triggers were identified except 1 patient had preceding upper respiratory tract infection 1 week prior to the swelling. Previous history of significant medical or allergic diseases was unremarkable in all except 1 patient was hepatitis B carrier and had recurrent eczema. All patients had eosinophilia with the mean eosinophil count of 4,083/mm 3 (1, (6) (7) (8) (9) 420) . Blood chemistries, liver and kidney function tests, inflammatory markers (ESR and CRP) and immunoglobulin levels were within the normal ranges in all patients. Secondary disorders that might be responsible for eosinophilia were excluded. Recurrent episodes of angioedema were observed in 1 patient. Antihistamine was briefly prescribed in 1 patient with coexisting urticaria. All patients had complete spontaneous resolution of symptoms in parallel with the normalization of eosinophil count within few months after the presentation. Conclusions: AE should be considered in young Asian women whose presenting features include peripheral swelling and eosinophilia without constitutional symptoms, internal organ involvement and elevated immunoglobulin levels. Similar to previous reports from Japan and Korea, NEAE is more prevalent in Thai patients than EAE. No corticosteroid therapy is generally required since most patients have a self-limiting disease. Keywords: Hypereosinophilic Syndromes; Angioedema Background: Korean red ginseng (KRG) and ginsenoides have showed several biologic effects in various field including anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects. We aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic effects of KRG on atopic dermatitis murine model. Material and methods: The atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions were induced by percutaneous challenge of 2,4,6-trinitro-1-chrolobenzene (TNCB) on the ear and back of NC/Nga mice. The KRG extract, evening primrose oil, cyclosporine and phosphate-buffed saline were administered orally by gastric tube. The effects of KRG and other drugs were assessed by measuring the clinical severity score, ear thickness, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), the number of scratching counts, total systemic IgE and IL-31 by ELISA, histologic changes of skin, and mRNA expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, TSLP and IL-31. Each study group was divided into scratch-able and non-scratch-able subgroups to evaluate the impact of scratching behavior in atopic dermatitis. Results: Oral administration of KRG significantly reduced clinical severity, ear thickness, and TEWL elevation. The number of scratching counts was also effectively lowered in KRG administered group compared to other treatment groups. The clinical results were also revealed in serologic and histologic changes. In the KRG group, the systemic IgE and IL-31 level was significantly lowered on the last day of the experiment. Histologically, epidermal hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, and hyperplasia and dermal leukocytes and mast cell infiltration were suppressed by KRG. Immunochemistry of TNF-α, TSLP and IL-31 expression and quantitative RT-PCR showed that KRG effectively suppressed proinflammatory cytokines and Th2 response. Additionally, proactive restriction of scratching behavior by physical barrier reduced scratching counts and this improved clinical symptoms. Also, in non-scratch-able group there was lower inflammatory cell infiltration and lower TNF-α, TSLP, Il-31, and IFN-γ expression in the back tissue as well as lower systemic IL-31 level. Conclusion: Therefore, we expect that the oral administration of KRG may control pruritus and skin inflammation by inhibiting the Th2 response. In addition, restriction of scratching behavior in early stage could be helpful in suppressing the itch-scratch vicious cycle and improving the clinical and systemic inflammations. Chronic Spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a vexing problem are also subjected to a huge antihistamine pill burden. The symptoms are more in autoreactive urticaria (AU) where autoantibodies in blood flares-up the condition. Search for newer effective modalities which can reduce pill burden is a felt need. URTICRIA is one of the most challenging therapeutic problems faced by a dermatologists. Auto serum therapy is a Therapy in which repeated injections of autologous serum are administered subcutaneously. Complete absorption is possible in subcutaneous autoseru, therapy.This study evaluates the effectiveness of subcutaneous autologous serum therapy (AST) in CSU and also determines its usefulness in Autoreactive Urticaria. • Single blind, Placebo controlled •parallel group, randomized, controlled study. 24 patients (11M: 13 F) were given subcutaneous AST and • 17 (7 M:10F) patients were given subcutaneous injection normal saline (placebo), along with levocetirizine in an on-demand basis in both groups. • Age group 19-54 years Mean age 29.7yrs • Duration of urticaria 6 months to 80 months • Associated conditions: -Eosinophilia -5 patients -Hypothyroidism -4 patients -Microcyctic Hypochromic anemia -2 patients -Autologous serum skin test +ve -11/24 serum group -7/17 saline group Urticaria activity score (UAS) came down form average 35.74 to 7 at the end of 9 weeks.Saline group did not show reduction in UAS. Daily requirement of antihistamines also came down in serum group. AST is a useful adjunct to antihistamines in CU. The effect persisted even four months after cessation of therapy and thus improves the quality of life. This therapy could be useful in India as cost effective & beneficial (a poor man's biologic!) for chronic urticaria patients. Background: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a lung disease that is caused by hypersensitivity reaction to the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, where its colonization often found in chronic respiratory disease, either in bronchial asthma and lung tuberculosis. History of asthma in ABPA is often obtained from 5-10 years earlier. Lung tuberculosis is often difficult to distinguish with ABPA due to similar radiological features, often found as misdiagnosis in a previous study. Methods: Observational descriptive analytic with cross sectional approach, conducted in Prof. Dr.R.D. Kandou Hospital in Manado, from July-December 2013. Total 75 samples from 3 groups, each 25 samples: moderate-severe persistent asthma, Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) positive lung TB and AFB negative lung TB. Chest x-ray examination, skin prick test (SPT) using A. fumigatus antigen (rapid reaction/type I early and late/8 hours type III), total IgE, and IgG anti A. fumigatus are obtained. Greenberger assessment criterias are used for ABPA. Results: ABPA was found 1.55% (4/258) in moderate-persistent asthma, 0.64% (3/469) in FAB positive lung TB and 0.57% (6/1054) in AFB negative lung TB. Correlation between type I SPT and total IgE showed significant results (p<0.05) in moderate-severe persistent asthma and AFB negative lung TB, but is not significant in AFB positive lung TB, while the correlation between IgG A. fumigatus and type III SPT has very significant (p <0.001) results in all groups; Conclusion: ABPA is found either in asthma or lung tuberculosis patients. Significant correlation between IgG A.fumigatus and type III SPT may indicate SPT to replace IgG A. fumigatus examination which is currently a research kit. SPT examination may be considered as screening of suspected ABPA. Infantile eczema is associated with campylobacter and roseburia subpopulations but not microbial diversity in stool samples of Chinese newborns Ting Fan Leung 1 , Jamie Sui-Lam Kwok 2 , Christine Kit-Ching Tung 2 , Man Fung Tang Background: Gut microbiota is increasingly recognised to play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of asthma, obesity and autoimmune diseases. Faecal microbiome is likely ethnic and diet-specific, but such data is lacking in Asians. This study characterised faecal microbial compositions of Hong Kong Chinese infants. Methods: Random stool samples were obtained from 4-week-old infants with eczema (n=15) and without any allergy (n=15) at 9 months. Genomic DNA extracted by PowerSoil DNA Isolation Kit (MO BIO Laboratories) was sequenced using Ion PGM Seqeuncing 200 Kit v2, Ion 318 TM Chip v2 on Ion PGM System (Ion Torrent). Reads from each patient were filtered for low quality (Phred <20). Microbial diversity was evaluated using Shannon-Weaver diversity index in Swedish (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:434-40) . The taxonomic classification of the reads was assigned by BLASTn. Results: 5 controls had insufficient DNA for sequencing. No significant association was detected between eczema and any bacteria with ≥1% relative abundance, including Bacteroides, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus and Lactobacillus. Among the less abundant genera (relative abundance <1%), Campylobacter was more abundant in cases (median 0.008%, IQR 0.003-0.022%) than controls (median 0.001%, IQR 0.001-0.004%) while Roseburia was less abundant in eczema (median 0%, IQR 0-0.063%) than controls (median 0.055%, IQR 0.002-0.270%). Nonetheless, Shannon-Weaver diversity index of stool microbiota at 4 weeks was similar between infants with eczema and non-allergic controls at 9 months (median [IQR]: 1.28 [0.94-1.93 ] versus 1.47 [1.31-1.80] ; P = 0.698). Comparing microbial compositions in our newborns and Swedish, Escherichia coli was found among top 5 genera only in both our cases and controls whereas enterobacter only in Swedish newborns. Clostridium, parabacteroides and lactobacillus were found only in Chinese eczema and healthy Swedish newborns. Conclusions: Campylobacter and Roseburia appear to be less frequently detected in stool of 4-week-old Chinese infants who subsequently develop eczema. Microbial diversity is not associated with eczema susceptibility. This study confirms ethnic-specific early-life faecal microbial compositions. Background and objectives: Bakery workers are exposed to wheat allergens, bacterial endotoxins and fungus, which interact to induce allergic responses and work-related respiratory symptoms (WRSs). Our previous studies demonstrated that the WRSs of bakery workers were associated with TLR4 polymorphisms as well as Th2 immune responses, indicating a possible involvement of innate immune responses in the pathogenic mechanisms of baker's asthma. We hypothesized that Chitinase in wheat flour may involve in the development of WRS in bakery workers. We measured serum Chitinase level in bakery workers and analyzed associations with TLR4 polymorphisms in a single cohort of bakery workers. Methods: Three hundred eighty three bakery workers and as controls, 106 unexposed healthy subjects were enrolled. WRSs were evaluated using a questionnaire survey. Serum levels of Chitinase, IL-18, MPO and specific IgE/IgG antibodies to wheat flour extracts were measured by ELISA. The promoter polymorphisms of TLR4 at -2027AG and -1608TC were genotyped. Results: Serum Chitinase levels were significantly higher in bakery workers than in unexposed controls (P=0.026), however, no significant differences were noted according to the presence of WRSs and the prevalence of serum specific IgE or IgG antibodies to wheat flour (P>0.05, respectively). The workers carrying TLR4 -2027GG had significantly higher Chitinase levels than those with TLR4 -2027 AA/GG (P=0.021). Haplotype analysis indicated that the workers with ht1 [AT] had significantly higher Chitinase level that those without it (P=0.22). A significant correlation was found between serum Chitinase and IL-18 level (P=0.021), while no significant correlation was found with serum MPO level. Conclusions: These findings suggest that Chitinase may contribute to develop WRSs in bakery workers through the modulation of TLR4 function. Purpose: Nasal polyps (NP) imply a refractory clinical course in a case of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Although, numerous etiologic factors including allergy, infection and hypoxia associate with nasal polyps (NP), the mechanism underlying NP is not fully understood. Previously, we reported that hypoxia-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is frequently observed in Asian NPs, and HIF-1α could be a therapeutic target for nasal polyposis ( Ref 1) . However, the nasal epithelial cells in NP patients are not only exposed to hypoxia but also to diverse types or combinations of inflammatory milieu. So we hypothesized that specific immunologic endotypes could induce or accelerate EMT in nasal epithelial cells, and lead to nasal polyp formation. Methods: Human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC), RPMI2650 and A549 cell lines were used. Immunoblotting, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were done to evaluate EMT markers and signaling molecules in vitro and in sinonasal tissues from CRS patients with or without NP. Boyden transwell system was utilized to measure the capacity of migration. Results: Four different cytokines, IL-5, IL-17, TNF-α and IFN-γ, were treated to both hNEC and RPMI2650 cells respectively, and EMT markers were traced. Among them, IFN-γ could most induce EMT, which was confirmed by the spindle-shape of cell morphology, modest cytoskeleton rearrangement, increased migration potential and EMT marker changes. Mechanistically, IFN-γ-induced EMT via ERK and p38 pathway, which were known as non-smad pathway of EMT. Next, we investigated whether p38 and ERK inhibitors could prevent EMT phenomenon. Actually, both p38 inhibitor (SB203580) and ERK inhibitor (PD98059) suppressed IFN-γ-driven EMT. Finally, we checked IFNγ and EMT marker levels in human nasal mucosa tissues. IFN-γ expression was upregulated in NP mucosa compared with tissues of control and CRS only patients. In addition, this IFN-γ expression was found to correlate with E-cadherin (an epithelial marker) loss and αsmooth muscle actin (a mesenchymal marker) expression. Conclusion: IFN-γ induce EMT in hNEC and this process is critically mediated by ERK and p38 pathway. This study shows that IFN-γinduced EMT is likely to contribute to nasal polyposis in CRS, and suggests that p38 and ERK inhibitors be viewed as a therapeutic target for nasal polyposis. We evaluate the relevance of management and education to anaphylaxis patients and emphasize the importance of education and understanding the disease. One hundred and ninety five patients who visited ER were enrolled from three hospitals. We analyzed clinical features, prior history of anaphylaxis, management and education. For analyzing associated factors with injection of epinephrine, Pearson chi-square test was used by SPSS version 21. Ninety nine (51%) patient visited ER by oneself. Time latency from symptom onset to ER visit was 82±161.5 min. Drug (56.2%) was the most frequency suspicious cause of anaphylaxis. Cutaneous (88.7%) and respiratory (72.7%) symptoms were frequent. Hypotension was presented in 114 (58.8%) patients. 47 (24.2%) patients had history of anaphylaxis and 33 patients had same suspicious cause with current anaphylaxis. Mean observation time in ER was 12±25.7 hrs. Epinephrine was injected in 114 (62%) patients. In 68 patients, epinephrine were injected via muscle with mean dose of 0.3±0.10mg. Associated factor with injection of epinephrine in patients of anaphylaxis was hypotension (p value=0.000). Twenty four patients needed to hospitalize to ICU or ward. Auto-injective epinephrine were prescribed only in 5 patents and just 34 (19%) patients were consulted to allergist in ER and 72 (40%) patients were consulted to outpatient department of allergy. We suggested that management and education of anaphylaxis were not fully carried out in ER. For avoidence of re-experience of anaphylaxis and the education of action plan in emergency state, it is necessary to consult to allergists. Background: Shellfish is the second most common food allergen that causes sensitization in children under 6 years old. Despite its prevalence, clinical management of shellfish allergy is limited to conventional approaches and avoidance. Although tropomyosin has been identified as the major shellfish allergen, no allergen specific immunotherapy (SIT) currently exists to treat or prevent shellfish allergies. To investigate the possibility of DNA vaccines, we constructed two hypoallergens of the shrimp tropomyosin Met e 1: MEM49 and MED171 (Wai et al. 2014 PLoS One 9: e111649) and expressed them in plasmid pCI-Neo. Here we used an established mouse model of shrimp hypersensitivity to examine the immunoprophylactic potential of these two hypoallergen-based DNA vaccines. Methods: 3-4 week old Balb/c mice were randomly divided into five groups (n = 8 per group). Two groups were intradermally injected with 100 μg pCI-Neo clones of MEM49 or MED171 thrice at weekly interval. The remaining groups were injected with naked pCI-Neo or PBS and served as vector, PBS or negative controls. One week after the last injection, all groups (except the negative control mice which were injected with PBS throughout the experiment) were sensitized subcutaneously with Met e 1 adsorbed to Freund's complete and incomplete adjuvant and then orally challenged using a high dose of Met e 1. Blood, spleen and small intestine were collected for antibody, cytokine, gene expression and histological analysis. Results: The PBS and vector control groups displayed typical Th2 responses upon Met e 1 challenge. These mice exhibited high levels of specific IgE and Th2-linked cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13), as well as inflammatory responses (mast cell and eosinophil infiltration, goblet cell hyperplasia) in the gut. In contrast, vaccinated groups did not show any systemic allergic symptoms or inflammatory responses in the gut upon challenge. Met e 1-specific IgE and Th2-linked cytokines in these mice remained at basal levels, with the MEM49-encoding DNA vaccine providing more robust protection against Th2 responses. The protection offered by both vaccines included higher levels of specific IgG2a antibodies that possess both in vitro and in vivo blocking abilities, as well as higher splenic levels of Th1-linked cytokines (IL-12 and IFN-γ). MEM49 vaccination increased expression of TGF-β in the small intestine, while MED171 vaccination increased Foxp3 expression. Conclusions: Hypoallergen-based DNA vaccines could effectively protect against tropomyosin sensitization in mice via the establishment of Th1-oriented responses, recruitment of regulatory T cells, and induction of blocking IgG antibodies. [This work was fully supported by the Health and Medical Research Fund (02130206), HKSAR Government]. The relationship between sputum pentraxin 3 levels and childhood asthma Background: Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is soluble pattern recognition receptor, and acute phase protein that has emerged as a new serological marker reflecting tissue inflammation and damage under diverse diseases. We determined whether sputum PTX3 levels are elevated in patients with childhood asthma. We also investigated the relationship between sputum PTX3 levels and airway inflammation, pulmonary function, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in children. Methods: A total of 260 children (140 patients with asthma and 120 control subjects) were enrolled in this study. PTX3 levels were measured in sputum supernatants with ELISA. We performed spirometrys and methacholine challenge tests while measuring total eosinophil count, and serum levels of total IgE and ECP in all children. Results: Sputum PTX3 concentration was significantly higher in children with asthma (mean ± SE, 1094.55 ± 224.65 pg/mL) than control subjects (mean ± SE, 177.36 ± 30.00 pg/mL, p < 0.001). Positive significant correlations were found between sputum PTX3 and bronchodilator response (r = 0.25, p = 0.013). Sputum PTX3 levels negatively correlated with FEV1 (r = -0.30, p = 0.001), FEV1/FVC (r = -0.27, p = 0.002), FEF25-75 (r = -0.392, p < 0.001). Sputum PTX3 levels also showed significant negative correlation with post-bronchodilator (BD) FEV1 (r = -0.25, p < 0.001) and post-BD FEV1/FVC (r = -0.25, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our results could support that PTX3 is involved in the pathogenesis of asthmatic airway. Sputum PTX3 would be a supportive biomarker reflecting asthmatic airway inflammation and remodeling in childhood asthma. The role of local antibody responses in the nasal inflammation of allergic rhinitis (AR) patients Ji Hye Kim 1 Background and purpose: AR is a common and increasing allergic disease, in which D.farinae is the most common causative allergen. The aim of this study is to compare locally produced antibodies to D.farinae in nasal mucosa between positive and negative responders to nasal provocation test(NPT) to D.farinae and evaluate relationships with the levels of inflammatory mediators. Subjects and methods: Sixty AR patients with went through NPT to D.farinae. The sinus packs were placed into patients' both nasal cavities for 5 minutes to earn nasal secretion after NPT. Total IgE, specific IgE to D. farinae, ECP, IL-8, VEGF and tryptase levels were measured by using ImmunoCAP (ThermoFisher, Uppsala, Sweden). D.farinaespecific IgE, IgA, IgG and secretory IgA antibodies were measured by ELISA. IL-8 and VEGF levels were measured by ELISA kit(Endogen, Woburn, MA and R&D Systems, Inc, Minneapolis, MN, respectively). Results: High levels of total IgE, specific IgE, specific IgG, specific IgA, secretory IgA as well as ECP, IL-8, VEGF and tryptase were detected in nasal secretion, but showed no significant differences between positive and negative responders. Inflammatory mediators including ECP, IL-8 and VEGF were not only detected but well correlated with specific antibodies to D.farinae (P<0.05, respectively). Compared to ELISA method, ImmunoCAP system is more sensitive in detection of specific IgE to D.farinae. Difference between right and left nasal secretion had no statistical significance. Conclusion: These findings confirmed the presence of specific antibodies to D.farinae-sensitive AR patients. Localized antibodies abundant in nasal mucosa may have a role in the nasal inflammation of AR patients sensitized to D.farinae. A case of ofloxacin-induced anaphylaxis by non-IgE, but specific IgG4-mediated responses Daehong Seo 1 , Ji Hye Kim 2 Anaphylaxis induced by ofloxacin has been rarely reported, and its pathogenetic mechanism has not yet been fully understood. This is a report of non-IgE mediated ofloxacin-induced anaphylaxis in a 20year-old female patient who suffered from allergic rhinitis and had a previous history of acute urticaria induced by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. She developed generalized urticaria and anaphylaxis following oral ingestion of ofloxacin. When we measured specific serum antibodies to ofloxacin-human serum albumin (HSA) conjugate using ELISA, a high level of specific serum IgG4 was detected, but serum specific IgE was not detectable. Moreover, a basophil activation test showed a significant up-regulation of CD203c with addition of ofloxacin and anti-IgG4 antibody in the patient with no significant changes in 3 non atopic healthy controls. These findings suggest that ofloxacin can induce anaphylaxis via pathogenetic mechanisms involving non IgE-mediated, but specific IgG4-mediated responses. Serum LTE4 metabolite as a biomarker for aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease Ga Young Ban 1 , Kumsun Cho 2 , Seung-Hyun Kim 1 Background: Provocation tests with aspirin are the most reliable method to confirm the diagnosis of aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD). To date, there is not an appropriate in vitro test to diagnose AERD. Objectives: To further understand the pathogenic mechanisms of AERD and investigate the potential biomarkers for AERD using metabolomics. Subjects and Method: Forty five AERD, 44 aspirin tolerant asthma (ATA) and 28 normal controls were enrolled. Urine and serum samples were collected from all asthma subjects before and after lysineaspirin bronchoprovocation test (Lys-ASA BPT). The metabolites of LTE 4 and PGF 2 α were analyzed using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Results: Baseline serum and urine LTE 4 levels were significantly higher in AERD than ATA (18.14 ± 7.19 pg/ml vs. 14.65 ± 4.39 pg/ ml, P = 0.007; 7.36 ±13.19 pmol/mg creatinine vs. 2.69 ±3.62 pmol/ mg creatinine, P=0.047, respectively). The ROC curve analysis that discriminates AERD from ATA indicated the cutoff value of the serum LTE 4 was 14.5 pg/ml, with 71.1% sensitivity and 52.3% specificity (AUC = 0.651, P = 0.014) which was improved further if combined with serum periostin level (81.4% sensitivity, 63.4% specificity, AUC = 0.761, P < 0.001). However, the ROC curves were not formed using urine LTE 4 level. There were no significant correlations between serum and urine levels of two metabolites. Urine LTE 4 levels were significantly correlated with those of PGF 2 α before and after Lys-ASA BPT (r = 0.562, P < 0.001; r = 0.627, P < 0.001). Baseline urine LTE 4 and PGF 2 α were significantly correlated with fall of FEV 1 % after Lys-ASA BPT (r = 0.463, P = 0.008, and r = 0.610, P <0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Serum LTE 4 level can be a useful serum biomarker for representing the phenotype of AERD considering serum collection is simpler than any other sample collections. Overproduction of LTE4 and mast cell activation can contribute to induce bronchoconstriction to inhaled aspirin in the pathogenic mechanisms of AERD. Local and systemic reactions of dust mite subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) among children in a tertiary care hospital Pilar Agnes Gonzalez Andaya University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine, Philippines World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A71 Background: Allergen-specific immunotherapy is currently the only curative modality in treating allergy. Previous studies have demonstrated that local cutaneous reactions after injection are common. Some reports on life-threatening anaphylactic reactions, further limit its clinical use. Methods: To determine the prevalence of dust mite (Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) subcutaneous immunotherapy reactions among children, 104 pediatric patients with allergic rhinitis and/or bronchial asthma undergoing subcutaneous immunotherapy to dust mites were included. Local (small, large, consecutive, and recurrent) and systemic reactions were recorded. Results: Between January 2008 to August 2013, 104 pediatric patients received a total of 6277 injections. The local reaction rate was 9.38% (CI 8.70-10.12%), small local reaction rate was 2.01% (CI 1.68-2.39%), and large local reaction rate was 7.54% (6.89-8.22%) . The systemic reaction rate was 0.14% (0.06 -0.27%). Consecutive local reactions increase the probability of developing either a small or large local reaction (p<0.001). No significant correlation (p=0.367) between consecutive local reactions and systemic reactions was found. Local reaction rates of patients with a diagnosis of concomitant asthma and allergic rhinitis were significantly higher (p=0.018) than patients with allergic rhinitis alone. Potential risk factors for systemic reactions were bronchial asthma, build-up phase of immunotherapy, and high allergen extract concentration. Conclusion: Majority of the reactions after dust mite (D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus) subcutaneous immunotherapy among children with respiratory allergy were local, with a relatively low local reaction rate at 9.38%. Mild systemic reactions occurred in 0.14% of injections. Consecutive and recurrent local reactions are not presumptive of a systemic reaction. Effects of carboxymethyl glucan (CM-glucan) in children with allergic rhinitis and asthma: A randomized controlled trial Pilar Agnes Gonzalez Andaya University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine, Philippines World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A72 Background: Beta-glucans are known immunomodulators with anticarcinogenic properties. They may cause skewing of the T helper (Th) 2-mediated immune response to a Th1-mediated response, thus having a potential role in decreasing allergic symptoms among patients with rhinitis and asthma. Methods: To evaluate the effect of CM-glucan on allergic rhinitis symptoms and asthma control among children, 50 poly-sensitized children aged 7 to 18 years with allergic rhinitis and asthma were enrolled. Patients were randomized to receive CM-glucan (10 mg per orem bid) or placebo over a period of 90 days. The Total Nasal Symptoms Score (TNSS) and Asthma Control Test (ACT) questionnaires were used to assess symptom improvement at baseline, 2 weeks, and posttreatment. Lung function parameters and nasal eosinophil counts (%) were measured. Results: Out of 50 patients n=26; placebo, n=24) included in the study, 40 patients (CM=glucan, n=20; placebo, n=20) completed the study. After 90-days treatment, CM-glucan significantly improved runny nose (rhinorrhea) (p=0.002). Nasal congestion, itchy nose, post-nasal drip, and sneezing improved in both treatment groups but did not differ significantly (p> 0.05). The mean nasal eosinophil counts (p=0.025) significantly decreased from baseline to post-treatment; however, no significant difference (p=0.486) between the 2 groups was seen. Similarly, CM-glucan significantly improved nocturnal asthma symptoms (wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath)(p=0.020). The mean FVC (p<0.001), FEV1 (p<0.001), FEF 25-75 (p<0.001), and PEFR (p<0.001) significantly increased in both groups, although no difference (p>0.05) was found when comparing posttreatment improvements between the 2 groups. Conclusion: CM-glucan significantly reduces rhinorrhea and nocturnal asthma symptoms among children with allergic rhinitis and asthma. Objective: To investigate the role of autophagy in SA pathogenesis. Method: We enrolled 33 SA patients, 14 non-severe asthma (NSA) patients and 33 normal healthy controls (NC). Autophagy was evaluated in sputum granulocytes and peripheral blood cells (PBCs) using Western blot, confocal microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and flow cytometry. To induce autophagy in vitro, HL-60 cells and primary eosinophil cells were treated with interleukin (IL)-5; A549 cells and primary airway epithelial cells were treated with IL-1β. Results: Increased expression of microtubule-associated protein light chain (LC3)-II was noted in the sputum granulocytes and PBCs from SA group compared to NSA and NC groups. In confocal microscopy, autophagosomes were observed in the eosinophils from sputum granulocytes and PBCs of SA patients. IL-5 induced autophagy in HL-60 cells with increased eosinophil cationic protein expression. When IL-5 was treated on primary eosinophils of SA patients, autophagy expression increased which were not affected by dexamethasone. After treatment of IL-1β on A549 cells and primary airway epithelial cells, autophagy expression and IL-8 production increased which were attenuated by autophagy inhibitors including E64D+Pepstatin A, 3-MA and LY294002, but not by dexamethasone. Atg5-knockdown or Beclin1-knockdown of A549 cells significantly decreased the IL-8 production as well as the LC3-II. Autophagy expression in peripheral eosinophils from SA patients were significantly higher than those from NC (P=0.013). Conclusion: We suggest that autophagy play a pivotal role in SA pathogenesis. The autophagy modulation may be a novel therapeutic target for conventional therapy-resistant SA patients. Aggravation of airway inflammation and hypperresponsiveness following nasal challenge with dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in perennial allergic rhinitis patients without symptoms of asthma Background: To investigate the changes in upper and lower airway inflammation and responsiveness following Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der-p) nasal provocation test (NPT) in Der-p sensitized rhinitis patients without asthmatic symptoms. Methods: Study subjects included 15 non-asthmatic Der-p sensitized rhinitis (AR) patients with airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) (AR +AHR+), 15 AR patients without AHR (AR+AHR-), 15 healthy control (HC) with Der-p sensitization (HC+DP+) and 15 HC without Der-p sensitization (HC+DP-). They underwent Der-p NPT. Nasal lavage and resistance, sputum induction, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ) and airway responsiveness to histamine bronchoprovocation (PD 20 -FEV 1 ) and exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) were performed before and 6 hours after NPT. Number of eosinophils in nasal lavage fluid and induced sputum eosinophils were determined. Results: The nasal airway resistance increased after NPT in subjects of all four groups (P<0.05). FEV1 % predicted decreased in AR+AHR+ patients after NPT (P<0.05). Eosinophils in nasal lavage fluid and sputum increased significantly after NPT in AR+AHR+ and AR+AHR-patients (P<0.001). PD 20 -FEV 1 was decreased and FeNO was increased significantly after NPT only in AR+AHR+ patients (P<0.05), wherease, no significant changes were observed in HC+DP+ and HC+DP-subjects after NPT. The number of eosinophils from nasal lavage was strongly correlated with the sputum eosinophils, the level of FE NO (r=0.737, p=0.000 and r=0.736, p=0.000), and was negatively correlated with FEV 1 , PD 20 (r=-0.287, p=0.026 and r=-0.436, p=0.000). Conclusions: House dust mite nasal provocation test may induce upper and lower airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in patients with persistent allergic rhinitis without asthmatic symptoms. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d in early childhood is non-linearly associated with allergy Emma Merike Savilahti 1 , Outi Mäkitie 1 , Anna Kaarina Kukkonen 2 , Sture Andersson 1 , Heli Viljakainen 1 , Erkki Savilahti 1 , Mikael Kuitunen 1 Thirty diagnosed adult cases (18 Females and 12 Males) of symptomatic dermatographism (on the basis of history and clinical findings) were enrolled in the study after obtaining a written informed constent.Likewise, thirty patients with no active pruritic skin disease were allocated to the control group.Patients on antihistamines, steroids, and otherimmunosuppresants were excluded from the study as were children, pregnant females, and those unwilling to be enrolled. The results of the utility of the Fric test over the traditional ball point pen test were quite remarkable. out of the 30 subjects who had voluntarily enrolled in our study, an astounding 28 (93%) of them displayed a positive Fric test, which is defined as one which produces a wheal of more than 1 centimeter diameter with at least one tip. Unsurprisingly, only 3 (10%) of the 30 individuals generated a positive Fric test (all positive with the 4 mm tip length) in our control group. The comparative results with different tip lengths in patients with a positive Fric test were also recorded and tabulated . As expected, the length of the tip of the instrument positively correlated with the probability of a positive test. All of the subjects were positive with 4 mm length but only 14% showed positivity for the 2.5 mm length. When the same procedure was carried out using a ball point pen on the left forearm, 18 (60%) out of the 30 subjects developed a positive ball point pen test (development of a wheal of more than 1 centimeter diameter within 10 minutes after provocation), whilst a mere 4 (13.3%) out of the 30 individuals developed a wheal in our control group. With the advent of the Fric test, many of drawbacks of ball point pen can possibly be eliminated. Thus the practicing clinician could assess the severity of the disease and the response to treatment without taking recourse to more expensive investigations. Fric test is useful instrument for assessing severity of symptomatic dermographism. Neutrophil autophagy and extracellular trap could contribute to asthma severity Duy Le Pham 1 , Ga Young Ban 1 , Seung-Hyun Kim 1 Background: Previous studies suggested the involvement of activated neutrophils in the pathogenesis of severe asthma; however the mechanisms of neutrophil activation are not fully understood. We hypothesized that neutrophil autophagy and extracellular trap (NET) production may contribute to activate neutrophils in severe asthma. Methods: Neutrophils isolated from peripheral blood of patients with severe asthma (SA, n=34) and non severe asthma (NSA, n=38) were left untreated or treated with IL-8 (100 ng/ml) for 16 hr. Autophagy level was evaluated by microtubule-associated light chain 3 (LC3) expression using Western blot and immunoflruorescent microscopy. NET production was measured by picogreen assay and immunoflruorescent microscopy. The effect of autophagy inhibitors (LY294002 and hydrochloroquine-HCQ) on neutrophil migration was assessed by neutrophil chemotaxis assay using ChemoTX® system. Results: Both naïve and IL-8 treated neutrophils of the SA group produced significantly higher LC3 expressions than those of the NSA group (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). IL-8 treated neutrophils generated significantly higher autophagy levels compared to naïve neutrophils in the SA group (P<0.001), which was not observed in the NSA group. NET production levels from naïve neutrophils were not different between the SA and NSA groups; however, NET levels produced by IL-8 treated neutrophils of the SA group were significantly higher than to those of the NSA group (P<0.01). A significantly positive correlation between autophagy and NET production was observed in both naïve and IL-8 treated neutrophils (P<0.001 for both). LY294002 (20 nM) inhibited LC3 expression while HCQ (10 μM) induced LC3 accumulation by blocking autophagosome degradation; both of which could significantly inhibit IL-8-induced migration of neutrophils (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively). Conclusions: Autophagy and NET could contribute to the severity of asthma. Modulation of autophagy may help to improve asthma severity by reducing neutrophil migration into the asthmatic airways. Redox Modulation for the Treatment of Toluene Diisocyanates-Induced Lung Inflammation Li-Ming Chin, Chi-Chang Shieh National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan Correspondence: Li-Ming Chin -National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A78 Toluene diisocyanates (TDI) is a low-molecular-weight, high reactive chemical that widely used in industry for the production of polyurethane foams, vanish, paint, and isolation material. Workers expose to TDI may cause the occupational asthma and show the mimic symptom as asthma. Several mechanism of TDI-induced occupational asthma has been suggested, indicating that the pathogenesis may be more complex than other types of asthma. One such candidate mechanism is oxidant stress. In our previous investigation, we found that mice lacking leukocyte NADPH oxidase, which produce ROS after activation, may have less lung inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness than wild-type (WT) mice after TDI exposure. These results implicated that TDI exposure may induced oxidant stress in mice lung and cause lung inflammation (Liu et al., 2011) . Therefore, in this study we are testing the use of clinical antioxidant drug, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to treat the mice which suffered from TDI. In our experimental design, we treated the mice with NAC in three different methods: (1) Pre-treatment: The mice were pre-treated with NAC before the sensitization of TDI. (2) Continuously treatment:The mice were treated with NAC continuously during the sensitization of TDI. (3) Post-treatment:The mice were treated with NAC after the sensitization of TDI. Then, we used MDA detection assay kit to determine the oxidant stress. The histological analysis and cytokine profiles screening were performed to determine the inflammation level. Last, we measured mice lung resistance and compliance with FinePointe Resistance and Compliance system. The lung MDA production, which represents the oxidation level, were successfully reduced in each methods of NAC treatment, indicating that NAC treatment successfully reduced the oxidant stress which produced from TDI exposure. Histopathological analysis showed, reduced level of inflammation, lung fibrosis and mucus production after NAC treatment in TDI-induced mice. Moreover, TDI-treated mice with NAC treatment had better lung function parameters than the group without NAC treatment. The treatment of NAC in three different methods could successfully cure the mice suffered from TDI exposure. The mechanism of an antioxidant drug reveals a therapy for TDIinduced occupational asthma. a case of anaphylaxis due to ginseng and Sanyak which were sensitized via inhalation. A 55-year-old woman presented with symptoms of indigestion, abdominal pain, dyspnea and chest discomfort after ingestion of fresh ginseng and hemp juices. She had been diagnosed as having nonallergic asthma and rhinitis. However she had an OA due to various herbal materials such as ginseng and Sanyak powders which were sensitized working as a pharmacist. Serum total IgE level was increased (247KU/L). Serum specific IgE to ginseng was undetectable, but positive to Sanyak extract by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). High serum specific IgG4 to ginseng extract was noted however, serum specific IgG4 to Sanyak was not detected IgE ELISA inhibition test showed significant inhibitions by hemp, not by ginseng, while IgG4 ELISA inhibition test showed significant inhibitions by ginseng, not by Sanyak, indicating that both extracts did not have a cross-reactivity which is comparable with taxonomical classification 4-20% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and IgG4-immunoblot analysis revealed two IgG4 binding components (17kDa, 24kDa). These findings suggest that although IgE or IgG4 sensitization occurs via inhalation routes, repeated exposure via oral route can induce severe food allergy and generalized symptoms such as anaphylaxis. Further additional studies including basophil activation tests with these two extracts will be needed. A retrospective data collection through individual medical record, depending on the presence of EH and hypoalbuminemia, AD children were divided into three groups-EH + (group 1), hypoalbuminemia (group 2) and severe AD (group 3). Results: The male gender was related to the presence of EH (OR, 2.56; 95% CI, 1.19-5.53 , P=0.01), but age were not related. The age was related to the presence of hypoalbuminemia (OR, 3.12; 95% CI, 2.21-6.33, P=0.01), but gender were not related. Serum total IgE and ECP levels were higher in the EH group, but serum total eosinophil count levels were higher in the severe AD. There was a statistical difference between three groups in the skin culture (P<0.05). Even after adjusting for age and gender the correlation between the positive result of skin cultures and the presensce of EH was significant (P<0.01), and MRSA was related to only the EH + group (OR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.04-0.92, P=0.03). Conclusion: We have identified the male gender, the positive result of skin cultures, and MRSA, as factors influencing factors of EH and age is as influencing factors of hypoalbuminemia in AD children. Innate type 2 response to Aspergillusfumigatus in a murine model of atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation. Purpose: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin disease mediated by Th2 cells in acute phase. Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) have a role in initiating Th2 response. We investigated whether ILC2s are involved in the skin inflammation in a murine model of AD-like skin induced by Aspergillusfumigatus (Af). Method: We applied Afcrude extract (40μg) to the dorsal skin of BALB/c mice 5 times a week repeatedly with an interval of 2weeks. Clinical score and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were assessed and histology was examined. The levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-13, IL-17 in skin draining lymph node (LN) and immunoglobulin E (IgE) in serum were measured using ELISA. The mRNA expressions of IL-25, IL-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in the skin were measured using Real-Time PCR. The ILC2s of Lin -CD25 + IL-33R + cells in the skin and LN were analyzed using flow cytometry. Result: The clinical score and TEWL increased in mice applied with Af(Afgroup), compared with control group. Histologic findings showed that epidermal and dermal thickness, and eosinophilic and mast cell infiltration in the skin of Afgroup. The levels of total IgE were increased in the serum of Af group. Moreover, Afgroup showed increased levels of IL-13 in the supernatant from culture of skin draining LN stimulated with Af. The populations of Lin-CD25+ IL-33+cells were increased in the skin of Af group. The mRNA expression of IL-33 was increased in the skin of Afgroup. Background: Sensitive skin is a hyperactive skin condition characterized by sensory symptoms showing exaggerated reactions in response to internal stimulants and external irritants. Recently, using microarraydriven approach, we found that several signaling pathway regulated genes including activin A receptor 1C (ACVR1C) were down-regulated in sensitive skin. ACVR1C, a type I serine/threonine kinase receptor for the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family, is activated by various ligands such as nodal, activin B. Methods: In this study, we investigate the roles of ACVR1C in the pathogenesis of skin hypersensitivity using an in vitro model as well as human skin. Results: ACVR1C mRNA and protein expressions were significantly decreased in sensitive skin compared with non-sensitive skin. A decreased level of pH in sensitive skin can induce an increase of calcium influx through transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1). Indeed, sensitive skin showed excessive calcium accumulation as compared with non-sensitive skin. RD cells transfected with ACVR1C siRNA exhibited markedly enhanced responses in intracellular Ca 2+ concentration following calcium ionophore treatment. Furthermore, knockdown of ACVR1C induced the expression of TRPV1 and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) indicating the causative role of ACVR1C in the pathogenesis of pain in sensitive skin. Finally, we investigated whether stimulation of ACVR1C pathway has a therapeutic potential to alleviate sensitive skin. Intriguingly, treatment of RD cells with Nodal induced a substantial reduction in the Ca 2+ influx and the expression of TRPV1 and CGRP which was increased by knockdown of ACVR1C, supporting the possible therapeutic role of ACVR1C stimulation in sensitive skin. Conclusions: Taken together, our results demonstrate that ACVR1C play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of sensitive skin and the activation of these signaling pathways in vitro successfully reversed pain sensation in RD cells, thereby raising the possibility of a novel therapeutic approach for skin hypersensitivity. Genetic association and eQTL analyses of genes associated with allergy in atopic/non-atopic asthma Background: Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of allergic sensitization or self-reported allergic rhinitis (Ramasamy, JACI, 2011; Hinds, Nat Genet, 2013; Bonnelykke, Nat Genet, 2013) consistently identified nine genomic regions: IL1RL1-IL18R1, LPP, IL2-IL21, TLR1-TLR6, SLC25A46-TSLP, TSLP-WDR36, HLA-DQB1, C11orf30-LRRC32, and CLEC16A. Atopic and non-atopic asthma represent two distinctive subphenotypes, however, the genes involved in atopic/non-atopic asthma have not been studied. Methods: Genetic association analysis of one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) from each candidate region was performed in non-Hispanic white asthmatic subjects from SARP, CSGA, ACRN, and TENOR cohorts (n = 1,209 and 154 for atopic and non-atopic asthma, respectively) using logistic regression model. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis, using linear regression model, of the candidate SNPs was performed in cells from human bronchial epithelial biopsy (BEC, n = 107) and bronchial alveolar lavage (BAL, n = 94) from the SARP cohort (GEO series accession number GSE67940). Results: SNPs in seven genes (IL18R1, LPP, SLC25A46, WDR36, HLA-DQB1, C11orf30, and CLEC16A) were associated with general physician-diagnosed asthma in the GABRIEL study (P = 3.5x10 -12 -4.4x10 -3 ) (Moffatt, NEJM, 2010). In our study, SNPs in five genes (IL18R1, LPP, IL21, TLR6, and C11orf30) were associated with atopic status in asthma subjects (P = 4.6x10 -3 -0.05). SNPs in LPP and IL21 showed opposite risk alleles between asthma and autoimmune diseases. The gene expression pattern between BEC and BAL were distinct. In BAL, rs1464510, rs7696175, rs1043828, rs6906021, and rs7936562 were cis-correlated with mRNA expression levels of LPP, TLR6, TSLP, HLA-DQB1, and C11orf30, respectively (P = 1.1x10 -10 -0.04). Conclusions: Most of the genes associated with allergic sensitization or self-reported allergic rhinitis are also associated with general asthma, indicating shared genetic factors among allergic diseases. IL18R1, LPP, and C11orf30-LRRC32 are associated with atopic asthma and general asthma, however, the association effects (odds ratio) are stronger in atopic asthma. IL21 and TLR6 are associated with atopic status in asthma, but not associated with general asthma, indicating the importance to perform genetic analysis in more homogeneous asthma subphenotypes. Asthma and autoimmune diseases have shared immunopathogenesis pathways but in opposite directions. There is a tissue-specific gene expression regulation. Background: The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), identified as a molecular target for the activation of sensory neurons by various painful stimuli, was reported to play a role in signaling and activation of CD4 + T cells. However, the role of TRPV1 remains poorly understood in allergic rhinitis. Objective: To exploit the role of TRPV1 using TRPV1 antagonist such as N-(4-Tertiarybutylphenyl)-4-(3-cholorphyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine -1(2H)-carboxamide (BCTC) and TRPV1 knockout mice in allergic rhinitis mice models and using samples of patients with allergic rhinitis and to evaluate the molecular mechanism of TRPV1 in CD4+ T cell mediated signaling pathway in allergic rhinitis. Methods: TRPV1 expression was measured in CD4 + T cell and cytokine analysis and T cell receptor signaling pathways were evaluated in BCTC pretreated T cell lines and TRPV1 (-/-) T cells. Allergic parameters were evaluated using TRPV1 antagonists and TRPV1 knockout mice in OVA-challenged mice model. Additionally, TRPV1 expressions were assessed in patients with allergic rhinitis. Results: TRPV1 expression was localized in CD4 + T cell. BCTC pretreatment and TRPV1 knockout suppressed T cell cytokine production and suppressed T cell receptor signaling pathways, including NF-kB, MAP kinase and NFAT signaling in both Jurkat cell line and CD4 + T cells in vitro. TRPV1 antagonists (BCTC and theobromine) significantly reduced allergic parameters such as symptoms, totaland ova-specific IgE levels in the mice model of allergic rhinitis. In TRPV1 knockout and BCTC treated mice, nasal eosinophil infiltration and nasal mucosal cytokines transcriptional activities were decreased, when compared OVA-challenged wild-type mice. In human nasal mucosa, TRPV1+ inflammatory cells was frequently observed. TRPV1/CD4 double positive inflammaotry cells were increased in nasal mucosa in patients with allergic rhinitis as compared with non-allergic rhinitis and normal controls. Conclusion: TRPV1 activation on CD4 + T cells is involved in TCR signaling and could be a novel therapeutic strategy in allergic rhinitis. Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) has a wide range of clinical aspects, and comorbid allergic diseases may accompany. We aimed to identify rhinitis phenotypes in school children and to predict the prognosis of developing bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR). Methods: As a part of Children's HEalth and Environmental Research (CHEER) study, a prospective follow-up study for 4 years with every 2 year interval, 2,491 children aged 6 to 14 years-old were enrolled in the first survey. Among them, 512 children had current rhinitis, defined as parental-reported doctor-diagnosed rhinitis and having rhinitis symptoms in the last 12 months. Variables including age, sex, body mass index, parental allergic history, income, maternal education level, AR treatment during the last 12 months, environmental tobacco smoking exposure, total serum IgE levels, eosinophil percentage, diagnosis of atopic dermatitis and asthma, lung function tests, BHR to methacholine and skin prick tests were used in the latent class analysis. Results: We identified 4 phenotypes of rhinitis as the best fit in this study. Cluster types were characterized as "non-atopy with low socioeconomic status" (33% of sample, Cluster 1), "atopy with normal lung function" (39%, Cluster 2), "atopy with impaired lung function" (14%, Cluster 3), and "non-atopy and high socioeconomic status" (15%, Cluster 4). Total serum IgE levels and serum eosinophil percentages were highest in cluster 3. Children in cluster 3 showed highest prevalence of new development of BHR during 4-year follow-up (P=0.039). Conclusions: From rhinitis phenotypes, rhinitis cluster with high atopy and impaired lung function in children is associated with new development of BHR. This finding suggests that identification of distinctive rhinitis phenotype will help to prevent the progression of new development of BHR in the aspect of allergic march. Background: Anaphylaxis to food, drugs and diagnostic reagents have been increasingly reported in adult patients; however, its pathogenic mechanisms or an efficient diagnostic test have not been settled. Basophil activation test (BAT) using two activation markers, CD203c and CD63, has been readily used to assess basophil activation status. Considering that mast cell/basophil play an important role in anaphylaxis, we evaluated the basophil activation status using CD203c and CD63 expressions in anaphylaxis patients compared to allergic patients without anaphylaxis. Method: 41 patients with various allergic diseases including asthma/ rhinitis, chronic urticaria as well as anaphylaxis and 23 normal healthy controls (NC) were enrolled in the study. Allergic patients were divided into two groups: anaphylaxis (n=13) and non-anaphylaxis groups (n=28), based on the presence of anaphylaxis to different drugs, foods and diagnostic reagents. BAT using CD203c and CD63 expression was performed in baseline and after stimulation with anti-IgE or calcium (Ca 2+ ) ionophore. The BAT is based on double staining with anti-CD123 and anti-HLA-DR and subsequent determination of the percentage of activated basophils by flow cytometry. Results: Baseline % expressions of both CD203c (30.28±23.10 vs. 13.76 ±14.60, P=0.036) and CD63 (17.67±20.48 vs. 3.31±3.73, P=0.028) on basophils were significantly higher in anaphylaxis group compared to NCs, while no differences were noted in non-anaphylaxis group. When the positive cutoff value for a positive BAT result was defined as mean +2SD of CD203c expression, positive BAT rate tended to be higher in anaphylaxis group (38.46%) than in non-anaphylaxis group (17.85%, P=0.20), while no differences were noted in CD63 expression levels. There were no significant differences in baseline % expressions of CD203c and CD63 or those induced by anti-IgE/Ca 2+ ionophore according to age, sex, atopic status, total IgE and ECP levels. Conclusion: These findings suggest that increased basal activation status of basophils may contribute to develop anaphylaxis in adult patients regardless of atopy status, serum total IgE and ECP levels. BATs with applying each allergen will be useful to confirm the causative agent. Clinical values of interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assays for management of antibiotic hypersensitivity in hospitalized patients Suda Sibunruang 1 , Jettanong Klaewsongkram 2 1 Chulalongkorn University, Thailand; 2 Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Chulalongkorn University Correspondence: Suda Sibunruang -Chulalongkorn University, Thailand World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A88 Background Antibiotic hypersensitivity in hospitalized patients is a challenging dilemma, as sometimes a thorough history might not be sufficient to identify the culprit agents. Vulnerable conditions often hamper investigational in vivo tests. Meanwhile, the decision of which drugs to be further continued or substituted is urgently needed. Enzyme-linked Immunospot (ELISPOT) assay has previously shown effectiveness in detecting drug-specific T cell response. Thus, we conduct this study to assess the role of ELISPOT for management of antibiotic hypersensitivity in clinical setting. The medical records of inpatients who were diagnosed or developed non-immediate allergic reactions to antibiotics and underwent Interferon-gamma ELISPOT assay at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok between 2012 and 2015 were retrospectively determined. Total 60 patients were evaluated (mean age 55.7 years, range 7-96 years), 33 (55 %) were female. Twenty-eight patients (46.7%) had underlying diseases including hematologic malignancy, solid tumor cancer, HIV infection, or autoimmune diseases. Fifteen (25%) individuals were concurrently on systemic corticosteroids. The majority of subjects (49.1%) experienced maculopapular exanthems (MPE), while 36.7 % had severe cutaneous adverse reactions. The mean duration from drug intake to the onset of symptoms was 8 days and the mean interval from symptoms onset to the collection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was 9.5 days. In most cases, the number of drugspecific IFN-gamma secreting cells was later analyzed with ELISPOT by incubating PBMCs with the culprit drugs or potential alternative drugs. Beta -lactams occupied 70.8% of the analysis. Penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems were the most frequently suspected compounds. The number of drug-specific IFN-gamma secreting cells more than 20 spot-forming cells/10 6 (PBMCs) was considered a positive test. Among those examined for responsible drugs, 22 of 48 tests (45.8%) yielded positivity. The proportion of positive outcomes was 66.7% in acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, 46.2% in MPE, 40.0% in drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms and lowest in Stevens Johnson syndrome (16.6%). Subsequently, twenty-four persons underwent drug challenges test. All were able to tolerate their alternative medications of which ELISPOT displayed negative results. Providing excellent negative predictive value and favorable sensitivity in particular T cell-mediated reactions, IFN-gamma ELISPOT might be applicable to confirm antibiotic hypersensitivity in patients with a history of non-immediate reactions and reduce further allergic risk prior to receiving potential allergenic drug. March, 2006 to April, 2014 at Sagamihara National Hospital. The oral food challenge (OFC) was administered in either 2 divided doses in a 1 hour interval or 3 divided doses in 30 minute intervals. After each challenge, the patient was observed for at least 3 hours. At any sign of subjective or objective symptoms deemed clinically significant, the challenge was terminated and necessary treatment was provided. We had measured patients' almond specific IgE within one year of the challenge. Patient characteristics, positive rate of OFCs, and symptoms induced by OFCs were retrospectively analyzed. C) Results: The age range of the 145 subjects was from 1.0 to 16.0 years (median, 7.0 years). There were 103 male (71%) and 42 female (29%) patients. Median almond specific IgE ranged from less than 0.35 to 68.1 kU A /L (median, 2.84 kU A /L). Almond had been eliminated from the children's diet due to an immediate reaction to almond in 10 (6.9%) patients, due to a positive almond specific IgE in 117 (80.7%) patients, and for other reasons such as anxiety of parents in 18 (12.4%) patients. None of the 10 patients with a history of an immediate reaction to almond had experienced a case of anaphylaxis. Associated atopic disorders were atopic dermatitis in 72 (50%) patients, asthma in 35 (24%) patients, allergic rhinitis in 52 (36%) patients, and allergic conjunctivitis in 35 (24%) patients. OFC was positive in 7 (4.7%) of 145 patients. Symptoms in positive OFCs were oral mucosal symptoms in 5 patients, cutaneous symptoms in 3 patients, and gastrointestinal symptoms in 2 patients. There was no case of anaphylaxis. In the 4 patients who required treatment, only a dose of oral antihistamine was needed. In the comparison of OFC positive and negative patients, a significant difference was seen in history of an immediate reaction to almond (43% vs 5%, p=0.007). No significant difference was seen in other factors including almond specific IgE (1.38 kU A /L vs 2.84 kU A /L, p=0.33). D) Conclusions: The only risk factor of a positive almond challenge was a history of an immediate reaction to almond. OFCs should be performed in patients sensitized to almond to confirm the diagnosis, especially in those patients without a history of an immediate reaction to almond. Effect of creatine supplementation in fish allergenic potential; A proteomics study Objectives: In this study we tested a specific formulated diet supplemented with creatine to decrease the expression of β-parvalbumin (main fish allergen) in the muscle of Sparus aurata (S. aurata). The effects of creatine in the muscle proteome were also analyzed. Methods: Aquaculture allows fish to be farmed under strict controlled conditions. However, knowledge on how farming practices can be used to modulate fish allergenicity is inexistent. Creatine is a nitrogenous organic acid that occurs naturally in vertebrates and helps to supply energy to cells, primarily muscle. Creatine was verified to reduce in 75% the expression of parvalbumin in rat skeletal muscle [1] . A trial was performed with S. aurata using 3 different concentrations of creatine (2%, 5% and 8%) that were added to a control diet (no creatine supplementation) and tested in tanks of 25 individuals in triplicate. At the end of the trial, plasma and muscle were individually collected for further analysis. Creatine levels in muscle samples were analysed. Cortisol was measured in plasma to address fish welfare/stress levels. Parvalbumin detection in muscle samples was studied using both proteomics and Western Blot techniques and an ELISA commercial kit (Bio-Check, UK). Comparative proteomics was performed on muscle samples to study differences in protein expression between the various treatments and further understand the effect of creatine in fish metabolism. To address this we used 2D Difference Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE). Differences in expression were analysed using the Samespots software (Totallab). Proteins with significant differences (P<0.05) were excised manually and identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF. Results: Cortisol levels are similar to basal levels reported for S. aurata, although the treatment with 8% creatine shows a significant reduction compared with the control diet (p=0.03). Parvalbumin concentrations show no significant differences between the treatments. Creatine concentrations in muscle show a slight decrease in fish fed with supplemented diets. Comparative proteomics in muscle show some differences in protein expression submitted to diets supplemented with creatine. The four protein spots identified as parvalbumins show no significant differences in expression. Proteins differentially expressed are currently being identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF. Conclusion and current work: No accumulation of creatine was found in muscle of fish fed with diets supplemented with creatine. The tested creatine percentages in fish diets did not significantly affect S. aurata allergenic potential. Current work involving new formulated diets and/ or different fish species is underway. We expect in a near future to develop a specific fish diet that will target the expression of fish parvalbumins in order to reduced its allergenic potential. Reference [1] Gallo, M., et al. 2008 . Am J physiol, 294, R1319-R1328. Flagellin modulates the function of invariant NKT cells via dendritic cells in asthma patients Jae-Uoong Shim 1 , Young Il Koh 1 , Joon Haeng Rhee 2 , Ji-Ung Jeong 1 1 Chonnam National University, South Korea; 2 Chonnam National University Hospital Correspondence: Jae-Uoong Shim -Chonnam National University, South Korea World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A92 Backgrounds: Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells play a critical role in the pathogenesis of asthma. We previously reported the association between blood Th2-like iNKT cells and lung function in asthma patients and the suppressive effect of Toll-like receptor 5 ligand flagellin B (FlaB) on asthma in a mouse model. Objective: We investigated whether FlaB modulates the function of blood iNKT cells in asthma patients. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were treated with FlaB and then iNKT cells-derived and intracellular cytokines were determined by ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively, following the stimulation with a-galactosylceramide (a-GalCer). Foxp3 + iNKT cells were measured. To determine the effect of FlaB-treated dendritic cells (DCs) on iNKT cells, CD14 + monocyte-derived DCs and T cells from patients with house dust mite-sensitive asthma were co-cultured, in which intracellular cytokines of iNKT cells were determined. In some experiments, IL-10R mAb was used. Results: FlaB treatment reduced the productions of IL-4 and IL-17 from iNKT cells in PBMCs cultures, which effects were ameliorated following the addition of IL-10R mAb. FlaB-treated DCs decreased the frequencies of IL4 + and IL-17 + iNKT cells, which effects were eliminated after the addition of IL-10R mAb. In contrast, Foxp3 + iNKT cells were induced by FlaB treatment, which effect disappeared after the addition of IL-10R mAb. Conclusion: FlaB may inhibit Th2-and Th17-like iNKT cells and enhance Foxp3 + iNKT cells via DCs in an IL-10-dependent fashion in asthma patients. In patients with asthma phenotype in association with iNKT cells, FlaB will be the effective immunomodulator for iNKT cell-based immunotherapy. Background: Allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, has been used since the 1960s for gout, hyperuricaemia associated with treatment for malignancy and renal calculi due to hyperuricosuria. It is known as the leading cause of severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions (SCARs) comprising Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS)/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) and HyperSensitivity Syndrome (HSS)/Drug-Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) (Halevy et al. 2008) . In Vietnam, we observed a high prevalence of allopurinol-induced SCARs, likely due to both its common use and the high prevalence of HLA-B*5801 (6.5% -Hoa et. al. 2008) . The role of viral activation in SCARs is well established. We reviewed patients with allopurinol-induced SCARs to reveal possible non-genetic risk factors. Methodology: The clinical history, examination findings and results of laboratory investigations in eighty-eight confirmed cases of SCARs caused by allopurinol seen between 2011 and 2014 were surveyed. Results: A total of 88 patients comprised 33 SJS (37.5%), 3 TEN (3.4%) and 52 HSS/DRESS (59.1%). The mean age was 59.9±14.4 years (median 57.5) (SJS/TEN: 57.92±15.02 vs HSS/DRESS: 61.33±13.887, p =0.284) and a male preponderance was noted (male: female =62:26). Indications for allopurinol were chronic gout (22.7%), acute gout (12.5%), asymptomatic hyperuricaemia (45.5%) and unknown (19.3%). 100% of patients commenced allopurinol at a dose of 300mg or above. Co-medications were diuretics (3.4%), anti-hypertensive agents (18.2%), colchicine (12.5%), digoxin and probenecid (1.1%). Co-morbidities consisted of hypertension (29.5%), renal insufficiency (13.6%), diabetes (9.1%), dyslipidemia (5.7%), cardiac diseases (4.5%) and liver diseases (4.5%). The index-day was 17. 5 Background: Specific allergen immunotherapy (SIT) is an effective treatment for IgE-mediated allergic disease and involve with specific IgG4 (sIgG4) level increase. Elevation of sIgG4 is accompanied by increase in IgG-dependent serum inhibitory activity for IgE-facilitated allergen binding (IgE-FAB) assay. Objectives: As this 'functional' assay of inhibitory antibodies may be correlate more closely with clinical outcome, we investigated the time course of serum inhibitory activity for IgE-FAB during different period of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus subcutaneous immunotherapy (Der p-SIT) in rhinitis and/or asthma patient. Methods: This study involved 20 adult patients with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma receiving a 156-week course of Der p-SIT, and 20 adult patients with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma receiving drug therapy only as control. Symptom and medication scores, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), Der p-sIgG4 levels and the serum inhibitory activity at weeks 0, 4, 12, 16, 52, 104 and 156 were analyzed. Results: Rhinitis and/or asthma symptom and medication scores, as well as FEV1% predicted showed improvement at week 52, 104 and 156 than 0 week with significant difference in SIT patients (p<0.05), and Background: Periostin, an extracellular matrix protein, has been known to play an important role in the process of tissue remodeling. Recently periostin has been discovered as a novel mediator in allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis; however, the role of periostin in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) remains unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigte the role of periostin in the pathophysiology of CRS patients. Methods: We investigated periostin expression and its cellular origins in uncinate process mucosa (UP) and nasal polyp (NP) tissues by immunohistochemistry (IHC), quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Correlations between periostin expression and other inflammatory markers, including of interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13, IL-17A, interferon (IFN)-γ, were also explored. Results: Periostin expression was upregulated in NP mucosa from patients with CRSwNP compared with the uncinate process (UP) tissue of control, CRSsNP and CRSwNP patients. Overexpression of periostin in eosinophilic NP compared to non-eosinophilic NP was confirmed by qRT-PCR, and ELISA. There was a positive correlation between periostin protein concentration and Lund-Mackay CT scores in eosinophilic NP. Double IHC staining showed that tryptase + cells were one of the main sources of periostin among immune cells. In addition, periostin mRNA expression was positively correlated with the expression of tryptase + cells and total IgE homogenate in eosinophilic NP. Overexpression of epithelial integrin αV was detected in NP mucosa from CRSwNP patients compared with UP from control and CRSsNP. Moreover, in eosinophilic NP, the expression of epithelial integrin αV was higher than non-eosinophilic NP and positively correlated with the concentration of periostin. Furthermore, periostin mRNA expression in eosinophilic NP patients was positively correlated with IL-5, IL-13 and negatively related with IL-17A; however, there was no association between those and IFN-γ. Conclusions: Our data suggest a role for periostin in the pathogenesis of nasal polypogenesis, especially in eosinophilic NP. Therefore, periostin protein might be a new treatment target for patients with CRSwNP. Dominance of Th1-response in children with refractory mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia Jun Bao, Yi-Xiao Bao Xinhua Hospital, China Correspondence: Jun Bao -Xinhua Hospital, China World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A96 Background: To investigate DNA copy numbers of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and expressions of helper T (Th) cell producing cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from children with refractory MP pneumonia (MPP). Methods: Of the 90 enrolled children with MPP, 30 cases were assigned as refractory MPP who failed to respond to at least 1-week treatment with macrolide antibiotics, while the other 60 cases were common MPP. A total of 30 children with congenital bronchial atresia or stenosis were included as controls. ELISA was used to assess BALF levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-8 and TNF-α. RT-PCR was used to determine MP-DNA copy numbers in BALF. Results: Compared with the common MPP group, the refractory MPP group had a significantly higher MP-DNA copy number (3715352 ± 3162 vs. 2570 ± 5495; /ml; P<0.01). Children with refractory MPP achieved significantly increased BALF levels of IFN-γ, IL-8 and TNF-α than those with common MPP and the controls (40.55 ± 22.03 vs. 29.71 ± 11.18 vs. 27.54 ± 9.80; 213.58 ± 80.05 vs. 169.83 ± 83.56 vs. 79.50 ± 55.47; 240.90 ± 68.33 vs. 121.85 ± 63.15 vs. 101.33 ± 42.56; pg/ml; P<0.01 Background: There has been a surge in the incidence of bronchial asthma around the world especially in developing countries like India, because of many factors such as change in ambient air quality, increased air pollution, metamorphic change in living habits and lifestyle and climate. The allergens like pollens, fungi, etc. present in the air plays a pivotal role in pathogenesis of several allergic complaints such as allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma etc. Studies revealed the complex interactions of genetic and environmental factors are involved in asthma. India is the home to around 15-20 million asthmatics and asthma prevalence is increasing in India especially in Kolkata. To provide the patients with best possible diagnosis and treatment, the identification of offending allergens are of major importance. However early detection of individuals who are genetically at risk of developing pollen and mold allergy is also an essential element to adopt effective avoidance strategies and to design appropriate therapies. As accustomed, the information in this respect is mostly available from developed and western countries while preliminary information from developing countries like India, particularly Kolkata Metropolitan areas is still fragmentary and insufficient. Therefore, present study involved identification of offending outdoor aeroallergens and also associated genetic pathway in nasobronchial asthma among Kolkata population. Methods: Skin-prick test was done among 950 asthmatic patients against 17 common aeroallergens and total serum IgE concentration was measured. PCR-RFLP was done in patients and non-asthmatic control (n=220 in each) to characterize a functional polymorphism, C(-159)T, of CD14, a positional candidate gene for allergy. Association of genetic polymorphisms was made with Clinicopathological conditions. Result: Present study identified Cocos as the most predominant outdoor aeroallergen in Kolkata followed by Caesalpinia and Peltophorium, all of which belong to pollen category. Patients with childhood-onset of asthma were significantly more sensitive towards aeroallergens and had significantly higher serum IgE level than that of adult-onset. No significant difference was found in distribution of SNP genotypes of CD14 among case and control. However among patients, frequency of C allele is significantly higher in childhood-onset group than that of adultonset and concordantly in former, CC genotype was associated with significant higher level of total serum IgE than CT and TT. Conclusion: In Kolkata, pollen is common outdoor aeroallergen and Cocos is predominant among pollens. Childhood-onset and adult-onset of asthma showed significant difference in allergen sensitivity and differential association of CD14 polymorphism might be involved in this process. House dust mite allergy -Indian perspective Goutam Kumar Saha 1 , Sanjoy Podder 2 , Salil Kumar Gupta 2 1 Calcutta University, India; 2 Barasat Government College Correspondence: Goutam Kumar Saha -Calcutta University, India World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A98 Background: Although the prevalence of allergic diseases are more common in westernized and developed countries, the incidence is increasing in a rapid pace in developing countries like India too, becoming doubled, tripled and even quadrupled in the last few decades. However, data in this regard is still fragmentary except few scattered information in Indian context. In a rough estimate, In India, 250 million people are suffering from one or more allergic manifestations. Methods: During last more than 20 years, studies on different aspects of house dust mite allergy have been carried out on Kolkata population including entomological, clinical and immunological parameter through identification of allergenic mites, allergy skin tests and estimation of total IgE level, and identification of allergen specific IgE antibodies. Results: An inventory of house dust mite fauna of Kolkata, India has been prepared. A total of 53 species belonging to 34 genera, 12 families and 3 orders have been identified, of which 18 species have been recorded for the first time from India and 7 species were identified as new to science. The genus Dermatophagoides alone constituted 60% of the total acarine fauna, predominated by D.pteronyssinus (47%) followed by Blomia tropicalis, D. farinae and Austroglyciphagous geniculatus. Both D. pterinyssinus (DP) and D. farina (DF) co-existed in the same habitat and maximum number of mites isolated from an individual dust sample was 13750/gm of dust. Seasonal trend indicates mite count were higher in pre-monsoon and minimum during winter. Preliminary screening through Skin Prick Test showed 83% patients reacted positively towards allergens of mites (either DP or DF), 92% patients had elevated levels of serum IgE and the mean value higher than control sera (p<<0.001). 85% patients of the study group showed allergen specific IgE antibodies against house dust and Dermatophagoides mites. Conclusions: The study confirms that DF is the main source of allergen in house dust of Kolkata Metropolis followed by DP. Increased use of heavy curtains, blankets, padded furnitures, sofa sets, soft toys and use of foam mattress instead of conventional cotton mattress favours the growth and multiplication of house dust mites, which ultimately increases the chances and duration of exposure to those indoor allergen. Metamorphic changes in life style including diet and dietary habits, acquisition of Western lifestyle, low standard of indoor environment, increasing air pollution and over all intolerable psychological stress are blamed for such an increased occurrence and frequent recurrences in India. Increased expression of purinergic (P2Y12) receptor and cysteinyl leukotriene receptors in the lung tissue of a mouse model of allergic asthma Tu/Hoang Kim Trinh, Yoo Seob Shin, Hae-Sim Park, Jing-Nan Liu, Duy Le Pham Ajou University School of Medicine, South Korea Correspondence: Tu/Hoang Kim Trinh -Ajou University School of Medicine, South Korea World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A99 Background and objectives: Cysteinyl leukotrienes C4, D4 and E4 mediate allergic inflammation by interacting with type 1 and 2 cysteinyl leukotriene receptors (CysLT1R, CysLT2R), G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 99 and indirectly with purinergic receptor P2Y12 (P2Y12R). P2Y12R expressed on platelets and eosinophil granules are required for platelet activation, thus resulting in the recruitment of eosinophils in the lungs (1) , (2) . To understand the role of these leukotriene related receptors in allergic asthma, we compared the expressions of CysLT1R, CysLT2R, GPR99 and P2Y12R in an Ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma mouse model. Methods: BALB/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with ovalbumin (OVA) followed by nebulized OVA challenges, from which bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells and lung tissues were collected. Vehicle was treated as a control group. For platelet removal, mice were injected with anti-CD42b antibody. Western blot, immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry were applied to evaluate the expressions of these receptors. Results: P2Y12R, CysLT1R and CysLT2R signals were distributed in epithelial lining and lung parenchyma of platelet-depleted and nonplatelet-depleted mice, respectively. The expressions of P2Y12R, CysLT1R and CysLT2R were significantly higher in the lung tissue of OVA-sensitized mice than in vehicle-treated mice (P = 0.047; P= 0.04; P =0.045, respectively). The expression ratios of CysLT1R and CysLT2R to P2Y12R were 1.4 and 1.1 to 1 in vehicle-treated mice; 1.3 and 1.1 to 1, in OVA-sensitized mice. P2Y12R, CysLT1R and CysLT2R were localized to eosinophils from BALF and were elevated markedly after OVA challenges in OVA-sensitized mice, while GPR99 was found with the lowest level in BALF cells and lung tissue. Conclusions: Increased expressions of P2Y12R, CysLT1R and CysLTR2 were noted in the lung tissue of a mouse model of allergic asthma. Additional effects of P2Y12R antagonists on CysLTR1 antagonists should be investigated as a future therapeutic target. Background: The aims of this study were to verify the association between autologous serum skin test (ASST) and laboratory markers for autoimmunity in the patient with chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU) and to evaluate whether parameters like ASST, thyroid autoantibodies (TA), anti-nuclear antibody (ANA), and serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE) could predict CIU severity including urticarial activity and refractoriness. Methods: Total 878 CIU patients were performed ASST to identify autoreactivity. Further, serum antibodies to thyroglobulin (ATG) and thyroid peroxidase (ATPO), ANA, and total IgE were measured. Clinical severity of CIU was estimated by urticaria severity score (UAS) and maximum level of medication (1∼4) to abrogate wheal and pruritus. We analyzed association among ASST, laboratory markers and clinical severity in different subgroups based on ASST and laboratory markers. Results: A total of 255 (29.0%) patients were tested positive in the ASST and 28/192 (14.6%) patients were tested positive for ATPO or ATG. Positive percent of ANA was 18.6% (106/571) with female preponderance. Serum total IgE level was measured in 521 of the 878 patients and was found to be elevated in 258 (49.5%). When ASST was analyzed in relation to laboratory markers, inverse correlation between ASST and serum IgE level was observed but significantly higher percentage of positive ANA was found in patients with positive ASST (31.5%) compared to patients with negative ASST (13.4%). Correlations of ATPO and ATG with ASST had no significant statistical difference. The patients with positive ASST had significantly higher scores of UAS compared with the patients with negative ASST. However, there was no significant statistical difference between maximum level of medication and ASST. Maximum levels of medication in the patients with elevated IgE were significantly higher than those with normal IgE. Conclusion: Significant association between ASST and thyroid autoimmunity was not identified in this study. Patients with positive ASST Introduction Asthma, because of its chronic nature, may adversely affect the life quality of patients leading to mental disturbances. Anxiety and depression can be accure more than on these patients compared with the healthy population. Life quality survey can be used to evaluate effect of asthma in the terms of physical, psychological and social function on the patients life. In particular, the importance of emotional factors come to the forefront more in the case which symptoms can not be controlled. Anxiety is the most common psychological disorders among patients who have respiratory system disease. We aimed to compare anxiety and depression levels of the patients with severe asthma before and after the omalizumab treatment. Patients' anxiety levels were measured with state trait anxiety inventory (STAI) and depression levels were measured with beck depression scale. Findings Five male (%25), fifteen female (%25) patients enrolled in study. The average age of the patients were 50,25. The average score of beck depression scale of patients was 25,35 and 8,55 before and after treatment, relatively. The score was higher before treatment, it was statically meaningful when it compared with after treatment scores (p<0.001). The STAI average score was 52,05 before treatment and 42.95 after it. There was a statistically meaningful difference between the anxiety score average before and after the treatment (p<0.0001). The anxiety score was higher before the treatment. Failure in symptom controlling in asthma can lead to depression. We think that these patients should be examined for psychological disor-Introduction & Objectives: Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a common debilitating problem worldwide. Despite its prevalence in the Middle East, very little data is available on the economic impact of CSU on the public health system. This study evaluates the direct medical costs of treating refractory CSU patients in Kuwait. It also evaluates the budget impact of omalizumab (monoclonal anti-IgE antibody) use in these patients. Methods: Prevalence of CSU was estimated through the Delphi method. Data regarding drug utilization and health care system utilization was collected retrospectively from charts of refractory CSU patients who were followed at the Al-Rashed Allergy center in Kuwait. Costs were calculated from a health system perspective. One-way sensitivity analyses were conducted on the price and utilization of each cost component. Results: Before omalizumab use, the total direct costs of treating 1,293 refractory CSU patients was estimated to be 1, 072, 837 KD (US$ 3, 570, 185) per year, corresponding to around 829.7 KD per patient per annum (US$ 2,761). The total cost was principally generated by outpatient visits 1,072,837 KD; which corresponds to 82.45% of the total cost). After omalizumab use, the cost was estimated to be 4,654,800 KD (US$ 15,490,234) per year, corresponding to around 3,600 KD per patient per annum (US$ 11, 980) . The total cost was principally generated by omalizumab costs 4,762,895 KD; which corresponds to 97% of the total cost. All other direct costs of treating CSU patients were decreased after the use of omalizumab. Conventional medication costs and hospitalization costs were reduced by 90% and ER costs were reduced by 97%. Cost estimates were most sensitive to variations in the price and utilization of outpatient visits and the price of omalizumab. Conclusion: The economic burden of refractory CSU in Kuwait is high. The introduction of omalizumab on the health care system is costly because of its high price; however, omalizumab has proven to be effective and is driving all other direct costs down. IgE-mediated maize allergy in India: A 28 kd protein responsible for food-induced allergic reaction Anand Bahadur Singh Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, India World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A103 Maize is a major crop grown in India and is consumed in various forms. Although many patients report allergic symptoms to maize but a systematic study on its allergenic roperties has been lacking. The investigation was aimed at to find out maize sensitization in Indian patients of respiratory allergy and Characterize allergens of clinical significance by clinico immunologic evaluation. Methods Patients attending allergy clinic for respiratory allergy were screened for Maize sensitization by SPT and by allergen specific IgE by ELISA. The IgE binding epitopes were identified by Immunoblot after transferring SDS-PAGE separated proteins on to NC membrane. The 28kd major allergen was identified in Indian patients and was further subjected to in situ trypsin digestion and MALDI-TOF to determine the molecular masses of peptides and sequence similarity. Cross reactivity of maize seed extract was evaluated with extracts of pea nut, rice, and unrelated Putranjiva roxburghiipollen extract by Immunoblot inhibition studies. Antigen extracted from maize seeds contained 4.5±0.7 mg/ml protein. The extract was subjected to SDS protein profile with 12 protein bands in molecular weight range of 152 -10 kD. Five protein fractions of 68, 38, 25, 14 & 10 kD are recorded as stable under 60 min of simulated gastric fluid (SGF) digestion assay. Using clinically maize positive patient sera and significantly raised maize specific IgE titer and IgE binding activity of 28 kD protein smear is recorded. Cross Inhibition studies suggested cross reactivity reactivity of maize with rice, on account of the complete disappearance of observed 28 kD immunoreactive protein smear. However biochemical characterization of the smear corresponds to two protein bands of 25kD and 19 kD on 1D gel which on MS spectra are observed with hypothetical molecular weight of 14.3 kD and 11.6 kD, sharing sequence homology greater than 41% with un annotated rice seed proteins in database. Two important immuno reactive protein fractions of maize have been identified which are speculated to be belonging to major family of endosperm proteins "zeins. Background: House dust mite (HDM) allergens are a major cause of asthma worldwide. HDM extracts or purified allergens are the current treatment of choice known as specific immunotherapy. The aim in such strategy is to drive immune reaction away from the allergic Th2 response by inducing Th1 and/or Treg cellular response. In that regard, Toll Like Receptor-activating adjuvants have been used for inducing Th1 response, but adjuvants capable of inducing the somehow safer Treg response are poorly investigated. Methods: We describe the anti-allergic properties, in a therapeutic murine model of asthma, of HDM allergens Der s1 and Der s2 coencapsulated with dexamethasone into dehydration-rehydration vesicles (DRV). Dexamethasone is a cortisol analogue with immunesuppressor activity known to induce specific Treg response, still with some adverse effects associated to systemic or prolonged use. Optimal lipid composition in terms of physical-chemical and antiallergic properties was assessed using DRV liposomes of cholesterol and different phosphatidyl-cholines (PC) encapsulating Der s1+Der s2 allergens. Dipalmitoil-PC:cholesterol liposomes encapsulating different doses of dexamethasone were used to assess anti-allergic effects. Results: All liposomal compositions produced similar vesicle size, protein encapsulation and overall safe profile in treated mice. Preliminary results indicate that encapsulation of HDM allergens Der s1+Der s2 and dexamethasone into liposomes diminishes allergic response traits such as IL-5 interleukin and IgG1 and IgE antibody levels. Conclusion: These results highlight the possibility of using delivery systems such as liposomes to modulate immune response and to prevent adverse reactions to free or soluble pharmacological compounds like dexamethasone. Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is one of the more prevalent chronic inflammatory diseases with significant impact on morbidity and quality of life, yet little is known about its pathogenesis. Objective: We sought to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of tonsil derived mesenchymal stem cells (T-MSC) in a mouse model of eosinophilic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp(ERSwNP). Methods: The effect of T-MSCs was evaluated in 32 BALB/c mice that were randomly divided into 4 groups (negative control group; nasal polyp group; T-MSC group and T-MSC(AD) group(T-MSC incubated with adipogenic differentiated medium)). After induction of OVA-induced ERSwNP model, T-MSCs were administered intravenously (T-MSC and T-MSC(AD) groups) on weeks5 to 12 (one time per week)and subsequent OVA+SEB (three times per week in OVA and one time per week in SEB) challenge was conducted until 12 weeks. We studied mRNA and protein expression profiles of cytokine, chemokine and adhesion molecules in nasal mucosa, spleen and lymphnode using molecular, biochemical, histopathologicaland immunohistological methods. Results: Intravenous injection of T-MSCs significantly reduced allergic symptoms, eosinophil, neutrophil, nasal polyp count and serum OVA specific-IgG1 levels. Moreover, the nasal, lymphnode and systemic Th2 cytokine profile and nasal innate cytokines such as IL-25 and IL-33, and chemokines (CCL11, CCL24, Cxcl1, CxCl2, ICAM1 and VCAM1) expression were reduced in T-MSCs injected groups, as compared to the nasal polyp group. Usually T-MSC(AD) group showed better inhibitory effects of inflammation than T-MSC group. In addition, our results showed that the T-MSCs injected groupssignificantly increased IL-10 and Treg positive cells (CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + cells) in cervical lymphnode, as compared to the nasal polyp group. Conclusion: We demonstrate the administrationof T-MSCs effectively reduced polyp formation, inflammatory cell influx, cytokine profile, chemokine molecule expression, and T-cell subset distribution, suggestive of the mechanism of reduced CRS inflammation and less polyp formation in mouse model of ERSwNP. Therefore, T-MSC treatment is potentially an alternative therapeutic modality in CRSwNP. Second line treatments of dermographic urticaria refractory to antihistamines Keiko Hanaoka, Michihiro Hide, Akio Tanaka, Makiko Hiragun, Mikio Kawai Hiroshima University, Japan Correspondence: Keiko Hanaoka -Hiroshima University, Japan World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A106 Dermographic urticaria(DU)is a subtype of urticaria characterized by strong itch and wheals induced by mechanical scratching. Oral histamine H1-receptor antagonist (antihistamine) is recommended as the first line treatment and may reduce symptoms of a certain population of the patients. However, DU of many patients are refractory to antihistamines and seriously impair their QOL. Several medications, such as high dose antihistamines, montelukast and cyclosporine, are suggested as the second line therapies in all Japanese, European and American guidelines. However, clinical evidences of these treatments were mostly obtained for chronic spontaneous urticaria, and the effectiveness of them has not been specifically studied on DU. We here report 27 cases of antihistamine-resistant DU treated with the second line medications suggested in the guidelines. Thirty-five patients who visited Hiroshima University Dermatology clinic from January 2009 to April 2015 for the treatment of DU were studied retrospectively. C) Results DU in 27 patients were refractory to standard doses of antihistamines. However, all or most symptoms disappeared in 7 out of 27 patients who increased the dose of an antihistamine up to twice. Ten out of 21 patients who were treated with both an antihistamine and montelukast cleared the symptoms. Other 10 patients whose symptoms had not subsided by high doses of antihistamines and montelukast additionally took cyclosporine. In six of them, most symptoms diminished, but two of them did not show any change. The other two patients dropped out because of side effects. Approximately 77% (27 out of 35) of the patients with DU was refractory to a standard dose of antihistamine. However, 85 % (23 out of 27) were satisfactorily treated by a higher dose of antihistamine and/ or a combination with other medications. The second line treatments suggested in the guidelines for urticaria are worth trying for DU refractory to antihistamines. Background: There have been only few reports of peanut allergy and peanut component-resolved diagnostics (CRD) in Korean children. In the present study we tried to establish the diagnostic decision point (DDP) of peanut-sIgE antibodies for predicting the outcome of oral food challenge (OFC). In addition, we evaluated the usefulness of IgE antibodies to recombinant peanut components (Ara h 1, 2, 3, 8, and 9) in diagnosing peanut allergy. Methods: Korean children aged over 12 months with suspected IgEmediated peanut allergy were enrolled. The diagnosis for peanut allergy was confirmed by an open OFC or through the presence of anaphylaxis history. The cutoff levels of sIgE for peanut and peanut components were determined by analyzing the receiver operating characteristic curves. Results: Forty-eight children (22 boys and 26 girls) with suspected peanut allergy were analyzed. The previously established DDP for peanut-sIgE antibodies (>14 kU/L) showed the sensitivity of 22.7%, specificity of 100%, PPV of 100%, and NPV of 60.4% in our study population. The median levels of peanut-sIgE (5.44 kU/L vs. 1.14 kU/L, P<0.0001) and Ara h 2-sIgE (0.8 kU/L vs. 0.0 kU/L, P<0.0001) were statistically significant higher in the peanut-allergic group than in the peanut-tolerant group. The peanut-sIgE concentration indicating a positive predictive value (PPV) of 100% was 10.3 kU/L. The Ara h 2-sIgE level of 4.03 kU/L showed PPV of 100%. Conclusion: Our result showed that the previously established DDP of peanut-sIgE level may be useful predictor for the outcomes of OFC in Korean children suspected of peanut allergy and Ara h 2 is the most important allergen in Korean children with peanut allergy. The cutoff levels for peanut (10.3 kU/L) and Ara h 2 (4.03 kU/L) might be helpful for the diagnosis of peanut allergy in Korean children. Background: The limited efficacy of topical tacrolimus may result from insufficient frequency of application or amount applied in eczema patients. Objective: To investigate the frequency of application and amount of use of topical tacrolimus in patients with various types of eczema. Methods: The frequency of application and the applied amount of topical tacrolimus were assessed over 2 weeks. Results: A total of 200 eczema patients completed this study. The average number of applications per day was 1.75 ± 0.53, despite instructions to apply the topical tacrolimus twice daily. With respect to the frequency of application, 147 (73.5%) and 122 (61.0%) of patients followed the prescription in the first and second weeks, respectively. The average amount applied per 2% of total body surface area was 0.54 ± 0.52 g. Only 53 (26.5%) patients applied between 80% and 120% of expected amount of topical tacrolimus. Limitations: The frequency of application was self-reported, possibly resulting in limited accuracy. Conclusion: Korean patients with eczema tend to apply topical tacrolimus less frequently and in inappropriate amounts. Clear instructions regarding both the frequency and amount of application are needed to improve the therapeutic outcome with treatment with topical tacrolimus. Identification of an IgG1-mediated anaphylaxis marker and its application in evaluating the antigenicity of infant formulas Takeshi Matsubara, Hiroshi Iwamoto, Yuki Nakazato, Kazuyoshi Namba, Yasuhiro Takeda Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd. Japan Correspondence: Takeshi Matsubara -Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd. Japan World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A109 Background: In clinical practice, the basophil activation test (BAT) is thought to be a safe and sensitive test for diagnosing IgE-mediated allergic disease. We tested whether the BAT can be used in mice. In the course of developing a murine BAT using CD200R1 as an IgE-mediated activation marker, we found that the expression of a murine basophil identification marker, CD200R3, on antigen-sensitized basophils decreased following specific antigen challenge. Interestingly, this decrease did not always harmonize with increased CD200R1 expression. Since IgG, as well as IgE, contributes to mouse anaphylaxis, we hypothesized that the decrease in CD200R3 on basophils was induced by IgGmediated cell activation. Objective: We aimed to establish whether CD200R3 is a marker of IgG-mediated basophil activation and whether its expression is correlated with IgG-mediated anaphylaxis in a mouse model. Furthermore, we attempted to evaluate whether the BAT, using CD200R1 and CD200R3 as basophil activation markers, indicates the antigenicity of cow's milk-based infant formulas, compared with a systemic anaphylaxis test in mice. Methods: Mouse basophils were stimulated via FcεRI and FcγRs, and levels of CD200R1 and CD200R3 were analyzed by flow cytometry. Basophils derived from naïve mice were passively sensitized with antiserum for β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) or an IgG/IgG subclass-depleted antiserum, and challenged with β-LG. Systemic anaphylaxis was induced by i.v. injection of anti-FcγRIII/II monoclonal antibody, and CD200R3 expression on peripheral basophils was analyzed. To evaluate the antigenicity of infant formulas, basophils from mice actively sensitized to β-LG or casein were stimulated with serially diluted conventional, partially hydrolyzed, or extensively hydrolyzed infant formulas. In addition, systemic anaphylaxis was assessed following i.v. injection of formula into the immunized mice. Results: Stimulation via FcεRI induced a significant increase in CD200R1 expression but had only a small effect on that of CD200R3. However, anti-FcγRIII/II stimulation strongly reduced CD200R3 expression. In passive sensitization experiments, the decrease in CD200R3 expression induced by antigen challenge was canceled by the depletion of IgG or IgG1. Intravenous injection of anti-FcγRIII/II led to CD200R3 downregulation on basophils, accompanied by a drop in rectal temperature. Basophil activation was induced by the conventional but not the extensively-hydrolyzed formula. The partially hydrolyzed formula induced basophil activation somewhat weakly. Induction of systemic anaphylaxis by formula was correlated with the BAT results. Conclusions: Use of CD200R1 and CD200R3 as activation markers enables the evaluation of IgE-and IgG-mediated murine basophil activation, respectively, and the BAT system would be useful for evaluating food antigenicity. Nitric oxide as a screening tool for evaluation of postoperative state of chronic rhinosinusitis Jae Hoon Lee, Woo Yong Bae Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dong-a University College of Medicine, South Korea Correspondence: Jae Hoon Lee -Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dong-a University College of Medicine, South Korea World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A110 Background: Nitric oxide might have a various roles in development or defense of the upper airway inflammation. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and nasal nitric oxide (nNO) are used as a screening tool to evaluate the airway inflammation such as chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), allergic rhinitis and so on. But whether the level of FeNO or nNO is increased or decreased at each disease is not evident. This study was performed to assess whether FeNO can be used the screening tool for evaluation of CRS patients and whether it can be used to evaluate postoperative state of CRS. Methods: Thirty patients with CRS and twenty normal control group were recruited. The FeNO measurement was performed using a handheld electrochemical analyzer (NObreath®) through the nasal and oral route and the mean value of the 3 consecutive measurements was recorded. Nasal FeNO and oral FeNO were checked preoperatively and postop-1 month and 3 months. Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps is hard to treat. The therapeutic effect of doxycycline, oral glucocorticoids, mepolizumab and omalizumab with significant reduction of nasal polyp score was previously investigated by 3 randomized controlled trials. The aim of this study is to compare the effect of these treatments on polyp score, symptom scores and inflammatory parameters. Methods: In total, 100 patients were randomly assigned to receive doxycycline for 20 days (n=14), methylprednisolone in decreasing doses for 20 days (n=14), mepolizumab 2 single intravenous injections (n=20), omalizumab 2 to 4 subcutaneous doses (n=15) or placebo (n=37) in three separate clinical double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Participants were followed for 8 weeks. Endoscopic evaluation of nasal polyp score, assessment of symptom score and measurement of markers of inflammation in nasal secretions and serum occurred at baseline, week 4 and week 8. All treatments were completed at week 4, except for 2 patients who received a fourth subcutaneous dose of omalizumab at week 6. Results: All treatment options significantly reduced nasal polyp score as compared to baseline, but not placebo. Methylprednisolone has initially the most dramatic effect on symptom scores, but after cessation of treatment symptom scores worsen progressively and return to baseline after 4 weeks. Mepolizumab, doxycycline and methylprednisolone each had a specific effect on local and systemic inflammatory markers. Omalizumab did not alter eosinophilia or markers of inflammation. Conclusions: Omalizumab, mepolizumab and oral doxycycline cause a long-term reduction in nasal polyp size, whereas methylprednisolone initially causes the strongest reduction in polyp size but recurrence occurs earlier. Total symptom scores parallel this trend. Doxycyline works on eosinophilic and neutrophilic inflammation in nasal polyps, whereas the effect of mepolizumab and methylprednisolone is most apparent on eosinophilic markers. Omalizumab did not reduce markers of eosinophilic inflammation, nor neutrophilic inflammation in nasal secretions. The beneficial effect of omalizumab seems to be mediated through a direct effect on IgE or their receptor, rather than through an effect on markers of the eosinophilic cascade. Rationale: To investigate the role of helper T (Th) cells in steroid resistant (SR) asthma, steroid sensitive (SS) and resistant (SR) Th clones were selected in vitro, and then adoptively transferred into unprimed mice. Effect of CTLA4-Ig was analyzed both in vitro and in vivo. Methods: For in vitro evaluation, ovalbumin (OVA) reactive Th clones were cultured with antigen presenting cells and OVA in the presence of various concentrations of dexamethasone (DEX). Proliferative responses of Th clones were measured by 3 H-thymidine incorporation. For in vivo assessments, unprimed BALB/c mice were transferred with Th clones, challenged with OVA, and administered with DEX subcutaneously. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained 48 hr after challenge, and the number of infiltrating cells was differentially counted. CTLA4-Ig was administered through nasal inhalation or venous injection. Results: SS and SR clones were selected based on the effect of DEX on the proliferative responses of antigen-stimulated Th clones. Airway infiltration of eosinophils and lymphocytes of mice transferred with SS clones were effectively inhibited by the administration of DEX. In contrast, those of mice transferred with SR clones were not significantly inhibited by DEX. Administration of CTLA4-Ig significantly suppressed the proliferation of DEX-treated SR clones in vitro, and the eosinophil infiltration of SR asthma model transferred with SR clones in vivo. Conclusions: Steroid sensitivity of Th clones assessed in vitro was consistent with that of adoptively transferred asthma model assessed in vivo. Costimulatory signal mediated through CD28 is crucial for the induction of steroid resistance both in vitro and in vivo. Periostin is a matricelluar protein, which was synthesized in airway epithelial cells induced by interleukin 4 and 13. Recently, serum periostin level was suggested as a biomarker of TH 2 airway inflammation and a prognostic indicator of asthma treatment. However, serum periostin level in allergic rhinitis was not elucidated well, we aim to investigate the relationship between serum periostin and allergic rhinitis in Korea children. A total of 561 children (273 boys, 288 girls) aged 11-12 years were enrolled in this study. Serum periostin level was measured and the skin prick test was performed with 26 aeroallergens commonly found in Korea. Other information was collected, including sex, age, BMI, parental allergy history, and parental smoking status. Multivariate analysis was used to confirm the association between serum periostin level and allergic rhinitis. Of the 561 children, 217 children showed allergic rhinitis symptoms during past 12 months and 283 children showed positive skin prick test to at least one allergen. Serum periostin level was not differ between allergic sensitization group and control group (49.98 ± 12.98 vs 49.47 ± 13.58). When we divided all subject into 4 groups; control (A; n=124), sensitization without allergic rhinitis symptoms (B; n=52), allergic symptoms without sensitization (C; n=36), and allergic rhinitis symptoms with sensitization (D; n=72). There were no statistical difference of mean value between 4 groups (A-D; 47.81 ± 13.66, 44.56 ± 11.68, 49.38 ± 15.51, and 47.26 ± 11.4) . Also, we could not find the significant association between serum periostin and allergic rhinitis in multivariate analysis. Allergic rhinitis and allergic sensitization in Korean children did not influence the serum periostin level. Further studies were needed to elucidate the meaning of serum periostin level in allergic rhinitis. Background: A disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAMs) are a multifunctional gene family, they contribute to the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix, transduction of specific intracellular signals, organogenesis, inflammation, tissue remodeling, adhesion, and cell migration. ADAM17 is the best characterized of the sheddases, and its putative substrates are widespread, including various inflammatory modulators. ADAM10 is the most similar to ADAM17 in terms of protein sequence and the structural properties of their catalytic domains. Objective: To assess the roles of ADAM 10 and ADAM 17 in allergic rhinitis by assaying for expression of these materials. Methods: The expression of ADAM 10 and 17 was investigated in the allergic nasal mucosa compared with non-allergic nasal mucosa. Tissue samples were analyzed by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting. Results: The ADAM17 mRNA and protein levels were significantly lower in allergic nasal mucosa than in the non-allergic nasal mucosa (P < 0.05). The ADAM10 mRNA did not differ significantly between allergic nasal mucosa and non-allergic nasal mucosa. ADAM10 protein levels were significantly higher in the non-allergic nasal mucosa than in the allergic nasal mucosa (P < 0.05). Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) presence and activity correlates with loss of filaggrin. Dysregulation of DPAGT1 (Dolichyl-phosphate (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine) N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase 1 (GlcNAc-1-P transferase) causes disturbances in filaggrin expression. The findings indicate that DPAGT1 overexpression in keratinocytes treated with IL-4 and IL-13 can be overcomed by PP, which provides a dolichyl phosphate substitute for DPAGT1 normal expression, N-glycosylation and filaggrin loss prevention. The aim of the present study is to investigate the clinical efficacy of Polyprenol (PP) in children with AD. Methods: SCORAD index was used to measure the severity of the disease and to evaluate the effect of treatment in 100 children (6-24 months old) . Leukotriene E4 and dolichol (Dol) were assayed in urinal excretion, immunoCAP total IgE levels were measured in serum, dolichol phosphate N-acetyl-glucosamine-1 phosphate transferase (GPT) activity was defined in dermal fibroblasts by metaboling labeling (ML) method with [2-(3) H]-mannose. PP (1 mg/kg/day, per os) and topical ointment with PP 5% were given in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The effect of the treatment was evaluated weekly up to six months. Results: Initially patients with AD were found to have a statistically significant increase in leukotriene E4 (4-fold) and Dol (6,2-fold) excretion, total Ig E level and GPT activity in fibroblasts in comparison to controls. Overexpression of DPAGT1 was 5-fold higher in AD skin biopsies than in normal skin biopsies. AD cells differ from normal one in filaggrin content lost by 3-4 times. IL-4 and IL-13 cause overexpression and abberant N-glycosylation of filaggrin in DPC. The study showed overexpression of DPAGT1 and 6-fold DPC intermediates decrease in keratinocytes in presence of IL-13 and 2-fold in presence of IL-4 cells. The normalization up to 90% of Dol excretion was achieved after 2 weeks of treatment, IgE and E4 in 3 weeks, GPT after one month in 70% of patients with remission for more than 6 month. Significant difference in AD scores between PP and placebo (P <0.01) was recognized. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates alleviation of AD in children with the use of oral and topical Polyprenol. The mechanism of activity involves the main links of AD pathogenesis. Technical and clinical validation of a mobile chamber for allergen exposure tests Karl-Christian Bergmann 1 , Torsten Zuberbier 2 , Joseph Salame 1 , Torsten Sehlinger 3 , Georg Bölke 2 1 Allergy-Centre-Charité, Germany; 2 Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; 3 Bluestone Technology Gmbh, Woerrstadt Correspondence: Karl-Christian Bergmann -Allergy-Centre-Charité, Germany World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A116 Rationale: The performance of a newly developed mobile allergen exposure chamber, allowing multicenter trials with exactly the same standard of procedure, had to be validated from the technical and clinical point of view. Technical parameters included particle (e.g. pollen) dispersion stability and spatial particle distribution at each subject position during a test period, temperature, O 2 and CO 2 and relative humidity stability. Since the chamber uses individual pollen exposure, each seating position has its own particle source, and all particle related parameters had to be measured at each seating position. To be accepted as an appropriate alternative to natural allergen exposure for clinical trials the clinical validation must document a high reliability of provoked symptoms in repeated provocations. Methods: Temperature, relative humidity, O2 and CO2 levels within the chamber have been monitored, with and without subjects being present in the chamber. These tests have been executed during several days, at outside temperatures ranging from -2°C to 26°C. The pollen distribution was validated using sedimentation measurements at 22 positions and at various particle concentrations. For all particle tests, grass pollen have been used. The chamber was used for exposure with grass and birch pollen in adult subjects with or without allergic symptoms due to birch and/or grass pollen during the last two seasons. Exposure for 90 -240 min has been done outside the seasons. Nasal, conjunctival and bronchial symptoms were recorded as subjective parameters every 10 min. As objective parameters spirometry, peak-flow, exhaled nitrogen oxide (FeNO), peak nasal inspiratory flow and nasal secretion were obtained at baseline and after exposure. Results: Measurements showed a temperature variance of +/-0.5K and humidity variance of +/-3% with or without subjects being present. In a circular area with a diameter of 50 cm, the particle concentration is +/-16% of the defined concentration and the accuracy remains over the course of 4 hours. No particles were found in the breathable air of non-active seating positions. Refloating measurements showed no particle concentration increase. The repeated exposures (up to four times) with birch and grass pollen in different concentrations elicited reproducible clinical symptoms on all the three organs and significant differences between placebo and verum pollen exposure. Generally, the symptoms started to occur after 10-30 min. and reached a plateau following 70 -90 min of continuous exposure to pollen. Strongest symptoms were of nasal origin. Conclusions: The novel Mobile Allergen Exposure Chamber fulfills the need for a reproducible and very well controlled pollen exposure and is regarded to be appropriate for allergen immunotherapy studies phase one and two, pharmaceutical drugs/anti-allergic drugs. The association between serum lead level and total immunoglobulin e according to allergic sensitization Yoo Suk Kim 1 Background: Lead exposure could cause various immunologic effects in humans. Several studies have shown that blood lead concentration is positively associated with total immunoglobulin E (IgE). However, no study has investigated whether allergic sensitization could be responsible for the association between lead exposure and total IgE. We investigated whether there was difference in the association between lead exposure and total IgE depending on the presence or absence of Dermatophagoides farinae (Df) sensitization, based on data from a large population-based survey. Methods: We used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) conducted in 2010. Serum levels of heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium, and lead were measured. Total and Df specific IgE were measured, and urinary cotinine level was investigated. Information about participant sex, age, body mass index (BMI), and household income were also obtained. Data from 2184 participants were analyzed. Multivariate linear regression analyses were used to determine the independent effects of these variables. Results: We found that serum lead concentration was positively correlated with total IgE using Spearman's correlation test (Spearman's rho = 0.150, p < 0.001). BMI, serum mercury level, and urine cotinine level was also positively correlated with total IgE. In an adjusted linear regression analysis, only serum concentration of lead among the three heavy metals was positively associated with logarithmic transformed total IgE [LogTIgE; coefficient (B) = 0.026, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.008-0.044]. When we performed the same analysis on groups divided by allergic Df sensitization status, we found a significant positive association between serum lead and LogTIgE in subjects with Df sensitization (B = 0.076, 95% CI = 0.003-0.150) but not in subjects without Df sensitization (B = 0.015, 95% CI = -0.008-0.039). Conclusions: Serum lead level was positively associated with total IgE level. However, this correlation was statistically significant in subjects with Df sensitization. This result suggests that the immunologic effects of lead exposure may be greater in people with allergic sensitization. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of nasal obstruction dominant allergic sensitization Seung-No Hong 1 , Doo Hee Han 1 , Chae-Seo Rhee 2 1 Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea; 2 Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Correspondence: Seung-No Hong -Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A118 Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is defined clinically by the symptoms including nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, nasal itching, sneezing with a positive allergen sensitivity test. However a positive skin prick test (SPT) does not always imply the occurrence of clinical symptoms. If an asymptomatic allergen sensitized patient is accompanied with septal deviation (DSN) which could cause nasal obstruction, it can be easily confused with a typical symptomatic allergic rhinitis patient. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and laboratory characteristics of nasal obstruction dominant allergic sensitizers (NODS) based on an allergic rhinitis cohort study. Methods: Patients from a nationwide allergic rhinitis cohort study (ARCO) which was conducted by 8 university hospitals were investigated. Allergic rhinitis was diagnosed when there were at least one rhinitis symptoms with a positive SPT result. The NODS group included patients who had severe nasal obstruction with less other symptoms and positive skin prick test with septal deviation. Clinical and laboratory characteristics were compared between the NODS group and the typical allergic sensitization group. Results: Total 695 patients were included. The average age was 32.6 and 68% of the patients had septal deviation. Laboratory test results reveal that the eosinophil level was lower in NODS group while total IgE level did not show any difference. SPT analysis showed that House dust mite was less sensitized to NODS patients. There was significant sex difference that the male to female ratio was higher in the NODS group. However, no statistically significant difference was found by age, family history and BMI. Conclusion: Asymptomatic allergen sensitized people with septal deviation can mimic allergic rhinitis. When we met the allergen sensitized people with nasal obstruction predominantly, septal deviation should be considered before diagnosis of allergic rhinitis. Nasal provocation test is useful for the diagnoses of allergic, non-allergic, and local allergic rhinitis Young-Joo Ko, Young Hyo Kim, Dae-Young Kim, Tae Young Jang Inha University, College of Medicine, South Korea Correspondence: Young-Joo Ko -Inha University, College of Medicine, South Korea World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A119 Background: No standard study protocol or diagnostic criteria based on nasal provocation test (NPT) and acoustic rhinometry (AR) results are available for allergic rhinitis. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the usefulness of NPT plus AR for the differential diagnosis of local allergic rhinitis (LAR), allergic, and nonallergic rhinitis. Methods: The medical records and skin prick test (SPT) and NPT results of 262 patients with symptoms of chronic rhinitis were reviewed. Patients were allocated to one of three groups, that is, Group A (n=110, negative SPT result for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus [DP]), Group B (n=53, weakly positive result), or Group C (n=99, strongly positive result). Results: Twelve patients had a negative SPT result and provoked response in NPT (≥29% decrease of minimal cross-sectional area [MCA] after DP challenge) were diagnosed to have LAR. After DP challenge, Group C showed significant aggravation of nasal symptoms and a greater decrease in acoustic parameters than Groups A and B (P<0.01). In patients with a ≥ 2 Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) increase in nasal obstruction after DP challenge, the criterion 'a change of total nasal symptom score [TNSS] of ≥ 6.5' , had 90.6% sensitivity and 77.4% specificity for the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis, whereas the diagnostic criterion 'a TNV change at 30 minutes after DP challenge of ≥ 27.6%' had 73.4% sensitivity and 58.1% specificity. Conclusion: NPT with AR could be a useful tool for the differential diagnosis of allergic, non-allergic, and local allergic rhinitis. Aspirin facilitates the intestinal absorption and oral sensitization of food allergens in rats Tomoharu Yokooji 1 , Taiki Hirano 1 , Hiroaki Matsuo 2 1 Hiroshima University, Japan; 2 Hiroshima University Hospital Correspondence: Tomoharu Yokooji -Hiroshima University, Japan World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A120 Background: Aspirin-facilitated absorption of ingested allergens is considered to be an exacerbating factor in the development of food allergy. In this study, we examined the effect of aspirin on oral sensitization to an egg-white allergen, ovalbumin (OVA) as well as OVA absorption, in rats. Methods: To clarify the intestinal absorption mechanisms of OVA and the effect of aspirin, in situ intestinal re-circulating perfusion study was performed using OVA and fluorescein isothiocyanatelabeled dextran 40 (FD-40), a marker for non-specific-absorption pathways in the presence or absence of various endocytosis inhibitors and aspirin. In addition, plasma concentrations of OVA and FD-40 were measured after oral administration by gavage in rats. To investigate the effect of aspirin on the oral sensitization to OVA, rats were orally administered with OVA by gavage at 3 times a week every other day for 8 weeks. Aspirin or absorption enhancer, spermine was administered 30 min before or simultaneously with OVA, respectively. To evaluate the sensitization to OVA, plasma levels of OVA-specific IgE and IgG 1 were determined by ELISA at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after initiation of OVA sensitization. Results: The absorption rate of OVA in the distal intestine was higher compared with that for a marker of FD-40. Colchicine (general endocytosis inhibitor), bafiromycin A 1 (inhibitor for receptormediated endocytosis) and phenylarsine oxide (inhibitor for clathrinmediated endocytosis) suppressed the OVA absorption whereas mehyl-β-cyclodextrin (inhibitor for caveolin-mediated endocytosis) exerted no significant effects at distal region, indicating that OVA is preferentially absorbed from the distal intestine via paracellular, and receptor-and clathrin-mediated endocytic pathways. Aspirin increased intestinal absorptions of OVA and FD-40 via the paracellular pathway and exhibited higher plasma levels of OVA-specific IgE and IgG 1 than those in control at 6 and 8 weeks. Spermine also increased the oral absorptions of OVA almost to the same extent of aspirin whereas the plasma IgE and IgG 1 levels exhibited no significant differences against those in untreated control. Conclusions: Facilitation of OVA absorption via paracellular pathway due to impairment of intestinal barrier function by aspirin is considered to be one of the reasons of enhanced oral sensitization with OVA by aspirin. However, our results have also shown that facilitated oral sensitization to OVA cannot be ascribed to increased absorption of OVA from the intestinal tract only. Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) affects approximately 10% of children with rising tendency. The exact cause of AD is not known, but more than 50% of pregnant women are still exposed to secondhand smoke in Latvia and smoke exposure during pregnancy might increase the risk of AD in children. The aim of the present study is to investigate the mechanism of AD development in children, born of pregnancies affected with secondhand smoke. The objectives are in favour of the idea that N-glycosylation in keratinocytes cells is limited by Dolichyl Phosphate Cycle (DPC) intermediates, regulated by DPAGT1 (Dolichyl-phosphate (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine) Nacetylglucosaminephosphotransferase 1 (GlcNAc-1-P transferase). Dysregulation of DPAGT1 causes disturbances in filaggrin expression. In epithelial cells loss of filaggrin correlates with atopic dermatitis (AD) presence and activity. Methods: Two groups of mothers and children were compared. The samples were obtained from 154 women with self-reported secondhand smoke during pregnancy and their 156 children (group 1) and 180 women who did not have contact with tobacco smoke during pregnancy (group 2). Cotinine (Cot) and dolichol (Dol) were measured in blood and urine during pregnancy. Filaggrin expression was measured in skin biopsies in newborns with follow up for 2 years. Immunohistochemical and Western blotting methods were used to detect the changes in the expression levels of filaggrin and DPAGT1. Intermediates of DPC fractions were analysed by HPLC method. Results: In group 1 during the period of observation 117 (75%) of children were diagnosed with AD. Mothers of these children (92%) have had Cot in blood and elevated urinal Dol excretion in pregnancy. In group 2 during the period of observation 9 (5%) of children were diagnosed with AD and 16 mothers have had elevated urinal Dol excretion. Overexpression of DPAGT1 was 5-fold higher in AD skin biopsies than in normal skin biopsies and differ from normal one in filaggrin content lost by 3-4 times. Suspected urinary Dol level in pregnancy with positive Cot for AD risk in newborns is calculated as 18.0 mkg/mmol. Conclusion: Secondhand smoke during pregnancy could cause DPAGT overexpression and dysregulation of N-glycosylation in keratinocytes which leads to AD fenotype affecting the stability of tight assembly and adherence junctions in skin of newborns. There is a reason to suggest that elevated Dol correlated with detected Cot in urine in pregnancy may evidence of secondhand smoke related disorder of N-glycosylation. Dol appeared in urinary excretion in pregnancy affected by secondhand smoke is one of the first manifestation of AD risk for newborns. Dol detection in urine during gestational secondhand smoke exposure opens up possibilities for environmental control and for additional motivation to prevent AD in children. Allergen specific immunotherapy in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma-a randomized prospective study from kashmir valley-north of India Roohi Rasool Wani 1 , Shafia Alam Syed 1 , Ghulam Hassan 1 , Ayaz Gul 1 , Saniya Nissar 2 , Zaffar Amin Shah 2 1 Sheri-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences(SKIMS), India; 2 Skims Correspondence: Roohi Rasool Wani -Sheri-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), India World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A122 Background: Kashmir valley has been witnessing an increase in allergy related disorders with aeroallergens being the most prevalent causative agent. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (allergen-SIT) has been a potentially curative treatment modality in allergic diseases that acts by inducing the peripheral T cell tolerance and promoting the formation of regulatory T-cells. Our study was designed to analyse the treatment response of patients with allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma in Kashmir Valley by using allergen-SIT approach. Method: A total of 754 patients suffering from Allergic Rhinitis and Allergic Asthma were recruited in this study. Skin Prick test (SPT) was performed with panel of aeroallergens. Allergen-SIT was given as a therapeutic modality to 218 SPT positive patients. The symptom score and medication requirement was analysed during the time course of allergen-SIT. Results: Allergen-SIT was effective in reducing severe symptoms in 87% patients of SPT-positive allergic rhinitis and 76% SPT-positive allergic asthma patients. Moreover, allergen-SIT showed reduction in medication of 73% SPT-positive allergic rhinitis and 69% SPT-positive allergic asthma patients during their maintenance therapy, usually after period of one year. Conclusion: Our study proves the efficacy and beneficial effects of allergen-SIT in patients with allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma in Kashmir Valley. Our study shows that allergen-SIT is not only an effective therapy for reducing the allergic symptoms but also acts specifically to restore normal immunity against allergens in the longterm course of the disease. Background: Asthma and/or allergic rhinitis have been associated with sleep disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate sleep disorders in Latin-American children (4 to 10 years) from 10 countries, with persistent asthma (A) and/or allergic rhinitis (AR) and in normal controls (C). Methods: Parents from 454 C and 700 A and/or AR children followed in reference clinics answered the Children Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) that is an one-week retrospective questionnaire composed by 33 questions and divided in 7 subscales (bedtime resistance, sleep duration, sleep anxiety, night awaking, parasomnias, sleepdisordered breathing and daytime sleepiness). Total CSHQ scale and subscales were compared between C and A+AR, A (n=285) vs AR (n=390), and controlled A (CA, n=103) vs partially controlled/uncontrolled A (UA, n=182). Results: comparison between C and A+AR showed no significant differences in age (6.7 vs 7.0 years, respectively) and total CSHQ (53.3 vs 63.2, respectively) and subscales were significantly higher among A+AR group. Comparison between A and AR groups, except for sleep anxiety, show significantly higher values for total CSHQ (66.9 vs 61.0, respectively) and the other subscales. UA showed significantly higher values for total CSHQ and subscales in comparison to CA (71.1 vs 59.4, respectively Background: Epidemiological studies mainly from USA, the Europe, and Asia indicate a high prevalence of asthma. However, little is known about asthma among the population of the Afghanistan. In the patients with asthma have high levels of exhaled nitric oxide fraction (FeNO). We aimed comparing with respiratory symptoms and FeNO and lung function test in Afghanistan. Methods: Respiratory symptoms were assessed by a pulmonology physician (n=117). The FeNo was measured by NIOX MINO device (Aerocrine AB, Solna, Sweden). Lung function was examined by a portable spirometer and airway hyper-resposiveness. Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ), blood eosinophils were assessed at the same time. Results: Respiratory symptoms were cough (100%), dyspnea (88%), wheezing at the physical exam (56%). Lower FEV1 (p<0.0001) and higher FeNO values (P=0.001) were observed in Afghanistan. Between blood eosinophil counts and FeNO did not show association. Conclusions: This is the first study was performed in Afghanistan people. Respiratory symptoms and FeNo had association in Afghanistan. In future more subjects enroll and environmental factor are needed. ATP, a danger signal, activates human eosinophils via P2 purinergic receptors Takehito Kobayashi 1 , Tooru Noguchi 1 , Tomoyuki Soma 1 , Kazuyuki Nakagome 1 , Hidetomo Nakamoto 1 , Hirohito Kita 2 , Makoto Nagata 1 1 Saitama Medical University, Japan; 2 Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, USA Correspondence: Takehito Kobayashi -Saitama Medical University, Japan World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A125 Background: Eosinophils recognize various stimuli resulting in their accumulation in mucosal tissues and the progression of inflammation. Uric acid (UA) is an important endogenous danger signal released from injured cells by inflammation and infection. Eosinophils are also involved in innate Th2-type immune responses mediated through endogenous danger signals, including IL-33, uric acid (UA), or ATP, in nonsensitized mice exposed to environmental allergens. However, the mechanism involved in eosinophil responses to these danger signals remains insufficiently understood. Methods: Eosinophils isolated from peripheral blood of normal individuals were incubated in the presence or absence of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals and ATPγS, a non-hydrolysable ATP analogue. To determine the involvement of P2 or P2Y 2 receptors in eosinophil responses to UA and ATP, eosinophils were preincubated with a pan-P2 receptor inhibitor, oxidized ATP (oATP), or anti-P2Y 2 antibody before incubation with MSU crystals or ATPγS. Results: MSU crystals induced adhesion of eosinophils to recombinant human (rh)-ICAM-1 and induced production of superoxide anion. oATP abolished eosinophil responses to MSU crystals, suggesting involvement of endogenous ATP and its receptors. Furthermore, exogenous ATP, as ATPγS, activated eosinophils and induced migration across a model of basement membrane, adhesion to rh-ICAM-1, generation of superoxide anion, and degranulation of eosinophilderived neurotoxin (EDN). oATP and anti-P2Y 2 significantly reduced these eosinophil responses. Conclusions: UA stimulated eosinophils to release ATP. ATP serves as an essential mediator of functional responses in human eosinophils. Thus, human eosinophils may respond to particulate damageassociated endogenous danger signals. These responses by eosinophils to tissue damage may explain the self-perpetuating nature of airway inflammation in patients with asthma. Atopic dermatitis and sleep disorders in latin American children Marilyn Urrutia Pereira 1 , Dirceu Sole 1 , Herberto Jose Chong Neto 2 , Alfonso Mario Cepeda 3 , Raúl Lázaro Castro Almarales 4 , Juan C. Sisul 5, 6, 7 Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) has been associated with impairment of sleep. The aim of this study was to evaluate sleep disorders in AD Latin-American children (4 to 10 years) from 10 countries, and in normal controls (C). Methods: Parents from 454 C and 340 AD children followed in reference clinics answered the Children Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) that is an one-week retrospective questionnaire composed by 33 questions and divided in 7 subscales (bedtime resistance, sleep duration, sleep anxiety, night awaking, parasomnias, sleep-disordered breathing and daytime sleepness). Total CSHQ scale and subscales were compared between C and DA groups. Spearman's correlation coefficient between SCORAD (Scoring atopic dermatitis) with all subscales and total CSHQ were also obtained. Results: C and DA groups were similar regarding age, however, significantly higher values for total CSHQ (62.2±16.1 vs53.3±12.7, respectively) and subscales were observed among DA children in comparison to C, and they were higher among those with moderate (54.8%) or severe (4.3%) AD. Except for sleep duration (r=-0.02, p=0.698), there were a significant Spearman's correlation index for bedtime resistance (0.24, p<0.0001), sleep anxiety (0.29, p<0.0001), night awaking (0.36, p<0.0001), parasomnias (0.54, p<0.0001), sleepdisordered breathing (0.42, p<0.0001), daytime sleepiness (0.26, p<0.0001) and total CSHQ (0.46, p<0.0001). Conclusions: Although properly treated, Latin-American children with AD showed to have sleep disorders evaluated by the CSHQ. Children with moderate to severe forms of AD were those who had the biggest changes in CSHQ. Background: The recently identified house dust mite (HDM) allergen Der p 23 has been considered as a major allergen, according to its high IgE reactivity which is quite similar to that measured for the major HDM allergens Der p 1 and Der p 2. Whereas the high IgE binding frequencies to Der p 1 and Der p 2 could be partially explained by the relative abundance of these proteins in the mite fecal pellets, there is a discrepancy between the IgE reactivity to Der p 23 and the very poor amount of intact Der p 23 in mite feces aqueous extracts. The goal of the study was to evaluate the release of Der p 23 from fecal pellets as well as the allergen sensitivity to proteases. Method: HDM enriched fecal pellets were extracted with PBS or 6 M Urea with 2% SDS and 10 mM DTT. The release of nDer p 23 in the extracts as well as in a commercial mite bodies extract (Greer) was measured by western blot. Recombinant Der p 23 (rDer p 23) and GST-Der p 23 were produced in P. pastoris and E. coli respectively. These two recombinant forms were incubated with activated natural Der p 1, trypsin or HDM extracts. The Der p 23 proteolysis was monitored by SDS-PAGE and western blot. Results: Very tiny amounts of nDer p 23 is released from fecal pellets upon incubation with PBS. Unexpected high molecular weight immunoreactive bands present also in very low amount were detected when extraction was performed under denaturing and reducing conditions. Intact nDer p 23 was not present in mite bodies extract. Recombinant Der p 23 can be degraded by Der p 1 but not by Trypsin. The Der p 23 O-glycosylation partially reduced the proteolysis. The Der p 23 sensitivity to cysteine proteases from HDM fecal pellets extracts was also demonstrated. Conclusions: Our results suggest that natural Der p 23, through probably its tight interactions with the peritrophic matrix, is very poorly released from the fecal pellets. According to nDer p 23 very low abundance in mite extracts and high sensitivity to proteolytic degradation, recombinant Der p 23 may be a valuable material for the diagnosis as well as the treatment of Der p 23 sensitivities. Background: Hypersensitivity reactions to corticosteroids are known to occur, but are an unexpected phenomenon. However, immediate hypersensitivity with severe anaphylactic reactions is scarce in literature. Methods: Diagnosis is confirmed using a patch test for suspected delayed type hypersensitivity. Skin prick and/or intradermal tests are for immediate type hypersensitivity to identify the responsible agent and potential cross-reactivity patterns [i] . Results: A patient presented with seasonal allergies and asthma not adequately controlled with inhaled albuterol. Inhaled budesonide/formoterol daily was prescribed for treatment. The first dose was well tolerated, but 15 minutes after the second dose the next day, the patient developed shortness of breath, a feeling of throat tightness, swelling of the lips and tongue and blisters along the oral mucosa. The patient was treated with an oral antihistamine and symptoms abated within one hour. The patient was unaware of any previous allergies to corticosteroids and reported using various topical preparations to treat dermatitis for more that one year without resolution. An open test with an application of budesonide/formoterol was sprayed onto the patient's arm resulting in an erythematous plaque at 72 hours. Patch testing revealed delayed reactions at 48 hours to tixocortol-21-pivalate 1%, budesonide 0.01% and hydrocortisone 1%. Skin tests [ii] were performed to further evaluate and document corticosteroid hypersensitivity using ciclosenide, methylprednisolone, mometasone, budesonide, budesonide/formoterol, formoterol, fluticasone/ salmeterol along with normal saline and histamine as controls. Within 24 hours positive results for two different inhaled budesonide formulations and one for budesonide/formoterol were observed. Conclusions: Inhaled corticosteroids are first line agents in the treatment of persistent asthma. In patients with sensitivity to this drug class, clinicians should be aware of cross-reactivity patterns to identify an appropriate corticosteroid for therapy and test to identify the class of products which would be deemed safe. Furthermore, the practitioner should be aware that prior atopy is a risk factor for sensitization to topically applied therapeutics. Lastly, the anti-inflammatory effects of a corticosteroid may mask the allergy. Although patch and skin tests supported delayed hypersensitivity reactions, this patient presented with an immediate hypersensitivity reaction that is suspected to have occurred from previous sensitization of topical corticosteroid use. Background: House dust harbors ambient immunomodulatory particulates and reflects the living environments. Lipid compounds may have manifold impact on host immunity but have not yet been extensively described. Objective: To investigate and compare the lipids of mattress dust from urban and rural school children in China. Methods: Dusts from beddings of twenty schoolchildren in urban Guangzhou and rural Conghua were collected and extracted following the Bligh and Dyer method. Lipidomic profiling was carried out by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-offlight (Q-TOF)-MS-based approach using a Waters Xevo G2 Q-TOF mass spectrometer with an electrospray ion source (ESI). Mass spectra were acquired in the range of m/z 50~1200 in both positive and negative ionization mode. Raw data were then processed using XCMS, SIMCA-P and multivariate statistical analysis, then compared with database to identify lipid components. Results: The established models of lipid profiling were statistically valid and well fit. Urban and rural dusts showed differential composition of lipid molecules. A total of 8986 and 4742 metabolites were detected in positive and negative ionization mode, respectively. Fourteen lipid molecules were finally identified. Oleamide, Cer (d18:0/14:0), MG (0:0/18:3/0:0), two LysoPAs, 16-hydroxy hexadecanoic acid and phytomonic acid were abundant in rural dust, whereas Cer (t18:0/16:0), DG (36:7), two LysoPCs, PA (16:0e/18:0), PC (32:1) and PG (P-16:0/14:1) were abundant in urban dust. Conclusions: This is the first report suggesting that children from urban and rural areas are exposed to discrepant environmental lipids. Potential responses to the identified lipids should be further investigated. A130 Improvements in quality of life in children with allergic rhinitis after adenotonsillectomy Jung Ho Bae, Young Joo Cho, Joo Yeon Kim Ewha Womans University, South Korea Correspondence: Jung Ho Bae -Ewha Womans University, South Korea World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A130 Chronic nasal obstruction in children is a very common symptom. Allergic rhinitis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa, is one of the most common cause of nasal obstruction. Besides, adenotonsillar hypertrophy is also the first to blame. Because two diseases are quite common in children, allergic rhinitis and adenotonsillar hypertrophy often coexist. We evaluated the surgical outcome of adenotonsillectomy in children with allergic rhinitis. The goal of this study is to better understand the role of adenotonsillar hypertrophy and its impact on quality of life in allergic rhinitis children. We conducted this study on 27 pediatric patients with allergic rhinitis and adenotonsiller hypertrophy and 33 patients with adenotonsillar hypertrophy only. Demographic data, clinical examination including oral and nasal endoscopy, and skull lateral view were obtained. The mean age, Brodsky tonsil size, adenoid size, and BMI were similar between two groups. A follow-up evaluation, which included questionnaires of clinical scores, physical examinations and skull lateral view were performed 3, 6 months after adenotonsillectomy. When the preoperative and postoperative results were compared, postoperative scores for sleep related symptoms were significantly improved from preoperative scores in both groups. The history of frequent URI and antibiotic therapy after surgery was no significant differences between two groups. The improvements of nasal symptoms including nasal obstruction, were significantly higher in nonallergic group (p<0.01). The adenoid regrowth rate was slightly higher in non-allergic group (p<0.05). Our findings confirm that adenotonsillectomy is a satisfactory treatment for sleep related in adenotonsillar hypertrophic children with or without allergic rhinitis. Though some nasal symptoms depends on post operative allergic treatments, there is a dramatic improvement in the quality of life after adenotonsillectomy in allergic rhinitis children. The seasonal variation of asthma exacerbations in patients allergic to pollens in Greece Dimitrios Vourdas 1 , Christos Grigoreas 1 , Konstantinos Petalas 2 1 251 General Air Force Hospital; 2 Hellenic Air Force, Greece Correspondence: Konstantinos Petalas -Hellenic Air Force, Greece World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A131 Background: The recognition of clear seasonal (monthly) patterns of Asthma Exacerbations (AE), in a particular area, may allow preventive strategies to be developed. Athens is the capital city of Greece, a Mediterranean country where the prevailing pollens are different comparing to Central or Northern Europe countries. The aim of this study was to determine the seasonal (monthly) variation in AE with allergy to pollens, in Greece. Methods: Data were obtained from our department in Athens, between October 1994 and September 2014 (240 months). We evaluated all AE occurring this period for patients allergic only to pollens, according to the results of skin prick testing. A positive SPT was defined as a wheal size at least 3 mm greater than the negative control. AE were defined as a deterioration in asthma resulting in an unscheduled visit (i.e patient-initiated) leading to change in asthma treatment or the need for oral steroids for>3 days and/or emergency room visit/hospitalization. Data are presented as monthly averages of these years of combined data, as a percent above (+) or below (-) the average monthly value (%) for the 240 months under study. pollens. An increase in AE occurred in three months (April, May, June) and a decrease in the rest of the months. It is of great interest to note that especially in May occurred a huge increase (peak) in AE (+476%) in patients allergic to pollens (May epidemic). This study suggests that aeroallergens (pollens) can exacerbate asthma, especially in May, in Greece and the results may offer significant opportunities for improved disease management. Whole-genome sequencing study in allergic rhinitis nuclear families Yuan Zhang Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, China World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A132 4 nuclear families which included 9 patients suffering from house dust mites allergic rhinitis (AR) were enrolled in present study. Whole -genome sequencing were employed to screen the possibly candidate variations which were susceptible to AR. 85 common variations shared in the study subjects and were reported to be related to allergic diseases previously were detected. Moreover, 108 low-frequency and rare variations were identified and some of them involved in antigen processing and presentation, endocytosis and phagosome pathways. Replications of the variations found through wholegenome sequencing were performed in 402 independent AR patients and healthy controls. We demonstrated 4 gene variations or region which have been proved to be associated with allergy, including rs204993 in PBX2, rs2228145 in IL6R, rs1128670 in MRPL18 and rs34874585 in IGHV1-3. In addition, we still discovered 5 novel AR gene variations and regions that involved rs2259816 in HNF1A, rs2298428 in YDJC, rs1128670 in MRPL18, rs2227983 in EGFR as well as rs1059091 in IFITM2. Effect of the production of extracellular matrix from nasal fibroblasts by eosinophils activated with airborne fungi The pathogenesis of nasal polyps is associated with the interaction between mucosal epithelial cells, extracellular matrix and inflammatory cell, and their chemical mediators. Fibroblasts are major structural components of nasal mucosa and play an important role as a source of chemical mediators and tissue remodeling. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of airborne fungi in the production of extracellular matrix from nasal fibroblasts with the interaction of activated eosinophils. Methods Nasal fibroblasts were isolated from nasal polyp and normal inferior turbinates. Nasal fibroblasts were stimulated with Alternaria alternate at 100 ug/ml and Aspergillus fumigatus at 50 ug/ml. Eosinophils from peripheral blood were extracted then stimulated with both fungi. Nasal fibroblasts were co-cultured with activated eosinophils with or without physical contact for 24 hours. Then α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen type I, TIMP-1, MMP-9, fibronectin mRNA expression were determined with real time RT-PCR and protein production was determined with western blot method. Alternaria and Aspergillus enhanced extracellular matrix mRNA expression from nasal polyp fibroblasts about 2.4 to 7.1 times than normal control. However, only Alternaria induced the production of eosinophil peroxide and superoxide from eosinophils. Co-culture of activated eosinophils with fungi and nasal fibroblasts enhanced extracellular matrix mRNA expression 1.8 to 2.6 times than cocultured with non-activated eosinophil group. Airborne fungi enhance the extracellular matrix mRNA expression and protein production not only by direct stimulation of fibroblasts, but also by the interaction of activated eosinophils with fibroblasts. In the pathogenesis of nasal polyps, fungi play an important role through the production of extracellular matrix from fibroblasts and inducing tissue remodeling. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main etiologic agent of bronchiolitis worldwide and RSV bronchiolitis seems to be a more severe disease than that caused by other viruses. The aim of our study is to observe the clinical, pulmonary function and bronchodilator responsiveness differences between respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and non-RSV bronchiolitis. Methods 96 bronchiolitis inpatients of Shengjing Hospital from November 2012 to March 2014 were enrolled. RSV detection was performed at enrollment and the patients were divided into RSV group and non-RSV group. Patient's information of demography, allergy and duration of onset were collected, infant pulmonary function, bronchial dilation test and serum total IgE were tested, and modified-Tal score and length of hospitalization were also recorded at admission. Results RSV bronchiolitis (n = 40 [46.17%]) were younger at hospitalization (5 ±3.97 vs 7.38±4.42 months, p=0.008) and disease severity defined by length of hospitalization and modified-Tal score was significantly worse in children with RSV bronchiolitis. There is no difference in sensitization between the two groups. The respiratory rate (RR) and respiratory system resistance (Rrs) were significantly increased, while the tidal volume per kilogram (VT/kg), ratio of time to peak tidal expiratory flow and total expiratory time (tPTEF/TE), ratio of volume to peak expiratory flow and total expiratory volume (VPTEF/VE), and respiratory system compliance per kilogram (Crs/kg) were significantly decreased as compared with those in non-RSV bronchiolitis. The plethysmographic functional residual capacity (FRCp) showed no statistically significant differences. With bronchodilators, VT/kg, tPTEF/TE and VPTEF/VE were significantly improved in RSV bronchiolitis. There were good correlations between disease severity and lung function. In conclusion, this study supports that younger age is a risk factor for RSV bronchiolitis. The airway obstruction of RSV bronchiolitis seems to be more severe and have higher bronchodilator responsiveness. Infant pulmonary function may reflect disease severity, while we need to consider the affected factors when assessing the disease severity based on infant pulmonary function. Purpose: The role of PM 10 in development of allergic diseases remains controversial among epidemiological studies, partly due to the inability to control for spatial variations of large-scale risk factors. This study aims to investigate spatial correspondence between the level of PM 10 and allergic diseases at the sub-district level in Seoul, Korea, in order to evaluate whether the impact of PM 10 is observable and spatially varies across the sub-districts. Methods: PM 10 measurements at 25 monitoring stations in the city were interpolated to 424 sub-districts where annual inpatient and outpatient count data for three types of allergic diseases (atopic dermatitis, asthma and allergic rhinitis) were collected. We estimated multiple ordinary least square regression models to examine the association of the PM 10 level with each of the allergic diseases, controlling for various sub-district level covariates. Geographically weighted regression models were conducted to evaluate how the impact of PM 10 varies across the sub-districts. Results: PM 10 was found to be a significant predictor of atopic dermatitis patient count (p<0.01), with greater association when spatially interpolated at the sub-district level. No significant effect of PM 10 was observed on allergic rhinitis and asthma when socioeconomic factors were controlled for. Geographically weighted regression models revealed spatial variation of PM 10 effects on atopic dermatitis across the sub-districts in Seoul. The relationship of PM 10 levels to atopic dermatitis patient counts is found to be significant only in Gangbuk region (p<0.01), along with other covariates including average land value, poverty rate, level of education and apartment rate (p<0.01). Conclusions: Our findings imply that PM 10 effects on allergic diseases might not be consistent throughout Seoul. GIS-based spatial modeling techniques could play a role in evaluating spatial variation of air pollution impacts on allergic diseases at the sub-district levels, which could provide valuable guidelines for environmental and public health policymakers. The relationship between rhinovirus and recurrent wheezing Wenjing Zhu 1 Early studies showed that Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) was the main trigger of wheezing in infants. New evidences indicated that rhinovirus (RV) may play a significant role in the development of asthma. To investigate the role of RV infection in the episode of recurrent wheezing in young children (5 years and younger) by case-control study. The clinical features and duration of symptoms were analyzed according to the result of the follow-up in 4 weeks. Children with recurrent wheezing during attack and children without wheezing were included in this study. Specimen of nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained for detection of virus. RV, Human metapneumovirus (hMP), Bocavirus (hBoV) were tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RSV, parainfluenza viruses type I, II, III, influenza virus A, B and adenoviruses (ADV) was confirmed by detection of viral antigens via fluoroimmunoassay. Counting of white blood cells, severity of disease was accessed in the first visit. Duration of symptoms and interval between episodes were recorded in the 4 weeks follow-up. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from 109 recurrent wheezing children and 70 non-wheezing children. Compared with control group, the wheezing children were higher positive rate for total detective virus (53.2% vs15.7%, χ 2 =25.3, P<0.01), RV (31.2% vs 12.9%, χ 2 =7.9, P=0.005) and RSV(19.3% vs 4.3%, χ 2 =8.2, P=0.004). The positive rates of RV was higher in toddler wheezing than infant wheezing group (44.8% vs 20.0%, χ 2 =6.0, P=0.015). The EOS count was 0.38 (0.12-0.57) *10^9/ L in RV-positive wheezing children, which was much higher than that in other virus-positive cases 0.21 (0.07-0.38) *10^9/ L (U=252, P=0.04). Compared with other virus-positive cases, RV-positive wheezing children have higher LYMP and WBC counts (P<0.05). There was no different between virus-negative and viruspositive cases in the symptoms of wheezing, coughing and nasal in from of 4 weeks follow-up (P>0.05). High in of respiratory virus is found in children with wheezing exacerbation. RV is the most important pathogen in recurrent wheezing patients. The RV induced wheezing is associated with high level of EOS, LYMP and WBC counts. It implies RV may associated with atopy and immunoreaction. The clinical symptom is not different between RV and other virus infection in short time. Background: Staphylococcus aureus is known to be the most frequent cause of skin infection or aggravating factor in atopic dermatitis patients. The colonization rate of S. aureus reaches to 90% of atopic dermatitis patients, which is much higher than in the healthy subjects. Until now, bacteria could be identified only through the bacterial culture technique, by which only 1% of total bacteria can be identified. Here, we performed metagenomic analysis to determine major colonizing bacteria in the skin of atopic dermatitis patients vs. healthy control subjects. Methods: Seventeen patients with atopic dermatitis and 6 healthy control subjects were enrolled. Skin washing fluids were obtained from the moistened gauze which loaded on the skin lesion in the cubital fossa of atopic dermatitis patients and on the same part of normal controls. After genomic DNA was extracted from the skin washing fluids, 16s ribosomal DNA was amplified using the universal primer, sequenced through the next generation sequencer, and then the sequenced data was analyzed using bioinformatics. Results: Staphylococcus spp. was dominant in the skin from atopic dermatitis patients, while it was undetectable in the control subject skins. The mean proportion of Staphylococcus in the total bacterial DNA of atopic dermatitis patients was 68%, however that was 0% in normal controls. Additional analysis for the species of Staphylococcus spp. revealed that most of Staphylococcus spp. was Staphylcoccus aureus. The following frequent bacteria were Pseudomonas and Streptococcus spp., and their proportions were 11% and 10% in the patients vs. 2% and 1% in the controls, respectively. On the other hand, Alcaligenaceae family and Sediminibacterium spp. were the most frequent bacteria in the skin of the controls, and their proportions were 39% and 13% in the controls vs. 0% and 0% in patients, respectively. Conclusions: Staphylcoccus aureus is the predominant colonizer in the atopic dermatitis skin through the metagenomic analysis of bacterial DNA. Background: The aim of this study was to estimate the efficacy and the safety of the combination of micronized cellulose powder and locally applied glucocorticoids on the symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Methods: This single blind controlled study was conducted in 120 subjects (2-60 years of age, mean age 38.5) with allergic rhinitis, 66 men and 54 women. All participants had a positive medical history for allergic rhinitis. They were randomized to 1 puff mometasone furoate followed by 1 puff of commercially available micronized cellulose powder in the morning, and only 1 puff micronized cellulose powder in the evening (test treatment, TT) or 1 puff mometasone furoate, Bid (reference treatment, RT). Participants were allowed to take oral antihistamine or eye drops they wished. The symptom scores were recorded before and after the treatment. Mean values for the sum of all scores were calculated. The pre-vs post-treatment differences were compared using t-test. Also the decrease of the symptom scores between groups were compared using t-test. The efficacies were analyzed using Chi-2 tests. Results: Both treatments could reduce the symptom scores significantly (P<0.001), and the improvement rates were similar (P=0.052). Total efficacies of RT and TT were 95% and 100% respectively without significant differences (P=0.244). There were no adverse reaction found in both groups. Conclusions: The combination of micronized cellulose powder and locally applied glucocorticoids could reduce the dose of glucocorticoids, and the treatment is safe. New strategy for atopic dermatitis therapy with modulation of calcium ion channels Woo Kyung Kim 1 Background: Intracellular Ca 2+ signaling via various calcium channels, such as Orai1, Transient receptor potential (TRP)A1, TRPV1, and TRPV3, has been shown to directly modulate not only inflammation but also barrier homeostasis, and inflammation. Ca 2+ influx through these channels eventually generates intracellular Ca 2+ signaling that results in different outcomes dependent on the individual Ca 2+ channel type, for example, keratinocyte proliferation and migration through Orai1, epidermal barrier formation and keratinocyte differentiation through TRPA1, and keratinocyte cornification through TRPV3. Therefore, a specific agonist/antagonist for each calcium channel is required for maintaining skin barrier homeostasis and for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Objectives: To identify applicable topical botanically derived chemicals for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Method: Novel modulators of Orai1, TRPA1, TRPV1, and TRPV3 were identified were identified by screening the 70% methanol (MeOH) extracts (plus their fractions) of 30 medicinal herbs and their constituents. The potencies of the activating and inhibitory compounds of each channel were determined by an automated patch clamp system. The biophysical properties of channel modulation by hit products were re-analyzed using conventional whole-cell patch clamp and fluorometric calcium imaging. Results: We prepared 70% MeOH extracts of 30 medicinal herbs, performed bioassay-guided fractionation of the active extracts, and then isolated and identified the bioactive constituents. By performing the combination of automated and conventional whole-cell patch clamp studies, we found eight medicinal herb fractions for Orai1, four for TRPV1, two for TRPA1, and one for TRPV3 that showed >50% inhibition rates at 30 μg/mL. We also found three fractions with TRPA1 agonist activity. Further, we also identified chemical constituents that inhibit Orai1 (compound V: 95 ± 5% inhibition at 90 μM) and TRPV1 (compound M: 93.9 ± 2.45% inhibition at 90 μM; compound CYP: 61 ± 5% inhibition at 90 μM). Chemical constituents that showed agonist/antagonistic effects on TRPA1 and TRPV3 also will be discussed. Conclusions: Considering that most regional plants have not been investigated chemically or pharmaceutically, they remain as untapped potential sources of topical agents for drugs and other application. We found major active components and chemical constituents of plant extracts for the modulation of various calcium ion channels, which may have potential clinical applications for atopic dermatitis. Limitations: Extensive clinical studies of the lead compounds are needed to develop topical agents for atopic dermatitis that relate to skin barrier functions. Background: Microbial infection is one of the local factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. However, many studies had been reported the systemic effect of the microorganism, especially of the lactic acid bacteria. Until now, they only have been studying the systemic effects of local microorganisms, not the systemic microbial distribution. No study has revealed that relationship between the systemic bacteria and atopic dermatitis. Here, we performed metagenomic analysis to determine systemic bacteria distribution of atopic dermatitis patients vs. healthy control subjects. Methods: Twenty-eight patients with atopic dermatitis and 8 healthy control subjects were enrolled. Urine was obtained in all subjects and serum was obtained in eighteen atopic dermatitis patients. After genomic DNA was extracted from the urine and serum, 16s ribosomal DNA was amplified using the universal primer, sequenced through the next generation sequencer, and then the sequenced data was analyzed using bioinformatics. Results: The bacterial composition was nearly identical between serum and urine. However, there was notable difference of bacterial composition in the urine of the normal control and the atopic dermatitis patients. In the control group, proportion of Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, Lactobacillales(o) were significantly higher than in the patients group, and that of Alicyclobacillus, Propionibacterium, Streptophyta(o) were increased in the patients group than in the control group. Pseudomonas was commonly found in the both groups. Before treatment, Alicyclobacillus and Comamonadaceae were frequently found, however their proportion were decreased and Acinetobacter and Oxalobacteraceae(f) were increased after treatment in the urine of atopic dermatitis patients. Conclusions: We confirmed the systemic bacterial composition in the atopic dermatitis and normal controls through the metagenomic analysis of bacterial DNA in the urine and serum. Occurrence and physiological function of immune complexes of food proteins and IgA in human saliva Hiroshi Narita 1 , Junko Hirose 2 , Kumiko Kizu 3 , Ayu Matsunaga 1 1 Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan; 2 Department of Food Science and Nutrition; 3 Department of Life and Living Correspondence: Hiroshi Narita -Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A141 A) Background: We have revealed the occurrence and physiological function of immune complexes (ICs) of food proteins and IgA in human breast milk (Ref. 1, 2) . Universality of these findings was examined this time in another exocrine fluid, human saliva. B) Methods: ICs of several food proteins in human exocrine fluids were determined with sandwich ELISAs constructed with antiindividual protein and anti-human IgA antibodies. The IC fraction obtained from human pooled saliva by ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration was administered orally for successive 6 days to 8 weeks old BALB/c mice fed casein-based commercially available mouse diet. At day 8, they were immunized with egg white proteins in Freund's complete adjuvant and boosted at day 22 with egg white proteins in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Blood was drawn from orbital vein and serum ovalbumin and ovomucoid specific IgG1s were measured at day 36. As the control, free ovalbumin corresponding to its amount in the IC fraction was administered. C) Results: Food proteins were detected as respective ICs in healthy human saliva. IgG1 production to ovalbumin and ovomucoid was significantly suppressed (p<0.05) in the IC administered mice in comparison with the control mice. D) Conclusions: ICs of food proteins and IgA could be determined in human saliva as well as in breast milk. Evidence indicating their physiological function as the inducers of oral tolerance was proved in mice. ICs of food proteins and IgA in human exocrine fluids are thought to be "Natural Drinkable Vaccine", functioning in the prevention of food allergy through induction of oral immune tolerance. E) References 1) Biosci. Biotech. Biochem., 65, 1438 -1440 , 2001 2) Food and Nutr. Sci., 6, [221] [222] [223] [224] [225] [226] [227] [228] [229] [230] [231] [232] [233] 2015 A142 Association between DNA hypomethylation at IL13 gene and allergic rhinitis in house dust mite-sensitized subjects Jingyun Li, Yuan Zhang, Luo Zhang Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology Correspondence: Jingyun Li -Beijing Tongren Hospital, China World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A142 Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a complex disease, in which gene-environment interactions contribute to its pathogenesis. Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation play an important role in the regulation of gene function. As IL13, a pleiotropic cytokine, may be important in conferring susceptibility to AR, the aim of the present work was to assess the relationship between a CpG island methylation status at the upstream of IL13gene and house dust mite (HDM)-sensitized AR in Han Chinese subjects. Methods: A total of 60 HDM-sensitized AR patients and 65 control subjects were enrolled as two independent cohorts from Beijing and Liaoning. MassARRAY EpiTYPER was used to systematically screen the status of DNA methylation in peripheral blood leukocytes. IL13mRNA expression was measured by real-time quantitative PCR. Results: The mean level of methylation was decreased in the AR patient-group compared with the control-group (P = 0.01). Two of a total of 33 IL13CpG units analyzed (CpG units 24:25:26 and 38:39) showed significant differences in methylation status between the AR patient-group and the control-group; with DNA hypomethylation at CpG38:39 significantly associated with higher risk of HDM-sensitized AR in both independent cohorts and a combined cohort ( Background and objective Recent data have shown that the prevalence of asthma and allergic disease continuously increase. Some diet can prevent asthma or allergic disease by epigenetic change, including DNA methylation. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary methyl donors (folate, vitamin B2, vitamin B6) and the development of asthma and allergic sensitization in children. Methods Children aged 7-13 years in a Korean elementary school were surveyed in 2006 as part of the first Children's Health and Environmental Research (CHEER) survey and 2,333 children were included in this study. Korean version of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) were done by their parents. The skin prick test was performed using 18 common allergens in Korea. Genotyping for MTHFR (rs1801133) polymorphism was performed by TaqMan assay. Dietary folate intake was a protective factor for wheezing symptoms in the past 12 months (aOR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.53-0.91) and asthma diagnosis (aOR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.53-0.99) and vitamin B6 was also related to reduced risk of allergen sensitization (aOR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.56-0.99). High intake of folate, vitamin B2 and vitamin B6 was a protective factor for allergen sensitization [(aOR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.25-0.93), (aOR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.26-0.95) and (aOR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.21-0.76), respectively] and atopic wheezing symptoms in the past 12 months [(aOR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0,04-0.80), (aOR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0,07-1.01) and (aOR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0,07-0.99), respectively], especially in CT or TT genotype at nucleotide 677T MTHFR compared to those with low intake and CC at this position. These results indicate that dietary methyl donors decrease the risk of asthma and atopy, which may be modified by MTHFR polymorphism. Objective: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an epithelialcell derived cytokine that may be important in initiating allergic inflammation. This study aimed to investigate whether TSLP reduced airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma. Methods: BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA), and the effect of TSLP on airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) was evaluated. Furthermore, we measured changes in various cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid when treated with TSLP. Results: We observed that TSLP exert a negative regulation on OVA mediated allergic airway inflammation. TSLP treatment reduced total cell counts and eosinophil counts in BAL fluid and AHR to methacholine. The Th2 cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in BAL fluid also decreased after TSLP treatments. Conclusions: These results suggest that TSLP has a therapeutic potential for allergic asthma through inhibition of Th2 cytokine production. Background and Objectives: FAspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is a clinical tetrad of nasal polyps, chronic hypertrophic eosinophilic sinusitis, asthma, and sensitivity to aspirin. Aspirin provocation test is the gold standard for diagnosing AERD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical features and prognosis after surgical treatment in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients who have aspirin hypersensitivity. Subjects and Method: FWe conducted an analysis of 100 CRS patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of our hospital from October 2012 to March 2013. We measured nasal volume change and symptom change before and after the aspirin nasal provocation test (ANPT), and examined patient's asthma history, allergy, Lund-Mackay score (LMS), total immunoglobulin E, peripheral eosinophil percentage, and objective measurement relapse. Results: FChronic rhinosinusitis patients with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) were more likely to have a positive ANPT test results compared to patients without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) (21.4% vs. 5.5%). ANPT (+) group had higher LMS and required more revision endoscopic sinus surgery than ANPT (-) group. These results were similar to those of CRSwNP compared with CRSsNP. Conclusion: F LMS and recurrence rates were higher in ANPT (+) compared to ANPT (-). Especially, recurrence rates were higher in ANPT (+) regardless of nasal polyp. Thus, careful endoscopic examination is required at follow up if CRS patients showed positive ANPT results. Chronic cough without wheezing in young children as a manifestation of chronic sinusitis Charles Song Harbor-UCLA, USA World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A146 Background: Chronic cough without wheezing in young children often presents diagnostic challenge. Objective: To investigate the usefulness of nasal endoscopy in differentiating bacterial sinusitis from viral upper respiratory infection, cough variant asthma, allergic rhinitis, and GERD. Method: We have retrospectively analyzed data from 14 young children under the age of 5 who presented in our clinic with chronic cough without wheezing. Nine children were evaluated with nasal endoscopy. Results: All of 9 (100%) children evaluated with nasal endoscopy had thick purulent discharge in the nasopharynx and five (56%) of them had adenoid enlargement for the age. Ten of 13 (77%) children given antibiotic treatment reported symptom resolution in their two week follow-up appointment. Conclusion: Using nasal endoscopy, we found that the majority of children with chronic cough without wheezing had chronic bacterial sinusitis and had a striking response to an appropriate antibiotic therapy. Adenoid hypertrophy may be the cause or, more likely, the result of chronic upper airway infection. Expression of muscarinic receptors and effect of tiotropium bromide on chronic asthma according to age in a murine model Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of muscarinic receptors and resultantly the effect of muscarinic antagonist, tiotropium bromide depending on aging process in a murine model of chronic asthma. Methods: Different aged female BALB/c (6 weeks old, 9 and 15 months old) female BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) about for three months. Tiotroipum bromide of 0.1 mM was administered via intranasal route before OVA challenge. We measured cell counts and Th2 cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and airway hyperresponsiveness. Parameters of airway remodeling and the expression of muscarinic receptor subtypes, M2/M3, were assessed. Results: Airway resistance decreased in aged (9 and 15 months old) OVA group than young (6 weeks old) OVA group. Inflammatory cells including eosinophils had a decreased tendency according to age among the OVA groups. Administration of tiotropium showed the improvement of the infiltration of inflammatory cells and Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13. Goblet cell hyperplasia and smooth muscle hypertrophy, pivotal markers of airway remodeling, ameliorated in the tiotropium treated group than OVA group in the three aged group. The OVA group had an increased expression of M3 subtype and a decreased expression of M2 subtype according to age. Conclusion: This study shows that tiotropium bromide could have the effect on not only airway inflammation but also remodeling regardless of age and the effect might be related with the pattern of expression of muscarinic receptors subtype. Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is classified as eosinophilic or non-eosinophilic CRSwNP depending on histopathological features. However, there are few useful markers for the differential diagnosis of CRSwNP. Therefore, we sought to investigate useful surrogate markers for CRSwNP endotyping in Asian patients. Methods: A total of 81 patients (45 with non-eosinophilic nasal polyps and 36 with eosinophilic nasal polyps) were enrolled. Clinical information and computed tomography (CT), endoscopic, and histological findings were investigated. Tissue samples were analyzed for total IgE protein concentration levels and for mRNA expression levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23p19, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, and periostin. Immunostaining assessment of Ki-67 as a proliferation marker was performed. Results: Non-eosinophilic CRSwNP showed greater localized and maxillary involvement but lesser olfactory involvement on CT in early stage disease compared with eosinophilic CRSwNP. In addition, ethmoidal/maxillary CT scores, indicating ethmoidal dominant involvement, were positively correlated with levels of T H 2 inflammatory markers, such as IL-5, periostin mRNA expression and total IgE levels in nasal polyp (NP) tissues, whereas scores were inversely correlated with levels of the T H 1 cytokine, IFN-γ. In non-eosinophilic NPs, Ki-67 expression was upregulated, especially in epithelia. Additionally, epithelial ingrowing patterns such as pseudocysts were more frequently observed in histologic and endoscopic evaluations of non-eosinophilic NPs compared with eosinophilic NPs. A criterion combining the cutoff level (2,167) of ethmoidal/maxillary CT scores and the presence of pseudocysts on endoscopic examination yielded a sensitivity of 100.0% and a specificity of 71.0% for the diagnosis of non-eosinophilic CRSwNP. Conclusion: We demonstrate that the combination of ethmoidal/ maxillary CT scores and the presence of pseudocysts by endoscopy may be used as a surrogate marker to distinguish non-eosinophilic CRSwNP from eosinophilic CRSwNP in Asian patients. Significant reduction in allergic features in the offspring of mice supplemented with specific non-digestible oligosaccharides during lactation Astrid Hogenkamp Utrecht University, Netherlands World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A149 Background: Earlier it was shown that maternal supplementation with non-digestible carbohydrates during pregnancy led to a significant reduction in the development of several allergic asthma features in adult offspring. In the current study, it was investigated whether maternal supplementation during lactation only would have similar effects. Method: Mice were mated 2 weeks after arrival at 10 weeks of age. Directly after birth of the offspring, mice in the lactation group were transferred to the AIN93 control diet supplemented with short-chain galacto-and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS; ratio 9:1). Mice in the sham and control groups were kept on control AIN93. The male offspring were sensitized to OVA at the age of 6 weeks, with the exception of those in the sham group, and the acute allergic skin response was measured at the age of 8 weeks. Airway hyperreactivity to metacholine was measured after 3 consecutive airway challenges with OVA aerosol. Results: Although the acute allergic skin response and the airway hyperreactivity did not differ between the control group and the lactation group allergic inflammation was significantly down-regulated by the dietary intervention during lactation. Total cells numbers, and percentages of eosinophils and lymphocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as markers for allergic inflammation were significantly decreased in the offspring of dams fed scGOS/lcFOS during lactation. Analysis of total and OVA specific immunoglobulin levels showed that the specific diet did lead to lower levels of OVA-specific and total IgG1 levels. OVA-specific IgE levels did not differ between the lactation and the control group, although levels of total IgE were significantly lower in the lactation group. Conclusion: Maternal supplementation with scGOS/lcFOS during lactation did down-regulate allergic inflammation in the lungs. In addition immunoglobulin levels, relevant for allergic disease, were down-regulated as well. In contrast, allergic skin reactions and lung functions were not affected. These data are comparable to studies performed earlier in which dietary intervention with scGOS/lcFOS was performed during pregnancy only although in these animals skin reactions and lung function were affected as well. Altogether, our data suggest that early life dietary intervention with non-digestible carbohydrates may be beneficial for the allergic outcome later in life, which may also be highly relevant for the development of atopic disease in humans. This study is part of a multi-phase project aiming to validate a mouse model to assess the potential allergenicity of hydrolysed infant formulas. The sensitizing properties of 3 partially hydrolysed whey proteins (pWH-A, -B and -C) were investigated in the mouse model as well as the classically used guinea pig model. Mice and guinea pigs were orally sensitized with whey by gavage or ad libitum via the drinking water respectively. In mice, whey-IgE, acute allergic skin responses, mMCP-1 release, body temperature and anaphylactic shock symptoms were determined upon oral challenge in 4 research centers. In the guinea pigs anaphylactic shock symptoms upon intravenous challenge were measured as a single parameter at 1 center. Elevated levels of whey-specific IgE/IgG1 were detected in wheysensitized mice in all centers, although the group-average did not reach significance for IgE in center 2. In contrast to whey-sensitized mice, no acute skin response or mMCP-1 release upon whey challenge was observed in pWH-A-treated mice which corresponded with the absence of anaphylactic shock symptoms in both the mouse and guinea pig model. For pWH-B and pWH-C, that showed positive in the guinea-pig ASA-test, results in mice were inconclusive. None of the centers was able to differentiate between the residual sensitizing capacities of the pWH-B and -C based on a single elicitation parameter and results per center differed. To determine the potential influence of an altered microbiota at the different locations on the sensitizing capacity, an analysis of the microbial composition at the start and end of the study was conducted. Results show that for a well-balanced prediction on the potential allergenicity of hydrolysed infant formulas a multiple parameter model is needed. Therefore, it is concluded that the murine model is suitable to give a safe and nuanced prediction on the allergenicity of pWH's. A future challenge is to develop an overall scoring system for proper risk assessment, taking all assessed parameters into account. Introduction: the eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is a small polypeptide that originates from activated eosinophil granulocytes. In other studies, the human neutrophils from allergic pateitns were able to produce ECP by IgE-dependent mechanism. Eosinophils have been shown to contribute to T-lymphocyte activation and an increased inflammatory responses during allergic inflammation. Objectives: the purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between allergic test; skin test and multiple allergosorbent test system (MAST); and ECP count. Methods: A total of 975 patients who underwent skin test or MAST were included in this studies. We tested the serum ECP, total Ig E, eosinophil counts, datas of skin test, datas of MAST in all patients. Various parameters were compared to ECP using the Mann-Whitney U test. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship between variables and ECP in each datas. Results: In total, 975 patients (578 men and 367 women) were included in our study. Regression analysis showed that ECP was significantly correlated with the asthma (r = 0.76, p =0.023), the score of MAST for Dermatophagoides farinae (r = 0.144, p = 0.000), the score of MAST for mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (r = 0.123, p = 0.000), and the score of skin test for Der.f (r = 0.171, p =0.032). There were no difference between the ECP and other datas significantly. Conclusions: There might be positive relationship between the ECP and MAST for Dermatophagoides. Hydroclorothiazide (HCTZ) is widely used in the treatment of essential hypertension. It may be given alone or together with other antihypertensive agents in fixed combination preparations. The most frequent adverse reactions are hypotension and disturbances in the level of serum electrolytes. Nevertheless severe adverse reactions such as shock have also been described. We describe 5 patients that have suffered episodes of sudden-onset pulmonary edema immediately after the ingestion of HCTZ. Five female patients aged between 54 and 76 years-old presented with episodes of dyspnea, malaise, chills, dizziness, fever and, in two of the patients, loss of consciousness. Chest X-rays showed bilateral interstitial infiltrates suggestive of pulmonary edema. All the patients were admitted in hospital, three had a severe respiratory failure and two of them were intubated and mechanically ventilated. Common causes of shock and pulmonary edema were ruled out in all cases. All the patients had received a dose of HCTZ (12.5-50mg), 10-60 minutes before the onset of symptoms but all them were discharged without being diagnosed. Cutaneous (prick and intradermal) tests and patch tests to HCTZ were negative. The 5 patients were diagnosed in the Allergy Unit as having HCTZ-induced non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. The close temporal relationship between the ingestion of HCTZ and the onset of symptoms, the clinical pattern, the fast recovery after-withdrawing the drug and the relapse with re-exposure, supported this diagnosis. According to Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale, in 4 of the patients the diagnosis was considered definite and in the fifth patient, the score indicated a probable relationship between the hypersensitivity reactions and HCTZ. We report a potentially fatal adverse drug reaction due to HCTZ that was not recognized during the patients' hospital stay. All the cases reported affected women according to female predominance in previously published literarure Doctors should consider this potentially life-threatening adverse drug reaction early and withdraw the drug in such an event. Infants born by C-section miss the exposure to the maternal vaginal microbiota and this absence of microbial inoculation has been associated with a delayed colonization of commensal bacterial members such as Bifidobacterium. This compromised microbial inoculation may impact the health of the newborn. Epidemiological data from cohort studies indicate associations between C-section and, immune and metabolic disorders such as asthma, and obesity. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a specific mixture of short-chain galactooligosaccharides and long-chain fructooligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS, ratio 9:1) and Bifidobacterium breve M-16V in restoring the delayed colonization of Bifidobacterium observed in term C-section delivered infants. In a multi-country, double-blind, randomised controlled study, 153 infants born by elective C-section were randomised to receive (1) an infant formula supplemented with scGOS/lcFOS (0.8g/100ml) and B. breve M-16V (7.5×10 8 CFU/ 100ml), or (2) a formula supplemented with scGOS/lcFOS (0.8g/100ml), or (3) a control formula from birth until age 4 months. As a reference group, 30 vaginally born, breast fed infants were studied in parallel. Stool samples were collected at day 3, day 5, week 4, week 8, week 12, week 16, and week 22 (6 weeks post-intervention). The proportion of bifidobacteria, different Bifidobacterium species such as B. longum and the probiotic strain B. breve M-16V were determined with molecular tools, pH and SCFA were also measured in the stool samples. The data confirm the delayed colonization of Bifidobacterium in Csection delivered infants. The synbiotic supplementation resulted in a significant higher proportion of bifidobacteria from the first days of life (p=0.006) and this bifidogenic effect remained significant until 1 month of age (p=0.029) compared to the control group. The prebiotic group showed a significant bifidogenic effect at age 1 month (p=0.048) compared to the control group. In the synbiotic arm, B. breve M-16V was still detected in 37 % of the infants at week 22 indicating a persistence of the probiotic strain. A significant lower faecal pH and a higher acetate level were observed in the synbiotic group from the first days of life and this remained significant until 1 month of age compared to the control group. A lower number of subjects with adverse events of eczema/atopic dermatitis was reported in the synbiotic group (n=3) compared to the control (n=10), and prebiotic group (n=9), after correction for family allergy history. An infant formula supplemented with scGOS/lcFOS and B. breve M-16V is able to restore the delayed colonization of Bifidobacterium in C-section delivered infants from the first days of life. This bifidogenic effect is associated with a positive modulation of the gut ecosystem milieu. These effects may have potential long term health benefits. Background: While the diagnostic criteria for asthma-COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS) is lacking, it is often perceived to share both characteristics of asthma and COPD. However, the atopic characteristics of ACOS has not been well described. We aimed to assess the atopy-related characteristics of ACOS in comparison with COPD. Methods: In this retrospective study, ACOS was defined as physiciandiagnosed cases and both ACOS and COPD met the spirometric standards (FEV 1 /FVC <0.7). We compared the clinical characteristics of atopy between ACOS and COPD. We enrolled the patients with physician-diagnosed ACOS (n = 207) and COPD (n = 258) from the medical records in a university hospital. The patients with ACOS had younger age and lower FEV 1 than COPD patients. With regard to skin prick test (SPT) responses, the overall positive rate was higher in ACOS than in COPD (22.3% vs. 14.3%, P = 0.027). However, the positive SPT responses to each allergen were not different between ACOS and COPD. In addition, there was no significant difference in levels of peripheral blood eosinophil percentage and total IgE. Conclusions: In conclusion, SPT positivity was higher in ACOS, but the other features of atopy were not different between ACOS and COPD. In the diagnosis of ACOS from COPD, SPT positivity needs to be considered as an important clinical feature. Perceptions and practices of severe asthma and asthma-COPD overlap syndrome among specialists: A questionnaire survey Sang-Heon Kim 1 , Ji-Yong Moon 1 , Jae-Hyun Lee 2 , Ga Young Ban 3 , Sujeong Kim 4 , Mi-Ae Kim 5 , Joo-Hee Kim 6 , Min-Hye Kim 7 , Chan-Sun Park 8 , Hyouk-Soo Kwon 4 , Jae-Woo Kwon 9 , Jae Woo Jung 10 , Hye-Ryun Kang 11 , Jong-Sook Park 12 , Tae Background: Severe asthma and asthma-COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS) are gaining more and more attention since these diseases are hard to control and often associated with poor clinical outcomes. However, the diagnosis and managements varies depending on clinicians because there is no agreement on the definition and therapeutic approaches in these diseases. To evaluate the current understandings and clinical practices on severe asthma and COPD among asthma and COPD specialists in Korea, We designed a questionnaire survey using e-mail and web-based platform. Methods: Subjects were selected based on their clinical specialty from the members of the Korean Academy of Asthma, Allergy and Clinical Immunology and the some study groups of the Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases. Of 432 subjects who received e-mail, 103 subjects (58 allergists and 37 pulmonologists) responded and submitted their answers by online administration. Results: Regarding severe asthma features, the most common type was asthma aggravation by stepping down treatment (21.8%) followed by frequent exacerbation (20.6%), uncontrolled asthma despite higher treatment step (13.4%) and severe exacerbation (12.6%). The subjects responded that the proportion of severe asthma was 13.8% of the asthma patients in their clinic and there was no difference between allergists and pulmonologists. ACOS was estimated to be 20.7% of asthma, 37.9% of severe asthma and 29.5% of COPD, while allergists gave more proportions of ACOS among COPD than pulmonologists (35.4% vs. 22.6%). Regarding the diagnostic criteria for ACOS among asthma patients, smoking history (84.5%), persistently low FEV 1 (80.6%) and low FEV 1 variation (71.8%) were most frequently chosen for major criteria. Contrarily, the highly selected major criteria for ACOS among COPD patients were high FEV 1 variation (85.4%), positive bronchodilator response (77.7%) and personal history of allergy (75.7%). Conclusions: The asthma and COPD specialists had diverse view on the perceptions and clinical practices on severe asthma and ACOS. These heterogeneity needs to be considered in developing guidelines and health policies of severe asthma and ACOS. Eosinophilic enteritis is rare diseases, which is eosinophilic infiltration of colon mucosa without definite cause of eosinophilia. Patient who has eosinophilic enteritis with intussusceptions is extremely rare in adult, and this case is second report in Korea. Case Twenty-two year-old man visited office due to two months lasting abdominal discomfort and diarrhea. He had no underlying medical diseases, and any other allergic history and family history except being allergic to pupa. On physical examinations, RUQ tenderness had shown. Laboratory findings showed Hemoglobin level 16.6 mg/dL, platelet count 265,000/mm3, WBC counts 6300/mm3 with differential 16.7% of eosinophils on corrected blood chemistry. Blood chemistry excluded the presence of other organ involvement, such as kidney and liver. Serologic marker of parasite and stool study which might cause gastrointestinal symptoms and peripheral eosinophilia such as Ancylostoma, Anisakis, Ascaris, Strongyloides, Toxocara, and Trichinella were done, but any of them had not shown positive results, only positive response to mite and cockroach on MAST. There is no evidence of eosinophilic infiltration on lung and heart in chest x-ray, pulmonary function test and echocardiogram. Performed computed tomography showed proximal small bowel intussusception in ascending colon. Pathologic findings represented eosinophilic infiltration of entire bowel layers. Patient's symptoms were relieved after surgery and followed blood chemistry showed improvement of peripheral eosinophilia 16.7% to 3.5%. Conclusion Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is diagnosed by eosinophilic infiltration of gastrointestinal tract without other causes of eosinophilia. The most common cause of disease is exposure to sensitive food allergen, but the pathogenesis is not well-known. Treatment is based on limited evidence and varies based upon symptoms. In this case, uncertain cause of symptom derive to surgery for diagnostic and therapeutic method. We suggest further clinical experiences and studies would be necessary to make out disease. Background: The value of total IgE varies in wide limits (0 -5000 kU/l) and depends on a lot of factors: genetics, allergy, parasitic infection, age, gender, immune status and geographic region. The aim of this study was to find out the factors influencing the values of total IgE in Estonian children and to establish own reference values. Methods: The study group comprised 385 children from two prospective allergy studies followed from birth up to the age 16 years. Data about allergy symptoms were collected from the interviewquestionnaires, clinical examinations were carried out and skin prick tests were made with the most common food and inhalant allergens during the follow-up investigations. The measurements of total IgE level in sera were made at birth, 3, 6, 12, months and 2, 5, 10/12, 16/ 18 years of life using UniCAP method. Results: The cord blood IgE level did not have any predictive value for allergy development during the first 12 years of life. The value of total IgE increased with the age from 0.4 (95%CI 14.4) kU/l at 3 months of age up to 37.0 (95%CI 45.5) kU/l at the age of five years. The teenage reference value at 10/12 years was lower (34.2 (95%CI 41.2) kU/l) as compared to the preschool children and at the age of 16/18 years (30.0 (95%CI 38.7). Males had higher IgE values in comparison with females at every age, but statistically significant was the difference only at 6 months (3.28 vs. 1.76 kU/L; p=0.01) and at two years (21.8 vs. 11.9 kU/l; p=0.01) of age. The total IgE was higher in children with allergic diseases as compared to non-allergic only at the age of 10/12 years (75.8 vs. 44.3 kU/l; p=0.008), which might indicate quite high prevalence of parasites in non-allergic children. We tested IgE antibodies against Ascaris in children with total IgE level over 20 kU/ at 6 and 12 months and over 200 kU/l at 2, 5, 10/12 and 16/18 years of life. Antibodies against Ascaris were found in 29 of 50 preschool children and in 31 of 56 teenagers. However, there was positive correlation between total IgE and atopy considering positive skin prick test results and presence of allergen specific IgE antibodies in sera in all age groups. Conclusion: The peak value of total IgE was at the age of five and not in teenage as usually referred to in the laboratory manuals. There was positive correlation between total IgE and skin prick test results, allergen-specific IgE antibodies and IgE antibodies against Ascaris in blood but not with allergic diseases except at the age of 10/12 years. A case of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis accompanied by rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis Yu Jin Kim 1 , Sang Min Lee 1 , Shin Myung Kang 1 , Sojeong Kim 1 , Sun Young Kyung 1 , Sung Hwan Jeong 1 , Jeong-Woong Park 1 , Hyunjung Hwang 1 , Yong Han Seon 1 , Sanghui Park 2 , Sang Pyo Lee 1 A 58-year-old man visited local clinic complaining of malaise, weight loss, fever, and dyspnea. Complete blood count was performed, which revealed eosinophilia in peripheral blood. He received antibiotics for 3 weeks, however his symptoms were not alleviated, and multiple purpuric papules on both ankles, left forearm, and buttock with acute renal dysfunction developed. Then, he was referred to university hospital. Pulmonary function test was carried out, which yielded decreased lung function with positive bronchodilator response. Kidney biopsy and skin biopsy were performed, and histological examination showed acute necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis and leukoclastic vasculitis in skin, which led to the diagnosis of Churg-Strauss syndrome (eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, EGPA) combined with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN). The patient received pulse steroid therapy with parenteral methylprednisolone followed by oral prednisolone. Clinical and laboratory findings improved dramatically and remission was attained rapidly. The patient continued to be in remission for 5 months. EGPA should be considered in asthma patients who present with severe systemic symptoms and eosinophilia. Progressive renal insufficiency can occur during the acute phase of EGPA accompanied by renovascular involvement. Prompt and aggressive treatment with systemic corticosteroid is mandatory to control disease activity and to achieve remission. Background: Urticaria is a frequent skin disease but the majority of cases have an unknown cause (idiopathic urticaria). There is a strong association between infectious triggering factors in the pathogenesis of Acute Urticaria (AU) and infectious triggering factors may also be involved in Chronic Urticaria (CU). Methods: We determined the prevalence of bacterial, viral and parasitic infectious diseases in 217 patients (169 females and 48 males) from North-Eastern Romania with age from 16 to 86 years, admitted in our department in the last 6 months with acute episodes of urticaria (107 females and 27 males) and chronic idiopathic urticaria (62 females and 21 males). In order to identify the infectious triggers, blood samples were used to evaluate the level of antibodies for Toxocara cannis, Toxoplasma gondii, Herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus and measles virus. Additionaly, microscopic stool examination and fecal antigens essays for Helicobacter pylori and Giardia lambliawere performed. Serum anti-HCV antibodies and HBs antigen were assessed. Results: The most frequent infectious agent detected in cases with AU and CU was Giardia lamblia (17.97% -21 cases with AU and 18 cases with CU), followed by Toxocara cannis (8.29% -11 cases with AU and 7 cases with CU), hepatitis C virus (5.99% -8 cases with AU and 5 cases with CU), Helicobacter pylori (5.99% -8 cases with AU and 5 cases with CU) and hepatitis B virus (1.38% -2 cases with AU and 1 case with CU). Acute infections with Epstein-Barr virus (2 patients) and measles virus (1 patient) were diagnosed only in AU and no cases were found among patients with CU. Only 3 patients (2 with AU and 1 with CU) were diagnosed with acute infection with Herpes simplex virus. All patients had negative results for cytomegalovirus IgM antibodies. Parasitic infections with Blastocystis hominis were found in 6 patients (5 cases with AU and 1 case with CU) and one patient with CU presented Ascaris lumbricoides. Conclusions: Infectious triggering factors, especially parasitic infections are prelevant in developing countries of the world and may play an important role not only in acute episodes of urticaria but also in chronic urticaria. Although we found that parasitic infections are present in both types of urticaria, further studies are needed to elucidate the association between infectious triggering factors and urticaria, and to identify new infectious triggers. Background Many social and cultural factors have influences on sleep patterns, and sleep condition of each child may be different from that of each other depending on the approaches and concerns of their parents. The objective of this study is to assess sleep condition of Korean infants. In 2014, a total of 627 Korean parents/caregivers of infants(48.6% boys) aged 0 till 18 months completed the internet-based expanded version of the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire(BISQ), which included specific questions of infants' daytime and nighttime sleep patterns as well as their sleep related behaviors. Among 627 subjects, the number of boys are 305(48.6%). Most of the infants went to bed at about 21.80±1.72 hours at night and woke up at around 7.41±1.55 hours in the morning. The night sleep time duration was 9.43±1.75 hours, and the total sleep time for a day was 12.62±2.62 hours. 0-6 months old children group had less nighttime sleep duration (8.90±2.13 vs 9.78±1.23 vs 10.07±1.01, hours, p< 0.05) and more daytime sleep duration (4.30±2.49 vs 2.51±1.05 vs 2.36±1.23, hours, p< 0.05) than older children. There were no significant differences in number of night-waking between 0-6 months old children group and 7-12 months old children group, but 13-18 months old children group had significant less frequent night-waking (2.45±1.58 vs 2.38±1.59 vs 1.70±1.41). More than half of children in this survey sleep in their parents' bed (59.8%), and most common bedtime routine was milk feeding until sleep (37.1%), and the second one was cradling (29.0%). Korean infants have a short sleep time and bedtime routine and bed-share of Korean infants showed difference patterns compared with western countries. These results suggest that aggressive education for sleep condition is needed for Korean infants and their parents. Purpose Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), with nasal polyposis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the upper airways often associated with asthma and characterized by markedly increased numbers of eosinophils, Th2 type lymphocytes, fibroblasts, goblet cells and mast cells. The inflammation leads to a proliferative response in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Periostin is an ECM protein known to play a role in tissue remodeling in inflammatory diseases of the upper and lower airways. Furthermore epithelial-derived genes such as filaggrin have been highlighted in asthma or atopic dermatitis (AD) or both via its role in barrier function. Here we investigated the expression of periostin and filaggrin in nasal polyps (NP) from atopics and non-atopics in comparison with the nasal mucosa from patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) and its potential role in nasal polyposis. Methods Nasal polyp specimens and biopsies of nasal mucosa were obtained at surgery as part of the treatment for removal of NP or for hypertrophied turbinates. Immunoreactivity for periostin, TSLP, filaggrin and IL-13 in NP from atopic and non-atopic patients and in the nasal mucosa of patients with AR was analyzed by immunohistochemistry using the peroxidase-based Avidin-Biotin Complex (ABC) method. Cell counts were analyzed using an objective micrometer and the density of immunoreactivity was quantified by Image J analysis system. Real Time PCR was done for analyzing the mRNA expression of IL-33. Filaggrin immunoreactivity was detected in epithelial cells and inflammatory cells. The number of Filaggrin+ cells in the epithelium of patients with NP was significantly higher than that in the nasal mucosa of the AR patients. The number of filaggrin+ cells in the lamina propria of patients with NP was significantly higher than that in the nasal mucosa of the AR patients. There was no difference in the number of filaggrin+ cells between nasal polyps from atopic and non-atopic patients. Periostin immunoreactivity was mainly detected in the basement membrane and the density of immunoreactivity of periostin in NP was significantly higher in NP than in the nasal mucosa of the AR patients. TSLP was detected in epithelial cells and in immune cells and greater in NP than AR mucosa. There was no difference in the density of immunoreactivity of periostin between NP from atopic and non-atopic patients. IL-13+ cells and IL-33 expression were also higher in NPs and there was a good correlation between the IL-13+ cells and periostin. Based on our previous findings of the high levels of IL-13 and TGFbeta in NP and the present findings of the increased expression of filaggrin and periostin in NP irrespective of the atopic status, filaggrin may potentially play a role in the barrier function and periostin may play a role. Introduction: Although urinary tract infections (UTIs) are considered among the most common infectious disorders in humans, these usually follow an uncomplicated course. Various infections may have a role in inducing HAE attacks. Further, danazol treatment has been associated with hematuria. Our study intended to evaluate the abnormalities of the urinalysis of C1-INH-HAE patients. Methods: Urine specimens contributed by 139 C1-INH-HAE patients at the annual control visits were studied retrospectively (RBC and WBC counts, microorganisms). We analyzed these laboratory parameters in relation of the clinical symptoms and in view of the long-term danazol therapy. Results: Taking into account 3 randomly selected urine specimens, we found that the cumulative number of edematous attacks was higher in patients with than in those without bacteriuria (p=0.019, p=0.022, p=0.014). Considering the same patients (n=76), attack number was significantly higher (14.51 vs. 8.63) in patients with than in those without bacteriuria (p<0.0001). The cumulative incidence of microhematuria found upon a single or repeated examination was 74,8% after the annual check-up per patient. Taking into account an observation period of 3 years, the alterations detected in the urinary sediment were unrelated to treatment with or the dose of danazol. Conclusion: The cumulative incidence of microhematuria was substantially higher compared with the historical data of healthy individuals. As regards the background of this phenomenon, we did not found any relationship with danazol therapy. The main finding of our study was that the increase incidence of edema was associated with bacteriuria. This finding emphasizes the triggering role of bacteriuria in the occurrence of edematous episodes. Supported by OTKA grant 100886 and 112110. Background: Investigation of the role of Helicobacter Pylori (HP) and erosions or ulcers (EU) of upper gastrointestinal tract (esophagus, stomach or duodenum) independently from each other in the development of spontaneous urticaria. Methods: 36 adult patients, 5 with acute and 29 with chronic spontaneous urticaria were examined with upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGIE) and HP-testing in gastric biopsies, before and after treatment of the observed abnormalities. Results: HP was found in 26 patients, or 72, 2% (54,8; 85,8) , what was less than across able-bodied population of Moscow -87,9% (85,6; 90,0) 1 , difference insignificant. Wherein EU were found in 50,0% (32,9; 67,1) of patients, and gastric erosions in 41, 7% (25,5; 59,2) , what was 6,1 times more than in 1311 asymptomatic volunteers -6,8% (5,5; 8 ,3) 2 . Two patients with most severe urticaria had duodenal ulcer. Despite these facts, only 23 patients (15,3%) reported mild gastrointestinal complaints after thorough questioning. All 26 HP-positive patients received eradication therapy, and 4 HPnegative patients with EU received only antacid and antisecretory therapy. Second HP-determination by PCR after the therapy was carried out only in 13 patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (11 HP-positive and 2 HP-negative at first UGIE, 10 patients with EU), as only 13 agreed for a new examination. Where in 7 from 11 HPpositive patients eradication was successful, and in 4 failed. From 7 patients with successful eradication remission was achieved in 2 cases, and in 5 cases there was no remission. In 4 patients with failed eradication remission was achieved also in 2 cases, and in 2 cases there was no remission. Fisher exact test with 1-tailed p=0,47, 2tailed p=0,58 showed highly insignificant result of eradication therapy in the treatment of urticaria in followed patients. At second UGIE, 3 patients from 10 with EU appeared with healed erosions. All of them showed complete remission of symptoms. Whereas 7 patients with unhealed EU, had no improvement at all. Fisher exact test showed significant difference with 1-tailed and 2-tailed p=0,008. Patients with acute spontaneous urticaria were not included in the statistical tests due to high possibility of spontaneous remission. Conclusions: Erosions of upper gastrointestinal mucosa seem to have a very important role in the development of spontaneous urticaria, independently from HP. Introduction: Natural killer (NK) cells are a subset of lymphocytes and that have an important role in innate immunity. NK cells release cytokines such as TNF-α IFN-ɣ during infection. These cytokines stimulate and increased activity of the innate and adaptive immune responses. NKG2D is one of the most stimulating NK receptors that bind to the MIC-A, MIC-B and ULBPs. These ligands are on the tumor and virusinfected cells,which leads to increasing NK secretion lytic proteins such as perforin, granzyme against target cells, and play an important role in the activation of cellular immune function, as well as destruction and elimination of cancer cells. Previous studies have confirmed G2 Vaccine has an important role in the control of asthma via affecting TH2 cells and controls allergic response through preventing increasing eosinophil, basophil, and inhibits TH2-related responses. Thus, in this study, we evaluated the effect of G2 Vaccine on the gene expression and NKG2D receptor presenting on NK cells in peripheral blood. Materials and Methods: To the obtain Nk cell, Blood mononuclear cells after isolation, The 1×10 6 of viable cells were cultured in medium RPMI 1640 and affects by G2 Vaccine in the times of 12, 24 and 48 hours at of 37°. G2 Vaccine is the buffalo spleen extracts that act as TH cells stimulants and first time has been registered by Saleh Mohaghegh Hazrati in IRAN. Then extracting RNA of the cells, cDNA synthesis was performed and gene expression was evaluated by Real-Time PCR. Also receptors presenting on the cell surface was evaluated via monoclonal antibodies by flow cytometry. Results: The results of our study have shown that G2 Vaccine leads to up-regulating gene expression and NKG2D receptor presenting on NK cells. This can lead to increasing NK cells cytotoxicity through this receptor. Conclusion: Due to the increasing NKG2D receptor on NK cells,that can increase NK cell cytotoxicity activity against viral infections and cancers Also, this Vaccine regulate the balance betweenTH1and TH2 and can induce the stimulation of Th1cells. Therefore, In the future this Vaccine can be used in the cancer immunotherapy and treatment of allergic diseases. Keywords: natural killer, NKG2D, flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, Immunotheraphy. Ethnic differences in lifetime prevalence and indoor environmental factors for childhood eczema Hyo-Bin Kim 1 Parental history of allergic disease had a larger effect in HWs than NHWs (P for interaction=0.005). High maternal education level (OR=1.46, 95% CI=1.14-1.87), parental history of allergic disease (OR=2.21, 95% CI=1.78-2.76) and maternal smoking during pregnancy (OR=1.44, 95% CI=1.06-1.95) increased the risk of eczema. Indoor environmental factors (e.g., mold, water damage and humidifier use) increased the risk of eczema in NHWs independent to parental history of allergic disease, but in HWs, increased risks were observed primarily in children without parental history of allergic disease. Conclusions: HW children in southern California have a lower prevalence of eczema than NHWs and this ethnic difference is not accounted for by socio-demographic differences. The effects of parental history of allergic disease and indoor environmental exposures on eczema varied by ethnicity suggesting that the etiology of eczema may differ in HWs and NHWs. Among the various dermatological entities, toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare but potentially fatal delayed hypersensitivity reaction to numerous medications. Methazolamide is one of the rare culprit drug. We here report the patient who presented TEN after taking methazolamide. A 38 year-old male visited clinic because of systemic hypersensitivity reaction such as high fever, pain in the eyes and diffuse pruritic erythematous maculopapular eruption with multiple targetoid plaques which became vesicular and bullous and involved oral mucosa and conjunctivae. The first sign appeared about 1 week after taking methazolamide (50mg BID) due to glaucomatous eyes. Blood tests on admission showed hemoglobin 16.1 g/dL, total leukocyte count 5265 /uL (neutrophils 78.7%, lymphocytes 11.2%, eosinophils 4.9%), AST 47 IU/L, ALT 49 IU/L, serum bilirubin 0.55 mg/dL, serum creatinine 0.91 mg/dL and blood glucose 95 mg/dL. Urinalysis showed no red blood cells or white blood cells. Although methazolamide was discontinued blistering and skin denuation progressed to affecting up to 80% of the body surface area and a positive Nikolsky sign was noted. High fever was also persisted. He was managed with fluid supplements, total parenteral nutrition, daily dressing of the involved body surface. IVIG was administered as 0.6g/kg/day for 3 days in addition to methylprednisolone, acetylcysteine and moxifloxacin. Skin lesions started to improve after 2 weeks of management and fever was subsided. Cutaneous lesions were improved with minimal permanent sequele in 2 months later. HLA-B*5901 was found by high-resolution genotyping. Strong genetic association between HLA B*5901 and methazolamideinduced SJS/TEN has been suggested in Koreans. Screening for HLA-B*5901 may be useful for avoiding the methazolamide-induced SJS/ TEN. Therefore, methazolamide should not be prescribed for HLA-B*5901 positive patients. Inflammatory responses of human adipose-tissue derived stem cells to LPS and nanoparticles Hee-Kyoo Kim Background: Human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hADSCs) have various influences on many types of cells through production and secretion of several cytokines. Some studies presents they have some abilities to suppress or modulate inflammatory responses. By the way, they can show various inflammatory behaviors when meet certain materials or environment. Thus, we investigated the effects of LPS and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle (P25) on production of the inflammatory cytokines from hADSCs and A549. Methods: Human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hADSCs) were cultured in DMEM/F12 medium containing 10% FBS, 10 ng/ml EGF and 2 ng/ml bFGF. A549 cells were cultured in RPMI1640 containing 10% FBS, Cells were treated for 4 hr with LPS (100 ng/ml) and P25 TiO2 nanoparticles (10 ug/ml, 50 ug/ml, 250 ug/ml) and medium as control. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. The expression levels of IL-1a, IL-8, TNFa, and IL-10 mRNAs were determined by realtime PCR. Results: The viability of hADSCs and A549 cells were not affected by the treatment of LPS and P25 TiO2. LPS increased the expression of IL-8 and TNFa mRNAs, but decreased the expression of IL-10 in hADSCs. P25 TiO2 increased the expression of IL-1a and IL-8 mRNAs, but decreased the expression of IL-10 in hADSCs. In A549 cells, LPS and P25 TiO2 decreased the expression of IL-1a and IL-10 mRNAs, but did not affect the expression of IL-8 and TNFa mRNAs. Conclusion: This study shows the different inflammatory responses of hADSCs and A549 cells to different stimulating materials. The response of hADSCs to inflammatory agents are more dynamics than A549 cells, which suggests that hADSC may facilitate some manipulation in certain inflammatory situation, such as chronic airway disease. Takashi Inoue, Kiyotake Ogura, Noriyuki Yanagida, Hirotoshi Unno, Kenichi Nagakura, Tetsuharu Manabe, Tomoyuki Asaumi, Sakura Sato, Yu Okada, Motohiro Ebisawa Sagamihara National Hospital, Japan Correspondence: Takashi Inoue -Sagamihara National Hospital, Japan World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A168 The purpose of the study is to analyze the risk factors of a positive oral food challenge (OFC) to cashew nut (CN) performed at Sagamihara National Hospital. B) Methods Subjects were 71 patients who had received an OFC of more than 1g of CN for the purpose of diagnosis or confirmation of tolerance acquisition from June, 2006 to August, 2014. We had measured those patients' CN specific IgE within 1 year of OFC. We retrospectively analyzed OFCs and the patients' background. When clear objective symptoms were seen, OFC was judged as positive. When symptoms were unclear at OFC, we concluded the final diagnosis by confirming the reproducibility of the symptoms at home until their next visit at outpatient. Of the 71 patients 50 were male, 21 were female. Median age was 7.5 years with a range from 3.3 to 22.5 years. The reason for elimination of CN in 8 patients (including 2 with anaphylaxis) was a history of immediate reaction to CN. Fifty seven patients had eliminated CN due to a positive CN specific IgE. Atopic dermatitis was seen in 76% (54/71), asthma 45% (32/71), allergic rhinitis 36% (27/71), allergic conjunctivitis 17% (13/71). History of immediate reaction to nuts other than CN was seen in 23% (16/71) of the patients and history of immediate reaction to peanut in 31% (22/71). Eighteen % (13/71) of the patients were positive in OFC and 82% (58/71) negative. Of the 13 patients with a positive OFC, anaphylaxis was seen in 5 patients. Oral mucosal symptoms were seen in 9 cases, gastrointestinal symptoms in 9 cases, cutaneous symptoms in 7 cases, respiratory symptoms in 6 cases, neurologic symptoms in 3 cases and cardiovascular symptoms in 1 case. Seven patients were treated with antihistamine, 5 patients with steroids, 4 patients with inhaled β2 stimulant and 1 patient with adrenaline. In the comparison of OFC between positive and negative patients, a significant difference (p<0.01) was seen in a history of immediate reaction to CN and CN specific IgE. There was no significant difference in other factors including sex, age, history of immediate reaction to nuts other than CN, immediate reaction to peanut and anaphylaxis due to CN. A history of immediate reaction to CN and high CN specific IgE were risk factors for a positive OFC. CN OFCs in patients with these risk factors should be performed with caution, considering the possibility of anaphylaxis. Fungal sensitization is not associated with asthma severity: data from a single tertiary hospital in Korea Background: Despite the implementation of guideline-based asthma treatment, 5-10% of asthma population still suffer from severe asthma. In a recent study, fungal allergy was recognized as an important risk factor for severe asthma.We aimed to analyze the prevalence of fungal sensitization in a retrospective cohort of asthma patients, and evaluate differences in clinical characteristics by the presence of fungal sensitization. Materials and Methods: We reviewed medical records of 689 asthma patients who visited a tertiary referral hospital from May 2005 to Jul 2012 and performed skin prick test and pulmonary function test. Cross-sectional data (serum total IgE, blood eosinophil, FEV1, bronchodilator response, PC20, asthma severity), and longitudinal data (number of exacerbations, mean ICS dose, FEV1 variability) were compared by the presence of fungal sensitization, defined as positive (A/H > 1 or mean wheal diameter greater than 3mm) skin prick test to fungal allergen (Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Penicilliium, Trichopyton). Furthermore, we compared these variables according to the degree of sensitization (negative, A/H ratio > 0.5, A/H ratio > 1). FEV1 and ACT variability was calculated as the average of absolute value of subtraction (FEV1, ACT values which were measured every 3 months), and severe asthma was defined as pre-bronchodilator FEV1 lower than 60%. Results: The proportion of severe asthma among asthma patients with fungal sensization was approximately 7% (11/74) and 11% (133/634) among those without fungal sensization and the difference was not statistically significant. Serum total IgE was increased with higher degree of fungal sensitization (p=0.001), however, FEV1, PC20, bronchodilator response, blood eosinophil, number of exacerbation, FEV1 variability, mean ICS dose were similar across the three groups. Conclusions: Fungal sensitization did not correlate with asthma severity and the degree of fungal sensitization was not associated with any other clinical variable than total IgE. Additional studies with larger number of patients are required for better understanding of the role of fungal sensitization in asthma. Introduction: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease with a prevalence of up to 20% in children. Children with AD and their parents face difficulties related to daily care and management during a relapsing course that may be aggravated by multiple triggers. Recently therapeutic patient education (TPE) and individual consultation have been in use in the treatment of many chronic diseases for optimal management. Therefore, we preliminarily evaluated the necessities of TPE and individual consultation program of therapeutic management in AD. Subjects and Methods: We organized an individually tailored TPE and consultation program provided by multispecialty of allergist, nurse, nutritionist and environmental coordinator. The program is a patient-centered process consisting of informative consultation which addresses the patient's specific problems including psychosocial support. Enough time was allowed for parents to ask questions during the program. We conducted a questionnaire survey on the disease knowledge before and after the program at the center initially visited. After 3.5 months (min-max: 1-6), participants were contacted by nurses for a telephone interview (TI) with a structured questionnaire (efficiency of the TPE program, symptoms, and quality of life (QOL)). The severity of AD was assessed by allergist using SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD). Results: Parents of 135 children with AD took a TPE program and completed the questionnaire survey between May and November 2014. Children with AD were most commonly in the age group of 1~3 years (48, 36%), followed by < 1 age group (36, 27%). The mean SCORAD index of patients was 30.8 (0.0-78.0). The percentages of children with mild, moderate and severe AD were 24, 46, and 30 %, respectively. There was significant improvement in disease awareness by 17.2 from 78.9 to 96.1. Among 135 parents, 100 responded to the questionnaire on the TI. At follow-up TI, 92% answered the TPE program was useful in managing problems related with AD and 86% experienced improvement of the AD symptoms. Furthermore, there was positive change of the QOL in 85% parents. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate the usefulness and need of TPE and individual consultation to enable children and their families to care themselves in daily conditions and prevent avoidable complications while improving QOL, ultimately for optimal therapy of AD. Background: IMMULITE 2000 3gAllergy (3gAllergy) is a new method to measure serum antigen-specific IgE levels. Alpha-lactalbumin is one of milk components but its utility in milk allergy has been rarely reported. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of alpha-lactalbumin (ALA) specific IgE levels using 3gallergy in predicting clinical tolerance in patients with milk allergy. Method: Forty-three (43) patients with milk allergy (30 boys and 13 girls, age 12 months to 13 years, median 4 years old) were examined for ALA specific IgE levels using 3gAllergy and ImmunoCAPspecific IgE assay (ImmunoCAP). In addition, specific IgE for cow's milk, casein, and beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) were measured by 3gAllergy and ImmunoCAP. Subjects were categorized into 3 groups according to how much heated milk the patient could tolerate, group A, less than 10ml (n=14), group B, 10ml to 100ml (n=15), and group C, 100ml or more (n=14). Two patients had avoided cow's milk product strictly because of severe anaphylactic history with milk intake and others had been undertaking oral immunotherapy with heated milk. Since all data were not assumed Gaussian distributions, they were shown as (median, range(minimum -maximum), and were analyzed by Spearman's method or one-way ANOVA with Dunn's multiple comparisons. Results: The levels of cow's milk specific IgE using 3gAllergy were significantly correlated to the levels using ImmunoCAP (r=0.958, p< 0.0001). Likewise, the casein, BLG, and ALA specific IgE levels showed similar correlations: (r=0.9766, p< 0.0001, r=0.9793, p< 0.0001, and r=0.821, p<0.0001, respectively). Month of age and serum total IgE levels were not significantly different among the groups. The ALA specific IgE levels with 3gAllergy in group A (44.6 UA/ml, (2.92-478) ) and in group B (8.43 UA/ml, (1.09-152) were significantly higher than those in group C (0.994 UA/ml, (<0.1-53.1), p< 0.0001 and p<0.05). but there was no significant difference between levels in group A and in group B. Levels of milk, casein, and BLG showed similar results. However, the ALA specific IgE -total IgE ratios in group A (0.05, (0.0132-0.1146) were significantly higher than those in group B (0.0155 (0.0024-0.0691)) and those in group C (0.0034 (0.0007-0.0234), p< 0.0001 and p<0.05), as well as the ratios in group B were significantly higher than those in group C, (p< 0.05). On the other hand, there were no significant differences of ALA data using ImmunoCAP among the groups. Conclusions: The ALA specific IgE levels using 3gAllergy is useful to evaluate the clinical tolerance of milk allergy, especially when considered influence of total IgE levels. Background: Anti-tuberculosis drugs (ATDs) which are a combination of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol are commonly used for the treatment of tuberculosis, but occasionally associated with drug-hypersensitive immune reactions such as drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome and hepatitis. The culprit drug and mechanistic basis of the hypersensitive reaction has not been defined. Objectives: The aim of this study was to find whether drug-responsive T cell response was detectable in patients with ATD-related DRESS and characterize the mechanistic features of the T-cell response. Methods: A lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) and IFNγ-ELISpot assay using ATDs were performed using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the patient. Subsequently, drug-specific T-cell clones were generated by serial dilutions. Results: High proliferative responses to isoniazid or rifampicin were detectable in the patient with DRESS by LTT. Isoniazid/rifampicinspecific T-cell clones were generated from blood of the patients, but not pyrazinamide or ethambutol. The T cell clones proliferated and secreted IFNγ when stimulated with isoniazid or rifampicin. They did not cross-react with each other. Conclusion: These studies identify isoniazid/rifampicin-specific T-cells in peripheral blood of certain patients with ATD-induced DRESS. Further studies are needed to define the mechanisms of drug-responsive T cell activation. Genetic biomarkers associated with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) phenotype based on genome-wide association study Seung-Hyun Kim 1 Background: Common clinical syndromes of aspirin hypersensitivity, aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) and aspirin-exacerbated cutaneous disease (AECD), was subjected to a genome-wide association study to identify differential genetic biomarkers for aspirin hypersensitivity in a Korean population. Methods: A comparison of SNP genotype frequencies on an Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP array of 179 AERD patients, 211 AECD patients and 1989 healthy normal control subjects (NC) revealed SNPs on chromosome 2 and 6 that were associated with AERD, not AECD. To validate the association, we enrolled a second cohort comprising AERD, normal healthy control and diseasecontrol (aspirin tolerant asthma; ATA) groups. A diagnostic value was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC) value of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for each combination. Results: Three SNPs of DPP10 gene on chromosome 2 and two SNPs of HLA-DPB1 gene on chromosome 6 showed a significant association with the AERD phenotype. The minor genotype frequency (AG or AA) of a particular SNP, rs3128965, in the HLA-DPB1 region was higher in the AERD group compared to the ATA or NC group (P=0.001, P=0.002, in a co-dominant analysis model, respectively). Comparison of rs3128965 alleles with the clinical features of asthmatics revealed that the patients harboring the A allele of a particular SNP, rs3128965, in the HLA-DPB1 region showed increased bronchial hyperresponsiveness to inhaled aspirin, methacholine, and higher 15-HETE levels, than those without the A allele. Three intronic SNPs of DPP10 gene are significantly associated with the AERD phenotype. Serum DPP10 level was significantly higher in AERD compared to control groups, ATA and NC. A combination of SNP of DPP10 gene and serum DPP10 level showed a good diagnostic value in a close correlation with c-Kit and YKL. Conclusions: This implies the potential of two SNPs, rs3128965 of HLA-DPB1, rs17048175 of DPP10, as genetic biomarkers for the AERD phenotype. Background: Hypersensitivity to aspirin and other Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is the second most frequent allergic reaction to drug, which include immunological and nonimmunological with airway and/or skin manifestations. Provocation test is the "gold standard" to diagnose NSAIDs hypersensitivity. Although some of the NSAIDs are reported to be safe for NSAIDintolerant patients, they should not be suggested before confirming the safety by single-blind oral drug provocation tests. Objective: To assess the role of oral drug provocation test in the diagnosis of NSAIDs hypersensitivity and find out the safe alternative drugs. Method: Provocation tests with four types of NSAIDs (aspirine -A, ibuprofene -I, meloxicam -M, etoricoxib -E) were administered in patients suspected to be intolerant to NSAIDs by specialists in the Centre of Allergy and Clinical Immunology in Bach Mai hospital. Results: A total of 156 patients having history suspected of being allergic to NSAIDs (F/M: 81/75: 51,9%/48,1%, mean age: 34,9 ± 14,2 years) were enrolled between May 2012 and April 2015. 624 oral provocation tests with NSAIDs were performed and 299 of them were positive. 142/ 156 patients (91%) had positive tests, 24 (16,9%) of them were positive for one drug (A: 11 patients, I: 7 patients, M: 5 patients, E: 1 patients) and 83,1% with two or more drugs. Prevalence of A, I, M and E hypersensitivity were 90,8%, 88%, 9,2% and 0,7%; respectively. The average dose (mg) for positive result of A, I, M, E was 60,9±37, 6, 118,4±43,4, 6,9±1,1, 30; respectively. The average response time (minutes) from the last dose of A, I, M, E was 63,4±24, 1, 69,3±23,4, 78,1±18,7, 120; respectively. Prevalence of cross-reactivity with A of I, M, E was 91,5%, 6,2%, 0%. The main clinical manifestation as positive test was combined allergic rhinitis and urticaria angioedema (42,5%), only one patient had bronchospasm and no patient had anaphylaxis. Conclusion: This research showed oral provocation test is a safe test and also a "gold standard" for NSAIDs hypersensitivoty diagnosis. Choosing altenative NSAIDs should base on single-blind provocation tests. Korean treatment guideline of atopic dermatitis Due to the recent advances in atopic dermatitis (AD) research and controlled clinical studies, establishment of updated evidencebased treatment guideline for Korean atopic dermatitis is demanding. B) Methods: Task force team convened by KADA collected database of references from relevant systematic reviews and guidelines of atopic dermatitis. They raised all the relevant key statements on the management of AD. Evidence of each statement was graded and classified the strength of recommendation for each statement. The evidence of each statement was graded using the classification of the Oxford centre for evidence-based medicine (level 1-level 5). The strength of recommendation was classified as follows; A, level 1; B, level 2 and 3; C, level 4; D, level 5. Fifty four council members of KADA were asked to vote on the statements of the draft guidelines. Participants indicated their level of agreement with each draft statement using a voting scale of 1-9 (where 1=strong disagreement and 9=strong agreement). Consensus was defined as ≥75% of participants scoring within the 7-9 range (agreement). After three rounds of votes, expert consensus of recommendations were established. C) Results: Updated guideline provides up-to-date evidence based systematic combined treatment algorithm including basic, proactive, induction and maintenance treatment. In addition, average agreement scores of experts panel were presented considering Korean healthcare system and patients' adherence. The guideline comprises of the topical management of AD via bathing and skin care, avoidance of exacerbating factors, education and psychosocial support, moisturizer and topical anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, and antipruritic drugs and the systemic management of AD including antihistamines, antimicrobials, systemic immunomodulators, allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT), phototherapy, and complementary and alternative medicines. Clinical questions were focused on the therapeutic effect, action plans in detail, side effects, cost effectiveness, and measures to enhance patients' compliance of each treatment. D) Conclusions: To achieve high treatment efficacy and patient satisfaction, treatment decisions should be made jointly by the physician and patient. We expect this evidence-and experience-based treatment recommendations of AD experts will be a reference guide for physicians and AD patients choosing the appropriate treatment to improve quality of life and decrease unnecessary social medical costs. Background: Subcutaneous immunotherapy(SCIT) is one of the evidence-based treatment for allergic rhinitis. However, with the advent of sublingual immunotherapy(SLIT) SLIT is more preferred over SCIT because of the proven safety. Although it is reported SCIT showed some systemic reactions which can be fatal in some patients the fatality of SCIT still needs to be elucidated. Objectives: The objective of this study is to categorize the side reaction of SCIT into local or systemic one and identify correlations between antecedent local reaction and systemic reaction and between the dose, concentration of allergen and systemic reaction. Methods: Allergic rhinitis patients under SCIT over age of 4 were included. Retrospectively with the medical chart review we investigated the incidence of side reaction of SCIT, relationship between the doses, concentration of allergen. Results: 130 patients met criteria for inclusion, 80 patients (61.5%) had one or more side reactions. 59 patients (73.8%) had only local reaction, 9 patients (11.3%) had only systemic reaction. 12 patients (15%) had both local and systemic reaction. Among 21 patients who had systemic reaction 12 patients showed no antecedent local reaction. Among systemic reaction urticaria was the most common (57.1%) followed by aggravation of rhinitis symptoms (38.1%) and dyspnea (4.8%). 23.8% of patients showed systemic reaction over 30 minutes after the shot. The more concentration and dose were injected the more systemic reaction occurred. Conclusions: Although systemic side reaction was common severe symptom like dyspnea was very rare. Local side reaction cannot forewarn the systemic reaction. It is advised the caution is needed when administering high dose and concentration. Rationale: The clinical profile of Asian patients suffering from Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria (CSU) is relatively unknown. The demographic and baseline characteristics of Asian versus non-Asian patients of three randomized, placebo-controlled omalizumab trials (ASTERIA I, ASTERIA II and GLACIAL) are described and compared. Method: The pooled baseline data of Asian and non-Asian patients suffering from CSU that remained symptomatic despite anti H1antihistamines (ASTERIA 1 and ASTERIA 2) and anti H2-antihistamines and/or leukotriene receptor antagonists (GLACIAL) treatments were assessed in this post-hoc descriptive analysis. Demographic and baseline disease characteristics are described and compared. Results: Among 975 (mITT population) patients enrolled 32 (3.3%) were Asians. Most of the patients were enrolled in the United States and Europe. There were 22 (68.7%) females in the Asian group and 694 (73.6%) in the non-Asian. Mean age was 41.2 years; mean body weight was 70.3 kg and the mean BMI 26.9 kg/m2 in the Asian subgroup and 42.4 years, 83.2 kg and 29.7 kg/m2, respectively, in the non-Asian subpopulation. Mean duration of the disease was 6.7 years in Asians and 7.0 years in non-Asians. Baseline IgE levels were 163.2 and 169.8 IU/mL in Asians and non-Asians, respectively. Baseline mean urticaria activity score over 7 days (UAS7) was 30.7, weekly itch severity score 13.9, weekly number of hives score 16.8 in Asians and 30.9, 14.1, 16.8, respectively in non-Asians. Angioedema was present in 11 Asian (34.4%) patients and 449 (47.6%) non-Asian. Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) was 11.12 and 13.29 in Asian and non-Asians, respectively. At baseline the Sleep Interference Score was 12.1, and the Daily Activity Interference score was 12.1 in Asians, while in non-Asian, they were and 12.1 and 12.8, respectively. Previous number of CSU medications, such as anti-histamines, LTRA and corticosteroids was 3.8 in Asian and 5.1 in non-Asians. Conclusions: With the exception of body weight and previous history of CSU treatment, the clinical profile of patients with refractory CSU is similar between Asians and non-Asians. Background: Recent metagenomic approaches succeeded in characterizing the microbial communities of airway diseases present in bronchoalveolar lavage and supernatants of induced sputum but those results were limited by small sample size and lack of microbial information from inflammatory cells and epithelial cells of airways. We investigated the use of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis, in conjunction with multivariate statistical methods, to examine the difference of micro biota in whole induced sputum (inflammatory cells and epithelial cells in addition to supernatant) between normal control and asthma. Methods: Induced sputum samples were obtained from 36 normal nonsmoker subjects and 89 patients with steroid naïve asthma. Through T-RFLP analysis, operational taxonomic units (OTUs), representing bacterial species or taxonomically related groups, and relative amounts of each OTUs were evaluated. Results: The global R value for differences between normal control and asthma was 0.148 (P=0.002). Dissimilarities in bacterial communities of induced sputum between normal control and asthma was 28.74%. OTUs contributing to normal control-asthma differences were identified. OTU 789 (Lachnospiraceae, 3.1 fold), 517 (Comamonadaceae, Acetobacteraceae, Chloroplast, 1.9 fold), 633 (Prevotella, 1.9 fold), 645 (Actinobacteria, Propionibacterium acnes, 1.8 fold), 607 (Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus otakiensis, Lactobacillus sunkii, Rhodobacteraceae, 1.8 fold), 661 (Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Leptotrichiaceae, 1.8 fold), 650 (Brevibacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Fusobacterium, 1.5 fold), 821 (Lachnospiraceae, Acinetobacter, Actinomyces, 1.5 fold), 415 (Comamonadaceae, Streptomycetaceae, 1.5 fold) were significantly more prevalent in the sputum of asthma patients than normal control. Conclusion: Patients with asthma have an altered microbial composition in the respiratory tract. Clinical characteristics and ten-year trend of peripheral blood eosinophilia among health screening program recipients at a tertiary hospital of South Korea Jong Wook Shin 1 , Jae Woo Jung 1 , Jae Chol Choi 1 , In Won Park 1 , Byoung Whui Choi 2 , Jae Yeol Kim 1 1 Chung-Ang University Hospital, South Korea; 2 Chung Ang University Correspondence: Jong Wook Shin -Chung-Ang University Hospital, South Korea World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A179 Background: Eosinophilia in specific conditions such as allergic diseases, helminthic infection, and drug-induced reaction is well recognized. In the present study, we evaluated the clinical characteristics of eosinophilia and change in prevalence over 10 years in recipients of health screening program at a tertiary hospital of South Korea. Methods: We collected the data of health screening program recipients at the health promotion center of Chung-Ang University Hospital from 2004 to 2013. Eosinophilia was defined when the absolute eosinophil count exceeds 500/μL in the peripheral blood. We reviewed health-related questionnaires and laboratory findings of health screening program which might be related to eosinophilia. Results: The cumulative prevalence of eosinophilia was 4.0% (1,963 out of 48,858). Most of eosinophilia cases (96.6%) were in mild degree (500 to 1500/μL). Eosinophilic subjects were older and more male-predominant (P<0.001, respectively). Subjects with eosinophilia showed lower level of FEV1%, FVC% and FEV1/FVC than those without eosinophilia (P<0.001, respectively). Of note, annual prevalence was in decreasing trend from 2004 to 2013 (OR=0.942, 95% CI: 0.926-0.958, P<0.001). Eosinophilic subjects showed higher positive rate for common parasite ELISA (P<0.001). The positive rate for ELISA to parasites increased with advancing age in subjects with eosinophilia (P=0.002). Conclusions: Eosinophilia in general, healthy population was not uncommon and usually in mild degree. The prevalence of eosinophilia decreased from 2004 to 2013, which might be related to decrease in parasitic infection in young Korean population. Purpose: Toxocariasis is the most common cause of peripheral blood eosinophilia in Korea and produces eosinophilic infiltration into various organs, including the lung. However, the prevalence of toxocariasis in the general population is rarely reported. Methods: We investigated the seroprevalence of Toxocara larval antibody among asymptomatic people who attended Samsung Medical Center for a health checkup, including low-dose chest computed tomography (CT) between March 2012 and December 2013. A total of 633 people (400 men and 233 women) were recruited. Results: The Toxocara-seropositive rate was 51.2% using the current cutoff value based on Toxocara enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (67.0% for men and 24.0% for women). In the multivariate-adjusted model, age (odds ratio [OR], 1.08; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.05-1.11), male sex (OR, 3.47; 95% CI, 2.26-5.33), rural residence (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.05-2.30), and history of raw liver intake (OR, 8.52; 95% CI, 3.62-20.11) were significantly associated with Toxocara seropositivity. When subjects were divided into 3 groups using cutoff values base on weak positive and strong positive control optical densities (ODs), the ORs for peripheral blood eosinophilia and serum hyperIgEaemia were 0.31 (95% CI, 0.02-2.89) in the weakpositive group and 36.64 (95% CI, 11.73-111.42) in the strong positive group compared to the seronegative group. Similarly, ORs for the solid nodule with surrounding halo were 2.54 (95% CI, 0.60-10.84) in the weak positive group and 15.08 (95 CI 4.09-55.56) in the strong positive group compared to the seronegative group. Conclusions: The study indicated that the Toxocara-seropositive rate obtained by using the current cutoff value based on ELISA was high in the asymptomatic population in Korea. The results of this study suggest that active toxocariasis may be more frequently seen in the Toxocara-strong positive group than in the Toxocara-weak positive group. Since a large proportion of adverse drug reaction (ADR) affects the skin, investigations of cutaneous drug hypersensitivity reaction (DHR) are important to evaluate their impact in dermatology and health care in generals as well as their burden for affected patients. However, little is known about the characteristics of drug-induced cutaneous reactions in Korean children. We analyzed Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSRs) of cutaneous adverse reactions kept in the Korea Adverse Event Reporting System (KARES). From January 2012 to December 2013, cases of cutaneous DHR were selected and analyzed regarding the age, gender, causative agents, and fatal cases. Based on the WHO-UMC causality assessment system, cases that assessed as 'unlikely' , 'unclassified' or 'unassessable' were excluded. Results A total of 2,577 cases were identified. 1406 cases were male (54.6%), and mean age was 5.97 ± 6.48 years. The most common agent was vancomycin (6.1%), followed by amoxicillin (4.0%), ampicillin (4.0%). The most common adverse reaction was rash (29.2%), followed by urticaria (20.8%), itching (14.0%). Among the 'certain' cases by WHO-UMC causality assessment system, the most common agent was acetylsalicylic acid (13.5%), followed by paracetamol (6.7%), iopromide (5.6%). There were 55 cases of serious ADR. Among the serious ADRs, Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) was most common (37 cases), followed by Steven-Johnson Syndrome (SJS, 14 cases), Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN, 2 cases), and Drug reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS, 2 cases). Paracetamol was most common causes of serious ADRs (5 cases). The brief analysis of ICSRs-KARES ADR report reveals that the antibiotics and commonly used antipyretics were most common causative agent of cutaneous reaction. More active reporting about cutaneous DHRs should be encouraged to indicate unlabeled ADRs. Comparison of clinical characteristics, quality of life and sleep in patients with allergic rhinitis when categorised as "sneezers and runners" and "blockers" Ashok Shah 1 , Kamal Gera 2 Since these two groups have distinct profiles, they were assessed and compared in terms of quality of life (QoL) and sleep disturbances. Methods: The study comprising 106 consecutive patients (males:60/ females:46), 18 to 60 years with AR, diagnosed as per ARIA guidelines, were enrolled from outpatients department of VP Chest Institute, University of Delhi. Patients were categorised into "SR" (group1) and "blockers" (group2) with the help of a visual analog scale (VAS) of 10 centimetres with 0 being "no symptoms" and 10 being "symptoms extremely bothersome". Scores for global VAS, sneezing, runny nose, nasal congestion, post nasal drip and loss of smell were recorded and patients classified as "SR" and "blockers". Impact on QoL was assessed with Sinonasal Outcome Test 22 (SNOT-22) and sleep was assessed by Nocturnal Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (NRQLQ), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) instruments. Results: Just over two thirds (n=73:68.9%) of the patients, were categorised as "SR"(group1) while remaining third (n=33:31.1%) were categorised as "blockers"(group2). The significant features in group1 were: age at onset lower than 20 years (n=60:82.2% P=0.002); birth dates were between June and September (n=42:57.5% P=0.003); family history of atopy (n=59:80.8% P=0.001); itching of skin (n=25:34.2% P=0.002), eye (n=30:41.1% P=0.001), ears (n=28:38.4% P=0.002), and throat and palate (n=42:57.5% P=0.001); and aggravation with dust (n=65:89.1% P=0.001). History of breathlessness (n=28:84.8% P=0.002), mouth breathing (n=28:84.8% P=0.003), loss of smell (n=13:39.4% P=0.004), and prior nasal surgery (n=8:24.2% P=0.001) were significantly higher in group2. Patients in group1 were significantly more sensitised to seasonal allergens like pollens [Kigelia (P=0.045); Salvador (P=0.005)] while patients in group2 had more sensitisation to perennial allergens like house dust (P=0.001), house dust mite (P=0.044) and fungus including Aspergillus species (P=0.001). Mean SNOT-22 scores (group1:60.89;group2:61.66 P=0.763) and mean NRQLQ scores (group1:47.66;group2:50.91 P=0.238) were not significantly different between the groups, while mean ESS (group1:10.52;group2:12.30 P<0.001) and mean global PSQI scores (group1:9.71;group2:11.27 P=0.009) were significantly higher in group2. Conclusions: The two groups differ significantly in terms of their respective profiles, whether be demographic or clinical. Further, the sensitivity patterns to allergens differ significantly between the groups. "Blockers" experienced significantly more sleep disturbances as compared to "sneezers and runners". Background: S-nitrosothiols (SNOs) are potent endogenous bronchodilators. Genetic ablation of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), which catalyzes the metabolism of SNOs, results in protection from airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in mouse. This study was performed to know whether activity of GSNOR of mice may explain the strain differences in AHR. Methods: Three different strains of mice -A/J, BALB/c, and C57BL/6 -were untreated (control, each n=5) or were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (asthma model, each n=5). AHR was measured using methacholine and activity of GSNOR was measured in whole lung lysate. Results: Persistent increase of AHR was observed in A/J compared to BALB/c or C57BL/6 control mice. GSNOR activity was significantly higher in A/J than BALB/c or C57BL/6 control mice (596.8±217.5, 400.0±184.8, 263.1±121.7; au, nmol/min/mg, p <0.05). In asthma model, AHR were also increased in AJ mice compared to other strains, and GSNOR activity was higher than BALB/c or C57BL/6 asthma model mice (749.7±192.5, 466.3±218.1, 474.4±24.0; au, nmol/ min/mg). Conclusion: GSNOR activity may contribute to the difference of AHR between mouse strains. Background: S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) is an important regulator for S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), the main source of bioavailable NO, and protects cells from nitrosative stress. We hypothesized that aerosol delivery of GSNO could reduce bronchoconstriction and pulmonary inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. Methods: To evaluate whether GSNO could ameliorate AHR and inflammation, we compared AHR and inflammation in the 6-week-old female BALB/c mice treated with 0.3 cc aerosolized 0-10 mM GSNO. Results: GSNO inhalation significantly decreased airway hyperresponsiveness with the increasing GSNO dose up to 0.03 ng/ml. But increasing the dose of GSNO more over than 0.03 ng/ml, there was absence of bronchoprotection or even aggravation of bronchocontriction. Conclusions: These results suggested that GSNO may be an important factor to control airway hyperresponiveness, and there might be a concentration threshold for an effective action of GSNO. Objectives: Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is a significant burden for children with bronchial asthma because EIA often interfere with exercise activities of children if it is not properly treated and children with uncontrolled EIA may fall into inactive, sedentary life. We hypothesized that daily activity of children with EIA can be improved by controlling EIA. To test the hypothesis, we evaluated physical activity in children with EIA before and after EIA-targeted therapy. "Achieve Active life by Controlling EIA for asthmatic Kids (ACE kids) study". Methods: We enrolled 7-10 years old boys with untreated EIA. The patients were eligible if they had current history of exercise-induced symptoms, >12%reduction in FEV1 by treadmill exercise challenge at entry and had no anti-inflammatory treatment. Physical activity of the subjects were monitored using an accelerometer, Lifecoder EX®(Suzuken), during 2 weeks of run-in period and 8 weeks of treatment with salmeterol/fluticasone combination (SFC). Primary outcome was the length of strenuous activity in a day and secondary outcomes were %fall in FEV1 after exercise challenge, peak flow and exhaled NO. Results: Eight patients (mean 9.5 ± 0.6 years) were enrolled and 6 gave full dataset. The length of strenuous activity a day increased in 5 patients out of 6. Fall in FEV1 after exercise challenge was significantly smaller after treatment. Morning and evening peak flow significantly increased and exhaled NO significantly decreased after SFC. Conclusions: EIA-targeted treatment for boys with EIA improved their physical activity and measurement of physical activity with an accelerometer may be a surrogate marker for asthma control in children. Wheezing as a clue to the diagnosis of cough variant asthma and nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis Jin-Young Lee 1 , Sehyo Yune 2 , Byung-Jae Lee 3 , Dong-Chull Choi 3 , Mi-Jin Jang 4 , Jae-Won Paeng 4 , Young Eun Kim 2 Background: Clinical reports on cough variant asthma (CVA) or nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis (NAEB) rarely suggest any symptom as an important diagnostic clue. The aim of this study was to investigate whether history of wheezing is useful in detection of CVA or NAEB among patients with chronic cough. Methods: Patients with cough persisting for more than 8 weeks were prospectively enrolled. They were divided into two groups according to the presence of wheezing in the past. Results of methacholine bronchial challenge and induced sputum examination were compared between two groups. Results: Four hundred sixty patients (165 men and 295 women) were enrolled and analyzed. Their mean age was 47.4 years and the median duration of cough was 13.5 months. Patients who had experienced wheezing were 164 (35.6%). The prevalence of CVA (36.4% vs. 5.8%, p<0.01) and NAEB (15.4% vs. 4.4%, p<0.01) were significantly higher in wheezing group compared to non-wheezing group. Conclusion: History of wheezing in the past significantly increases the chance of CVA or NAEB in patients with chronic cough. Careful history taking is important in diagnosing the cause of chronic cough. Antagonism of microRNA-21 suppressed the airway inflammation in a mouse model of bronchial asthma Background: In previous reports, microRNA-21 (miR-21) was upregulated in allergic airway inflammation mediating Th2 immune response [1, 2] . This study was designed to investigate the effect of miR-21 antagonism on mouse model of acute bronchial asthma. Methods: BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA). Anti-miR-21 antagomir and control scrambled RNA was daily injected by intranasal inhalation from the day of sensitization 5 times a week. Changes of cell counts, Th2 cytokines in bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluid and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) were evaluated. Histopathologic changes and expression of miR-21 were compared in lung tissues between antagomir treatment group and control groups. Results: Treatment of anti-miR-21 antagomir suppressed AHR compared with OVA challenged group and scrambled RNA treatment group. Antagomir treatment reduced total cell counts and eosinophil counts in BAL fluid. Th2 cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 were significantly decreased in BAL fluid of anti-miR-21 antagomir treatment group. Conclusions: Antagonism of miR-21 by antagomir inhalation had suppressive effects on development of allergic airway inflammation in acute bronchial asthma model. These results suggest that miR-21 antagomir could be a potential target agent for the treatment of bronchial asthma. Chlorhexidine is a widely used antiseptic and disinfectant. An increasing number of immediate, IgE-mediated, reactions to this drug have been reported. We present two cases of very severe reactions after its topical use. Two patients, aged 3 and 77, who suffered anaphylactic shock after contact with topical chlorhexidine were studied. The first case was a 3-year-old boy who underwent hypospadias surgery; among other drugs, chlorhexidine was used. He developed sudden hypotension, desaturation and facial swelling. The boy did not respond to adrenalin and efedrine; inotropic support at the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit was required. The second case was a 77-year-old woman who had a wound that was sutured at the Emergency Room (ER). She presented cough, dysphonia, palmar itching, universal erythema and hypotension that was refractary to intramuscular adrenalin. Mepivacaine was used as local anaesthetic and clorhexidine as disinfectant. In both cases, tryptase and specific IgE to clorhexidine and latex were measured (ImmunoCAP FEIA, Thermo Fisher Scientific), skin tests to clorhexidine (0.5% chlorhexidine digluconate in 0.9% saline) and the other implicated drugs were performed, and also challenge tests were done when needed. Allergic reactions to chlorhexidine are not common if we consider its widespread use in healthcare settings. However, these reactions can be life-threatening even after topical use so awareness is needed, especially at the ER and at perioperative environments. IgE determination and skin tests are useful tools to get an accurate diagnosis of these patients. Chlorhexidine can be used as an excipient of several medications and cosmetics, therefore a thorough information must be given to chlorhexidine allergic patients in order to avoid further contact with this agent. Background: Ambient pollution has been associated with adverse respiratory health effects. Although meteorological variables have been known to impact on respiratory hospitalization, few studies have investigated the effects of ambient pollution considering temperature or humidity. Here, we identified the effects of ambient particulate matter for daily respiratory admissions considering meteorological factors. Methods: We used daily hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in Busan from hospital records using the International Classication of Diseases (ICD-10) for the period 2007-2010. The respiratory allergic diseases used in our study are allergic rhinitis (J30) and asthma (J45-46). Age was categorized as group I (0-15), group II (16-64) and group III (≥65 yr). Hourly particulate matter < 10μm (PM 10 ) levels and particulate matter < 2.5μm (PM 2.5 ) levels were obtained from 19 monitoring stations in Busan, and collected by and made available from the Korean Ministry of Environment. The meteorological observation data in Busan provided by the Korean Meteorological Administration included temperature and relative humidity. Results: The mean value of hospital admission for allergy rhinitis and asthma was 4.4±6.1 people and 3.3±3.3 people respectively. A dailyaverage value of PM 10 and PM 2.5 concentrations level was 49.6±20.5 μg/m 3 and 24.2±10.9 μg/m 3 respectively. The mean temperature was 15.1±7.9°C, relative humidity was 62.0±18.0%. Admission for allergic rhinitis was associated with increasing temperature anomaly (P=0.003) and decreasing relative humidity (P<0.001). When the relative humidity was constant, the increase in PM 10 levels was significantly associated with higher admission for allergic rhinitis. In asthma, hospitalization was correlated with decreasing relative humidity (P<0.001) and increasing PM 10 (P=0.008). Even after considering relative humidity, higher PM 10 levels still were associated with higher hospitalization rate. In subgroup analysis according to age, admission rate in group I and group III was more strongly affected by PM 10 levels than group II (IRR 7.4 and 6.4, respectively). Furthermore, it showed the association between higher PM 2.5 levels and admission for asthma, regardless of the effect of PM 10 levels. Conclusions: Particulate matter levels and meteorological factors have an effect on hospitalization for allergic rhinitis or asthma. After adjusting meteorological factors, PM 10 or PM 2.5 levels increase significantly admission rate for respiratory allergic diseases. Background: There has been increasing evidences that some asthmatic patients demonstrate neutrophilic airway inflammation. However, clinical features of neutrophilic asthma remain to be elucidated. Objective: To determine clinical features of neutropilic asthma, we investigated clinical variables in patients with asthma attending to our hospital regularly. Methods: Stable patients with bronchial asthma with maintenance treatment underwent sputum induction with administration of the hypertonic saline by a nebulizer. Patients were classified into neutrophilic (NA) or non-neutrophilic asthma (NNA) according to = 40 % or > 40 %, or <40% of neutrophils ratio in sputum. Characteristics of asthma sub-phenotypes were analyzed by disease severity, pulmonary function, blood eosinophil counts, total IgE levels in serum, and specific IgE antibody to environmental allergens. Results: One hundred nineteen patients were divided into 54 NA or 65 NNA. There were no significant differences in the distribution of severity, FEV1 percent predicted, blood eosinophil counts and total IgE levels. In NA, 37 patients (68.5%) had specific IgE antibody to environmental allergens whereas 42 patients (64.6%) in NNA. Conclusions: Proportion of patients with NA sensitized to environmental allergen was equal to NNA. Th2 immune response to aeroallergens might be contributed to development of neutrophilic inflammation in asthma. Urticaria is a common disease and is one of the most common cause of emergency unit visit in children. However, there is no standardized management about acute urticaria and few articles report about urticaria in infants and children. The aim of this study was to define the clinical features, causes, and current status of treatment in infants and children in emergency department. We retrospectively reviewed all children aged less than 18years who visited emergency department for acute urticaria or angioedema at Seoul national university hospital, Seoul, Korea, from July 1, 2014 through December 31, 2014. The diagnosis of urticaria and angioedema was made on clinical grounds. The review included a history based on a standardized questionnaires such as precipitating events (eg, food intake, drugs, insect bites or other factors), complete physical examination, further evaluations trying to find the etiology (skin-prick test, serum-specific IgE or multiple allergen stimulation tests) and treatment performed in emergency unit. Results 212 consecutive infants, aged less than 18years, visited emergency department with a final diagnosis of acute urticaria (195 patients, 91.9%) and angioedema (17 patients, 8.01%). The causative event was identified in 112 patients (52.8%), the rest of patients are unidentified. Associated with foods were identified in 84 patients (39.6%), drug intake in 17 patients (8.0%) and others causes in 11 patients (5.1%). The other causes were vaccination, contact with a dog, insect bite or grass exposure. All patients were treated with oral anti-histamine. Anti-histamine injection was given in 134 patients (63.2%), systemic steroid in 25 patients (11.8%) and bronchodilator in 5 patients (2.3%). All the patients but one has discharged with oral anti-histamine, one children was hospitalized suspected of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome. The allergy test was performed in 19 patients (8.9%) at outpatient clinic and 16 patients (7.5%) showed positive results. Causative factors in urticaria are identified in 52.8% and the allergy test are preformed in 8.9% of the patients who visited emergency department with urticaria or angioedema. The causes are dominated by foods, drugs and other causes, in order. Routine treatment included oral anti-histamine therapy and anti-histamine injection, systemic steroid or bronchodilator were added according to the clinical characteristics. The outcome was quiet good. Discordance between sputum eosinophilia and exhaled nitric oxide Jin-Young Lee 1 , Byung-Jae Lee 2 , Dong-Chull Choi 2 , Jae-Won Paeng 3 , Mi-Jin Jang 3 , Jihye Result: Among the total of 591 patients, 76 (12.8%) patients were classified into discordant group. Among them, 67 (88.2%) showed high FeNO and low ISE, while only 9 (11.8%) showed low FeNO and high ISE. Comparison between concordant and discordant groups showed that male sex, absence of airway hyperresponsiveness, increased age, and increased neutrophil count in sputum were more frequently seen in discordant group. Current or previous use of corticosteroid, presence of atopy, and salivary contamination of induced sputum were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: Discordance between FeNO and ISE was observed in quite a few patients. Most of the discordance results from high FeNO and low ISE. Further study is necessary to find a proper method to assess airway inflammation in this subset of patients. Association between genetic polymorphisms of costimulatory molecules and antituberculosis drugs induced hepatitis Sang-Hoon Kim 1 , Jang Won Sohn 2 , Ho Joo Yoon 2 , Dong Ho Shin 2 , Jae Hyung Lee 1 , Byoung Hoon Lee 1 , Youn-Seup Kim 3 , Jae-Seuk Park 3 , Young-Koo Jee 3 , Sang- Backgrounds: While the pathomechanisms of antituberculosis drugs (ATD)-induced hepatitis is poorly understood yet, a growing body of evidence supports roles of adaptive immune response in ATDinduced hepatitis. Costimulatory molecules have modulatory effects on activation of T cell, B cell and antigen presenting cell. We examined if the polymorphisms in costimulatory molecules (CD28, CTLA-4, CD40 and CD40L) are associated with ATD-induced hepatitis. Methods: We enrolled 80 patients with ATD-induced hepatitis and 238 ATD-tolerant subjects. DNA was isolated from whole blood and genotyped for the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CD28, CTLA4, CD40 and CD40LG. Genotype frequencies of SNPs and haploptyes were compared between patients with ATD-induced hepatitis and ATD-tolerant patients. Results: In selected SNPs of CD28 (rs3116496), CTLA4 (rs5742909, rs231775, rs3087243, rs17268364), CD40 (rs1800686, rs1883832) and CD40LG (rs3092952), genotype frequencies were not different between case and control subjects. In the analysis of haplotypes of CTLA4 and CD40LG genes, there was no significant relationship with ATD-induced hepatitis. Conclusions: These findings indicate that genetic polymorphisms of costimulatory molecules (CD28, CTLA-4, CD40 and CD40L) are not associated with the development of ATD-induced hepatitis in Korean population, and suggest that co-stimulatory molecules do not play important roles in the pathogenesis of ATD-induced hepatitis. The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in chronic unexplained cough Jin-Young Lee 1 , Jae-Won Paeng 2 , Mi-Jin Jang 2 , Dong-Chull Choi 3 , Byung-Jae Lee 3 , Yongseok Lee 4 , Young Eun Kim 4 , Sehyo Yune 4 Background: The common co-existence of cough and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is well established. Several respiratory guidelines for the management of chronic unexplained cough in adults advocate empirical treatment of GERD. In contrast, guidelines from some gastroenterological societies conclude that cough is unlikely to be related to GERD in the absence of heartburn or acid regurgitation. This study was performed to assess the prevalence of GERD in adults with chronic unknown cough. Methods: Adult patients with cough that persists more than 8 weeks were prospectively enrolled from January 2007 to December 2011. Patients having upper airway cough syndrome, cough variant asthma and nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis were excluded. The enrolled patients underwent 24-hour impedance-pH monitoring of esophagus. Results: The prevalence of GERD in chronic unexplained cough, as evidenced by an abnormal impedance or pH profile, was 46.3% (68 of 147 patients). Among 49 patients who were given anti-reflux medication for at least 3 months, 39 patients (79.6%) achieved total or near-total elimination of cough. Conclusion: GERD, which is readily detected by 24-hour impedance-pH monitoring, is a common cause of chronic unexplained cough and can be successfully managed with anti-reflux therapy. The nature of allergic rhinitis (AR) in preschool children has yet to be clearly characterized. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and its risk factors of AR and its relationship with FeNO in preschool children. This is a population-based, cross-sectional survey of 1757 preschool children, aged 3-7 years in Korea in 2010. A modified International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire was used. In addition, skin prick tests (SPT), serum total IgE and specific IgE were assessed. Current AR was defined as having nasal symptoms within the last 12 months and diagnosed AR by clinicians. Atopy was defined who had one or more positive reactions on SPT. The prevalence of current AR in preschool age was 23.0% (392 out of 1702) and atopic current AR was 9.65% (93 out of 964 Vitamin D deficiency has been declared a public health problem for both adults and children worldwide. The growing data suggests that vitamin D deficiency plays an important role in the development of childhood asthma. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential relationship between asthma exacerbation severity and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in children. This study was conducted in Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, from September 2013 to March 2014. A total of 49 children with asthma exacerbation, aged between 3 and 14 years, were enrolled. The children should not have underling diseases such as chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, chronic renal disease, etc. and vitamin D supplement in recent 3 months. According to GINA assessment of asthma exacerbation, they were divided into mild, moderate and severe exacerbation group. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D were assessed in all 49 children. The 49 patients were 28 boys and 21 girls, mean age 5.28±2.28 years old. According to GINA assessment of asthma exacerbation, 20 (40.82%) children were enrolled in mild exacerbation group, 15 (30.61%) children were enrolled in moderate exacerbation group and 14 (28.57%) children were enrolled in severe exacerbation group. There was no significant differences in age, height and weight among the three groups (p>0.05). The concentration of serum 25hydroxy vitamin D in mild, moderate and severe exacerbation groups was 35.77±13.64 nmol/L, 15.30±4.97 nmol/L and 13.87±3.33 nmol/L separately. The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D of mild exacerbation group is significantly higher than moderate and severe exacerbation groups. But no significance was found between moderate and severe exacerbation groups. Children with moderate and severe asthma exacerbations had lower serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D than mild cases, which suggests that 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with asthma exacerbation severity in children. Further research should be focused on vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of childhood asthma. A) Backgroud: The aim of this study was to assess the clinical usefulness and added diagnostic value of specific IgE antibodies to wheat, gluten and ω-5 gliadin in diagnosing wheat allergy and distinguishing wheat anaphylaxis. B) Methods: This study included 196 children who visited Ajou University Hospital for suspicious food allergy. The subjects were divided into two groups; wheat allergy (WA) group and non-wheat allergy (Non-WA) group. The subjects with wheat allergy were further divided into two groups according to their symptoms: wheat anaphylaxis (WA Ana ) group and non-wheat anaphylaxis (WA Non-Ana ) group. The serum concentrations of total IgE and specific IgE antibodies to wheat, gluten and ω-5 gliadin were measured. The diagnostic values of each specific antibody were analyzed and compared using the Mann-Whitney test and receiver operating characteristic curves. C) Results: The median values of specific IgE antibodies to wheat, gluten and ω-5 gliadin were significantly higher in WA compared to those in Non-WA, and the optimal cutoff points were 0.90 kU A /L, 0.43 kU A /L and 0.19 kU A /L respectively. The positive decision points (specificity of 95%) of specific IgE antibodies to wheat, gluten and ω-5 gliadin were 3.12 kU A /L, 2.61 kU A /L and 0.21 kU A /L respectively, and the accuracies at these levels were 91.8%, 92.9% and 93.4% correspondingly. The combination of specific IgE antibodies to wheat and ω-5 gliadin resulted in the highest accuracy of 93.9% in diagnosing wheat allergy. In differentiating WA Ana from WA Non-Ana, , only the specific IgE antibodies to ω-5 gliadin showed significant difference (p=0.013) at the optimal cutoff point of 1.56 kU A /L. D) Conclusion: Our results show that the individual levels of specific IgE antibodies to wheat, gluten or ω-5 gliadin had considerably high accuracies in diagnosing wheat allergy, and specific IgE antibody to ω-5 gliadin was particularly useful in predicting wheat anaphylaxis. Neutralization of stratum corneum accelerates the progress from atopic dermatitis to asthma-like lesion in flaky tail mice treated by house dust mite allergen Hae-Jin Lee 1 , Noo Ri Lee 1 , Bo-Kyung Kim 1 Background: A disrupted skin barrier of atopic dermatitis (AD) permits easier penetration and sensitization of external allergens and then induces the development of asthma and allergic rhinitis, so called the 'atopic march'. Maintenance of normal acidity in the stratum corneum (SC) is an important factor for normal skin barrier function. Elevation of SC pH accompanied by the increase of serine protease activity and TSLP expression provokes skin inflammation. Objective: We determined whether the neutralized SC environment can accelerate airway inflammation more easily in flaky tail mice, a representative AD murine model with congenital skin barrier abnormality, after the exposure of house dust mite (HDM). Methods: Dermatofagoides pteronyssinus (Dp), a HDM was applied on the dorsal skin of flaky tail mice twice a week, which accompanied by the application of neutral cream (pH 7.4) and acidic cream (pH 2.8) twice a day for 6 weeks. Intranasal inhalation of Dp was done daily during last 3 days. Gross findings, functional study for skin barrier, blood sampling, bronchoalveolar lavage and biopsies of skin and lung were done at 24 h after last treatment. Results: Repeated topical applications followed by intranasal inhalations of Dp to flaky tail mice made the respiratory allergic inflammation as well as the AD-like skin lesion. Accompanying neutral cream treatment accelerated or aggravated the allergic inflammation in the respiratory system as well as the skin. Conclusion: Atopic march-like progress from AD to asthma-like lesion can be observed in flaky tail mice after topical and intranasal application of HDM, and the neutralization of SC can accelerate or aggravate it. Trends in oral food challenges in Japan: A six-year prospective study Noriyuki Yanagida, Sakura Sato, Chizuko Sugizaki, Motohiro Ebisawa Sagamihara National Hospital, Japan Correspondence: Noriyuki Yanagida -Sagamihara National Hospital, Japan World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A199 The number of patients with food allergies is increasing on a global level. The estimated prevalence in Japan is 5-10% among infants and 1-2% among schoolchildren. The use of oral food challenges (OFCs) is the gold standard for the diagnosis of food allergies. As of 2015, Japan is currently the only country in the world in which OFC testing is covered by health insurance. We performed a questionnaire survey to all specialist training facilities belonging to the Japan The total estimated OFC testing fill-rate in Japan for each year was 6.4%, 8.8%, 9.3%, 10.0%, and 17.1%, respectively. These results indicate that the increased percentage of non-allergists performing inpatient OFC testing lead to increase of total estimated OFC testing fill-rate in Japan. The Gut Microbiome in the Food Allergic Host Jamie Kiehm, Punita Ponda, Sherry Farzan, Jared Weiss, Claudia Elera, Catherine Destio, Cristina Sison, Annette Lee Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, USA Correspondence: Jamie Kiehm -North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, USA World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A200 A) Background: Alterations in the diversity and composition of the human gut microbiota have been associated with a myriad of diseases including inflammatory bowel disease and metabolic syndrome. In our study, we explore the association of the host gut microbiome with food allergy. B) Methods: 12.5 ng of isolated DNA from fecal samples from 8 children with peanut allergy (peanut specific IgE >15 kUA/L) and 10 healthy, non-atopic controls were amplified using primers specifically for the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene which is unique to bacteria. Sequence differences within the V1-V9 variable region were used for bacterial classification. Once amplified, the amplicons were dual-indexed for multiplex sequencing. Pooled libraries were sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq using 300 cycle paired end reads. Sequence data was processed through the MiSeq Reporter Metagenomics 16S application and the Greengenes 16S ribosomal RNA gene database. Data regarding family history of atopic disease, history of breastfeeding, antibiotic treatment per year, medications, and history of other atopic disease was collected via questionnaires. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used for comparison of continous variables between the two groups. The Fisher's exact test was used to compare proportions between groups. All analyses were carried out using SAS V9.3. C) Results: The median age of subjects with peanut allergy was 6 years (average peanut specific IgE=75.1 kUA/L), and median age of healthy controls was 4 years. All of the patients with peanut allergy had a history of other atopic diseases. The phylogentic differences showed that peanut allergic subjects had an increased proportion of Firmicutes (median=71% vs 59%; p<0.03) and a decreased proportion of Proteobacteria (median=1% vs 3%; p<0.009) when compared to healthy controls. At the class level, Clostridia was more abundant in the peanut allergic subjects (median=69% vs. 57%; p<0.03). Clostridiales order was significantly more abundant in the peanut allergic subjects (median=69% vs. 56%; p<0.03). Alcaligenaceae family was found in 6/10 healthy controls and in none of the 8 peanut allergic subjects (60% vs 0%; p<0.013). 16 genera were identified in healthy controls while 12 genera were identified in peanut allergic subjects. The 12 genera identified in the peanut allergic subjects accounted for 82.76% of the total sequences and were all found in the healthy controls. The 16 genera found in healthy controls accounted for 79.97% of the total sequences. D) Conclusions: Analysis of the human gut microbiome in children with peanut allergy and healthy, non-atopic controls revealed differences in the specific composition and diversity of the microbiota that may contribute to the pathogenesis of food allergy. More studies with a larger sample size are needed to further investigate these associations. Cord blood cytokines and maternal environmental exposure during pregnancy Soo Hyun Ri, Chang Hoon Lim Korea University Medical Center, South Korea Correspondence: Soo Hyun Ri -Korea University Medical Center, South Korea World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A201 A) Background: It has been suggested that initial priming of the T-cell system to environmental allergens may occur before birth. Cytokine expression in cord blood has been increasingly used as useful markers to assess the neonatal immunological development and future lifetime risk for various allergic diseases among offspring. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between cytokine expression in neonatal cord blood and exposure to house dust mite (HDM) and food intakes during pregnancy. B) Methods: 405 pregnant women were recruited between April 2010 and November 2010. 111 women completed the study. The pregnant women with the genetic diseases, autoimmune diseases, and endocrinologic diseases were excluded. Parental allergic diseases, allergen sensitization, exposure to HDM, maternal diet during pregnancy, and cytokine expression in neonatal cord blood of all subjects were investigated. Information on physician-diagnosed allergic diseases of the subjects and/or their spouses had been gathered from the questionnaires and allergy specialist confirmed diagnosis after examining the subjects who declared to have allergic diseases on the questionnaires. Allergen sensitization was performed by using the skin prick test including Der p 1, Der p 2, tree mixture, grass mixture, weed, dog and cat. Dietary intakes and nutrition during the last 3 months of pregnancy period were assessed using the semi-quantitative food questionnaire and indoor environments of each household including exposure to dust mites were investigated by semi-quantitative rapid test. Expressions of IL-4, IL-13, and INF-γ of neonatal cord blood were examined by using quantitative real-time PCR. C) Results: Among subjects, the pregnant women with diagnosed allergic diseases were 54 and most common allergic disease was allergic rhinitis. (61.1%) 54 women were exposed to tobacco smoking and 5 women were living with pets. All subjects showed significant differences in expression of IL-4 and IFN-γ. (n=111, p<0.05) IL-4 /IFN-γ ratio was 4.63±8.72. (mean±SD) No significant relationship is observed between IL-4 and IFN-γ of neonatal cord blood and subject's environments including exposures to tobacco smoking, pet ownership, carpet use, detectable HDM and bedding for protecting HDM use. HDM was detected in 29 pregnant women's household, but significant difference between HDM detected and HDM non-detected was not showed. IL-4 and IFN-γ in cord blood of neonate with allergic mother had higher expression than those of non-allergic mother. (p<0.05) The amounts of nutrition weren't related to neonatal cord blood IL-4 and IFN-γ. D) Conclusions: This is the study about the relationship between maternal food intakes and exposure to HDM during pregnancy and fetal immunity. The study found that 1) infants had Th1/Th2 polarization at birth and that 2) Expression of IL-4 and INF-γ was related to maternal allergic disease. Rupatadine pharmacokinetics in Japanese healthy volunteers after single and repeated oral doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg Iñaki Izquierdo Pulido 3 , Jorg Taubel Rupatadine is a second generation anti-H1 antihistamine and PAF antagonist authorised for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria at the dose of 10 mg. The aim of this study is to assess the pharmacokinetics and safety of rupatadine following single and multiple oral administrations to healthy Japanese subjects. This was a phase I, randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled, parallel group study with oral single and multiple doses that were administered to male and female healthy Japanese subjects from 20 to 45 years of age. Twenty seven subjects (nine per each cohort of dose) were randomised in a 3.5:1 ratio to rupatadine (10, 20 and 40 mg) or matching placebo. On Day -1, all subjects received a single dose of placebo, followed by one single daily oral dose on Day 1 and once single daily doses on Days 2 to 5. Plasma samples collected at different time-points throughout the study were analysed by means of a validated LC-MS/MS analytical method to determine rupatadine and UR-12790 and UR-12788 metabolites concentration. Pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated by using a noncompartmental analysis, and regression models were used to assess dose linearity. Results PK exposure after rupatadine administration of single and multiple doses in Japanese subjects was found to increase in a dose dependent manner. Single and multiple oral doses of rupatadine were well tolerated. There were no serious adverse events in this study and no subject withdrew due to safety reasons or any other reasons. The PK data are not incompatible with dose proportionality and appear to be even more conclusive after repeated doses instead of single doses. Additionally, the PK values in Japanese show similarity to the historic values obtained in Caucasian studies. Rupatadine was safe and well tolerated by Japanese subjects. There were no SAEs in this study and no subject withdrawals due to AEs or any other reason. A safe and effective method to desensitize patients with wheat allergy Alireza Khayatzadeh 1 , Masoud Movahedi 1 , Motohiro Ebisawa 2 , Mohammad Gharagozlou 1 1 Children's Medical Center, Iran; 2 Sagamihara National Hospital, Japan Correspondence: Alireza Khayatzadeh -Children's Medical Center, Iran World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A203 At present the only available management for food allergy is avoidance but wheat avoidance results in dietary limitations and can affect the quality of life. Oral Immunotherapy (OIT) is a method that has been shown to increase tolerance to wheat in allergic patients. Objective The aim of this study was desensitizing patients above five years with wheat allergy and evaluating the safety and efficacy of Rush Oral Immunotherapy (ROIT) for children with IgE mediated wheat allergy. According to patient's history and symptoms that occurred during Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Food Challenge test (DBPCFC), eleven children above 5 years old with IgE-mediated wheat allergy and anaphylaxis underwent ROIT. Skin prick test, measurement of serum specific IgE against wheat flour and oral food challenge (OFC) performed before and after OIT. Our protocol was consisting of initial build up phase following maintenance phase. Maximum dose during build up phase was 5.2 g wheat protein. We used bread containing 10% wheat protein for ROIT. In this method the patients hospitalized and build up phase performed during several days. After completion the buildup phase, the patients were asked to ingest the maintenance dose (52 g of bread) "daily" for 3 months at home. Then they received confirmed OFC. If this challenge was negative, we regarded them as desensitized state and they had to eat wheat products daily without interruption. Among 11 patients, 9 (81.8%) were male and the average age of patients at beginning of the study was 6.2 years old (range, 5-11 years). All patients completed buildup phase successfully. One patient discontinued the maintenance phase for personal reason. Ten patients completed maintenance phase successfully and became desensitized. They are now consuming wheat products freely without any complications. Threshold doses in the wheat DBPCFC was from 0.08 g to 1.3 g of wheat protein. Build up phase continued in 3 to 7 days. Eight of 11 patients showed symptoms (72.7%) during this period, the total number of doses were 101 in which 25 of applied doses (24.8%) showed symptoms which mostly were mild reactions. Number of epinephrine that we took advantage was 9 in total 101 applied doses (8.9%). During maintenance phase seven patients showed mild reaction in first month of maintenance phase. The total number of doses in maintenance phase was 900 in which 52 of applied doses (5.8%) showed mild symptoms. Wheat OIT through this method could be simple, safe and effective in selected patients with wheat allergy, although it needs further investigations with more patients. Posttranscriptional control by RNA binding proteins (RBPs) of CD4 + T cell development is poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that the RBP HuR (elavl1) controls Th2 differentiation via increased stabilization of Gata-3, IL-4 and IL-13. HuR CD4 + T from transgenic mice which over-expressed HuR had significant increases in Th2 but not Th1 cytokines. IL-2 is the primary growth factor for activated T cells. When IL-2 engages its' low affinity receptor, IL-2Rα (CD25) this results in phosphorylation of stat5 which turns off IL-2 via prdm1, which encodes the IL-2 transcriptional repressor, blimp-1. p-stat5 also opens up accessibility of the IL-4 gene to transcription, leading to Gata-3 activation, which is essential for Th2 differentiation. We hypothesized HuR regulates CD4 + T cell differentiation and is required for normal IL-2 homeostasis. We generated a HuR conditional KO model to study effects of HuR ablation in CD4 + T cell activation (distal lck-cre-ROSA HuR fl/fl ). The ROSA gene expresses YFP which is used to track HuR KO cells. We sorted CD4 + T cells into YFP + and YFPgroups and activated them with anti-CD3/CD28. Activated YFP + CD4 + T HuR KO cells had profound defects in Gata-3, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 expression and could not shut off IL-2. Up to 97% of activated T cells were unable to turn off IL-2 expression. HuR KO T cells had defects in proliferation and JAK-STAT signaling with reduced p-stat5 and were unable to up-regulate CD25. We found significantly increased IL-2 but decreased Gata-3, prdm-1, IL-4 and CD25 transcription. We investigated whether HuR directly controlled CD25 expression. We verified HuR interacts with defined AU-rich elements (AREs) in CD25 3'UTR. CD25 mRNA stability was unchanged in HuR KO T cells but there were translational defects in recruitment of CD25 mRNA transcripts to heavy polysomes. To determine in vivo relevance, we used the ovalbumin challenge model of allergic airway inflammation. HuR KO mice had significant decreases in lung neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils and IL-13. Remarkably, immunized HuR KO mice had comparable levels of total lung inflammation as un-immunized controls. We confirmed increased IL-2 and reduced CD25 phenotype in CD4 + T cells from immunized HuR KO mice. In summary, these data suggest that HuR plays a major role in CD4 + Th2 differentiation and normal IL-2 homeostasis by controlling CD25 mRNA translation. Furthermore, HuR KO in T cells completely abrogates allergen induced lung inflammation. Therefore, HuR-CD25 interactions are required for normal IL-2 homeostasis and Th2-mediated allergic airway inflammation. Method: This is a part of International Study of Wheezing in Infants (EISL), a population-based study, in infants aged 12-15 months, compares data from two surveys (S1 and S2) performed using the same methodology, in three large cities that participated in both surveys: Curitiba and São Paulo (Brazil) and Santiago (Chile). Results: The average prevalence of wheezing once or more during the first year of life decreased from 52.9% (95%CI 51.8-54) in S1 to 46.9% (95%CI 45. 2-48.07 ) in S2, p = 0.0001. There was a significant decrease in the mean prevalence of RW between S1 (23.3%, 95%CI 22.3-24.3) and S2 (20.4%, 95%CI 19.0-21.8), p=0.004. In infants with RW the mean prevalence of severity markers between S1 and S2 remained high (severe episode: 56.9% to 54.2%, p = 0.32); ED visits (68.1% to 70.9 %, p = 0.21), with a significant increase in admissions for wheezing (21.1% to 26.7%, p = 0.004). The prevalence of RW and severity markers during the first year of life remained high between both surveys. The infants who suffer from RW have markedly high prevalence of severity markers as visits to ED and admissions for wheezing, indicating that an important group of these infants has a troublesome progression that certainly affect quality of life and put infants at risk of more severe complications. Background: Cyclophosphamide (CYC) is an alkylating agent used to treat malignancies and autoimmune diseases. It is often given with mercaptoethane sulfonate (mesna) to prevent bladder toxicity. Hypersensitivity to CYC has been well described in adult patients with malignancy. These reactions are typically IgE-mediated to CYC or its metabolites after a previous exposure. Most of these patients have tolerated subsequent treatments by desensitization. We report the first described case of anaphylaxis after initial exposure of CYC in a pediatric patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who successfully tolerated subsequent CYC by desensitization. Method: Case description. Results: An 11-year-old girl with SLE and Class III/V nephritis was admitted for hematuria, anasarca, and uncontrolled hypertension consistent with SLE nephritis flair. Her treatment was switched from mycophenolate mofetil to monthly CYC (945mg, 0.75 gm/m2) intravenously (IV) with mesna infusions given 30 minutes prior and 3, 6 and 9 hours after CYC infusion. Immediately after completing her first CYC infusion, she developed increased erythema at her IV site, angioedema of the lips and tongue, facial flushing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and wheezing. She was treated for anaphylaxis with intramuscular epinephrine, IV diphenhydramine, methylprednisolone, and famotidine with An hour later, she became hypotensive (BP 91/31 from BP 147/69). Antihypertensives were held and she continued receiving IV diphenhydramine and methylprednisone. She received her post-treatment mesna infusions without any adverse event. She had no history of allergies or exposure to alkylating agents in the past. CYC was the preferred therapy as her renal function improved after her first treatment and Allergy was consulted to evaluate whether her anaphylaxis was secondary to mesna or CYC and for possible desensitization. Allergy evaluation revealed negative percutaneous testing to mesna (10mg/ml skin prick; 0.01mg/ml and 0.1mg/ml intradermal). CYC skin testing was deferred by the patient's guardian. She was admitted to the intensive care unit to receive CYC via a 12-step desensitization protocol. Her daily prednisone 40 mg dose was increased to methylprednisone 1 gm at 45 minutes prior to desensitization. She was also premedicated with diphenhydramine 25 mg and famotidine 20 mg at 20 minutes prior to desensitization. She tolerated desensitization without any adverse reactions. Since then, she has received CYC by desensitization every month at an outpatient infusion setting without any adverse event. Conclusions: Hypersensitivity to CYC can be seen in pediatric patients with autoimmune disease. It can occur after initial exposure and can be as severe as anaphylaxis. Desensitization is one approach for continued treatment with CYC in pediatric patients with SLE which has been successful. The Fatty Acid Binding Protein Der p 13 Is a Minor House Dust Mite Allergen Able to Activate Innate Immunity Pattraporn Satitsuksanoa 1 , Narissara Suratannon 2 , Jongkonnee Wongpiyabovorn 2 , Pantipa Chatchatee 2 , Kiat Ruxrungtham 2 , Alain Jacquet 2 1 Faculty of Medicine, Thailand; 2 Chulalongkorn University Correspondence: Pattraporn Satitsuksanoa -Faculty of Medicine, Thailand World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A207 Background: Compared with other group 13 house dust mite (HDM) allergens, Der p 13 remains very poorly characterized. We recently produced a recombinant form of Der p 13 in P.pastoris and demonstrated that this allergen binds lipids/fatty acids. This study investigated IgE sensitization to rDer p 13 in a large thai HDM allergic cohort as well as the allergen-induced airway epithelial cell activation. Methods: The IgE reactivity to rDer p 13 was analysed by ELISA using 644 sera with a positive skin prick test (SPT) to D.pteronyssinus and collected from four different hospitals in Bangkok. The allergenic activity of rDer p 13 was tested using IgE-loaded rat basophil leukaemia cells (RBL) expressing human FcεRI. The direct airway epithelial cell activation by rDer p 13 was also evaluated. Results: Only 6% of 644 HDM-allergic patients showed IgE-reactivity to rDer p 13 whereas the IgE binding frequency to rDer p 2 reached more than 60%. In RBL assays, rDer p 13 triggered basophil degranulation but the effector activity was lower than that measured for rDer p 2. Treatment of BEAS-2B respiratory epithelial cells with rDer p 13 triggered the production of IL-8 in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusions: Although rDer p 13 displays allergenic activity, its weak IgE reactivity clearly confirmed that Der p 13 is a minor allergen. We hypothesized that the poor IgE binding frequency of Der p 13 is in line with the apparent very limited amount of this allergen in mite fecal pellets aqueous extracts. Nevertheless, Der p 13, through its fatty acid binding capacity, could play a role in the activation of innate signaling pathways to initiate the allergic response. Background: Nationwide incidence of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is hard to estimate. We report nationwide incidence of SJS and TEN using an administrative database. Method: We used the database of the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) in Korea. We employed the HIRA database from 2009 to 2013 to estimate the annual incidence, in-hospital mortality, related complications due to SJS and TEN. In this study, using the International Classification of Diseases-10th Revision (ICD-10), target study population was defined as patients with SJS or TEN, who had the primary diagnostic codes of L511 (SJS) or L512 (TEN), respectively. Result: During four-years study period, estimates of annual incidence of SJS and TEN were 4.9-5.5 and 0.9-1.4 per million people. Mortality rate were 5.7% for SJS and 15.1% for TEN. Mean age was about 50 years old and female predominance was not so apparent in our data. Ocular and urethral sequelae were the most significant sequelae clinically that more than 40% of patients with both diseases suffered from ocular sequelae and about 6% of SJS and 9% of TEN patients were affected by the urethral sequelae. Mortality rate increased as the patients' age got older. Conclusion: The incidence of SJS and TEN was not so much changed since 1990's. However, the mortality rate was decreased and this would be due to the evolution of supportive management. Si-Heon Kim 1 , Gil-Soon Choi 2 , Su-Chin Kim 1 Background: It has been suggested that vitamin D deficiency has an influence on increase in the prevalence of allergic disease. A few studies have been reported that epinephrine prescriptions varied from latitude of the regions. The present study aimed to examine the regional differences in incidence of food-induced anaphylaxis (FIA) and serum vitamin D level in Korea. Method: Nationwide data on FIA from2011 to 2013 were obtained from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. We used serum vitamin D levels from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys during the period corresponding to FIA. Regions were divided into 2 categories based on the latitude N36.2°(Region 1 for high latitude and Region 2 for low latitude). We examined the differences in incidence of FIA and serum vitamin D levels between 2 regions after adjusting for age. Results: The number of cases of FIA was 2,851, and serum vitamin D levels were obtained in 15,368 persons from 2011 to 2013. FIA incidence was significantly higher (2.00 vs 1.73 per 100,000 person-years, p=0.03), and serum vitamin D level was lower (16.5 vs 18.1 ng/ml, p<0.001) in Region I as compared with Region 2. For all age groups of <20, 20-59, and ≥60 years, serum vitamin D levels were significantly higher in Region 2 than in Region 1. The regional difference of FIA incidence was significant in persons aged <20 years (1.90 in Region1 vs 1.15 in Region 2, p<0.001), but insignificant in other age groups. Serum vitamin D level in Region 1 was higher than that in Region 2 for both males and females. However, there was no difference in FIA incidence between 2 regions according to gender. Conclusions: Overall, higher FIA incidence and lower vitamin D levels were found in relatively higher latitude region compared with lower region. After stratification by age groups and gender, FIA incidences and serum vitamin D levels were inconsistent in aspect of the regional differences. Further investigations are necessary to identify the relationships between FIA and vitamin D. Background: Atopic dermatitis is exacerbated by several triggering factors, which are allergens, stress, infections climates and so on. We investigated triggering factors for better control of atopic dermatitis in children. Methods: Subjects were diagnosed as atopic dermatitis by pediatricians of allergy clinic of Busan St.Mary's Hospital from April, 2014 to March, 2015. We got history taking, allergy test (SPT, ImmunoCap), Skin culture, and physical examination for checking triggering factors. We also classified by severity (SCORAD score), and analyzed each group's triggering factors. Results: Subjects number was 301. (male 185, 3month to 18 years old, average 4.6). Triggering factors were skin infections, foods (immediate 29, delayed 10), itching (21), traditional medicine (18), and systemic infections (16). Skin infections were by bacteria (S.aureus(SA) 178, methicillin-resistant SA(MRSA) 77), Fungi (Malassezia 78, average IgE 7.1kUA/L), and virus(Kaposi varicelliform eruption 58). Mild groups were 157, (male 89, average age 4.1) and triggered by SA/ MRSA (77/31), malassezia (29, IgE 4.3), KVE (12), foods (immediate/delayed 14/6), itching (8), sweat (7), irritation (6), systemic infection (5), and environment(4) in order of frequency. Moderate group were SA/ MRSA (87/39), malassezia (37, IgE 7.2), KVE (34), foods (immediate/ delayed 12/4), itching(10), traditional medicine (10), systemic infection(9), topical ointment tolerance (7), and sweat (5) . Severe group were 22, (male 15, average 8.0) triggered by SA/MRSA (14/7), malassezia (12, IgE 13.4), KVE (12), traditional medicine (7), foods (immediate/delayed 3/0). itching (3), systemic infection (2), and irritation (1, dyeing) . Conclusion: Skin infections, traditional medicine are high proportions of triggering factors of atopic dermatitis in severe group. Mildmoderated group were mainly triggered by skin infection, foods, and itching. Background: Recently monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are widely used in various clinical fields. Although their safety was demonstrated prior to approval, targeted pharmacovigilance is essential for the recognition and assessment of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The purpose of this study is to identify the frequency and major clinical features of ADRs referred to mAbs in Koreaa. Methods: ADRs attributed to eighteen mAbs submitted spontaneously to the Korea Adverse Event Reporting System (KAERS) were extracted from the database for January 2000 to June 2014. We analyzed these reports for information related to patient's characteristics and types or ADRs. Results: A total of 17,346 ADRs were obtained from 8,591 patients. The most frequent symptoms of ADRs were abnormalities of leukocytes (9.0%), followed by infections (6.3%), drug eruptions (6.2%) and drug fevers (3.4%). Hypersensitivity reactions were reported almost ten percent. Furthermore mAbs induced total 5,545 serious ADRs from 2,862 patients, including severe infections (9.6%), neutropenia (9.3%), drug fever (4.1%) and visual dysfunctions (2.8%). 279 patients died due to ADRs of mAbs. The mAbs with the highest number of ADR reports were rituximab (20.3%), followed by adalimumab (16.7%), cetuximab (15.0%) and bevacizumab (13.9%). Conclusions: Near ten percent of the ADRs were allergic-like, and no previously unrecognized ADRs were observed. Increased awareness among healthcare professionals is required to signal and prevent the consequences of adverse reactions caused by monoclonal antibodies. Background: Food allergy has previously been associated with impaired growth in children, however this has not been investigated in a longitudinal study to investigate growth over time and previous studies have not accounted for the impact of co-existent eczema. We aimed to examine the association between IgE-mediated food allergy at 12 months of age and anthropometric measures at 1 and 4 years of age, and whether this association differed by eczema status. Methods: The HealthNuts population-based cohort consists of 5300 children recruited at age 1 year. All infants underwent skin prick test to egg, peanut and sesame, and those sensitized had food challenges. At age 4 years, food challenges were repeated in those children previously identified as food allergic to determine persistence or resolution. Weight and height at 1 and 4 years were reported by parents from the child health record. Weight and height z-scores were determined from the World Health Organisation growth charts, standardised for age and sex. Multivariate linear regression models were fitted to examine the effect of food allergy and eczema at age 1 on weight and height z-scores at ages 1 and 4, adjusted for birthweight, prematurity, socioeconomic index, ethnicity and duration of breast feeding. Results: Compared to children with no food allergy or eczema, children with both eczema and food allergy at age 1 had lower weight (β=-0.217, p<0.001) and height (β=-0.206, p=0.008) at age 1 and lower weight at age 4 (β=-0.159, p=0.026) after controlling for potential confounders. There was no difference in children with only food allergy or only eczema. At age 1 the height differences were greater in those with egg allergy and eczema (weight β=-0.240, p<0.001; height β=-0.215, p=0.009) than with peanut allergy and eczema (weight β=-0.292, p=0.011; height β=-0.145, p=0.281) compared to those with no eczema or food allergy. The differences continued at age 4 for children with egg allergy and eczema at age 1 (weight: β=-0.162, p=0.032 height: β=-0.120, p=0.234), particularly those who had persistent egg allergy and eczema at age 4 (weight β=-0.277, p=0.061; height β=-0.490, p=0.013). Peanut allergy, with or without eczema, at age 1 was not associated with differences in weight or height at age 4. Conclusions: Children with IgE-mediated food allergy with eczema at age 1 have reduced growth parameters at age 1 and age 4, while eczema or food allergy alone was not associated with reduced growth. These results emphasise the need for adequate nutritional follow up in food allergic children in infancy, particularly those with eczema. Background: To preliminary determine the impact factors on the clinical efficacy by periodically follow-up visiting dust mite allergic asthma and rhinitis children with one year treatment of dust mite specific immunotherapy. Methods: All of 70 dust mite allergic asthma and rhinitis children with mild to moderate severity were enrolled (male 52, female 18, 4 to 14 years old) February to November in 2011. 57 patients took add-on therapy of sublingual dust mite specific immunotherapy (SLIT) while the other 13 patients with subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT). The patients were visited at the baseline period and followed up every three months to assess asthma control test (ACT), visual analog scale (VAS) of asthma and rhinitis symptom and spirometry for pulmonary function test. All the subjects were required to continuously record daily symptom and medication score (SMS) by diary card and to monitor morning and night peak expiratory flow value (PEFR) each day. The controller medication were adjusted to step up or down according to the control level. At the baseline period and after treatment for 6 months and 12 months, serum sIgE and sIgG4 to dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and dermatophagoides farinae, total IgE were determinated by enzyme-linked immunoassay with immunCAP system. Results: (1)The analysis of clinical efficacy of dust mite specific immunotherapy in allergic asthma and rhinitis children. 54 patients completed treatment for 12 months. The average daily SMS was used as the evaluation index, the clinical response to SIT (effective cases) at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after SIT were 72.2%, 75.9%, 81.5% and 87.0%, respectively. The ACT/C-ACT assessment, average daily SMS, VAS score, FEV1%pred, MMEF%pred, FEV1%pred, MMEF%pred were all improved than before treatment. (2)The analysis of the impact factors in the clinical efficacy of dust mite specific immunotherapy. The SMS at the baseline period, the asthma history and PEF%pred at the baseline period could affect the clinical efficacy of dust mite specific immunotherapy. Conclusions: 87.0% of the patients showed effective response to SIT for one year. The patients with higher baseline SMS, shorter asthma history and lower PEF%pred responsed more effectively to SIT. Background: While otitis media with effusion (OME) is a well-known disease entity of a chronic inflammatory disease of the middle ear space characterized by the accumulation of fluid, but allergic otitis media is still not well-recognized. Previous investigations have suggested that the composition of the inflammatory substrate in the effusions of allergic otitis media is similar to the late-phase allergic response seen elsewhere in the respiratory tract, such as in asthma and in allergic rhinitis. In this study, we aimed to determine whether the prior treatment of Der f can effect on the inflammatory response induced by the subsequent LPS infection and which signaling pathway is involved. Method: Primary human middle ear epithelial cells (HMEEC) were exposed to Der f crude body extract, LPS or both in different sequences, and the magnitude of each immunologic response produced by the HMEEC was compared. The mRNA expression level of mucin gene (MUC) 8, GM-CSF, TNF-a, TLR 4 and MD 2 were evaluated by using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The MUC proteins level before and after knocking out the TLR 4 and MD2 via siRNA transfection were assessed by Western blot analysis. Accordingly, the involved cell signaling pathway was evaluated by Western blot analysis and confocal microscopic image. Results: The inflammatory response of cytokines (GM-CSF, TNF-a) and the expression of MUC 8 were augmented by the pretreatment of Der f followed by LPS, however, sequential treatment of HMEEC with LPS and Der f or adding together at the same time did not induce the same amount of response. The MUC expression was decreased by prior knockdown of TLR4 with siRNA but not by the MD2-siRNA. The MUC proteins level were increased by the pretreatment of Der f followed by LPS and decreased by the treatment of SB203580 (p38 inhibitor) and Bay (NF-kB inhibitor). The nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) translocation was demonstrated in the pretreatment of Der f followed by LPS condition. Conclusion: Theses results suggest that Der f may act as a substitute for MD2 and make a strong augmentative response to the subsequent LPS infection. There was an increase in p38 and NF-kB activation within human middle epithelial cells, suggesting an important role for the development of OME in patients with concealed allergy airway sensitization. Objective. To determine the relationship between familial and personal antecedent of allergy, active smoking, and alcohol consumption with drug allergy in pregnant adolescents. Methods. We conducted research on 785 pregnant adolescents by means of a cross-sectional study. Data collection was performed by using a self-administered questionnaire. We evaluated the difference of drug-allergy risk in 785 pregnant adolescents through familial and personal antecedent of allergy, active smoking, and alcohol consumption, calculating Odds ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence intervals (95% CI) by both uni-and multivariate regression analyses. Results. Prevalence of drug allergy was 9.2% and of familial and personal antecedent of allergy, 8.7 and 21.0%, respectively. Percentage of active smoking was 17.6% and of alcohol consumption, 38.1%. Results of multivariate logistic regression analysis show that the familial history of atopic (Adjusted OR = 3.51; 95% CI = 1.85-6.29; p = 0.000), personal antecedent of allergy (Adjusted OR = 4.11; 95% CI = 2.48-6.81; p = 0.000), active smoking (Adjusted OR = 1.92; 95% CI = 1.10-3.35; p = 0.021), and alcohol consumption (Adjusted OR = 2.44; 95% CI = 1.48-4.06; p = 0.000), are significantly associated with drug allergy. Conclusion. Familial and personal antecedent of allergy, active smoking, and alcohol consumption appear to be important factors for development of drug allergy in pregnant adolescents aged 13-19 years. Background: REALISE Asia is a two-part study (Part 1 -patient survey and Part 2 -physician survey) conducted to understand patients' and physicians' perceptions and perspectives towards asthma and its management. We report here the extent of discrepancy in the understanding of well-controlled asthma between patients and physicians in Asia. Methods: REALISE Asia was conducted in two parts across the following 8 countries in Asia: China, Hong Kong SAR, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. Part 1 was an online, questionnaire based survey involving 2,467 patients with asthma aged 18-50 years. Part 2 was carried out through face-to-face and online interviews amongst 375 physicians managing asthma patients, 54% of which are specialists (i.e. respiratory medicine, allergy, and clinical immunology) and the rest in primary care practice. Results: A significantly higher proportion of specialists (95%) compared to primary care physicians or PCPs (65%) reported that they use Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) in assessing asthma control. Only 2% of specialists stated that they do not use any guidelines compared to 22% of PCPs. While 89% of patients considered their asthma to be controlled, physicians perceived 53% of their own patients as well-controlled. Both are overestimation of the actual proportion of patients achieving control (18%) based on GINA-defined criteria. Seven out of 10 physicians mentioned that their patients' definition of well-controlled asthma is aligned with their definition. Physicians perceived that patients relate well-controlled asthma to minimal impact on daily life (50%), absence of symptoms (48%), and no/reduced attacks (21%). This is in stark contrast with patients understanding of the concept as they related control more to having medications to cope with their symptoms (26%) or quickly control asthma attacks (15%) reflective of the crisis-oriented mind-set they have towards their disease. Conclusions: Physicians and patients overestimate their level of asthma control. These highlight the importance of accurate assessment in clinical practice, and the role of physicians in improving the understanding of concept of well-controlled asthma amongst their patients. Standardized tools may aid in better assessment of control while using shared language in discussing treatment goals may help ensure physicians' and patients' concept of well-controlled asthma are more aligned. The Role of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in the Pathophysiology of Acute Asthma Olga Semernik Rostov State Medical University Russia World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A217 Background: Previous research has shown neurohumoral factors to play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma in children. The relationship between plasma levels of norepinephrine, vasoactive intestinal peptide and cortisol and clinical status and pulmonary function in patients with asthma during the period of exacerbation have been investigated. Method: 30 children (aged 6 to 18 years) with asthma were examined in accordance with the purpose of the study. The control group consisted of 30 healthy volunteers of the appropriate age and gender. We compared clinical severity, spirometry, and neuroendocrine factors at asthmatic patients and healthy volunteers. We used multiple analyses of variance (repeated measures) to interpret the data. In addition, we used the Pearson Product Moment Test to investigate correlations among the different variables. Results: The levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide, norepinephrine and cortisol were significantly higher in patients with asthma than in healthy volunteers (P < 0.001). It was found the concentration of VIP in serum at patients with asthma during the period of exacerbation to be 110.60 ± 11.89 nmol/l, that was significantly higher than the control group values -53.26 ± 16.08 nmol/l (p = 0.016). In patients with asthma during the period of exacerbation, the level of vasoactive intestinal peptide correlated positively with the clinical severity rating (r = 0.621, P < 0.01) and negatively with FEV1 (r = -0.768, P < 0.001). In patients with mild attack of asthma concentration VIP in blood was 88.81 ± 31.14 nmol/l, with moderate -100.27 ± 16.27 nmol/l, severe -107.34 ± 22.70 nmol/l. In addition, the clinical severity rating showed a negative correlation with FEV1 (r = -0.359, P < 0.01). It can be assumed that the mobilization of the body defense at a child in the acute period of the disease in the form of additional ejection neurotransmitter and it can lead to a more rapid relief of obstruction airway. Conclusion: It was found the vasoactive intestinal peptide to be the only neuroendocrine factor closely associated with clinical severity and pulmonary function suggesting this factor play an important role in the pathophysiology of acute asthma. Ha-Su Kim, Jin-a Jung, Ji-in Jung Dong-a University Hospital, South Korea Correspondence: Ha-Su Kim -Dong-a University Hospital, South Korea World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A218 Purpose: Atopic dermatitis(AD) is one of the most common allergic disease in Korean children. The aim of this study was to find the association between serum IL-10, Il-17, IL-4 levels according to the severity of atopic dermatitis in Korean children. Methods: One hundred twenty-five AD children were assessed according to the SCORAD index. (mild< 15, moderate 15-40, severe > 40). Serum specific IgE to egg white, cow's milk, soy bean, wheat, peanut and house dust mite(Df) was measured by ImmunoCAP system or skin prick test. Serum IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, INF-γ were measured by means of flow cytometry(Luminex-200®). Results: Bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis were combined more frequently in mild atopic dermatitis. However, there were no differences in allergic diseases of family. There was no difference in total IgE among 3 groups. However, serum total eosinophil count was highest in severe atopic dermatitis (P<0.05). Sensitizatioin rates to egg white, cow's milk, soy bean, peanut and wheat were increasing significantly according to the SCORAD index (P<0.05). Sensitization rate to house dust mite was no significant difference according to the SCORAD index (P=0.55). Although there were no differences in serum IL-4, IL-17 and INF-γ levels among 3 groups, IL-10 was highest in severe atopic dermatitis (P<0.05). Conclusions: We suggest that sensitization rates to common food allergens are higher in severe AD and serum IL-10 level is higher in severe AD. The Different Influence on the Regulatory T Cell Response Between Subcutanous Immnuotherapy(SCIT) and Sublingual Immunotherapy(SLIT) in Children with Asthma Qing Miao, Li Xiang Beijing Children's Hospital, China Correspondence: Qing Miao -Beijing Children's Hospital, China World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A219 Objective: To compare the influence on the regulatory T cell (Treg) by different house dust mite specific immunotherpy route-subcutaneous immunotherapy(SCIT) versus sublingual immunotherapy(SLIT). Methods: All of 86 dust mite allergic asthma children with mild to moderate severity were enrolled (male63,female23) in asthma center of Beijing Children's Hospital from February in2012 to October in 2013. Among of them, 29 patients (male22, female 7) took sublingual dust mite specific immunotherapy (SLIT group),13 patients (male8,female 5) took subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT group), 14 subjects (male14, female 0) had completed the3-years treatment process (after SCIT treatment group), and the other 30 asthmatic children (male19, female11)without immunotherapy was enrolled as control group. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from all the subjects and in vitro stimulated with HDM extracted (0μg/mL, 2.5 μg/mL, 5 μg/mL) for 48 hours, and then the relative percentage of Treg were measured by flow cytometry. Results: In the unstimulation condition(Der p1=0μg/mL), the the baseline relative percentage of Treg in each group was significantly higher than that under stimulated condition. Besides, the baseline Treg% in SCIT group was significantly higher than that in the control group and in the SLIT group,however,there is no significant difference in the Treg% between SCIT group and those had accomplished the 3-years SCIT treatment. Conclusion: It seemed that it is more likely and effectively to induce regulatory T cells in asthmatic children by SCIT when compared with SLIT, and this effect could remain for a period of time even after the whole specific treatment procedure. Background: Asthma remains a serious healthcare burden in Asia. Despite the availability of efficacious treatments, asthma control remains suboptimal. REALISE Asia aimed to identify treatment gaps by exploring patients' perceptions and attitudes on their disease and its treatment, as well as insights from physicians managing this disease. While the main objective is to provide a broad view of asthma in the region, country-specific variations are reported here. Methods: REALISE Asia was conducted in two-parts in the following countries: China, Hong Kong SAR, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. Part 1 was an online survey which involved 2,467 patients with asthma (aged 15-50 years, with access to social media). Part 2 was done through face-toface and online interviews among 375 physicians involved in asthma patient-care. Results: The disparity in the proportion of well-controlled asthma between patient-reported and physician-perceived ranged from 18% (Malaysia) to 44% (Hong Kong). A significantly higher proportion of physicians in Hong Kong (40%) reported that they do not use guidelines to assess asthma control (versus < 17% in other countries). Length of consultations ranged from 11.5 and 4.9 minutes for initial and follow-up in Korea, and 24.3 and 14.9 minutes in the Philippines, respectively. The percentage of patients who agreed they had full discussion with their physician about the best medication to treat their asthma ranged from~60% (Korea) to over 80% (China, Indonesia, and Philippines). Almost 90% of physicians indicated they explain the purposes of inhalers on initial consultation, though this was significantly lower in China (62%). On average, 80% of physicians believed a combination (corticosteroid + long acting bronchodilator) inhaler can improve patient adherence, but this was significantly lower in Indonesia (53%). The proportion of patients who reported that they use controller inhaler daily ranged from 9% in Korea to 26% in Singapore. Only half of patients on inhalers said that their inhaler techniques were checked by a healthcare professional in the past 12 months, and this was lowest in Korea (42%) and Hong Kong (39%). Conclusions: While variations among the countries in perceptions and management of asthma exist, there are common aspects of care that need to be optimised (e.g. adherence to controllers, inhaler techniques, patient education). Understanding these differences in the context of healthcare systems in these countries can provide additional insights which will be useful in the development of relevant interventions to improve asthma control. Background Asthma is known a disease with many variations, and one of the subtypes is Aspirin Exacerbated Respiratory Disease (AERD). AERD patients experience severe bronchoconstriction to aspirin or other NSAIDs. AERD patients in general have relatively severe asthma with a high proportion requiring long-term oral corticosteroid (OCS). We aimed to classify AERD phenotype and its clusters. Method 302 AERD patients who followed up at least 1 year in Ajou university hospital from Jan 1996 to Jul 2013 were enrolled. To fracture AERD phenotype using atopy, chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and urticaria, we performed two step cluster analysis. Severe exacerbation was defined as patients having taken intravenous steroid treatment or at least 2 burst of OCS in a year. The mean follow up duration was 7.2±5.2. Clinical characteristics among clusters were examined by Fisher's exact test and ANOVA. The generalized estimating equation was applied for the possession rate of anti-asthmatics and severe exacerbation in a year. In the AERD, 4 clusters having good quality (0.7 silhouette) were obtained according to the urticarial, CRS and atopy: cluster 1 (AERD with CRS and atopy, and without urticaria), cluster 2 (AERD with only CRS), cluster 3 (AERD with only atopy) and cluster 4 (AERD with urticaria). There were significantly difference in severe asthma (27.3%, 14.8%, 19.7% and 7.7% in cluster 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, p=0.042), total IgE (564.3±732.5, 216.5±266.4, 352.0±398.7 and 345.5±440.7, p<0.001), sputum eosinophil (%)(31.5±37.8, 29.4±39.7, 13.4±27.3 and 18.7±30.9, p=0.024), and peripheral eosinophil count (485.0±374.8, 523.0±561.4, 349.3±379.3 and 245.1±242.5, p<0.001). The occurrence of severe exacerbation was significant higher in cluster 1 than cluster 3 (OR: 2.121 (1.281-3.510), p=0.004). The patients of cluster 1 showed significantly higher possession rate of ICS+LABA than cluster 2, 3 and 4 (p<0.05), and of OCS than cluster 3 (p=0.010). The possession rate of LTRA was significantly higher in cluster 1 and 2 (vs. cluster 3 and 4, p<0.05). The possession rate of anti-histamines was significantly lower in cluster 3 (vs. 1,2 and 3, p<0.05). Severe exacerbation rate and the possession rate of major antiasthmatics were quite different among 4 clusters. Even AERD is recognized as a subtype of asthma, our results suggested that sophisticated therapeutic approach is needed for patients with AERD. Background. Concerns have been raised about the adverse impact of dusty air pollution (DAP) in Iran on human health; but there is no study showing the effect of DAP on immune system toward allergic diseases. Methods. The effects of ambient DAP exposures (based on PM 10 ) on cytokine profiles and lymphocyte immunophenotypes in blood among 148 individuals of general population in hazardous (AQI >300) and good condition weather (AQI <50) was examined. We measured cytokine production (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IFN-γ) using ELISA as well as blood samples using a FACSort flow cytometer to determine phenotypes of T-lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+), CD19+ B-lymphocytes, CD25+ and CD4+ CD25+ cells. Results. The mean serum level of IL-4 (33.4± 2.9 vs 0.85± 0.65 pg/dl) and IL-13 (15.1± 4.4 vs 0.12± 0.7 pg/dl) in subjects who exposure to ambient DAP were increased significantly than individuals in good condition weather (P= 0.001 for both). In addition, CD19+ Blymphocytes (12.6± 4.9 vs 8.9± 3.2%) and CD4+ CD25+ cells (13.6± 4.6 vs 7.7± 3.8%) counts in peripheral blood were increased parallel with increased DAP exposure levels (P= 0.035 and P= 0.004, respectively). Conclusions. The study may suggest ambient DAP may affect immune system shifting allergic inflammation in general population. Key words. Dusty air pollution, immune system, allergic diseases, cytokine, lymphocyte Backgrounds: Antituberculosis drugs (ATD) are the major causes of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Although genetic factors are known to play a role in the development of ATD-induced hepatitis, the genetic susceptibility to this condition is poorly understood yet. Methods: We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify the genetic variants associated with the risk of ATDinduced hepatitis in a Korean population. DNA obtained from 40 patients with ATD-induced hepatitis and 119 ATD-tolerant subjects were genotyped on Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0. After identification of genetic variants with significant associations, gene set enrichment analysis was done to find the relevant pathways associated with ATD-induced hepatitis. Results: In the case-control analysis, we found significant genetic variants at ID2 (rs345904, P=4.06 x 10 -7 , OR 8.03, 95% CI 3.34-19.35), PLXNA4 (rs156978, P=8.48 x 10 -6 , OR 12.78, 95% CI 3.31-49.36) and ZNF804B (rs2718306, P=8.26 x 10 -6 , OR 10.72, 95% CI 3.18-36.11). Pathway analysis identified several pertinent pathways including axon guidance, cGMP effects, developmental biology, signaling by Rho GTPases and interaction between L1 and ankyris. Conclusions: This GWAS identified genetic variants and pathways underlying the development of ATD-induced hepatitis. These results provides insights into the genetic susceptibility to ATD-induce hepatitis. The Oxidative stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive airway diseases such as asthma and COPD. Thus, the regulation of both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and anti-oxidant defense is also critical. In general, major source of ROS is mitochondrial respiration of cells and some of the antioxidants exist as a mitochondria-specific form which is important for regulating the significant quantities of ROS. The peroxiredoxin6 (PRDX6), known as a dual function protein with GSH peroxidase and phospholipase A2 activities, is reported to be predominantly expressed in airway epithelium. Recently, PRDX6 knockdown was reported to induce mitochondrial dysfunction although it is well known that PRDX6 is mainly located in cytoplasm, secretory organelles, and lysosomes. The aim of this study was to investigate if PRDX6 have an influence on mitochondrial function through its cellular trans-localization to mitochondria under oxidative stress. Mitochondrial translocation from subcellular fractionation of human bronchial epithelial cell line and mouse lung tissue under oxidative stress were analyzed by immunoblotting. We evaluated changed mitochondrial function by measuring O 2 consumption, ATP synthesis, and ROS generation. PRDX6 expression was increased in oxidative stress inducer (paraquat and H 2 O 2 ). The lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation were significantly higher in PRDX6 knock-down cells compared to PRDX6 overexpressed cells. The intracellular trans-localization of PRDX6 under enhanced oxidative stress was confirmed by immunoblotting of subcellular fractionation and confocal microscopic analysis of immunofluorescence probes. The results of this study demonstrated that PRDX6 plays an important role in regulating mitochondria under oxidative stress in the airway. Dysregulation of PRDX6 function might be critical in the development and perpetuation of chronic obstructive airway disease. Clarification of the precise functioning mechanism of PRDX6 may be valuable to understand pathogenesis of the disease. Background: Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) can be easily exposed via inhalation owing to their low particle weight and ease of dispersion. However, toxic and adjuvant effects of SNPs on the airway system according to their surface pattern are not well established. We evaluated these effects on the airway system in a murine model using 3 types of SNPs. Methods: Female, 6-week-old, BALB/c mice were intranasally administered 3 types of SNPs (spherical-type [S-SNPs], mesoporous-type [M-SNPs], and polyethylene glycol conjugated type [P-SNPs]) with or without ovalbumin (OVA), thrice weekly for 2 weeks. All mice were sacrificed 48 h after the last dose. We evaluated airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), cytokine levels, and histology of the lungs. Results: In the model administered SNPs alone, only M-SNPs induced significant AHR as compared to sham group, whereas all SNP-treated groups showed a significant increase in total cell, macrophage, and neutrophil counts in BALF. S-SNPs and M-SNPs induced an increase in cytokine (interleukin [IL]-5, IL-1β, and interferon-γ) levels. In the model administered SNPs with OVA, S-SNPs and M-SNPs induced significant AHR as compared to sham group and those administered OVA alone. Overall, greater inflammatory cell infiltration in BALF, extensive pathological changes, and higher cytokine levels (IL-5, IL-13, IL-1β, and IFN-γ) were observed in the group administered SNPs with OVA than those administered SNPs or OVA alone. However, P-SNPs induced lesser inflammation than the other types of SNPs in both models. Conclusion: SNPs alone has significant toxic effectc on the airway system. Moreover, SNPs when administered with OVA cause adjuvant effects. We recommend the use of P-SNP because of its relative safety compared with S-SNP and M-SNP. Objective of study: To develop the procedure for assessment, diagnostic and treatment of children (Ch) with different immunopathogenetic phenotypes (IPP) of atopic dermatitis (AD). Materials and methods: The participants of study were 94 Ch aged 5 to 17 with moderate course of AD in the exacerbation phase. The control group was comprised of 30 healthy Ch of the same age. The patients underwent general physical examination, clinical assessment and immunoallergological assessment (IAA) aimed at detection of clinical and laboratory signs of allergen-induced inflammation. General physical examination included clinical blood and urine analyses and screening for parasitic and viral infections. IAA consisted of: immunogram determination of levels of pro-and antiinflammatory cytokines (by fluorescence immunoassay); skin testing, challenge or elimination testing (if indicated), total and specific IgE blood testing. House dust mite allergens (HDMA) were used as a cause-significant allergen. Clinical assessment was aimed at collection of allergic anamnesis and evaluation of severity of clinical symptoms according to SCORAD scale. Results: The integrated study conducted enabled us to divide Ch into two groups based on their principal IPGP of AD: IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated form of AD. Ch with non-IgE-mediated type of AD showed no IgE-sensitization to HDMA and lower parameters of macrophage-phagocytic component of immune system (MPCIS). IgEmediated AD phenotype included 3 forms of ADallergic form, mixed form (in combination with allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma) and combined form. In studying allergic and mixed form of AD we proved the existence of sensitization to non-eliminated HDMA, which promote allergization and provoke development of symptoms in the course of AD, and in Ch with combined form of AD a decrease in parameters of MPCIS (such as phagocytic number, phagocytic index, NBT Reduction Test) was also found. On the basis of the revealed disorders, several multimodality immunotherapy (MIT) programs were developed. For IgE-mediated forms of AD we proposed a MIT including basic therapy (BT) + parenteral antigen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) as an accelerated treatment regimen and immunomodulator (IM) selected on the basis of its capacity to affect the cells of monocytic-macrophagal nature, increase of macrophages' cytotoxicity toward bacterial antigens and viruliferous cells, as well as correction of imbalance in cytokine profile Th1/Th2 and intensifying the production of IFN-y, which would eventually contribute to lower rate of infectious complications of AD. For non-allergic form of AD, the BT + IM were used. Conclusion. The procedure of assessment and diagnostic of Ch with AD developed by us provides an opportunity to correctly select an adequate MIT in accordance with IPP of the disease taking into account the revealed immune disorders. Hypersensitivity to Platinum-Based Chemotherapy Hye Jung Park 1,2 , Chein-Soo Hong 2 , Jae-Hyun Lee 1,2 , Sungryeol Kim 1,2 , Kyung Hee Park 1,2 , Choong-Kun Lee 2 , Beodeul Kang 2 , Seung-Hoon Beom 2 , Sang Joon Shin 2 , Minku Jung 2 , Jung-Won Park 1,2 1 Severance Hospital Regional Pharmacovigilance Centre; 2 Yonsei University College of Medicine, South Korea Correspondence: Hye Jung Park -Severance Hospital Regional Pharmacovigilance Centre World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A227 Background: The prevalence of immediate hypersensitivity reaction (IHSR) to platinum-based chemotherapy has been rising, with the increase of chemotherapy usage. Although there is a proven ultimate solution, desensitization protocol, it has not yet applied in many institutes because of impracticalities such as cost, procedure duration and lack of trained manpower. Prediction of the success of a desensitization protocol will help reduce unnecessary workload. Objective: We aimed to determine the clinical characteristics and currently adopted measures against oxaliplatin IHSR and to predict the success of our newly developed practical desensitization protocol. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 2,640 cases of oxaliplatin IHSR in 271 oxaliplatin users who admitted to Severance hospital. We prospectively used our new desensitization protocol 31 times in 12 patients with hypersensitivity to platinum-based chemotherapy. The new desensitization protocol was conducted with escalating of infusion rate regularly regardless of the concentration of bags, in order from 60 mL/h to 120 mL/h and 240 mL/h about every 15 minutes. Results: In 271 patients who administered oxaliplatin, 45 patients (16.6%) experienced oxaliplatin IHSR. In 39 patients, who experienced IHSR but need to keep oxaliplatin, 6 patients (15.4%) stopped due to the IHSR and 33 patients (84.6%) kept the regimen regardless of the anticipated risk. Any significant risk factor for the IHSR was not found. The new desensitization protocol was successfully completed in 12 patients (100%). However, among these 12 patients, the protocol was ineffective in 3 patients having fever without urticaria and a negative response in a skin prick test. Conclusions: Many patients who experience oxaliplatin IHSR are required to stop the effective regimen or maintain the regimen without desensitization with the anticipated risk of IHSR. Our new practical desensitization protocol might be applied easily and conveniently in real clinical practice. Fever without urticaria and a negative response in a skin prick test indicate that this desensitization protocol might be ineffective. Background: Bacterial flagellin, which is a Toll-like receptor5 agonist, is used as an adjuvant for immunomodulation. Recently, intranasal administration of OVA flagellin mixture was reported to be effective in allergic inflammation. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect and its mechanism of intralymphatic administration of OVAflagellin mixture in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Materials and Methods: BALB/c mice was sensitized with OVA and treated with OVA-flagellin (FlaB) mixture via intranasal, sublingual and intralymphatic routre to evaluate the effect of intralymphatic administration. Then several parameters of allergic inflammation was assessed including symptom score, eosinophil and neutrophil infiltration in the nasal mucosa, systemic cytokine levels, and Total and OVA-specific imuunoglobulin E. To evaluate the mechanism of intralymphatic injection, local cytokine, chemokine, and innate cytokine analysis was undertaken using real time PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. Results: Intralymphatic injection by OVA-FlaB mixture reduced symptom score, eosinophil infiltration in the nasal mucosa and total and OVA-specific IgE levels more significantly than intranasal and sublingual administration. The systemic cytokines(IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-17 and IFN-r) and local cytokines(IL-4, IL-5) production were also decreased significantly in intralymphatic injection by OVA-FlaB. Double administration of mixture was more effective than single administration. Moerover, the expression of innate cytokine such as IL-25, IL-33 in nasal epithelial cells were decreased and the chemokine expression such as CCL24(eotaxin-2) and CXCL1,2 were decreased in the nasal mucosa, suggesting the underlying mechanism of intralymphitc administration of OVA+FlaB mixture. Conclusion: Intralymphatic administration of OVA+FlaB mixture was more effective in alleviating allergic inflammation than intranasal and sublingual administration in mouse model of allergic rhinitis and this effect could be attributed to reduced expression of innate cytokine and chemokines. This modality could be considered as a new therapeutic method and agent. Background Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) hypersensitivity is a commonly found drug allergy, in which two major phenotypes, respiratory (aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease <AERD>) and cutaneous (aspirin-exacerbated cutaneous disease <AECD> or aspirin-intolerant acute urticaria <AIAU>) types were noted in this country. Periostin is an extracellular matrix protein and structurally homologous with fasciclin I, an insect adhesion molecule. Previous study demonstrated that serum periostin level was significantly higher in AERD than in aspirin tolerant asthma. To evaluate serum periostin level as a biomarker for differentiating the phenotypes of NSAIDs hypersensitivity, we compared serum periostin levels between respiratory and cutaneous types of NSAID hypersensitivity. Methods Serum periostin levels were measured by human periostin ELISA in sera from 326 adult patients with NSAID hypersensitivity and 87 healthy normal controls (NC). The phenotype of NSAID hypersensitivity was defined according to previous histories of adverse drug reaction and/or aspirin provocation test. Results There were 45.7% of respiratory type of NSAID hypersensitivity (n=149) and 54.3% of cutaneous type (n=177). Mean serum periostin level was significantly higher in respiratory type (82.6 ± 38.8 ng/mL) than in cutaneous type (39.7 ± 31.1 ng/ML) and NC group (46.2 ± 29.0 ng/mL). However, there were no significant differences of serum periostin levels between AECD and AIAU groups (P = 0.708), between AECD and NC groups (P = 0.195) , and between AIAU and NC groups (P = 0.110). The ROC analysis revealed that serum periostin level could differentiate AERD from cutaneous type of NSAIDs hypersensitivity (AUC = 0.826, P < 0.001) and cut-off level was 42.5 ng/mL with 93.3% of sensitivity and 61.0% of specificity. Conclusion These findings suggest that serum periostin level can be a useful biomarker for predicting the phenotype of AERD among NSAID hypersensitivity patients. Background: An early identification of sensitization pattern in suspected allergic children may supply evidence-based clues for prevention and management of allergic disease. Objective: To analyze the sensitization status to common inhalant allergens for children with suspected allergies in Beijing Children's Hospital in year of 2013. Methods: The enrolled children were screened for allergies through a semi-quantitative testing method (Mediswiss Allergy Screen allergen testing system, Germany), and a further comparison for sensitization patterns among different subgroups was performed. Results and conclusion: A total of 21,134 children had screened for allergies. In out-patient subjects, the positive rate of sIgE was 45.99% (8266/17974 cases), the top three positive allergens were mold, dog hair and dust mites. For the inpatient group, the positive rate of sIgE was 29.34% (927/3160 cases) and the top three allergens were dust mites, dog hair, and mold. It was also found that the highest positive rate was from children suffering from the nose or eye disease (outpatient:2092/3126,66.92%; in-patient:14/26,53.85%). Especially for the inpatients HSP children, when co-infected with lower respiratory tract infections(LRI), the positive rate was increased (HSP: 370/1024, 36.1%; HSP+LRI: 370/1024, 42.7%, P<0.05), and it was more likely to lead to the appearance the multiple sensitization. Therefore, it is necessary to keep a watch on the variation in the sensitization state, and to pay greater attention on interpreting testing results, which enables to supply the pediatrician a rational treatment and prophylactic strategy on the allergen avoidance. Oxidative stress has been postulated to play an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation. Nrf2 is involved in the transcriptional regulation of many antioxidant genes. In the present study, we investigated the role of Nrf2 on an experimental model of Ovalbumin (OVA) -sensitized and challenged allergic airway inflammation in both of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Nrf2−/− and Nrf2+/+ mice were used in both of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Allergic airway inflammation was generated in the mice by intraperitoneal sensitization with OVA/alum on days 0, 6 and 7. The mice were challenged with OVA intranasally on day 21. After OVA challenge twenty-four hours, we examined the cell populations in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and the IgE levels in the serum. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) was assessed by whole-body plethysmography with a free-moving application. The number of total cells, macrophages and eosinophils in BAL fluid was decreased in Nrf2-/-compared with Nrf2+/+ mice, this was also the case for the AHR changes in both of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. The number of neutrophils in BAL fluid and the IgE levels in the serum were significantly increased in Nrf2-/-compared with Nrf2+/+ in BALB/c mice; in contrast, there was no significantly different between Nrf2-/-and Nrf2+/+ in C57BL/6 mice. In conclusion, the role of Nrf2 in the generation of allergic airway inflammation differs markedly between mouse strains. Our results suggest that Nrf2 may play a key role in the development of allergic airway inflammation related to neutrophils in BALB/c mice. Background: Neutrophils play an important role in the development of persistent airflow limitation in asthma, particularly in patients who show poor response to corticosteroids. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) has emerged as a new treatment option due to its immunomodulatory effect, however, the role of hMSCs in neutrophilic asthma is not yet understood. Method: BALB/c mice were exposed to ovalbumin and poly IC to induce neutrophilic airway inflammation. hMSC was administered intravenously, and then, bronchoalveolarlavage (BAL) was done to evaluate differential cell count and measure inflammatory cytokine including IL-8, IL-5, IL-10, IFN-gamma. We also measure cytokines include IL-17, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-gamma released from lymphocyte in pulmonary lymph node. In addition, lung histopathology was done to show peribronchial and perivascular inflammation. Result: hMSC treatment decreased BAL total cell count (P < 0.001), neutrophils (P < 0.001) and lymphocyte (P < 0.01) IL-5 in BAL fluid was decreased in hMSC treatment group (P < 0.01), however, IL-8, IL-10 and IFN-gamma showed no differences compared with wild type. IL-17 released from lymphocyte in pulmonary lymph node was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Histopathologic examination revealed that peribronchial inflammation was dramatically decreased in hMSC treatment group. Conclusion: hMSCs inhibited airway inflammation in poly IC induced neutrophilic asthma model. The mechanism underlying its immunomodulatory effect might be associated with down regulation of IL-17 which has key role in Th17 mediated inflammation. Background: Although several studies have claimed that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from human tissues can ameliorate allergic airway inflammation, the immunomodulatory mechanism of MSCs remains unclear. Objective: We aimed to determine the effects and underlying mechanism of tonsil derived MSCs (T-MSC) on allergic inflammation as compared to adipose tissue derived stem cells (ASCs) in mouse model of allergic rhinitis (AR). Methods: MSCs were isolated from human palatine tonsil (T-MSC) and adipose tissues (ASC), and the surface markers were analyzed. The effect of T-MSCs was evaluated in 24 BALB/c mice that were randomly divided into 4 groups (negative control group; positive control group; T-MSC group and ASC group). MSCs were administered intravenously to OVA-sensitized mice (T-MSC and ASC groups) on days 18 to 23 and subsequent OVA challenge was conducted daily from days 24 to 28. Several parameters of allergic inflammation were assessed. Results: T-MSC and ASC had similar characteristics in surface markers. Intravenous injection of T-MSC significantly reduced allergic symptoms, eosinophil infiltration, serum total and OVA specific-IgE and the nasal and systemic Th2 cytokine profile. Further analysis revealed that nasal innate cytokines such as IL-25 and IL-33, and chemokines such as CCL11, CCL24 induction were suppressed in T-MSCs injected groups, explaining their underlying mechanism. Additionally, the T-MSC group had more inhibition of allergic inflammation than the ASC group, which might be attributed to the more proliferative activity of T-MSC. Conclusion: Administration of T-MSC effectively reduced allergic symptoms and inflammatory parameters in the mouse model of AR. T-MSC treatment reduced Th2 cytokines and OVA specific IgE secretion from B cells. In addition, innate cytokine (interleukin-25 and inteleukin-33) expression and eotaxin mRNA expression was inhibited in the nasal mucosa, suggestive of the mechanism of reduced allergic inflammation. Therefore, T-MSC treatment is potentially an alternative therapeutic modality in AR. Objective: Allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma are a major global health problem in developed and developing countries like India. These diseases have an adverse impact on the patient's quality of life (QOL) and also pose a big socio-economic burden. Yoga has shown to have some beneficial effect on improving the sleep quality, lung function and quality of life in patients with asthma. But there is no scientific study on the effect of Yoga on airway resistance in patients with AR. The aim of this study was to assess the subjective and objective effects of yoga and also to see if Yoga can be adapted as a cost cutting intervention for better control of asthma and AR. Methods: The present study was conducted on 31 adult subjects with mild-moderate persistent AR with or without asthma. These patients were trained in specific Hatha yogasanas which are known to improve respiratory functions. The participants practised these asanas for 12 weeks. The subjective and objective outcome measures were assessed at baseline (Day 0) and at 12 weeks post yoga, using Rhinomanometry, Spirometry, Sino Nasal Outcome Test questionnaire and QOL Short Form 12. Results: There was a significant reduction in the Total Nasal Resistance (TNR) at 150 Pa/ml/s (p<0.001) and a significant increase in Total Nasal Airflow at 150 Pa/ml/s (p<0.01) after yoga as compared to the corresponding baseline values at day 0. Indices of pulmonary function such as FVC (p<0.001), FEV1 (p<0.05), Forced mid-expiratory flow at 75% of FVC (FEF 75%) (p<0.05) and PEFR (p<0.01) showed significant improvement. QOL questionnaire, Short Form 12 showed a highly significant improvement in both physical (p<0.001) and mental (p<0.01) composite score along with significant reduction in the Sino Nasal Outcome Test score (p<0.001) post yoga as compared to the corresponding baseline values. Conclusions: The direct cost of treatment such as medications and hospital visits etc., as well as the indirect cost due to loss of productivity is significantly high in patients with AR and asthma. The results of this present study conclude that the practice of yoga offers a significant advantage in patients with AR by reducing their nasal resistance, increasing nasal airflow, improving lung functions and their quality of life. Further studies are needed to analyze the immunologcal mechanisms involved in this form of therapy, the impact on acute exacerbations, the need for rescue medication and the long term effects of yoga. A true patient-physician partnership further empowers the patients compliance and adherence, thereby their function and health. Background and Objectives: Chronic urticaria (CU) is a common skin disorder characterized by hives and itching for at least 6 weeks. The QOL in CU can be substantially impaired due to its unpredictable symptoms and long-term nature. This study was aimed to evaluate the impact of CU on QOL by using the CU-specific QOL measurements, previously validated in Korea, and to identify the predictors of QOL in CU patients. Methods: We enrolled 390 adult patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria who were followed in the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Clinic in Ajou university hospital from March 2009 to December 2012. The CU-QOL questionnaires, urticaria activity score (UAS), the presence of angioedema, and serum total IgE levels were investigated. Results: The average CU-QOL scores was 70.6 of 100 points. The CU-QOL scores significantly correlated with the UAS, particularly with our 15-point UAS (UAS15, coefficient -0.532, P <0.01) than the 6-point UAS (-0.502, P<0.01). Total CU-QOL scores significantly decreased in patient with severe CU (UAS15 score≥13) than nonsevere CU (52.3 vs 72.1, P <0.001). In cases having angioedema, the urticaria symptom domain scores significantly decreased (37.4 vs 46.9, P = 0.004) than those with urticaria only. Multivariate analysis showed that severe CU, high log[total IgE], and the presence of angioedema were significant predictors of CU-QOL impairment (<85 points). Conclusions: It is important to consider QOL impairment and severe CU, log[total IgE], and the presence of angioedema are significant CU-QOL predictors in Korean patient with CU. Background: In house dust mite (HDM) allergic asthma, symptoms occur due to airway eosinophilia and Th2 cell activation. Budesonide is used to treat airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness. We showed that dietary non-digestible galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) suppress symptoms in a murine model for HDM-induced asthma. The aim is to study combined dietary GOS and budesonide treatment on allergic asthma in mice. Methods: BALB/c mice were intranasally (i.n.) sensitized with PBS in presence or absence of 1μg HDM and challenged i.n. with PBS or 10μg HDM on days 7 till 11 while being fed a diet containing 0, 1 or 2.5 w/w% GOS. On day 7, 9, 11, and 13 budesonide was either or not instilled oropharyngeally. On day 14, airway resistance to metacholine and inflammation were determined. Leukocyte subtypes were analyzed in the broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) and in lung cell suspensions. Mucosal mast cell protease-1 (mmcp-1) was measured in serum and cytokines in lung homogenates. Results: HDM-allergy significantly increased airway responsiveness and BAL leukocyte numbers. Budesonide treatment suppressed this, which reached significance in mice fed GOS. Budesonide reduced the number of lymphocytes and eosinophils in the BAL. Feeding GOS in absence of budesonide treatment reduced the number of eosinophils as well. In addition, both GOS as well as budesonide reduced mmcp-1 serum concentrations. Interestingly, only in the GOS fed mice, budesonide treatment reduced IL-33 and IL-13 concentrations and the frequency of Th2 cells in the lung. Conclusions: Dietary intervention using GOS may be a novel way to improve effectiveness of anti-inflammatory drug therapy in asthma. This study was performed within the framework of Carbohydrate Competence Center (WP25). Stephanie Eichhorn Background American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) is a major source of indoor allergens in tropic and sub-tropical regions, frequently causes allergic reactions and asthma. Since no dominant major allergen exists in this source, component resolved diagnosis (CRD) is required to determine patients' sensitization and pointing out treatment options. Therefore, the ERA-Net New Indigo project GENALL (Genetically engineered allergens for component-resolved diagnosis and immunotherapy of airway allergies) aimed to produce a set of well-characterized recombinant Periplaneta americana allergens to establish CRD. Methods Per a 1.0103 (residues 197 -378) a microvillar membrane associated protein homologue, Per a 2.0101 an unusual aspartic protease, and the C-terminal domain of Per a 3.0101 (residues 426 -675), a hemocyanin, were produced recombinantly in E.coli. The primary sequence of purified proteins was confirmed by amino acid analysis (AAA) and mass spectrometry (MS). Secondary structure elements were determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) and proteins were analyzed for aggregation behavior. Models of the proteins were generated with Swiss-Model using homologues Blattella germanica allergens as templates. Sera from cockroach allergic patients from India and South Korea were used to test IgE sensitization to these proteins in ELISA. The identity of the three purified proteins was confirmed by MS and concentrations ranging from 0.3 -1 mg/ml were determined by AAA. CD revealed partially intact secondary structural elements of the proteins, resembling the modeled structures. While for Per a 2 and Per a 3 a sensitization frequency of 50 -92% was observed in ELISA experiments, reactivity to Per a 1 was limited in the tested patients' cohort. Purified, recombinant Per a 1, Per a 2 and Per a 3 were physicochemically characterized and their ability to bind IgE was shown. By including all currently described Periplaneta americana allergens and testing diverse patients' cohorts from Europe, Asia and America, the sensitization pattern of these allergens can be elucidated. A) Background: Hand eczema is a common inflammatory dermatosis which influences the quality of life especially when it comes to accompanying itching. However, there is no research regarding the characteristics of itch and neurologic association in hand eczema so far. We performed this study to objectify the influence on quality of life in patients with hand eczema and to investigate the association with cutaneous nerve. B) Methods: we conduct a hand eczema severity scoring using HECSI score, a questionnaire contains Leuvin itch scale and dermatology life quality index(DLQI), and a neurologic exam using von-Frey filament and neurometer. C) Results: Forty-four patients were enrolled the study and 36 patients were also done neurologic examination. Itch occurred at least once daily in all study patients, and finger and palm were the most commonly affected itch areas (25.0%). The Leuvin itch scale was directly proportional to HECSI score (p=0.272), and DLQI was inversely proportional to it (p=0.019). The sensory threshold force measured by von-Frey filament was significantly higher in lesion than normal skin (p<0.05) and the pain threshold using neurometer was also significantly decreased in lesion (p<0.05). D) Conclusion: This study is a unique trial which describes the characteristics of itch experienced in hand eczema and investigates the relationship between hand eczema and cutaneous nerve. We thought it could be a good basis in development of future therapeutic modalities such as neurotransmitters in hand eczema. Drug-induced anaphylaxis is a big pitfall in patients receiving antineoplastic chemotherapy. We report a case of lung cancer patient who experienced two near-fatal anaphylactic reactions that resulted from paclitaxel and multivitamin, separately. Recurrent severe reactions to different agents led to further investigation to which material the patient was hypersensitive. The skin prick test revealed sensitization to cremophor, which is a commonly used emulsifying agent. This case emphasizes the importance of correctly identifying the culprit drug of anaphylaxis to avoid potentially fatal reaction. We aim to describe the epidemiology and triggers of anaphylaxis related Emergency Department visits in children and adults in Singapore. We performed a prospective study of patients visiting the Emergency Department(ED) for anaphylaxis. We collected data from the emergency departments of three major tertiary hospitals from April 2014 to March 2015. The electronic records of patients with the diagnoses of allergy, angioedema, urticaria and anaphylaxis (ICD codes 9953, 9951, 7080, 9950, 7089) were obtained. There were 271 cases of anaphylaxis identified, making up 7% of all ED visits for allergy-related symptoms. The median age was 22 years (range 5 months-89 years). Children (below 16 years) made up 35% (94/271) of the cohort, with 139 males (51%). Patient ethnicity included Chinese (180 cases, 66%), Malay (44, 16%), Indian (18, 7%) and others (29, 11%). The most common trigger was food (n=126, 46%), followed by drugs (n=50, 18%) and stinging insects (n=14, 5%). The trigger could not be identified at initial presentation in 62 cases (23%). The most common food allergen was shellfish (n=36, 29%), followed by peanuts and other nuts (n=16, 13%). There were 2 new cases of galactooligosaccharide allergy that were confirmed on follow-up. Age distribution varied with the triggering factor. Those with druginduced anaphylaxis were older than those with food allergy (mean age 32.5 vs 24.5 years, p = 0.015). All cases of insect-related anaphylaxis occurred in adults (age range 22-68 years). The cases of shellfish anaphylaxis were older than those with peanut/tree-nut anaphylaxis [mean 29.7 years (range 6-75, SD 19.7 years) vs mean 14.2 years (range 2-51, SD 13.9 years); p = 0.006]. The hospitalization rate was 52%. On both univariate and multiple regression analysis, the only significant factor associated with hospitalization was the age of the patient (Spearman's correlation coefficient 0.169, p=0.006). Food and drug allergies are common causes of anaphylaxis. Shellfish is the most common food allergen. Anaphylaxis caused by drugs, stinging insects and shellfish was more common in adults, whilst anaphylaxis caused by peanuts and tree nuts is more common with children. Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disease characterized by dry skin with severe itching. Children with AD and their caregivers report disease associated sleep disruption, irritability, anxiety, behavior problems. Moreover, AD places a significant economic burden on the patient, family and society. So, an integrated health care service can be useful to comprehensively evaluate triggers and response to treatment, address confounding factors including psychological problems, and educate patients and family. Method: This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of integrated health care service in children with AD according to quality of life and clinical symptom scores. 134 children were referred from local health care office to Seoul Medical Center for management of AD from July to December, 2011. The questionnaire developed by the 'Atopy Free Seoul' research project in 2008 was used for quality of life (QOL) survey, and SCORing of Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) was done at each visit. Results: The study targets were 134 children with the average age of 6.11 years with AD and visited the hospital 2.01 times on average. It was found that the QOL scores of patients participated in our integrated health care service was reduced by 10.43 after treatment compared before intervention (p<0.0001). In 46 children among them, SCORAD also averagely decreased by 5.78 after treatment (p<0.0001). Moreover there is positive correlation between changes in scores of QOL and SCORAD of 46 patients (r=0.46, P<0.001). 74.6% was satisfied with improvement degree of symptoms after integrated health care service and 70.1% was satisfied with improvement degree of daily life. Conclusion: Integrated health care service for children with AD improved disease severity and quality of life. The results from our multidisciplinary approach supported the need for and feasibility of integrated care for children with AD and their families. Backgrounds: A substantial proportion of patients with chronic urticaria (CU) is refractory to antihistamines. It remains unknown how we identify a subpopulation whose urticaria is not completely controlled by antihistamines. Autologous serum skin test (ASST) response has been suggested as a potential predictor of urticaria control. We sought to identify proteins that were differentially expressed in the sera between patients with positive and negative ASST. Method: The proteomic analysis was performed using sera from 3 patients with positive results on ASST compared with those with negative ASST. Seven upregulated and 5 down-regulated proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-offlight mass spectrometry in the positive ASST group compared with the negative ASST group. Results: Proteins differentially expressed according to the ASST results in CU patients were classified into 5 groups: apolipoproteins, glycoproteins, modified albumin, haptoglobulin, and plectin. Among them, apolipoprotein J or clusterin was validated by using ELISA. Clusterin levels in 69 ASST positive patients were significantly higher than those in 69 ASST negative patients and in 86 healthy controls (median 227.6, min-max 108. 5-359.9 vs 209.4, 117.3-288 .0 vs 133.2, 0.06-277.6 μg/ml, P <0.001). Furthermore, it differs significantly between patients with well responsive and refractory to antihistamine treatment within 3 months (227. 6, 117.3-359.9 vs 197.5, 108.5-309 .8 μg/ml, P = 0.002). Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis yielded 202 ug/ml of serum clusterin as the optimal cut-off for discriminating the responsiveness to antihistamines in CSU patients (AUC 0.759, 95% CI 0.679-0.839, P < 0.001). Criteria combining ASST results and serum clusterin levels can predict 92.7% of CU patients whose urticaria would be refractory to antihistamines. Conclusion: Considering on that clusterin is able to modulate complement function, we suggest that serum clusterin can be a prognostic marker to determine the responsiveness to antihistamine treatment in patients with CU. This work was supported by grants from National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Korean Government (MSIP: NRF-2012R1A5A2048183). Several biomarkers have been developed to address airway inflammation in bronchial asthma (BA), including exhaled nitric oxide, sputum eosinophils. However it is challenging and sometimes considered to be rather invasive to appropriately obtain those biomarkers in young children. Since urine is a non-invasive and easy-toobtain samples in children, urinary leukotriene E4 (uLTE4) is one of the most potent biomarkers to address airway inflammation in infants. To ask whether uLTE4 can be used for the diagnosis of BA in young children, we determined concentrations of uLTE4 of wheezing children. A total of 184 patients at an outpatient clinic in Saitama prefecture in Japan for wheezing from February 2012 to August 2013 participated in the study. Urine samples were collected and immediately frozen until use. LTE4 was collected with an anti-LTE4 antibody and the concentrations were determined by ELISA. Urine creatinine (uCr) levels were also determined. Since uCr levels differ among different ages, we first corrected all the uCr values with those at corresponding ages. uLTE4 was then normalized to age-corrected uCr levels. Patients consisted of the first wheezers with or without a family history of BA, the first wheezers with RSV infection, intermittent BA, mild persistent BA and controls with fever but not wheezing. uLTE4 levels of the first wheezers with a family history who responded to inhalation of bronchodilator (n=33) and intermittent BA (n=25) were higher (p<0.01) than those of controls. There were no significant differences between uLTE4 in other groups and controls. These results suggest that uLTE4 can be a marker of allergic airway inflammation in young children. We are currently following clinical courses of those patients to ask whether uLTE4 can be a predictive marker for the development of BA. Background: Orally ingested food proteins normally result in the induction of oral tolerance, whereas allergic sensitization to food proteins in mice is induced in the presence of a mucosal adjuvant like cholera toxin (CT). CT is therefore often used as a tool to unravel the mechanisms behind allergic sensitization, although CT is not involved in the onset of allergic sensitization in humans. The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is among the most frequently detected contaminants of wheat and wheat-based products, and is able to impair intestinal barrier function. As such, we hypothesize that DON may represent a more human-relevant mucosal adjuvant and therefore the present study investigated the capacity of DON to act as a mucosal adjuvant in a mouse model of whey-induced food allergy. Methods: Female C3H/HeOuJ mice (n=8 per group) were orally exposed to DON plus whey once a week for 5 weeks, while control mice received DON in PBS. Acute allergic skin responses, change in body temperature and other anaphylactic shock reactions were measured upon whey-challenge. Allergen-specific antibodies and ST2 were measured in serum. mRNA expression of claudin-2 and -3, Ecadherin and IL-33 were determined in intestinal tissue and ST2 was measured in serum 6h after a single oral DON-exposure. Results: Mice exposed to DON plus whey showed whey-specific IgG1, IgG2a and IgE antibodies in serum and an acute allergic skin response upon intradermal whey challenge compared to control mice. Furthermore, a significant time-dependent increase in soluble ST2 in serum was observed in DON plus whey sensitized mice compared to control mice. In addition, analysis of intestinal tissues, isolated 6h after a single oral exposure to DON, revealed increased mRNA expression of the tight junction proteins claudin-2 and -3 and the adherens junction E-cadherin, as well as an increase in IL-33 mRNA accompanied by an increase in the soluble IL-33 receptor ST2 in serum. Conclusions: Together, these results demonstrate that DON facilitates allergic sensitization and may thus serve as a model adjuvant. Our data therefore illustrate the possible contribution of food contaminants, like DON, in allergic sensitization in humans. Background: Lately, the evidence shows a huge epidemiological burden of chronic cough in general populations. However, the definitions of chronic cough varied, and no definitions were validated for clinical relevance. We examined existing epidemiological definitions in detail and investigated the operational characteristics. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted for the epidemiological studies that reported the prevalence of chronic cough in general adult populations, which were published in the peerreviewed journals during the years 1980 to 2013. The operational characteristics of the most common definition were examined by meta-analyses of the male-to-female ratio in chronic cough prevalence. Results: The systematic review included 70 studies. The most common definition was cough ≥ 3 months (12-month prevalence) without specification of phlegm (n=50), which conflicts with the criteria in clinical guidelines of cough ≥ 8 weeks. Meta-analyses were conducted for the male-to-female ratio of chronic cough among 28 studies that reported sex-specific prevalence using the most common definition; however, the pooled maleto-female odds ratio was 1.26 (95% confidence interval 0.92-1.73) with significant heterogeneity (I 2 =96%, P<0.001), which was in contrast to previous clinical observations of female predominance in cough clinics. Conclusions: This study indicates two important issues in defining chronic cough in further epidemiological studies. A conflict between epidemiological and clinical definitions in duration criteria needs to be resolved. Another unexpected difference in the gender preponderance between the community and clinics warrants clinical validation of the existing definition. Background: The objective of this study is to investigate the physicians' approach to asthmatic or COPD patients, living in different areas of Turkey. In this report baseline demographics, risk factors, and adherence to therapy of asthmatic and COPD patients are compared. Methods: A total of 1892 newly diagnosed adult patients (1116 asthmatic, 776 COPD) from 136 secondary or tertiary centers of different geographic locations took part in this study, and a standard webbased questionnaire including items related with demographic, clinical, laboratory and pharmacological parameters was applied from July 2012 to May 2014. Results: Asthmatic patients were mostly female (64.4%), while the male patients were higher (88.1%) in COPD. The percentage of patients whose age is ≥65 years was significantly higher in COPD patients compared to asthmatic patients (30.4% and 7.1%, respectively) (p<0.001). Evaluation of the disease severity showed that nearly half of the asthmatic patients were in "moderate persistent" category (45.0%) and more than half of the COPD patients (54.4%) were in "GOLD B". More than half of both asthmatic and COPD patients had at least one accompanying disease (53.9% and 52.8%, respectively) and hypertension was the most seen disease in both asthmatic and COPD patients (13.9% and 21.1%, respectively) (p<0.0001). Nearly half of the asthmatic patients (45.5%) stated asthma and 13.7% stated COPD in their family history, while nearly ¼ of COPD patients stated COPD (22.2%) and 8.2% stated asthma. Evaluation of smoking anamnesis showed that there was a significant difference between asthmatic and COPD patients by means of "currently smoking" status; percentages were 27.9% and 56.3%, respectively (p<0.001). It is found that the percentage of COPD patients (37.0%) who have been exposed to dust, gas and/or vapor in work place was significantly higher than asthmatic patients (25.2%) (p<0.001). Evaluation of trigger factors showed that air pollution was the most common trigger in both asthma (54.1%) and COPD (54.6%) groups. Evaluation of adherence to the study visits showed that percentage of the patients coming to one control visit was higher in asthmatics compared to COPD patients (61.6% and 55.9%, respectively) (p=0.014). However, when groups were compared in terms of 3rd follow-up visit, adherence was low in both groups (20.3% and 18.7% for asthma and COPD). Compliance to the treatment in percentages of regular medication use was significantly better in COPD patients compared to asthmatic patients (p=0.021). Conclusion: COPD and asthma are associated with significant economic burden. Identification and reduction of exposure to risk factors are important in the treatment and prevention. Patient compliance may be the key to better disease management. We need new strategies to improve adherence in patients. Changes in Pulmonary Function in the Treatment of Obesity in Children Keigo Kainuma Mie National Hospital, Japan World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A247 Background: Associations between obesity and asthma in adults and children have been implicated but causal mechanisms, especially those related to respiratory physiology, are not well understood. We reported previously that obesity caused in abnormal reactance values in lung physiology. To further dissect the link, we analyzed changes in pulmonary function during the treatment of obesity in children. Methods: Eleven obese children (9 boys and 2 girls) from 8 to 15 years of age were enrolled in this study. 3 of them were hospitalized for more over 3months and the others were outpatients for 6 months. Eight had no asthma and 2 of them had asthma in mild intermittent severity without need of controller medications. Spirometry and two forced oscillation technique (FOT) tests (MostGraph® and Master Screen IOS®) were performed to assess lung function before and after treatment of obesity (diet and exercise). Patients were divided into two groups, the success group (n=5) and the failure group (n=6), based on outcome in weight loss. Success was defined as more than 10% improvement in percentage of overweight (POW) in the observation period. Results: In FOT, R5-R20, resonant frequency (Fres), reactance area (AX) (IOS®) and R5, Fres (MostGraph®) were significantly improved in the success group, not in the failure group. As previously reported, FEV1.0% was improved significantly in the success group, not in the counterpart. Conclusions: Respiratory function, not only FEV1 but reactance and resistance parameters in FOT, was improved in parallel with weight loss in obese children, which may implicate functional relationship between obesity and asthma. Purpose: The fractional concentration of exhaled NO (FeNO) has been shown to be increased in inflammatory airway diseases, including bronchial asthma (BA), allergic rhinitis(AR), and chronic rhinosinusitis. Recently, there are several reports about increasing of nasal FeNO in patients with AR. In the present study, we examined the differences of oral FeNO and nasal FeNO levels in AR patients with or without BA. Methods: In the cross-sectional study, 31 patients with mildpersistent or severe-intermittent AR patients, 23 AR patients with BA, and 19 normal subjects were enrolled. The FeNO levels were measured by using a handheld electrochemical analyzer (NObreath®; Bedfont Scientific LTd., Rochester, Kent, UK) before treatment and at one month after treatment. The nasal FeNO levels were measured by using a nose adaptor. All patients were measured serum total eosinophil count, total IgE, allergen-specific IgE against house dust mite(Dp, Df), Alternaria, cat dander, cockroach, tree mixes by the ImmunoCAP or skin prick test. Results: There were no significant differences in the serum total eosinophil count, total IgE levels between AR patients and AR patients with BA. The oral FeNO levels before and after treatment showed no significant differences between AR patients and AR patients with BA. The nasal FeNO levels before treatment were significantly higher in the AR patients with BA than the AR patients.(P=0.005) After treatment, the nasal FeNO levels were no significant differences between diseases groups. The nasal FeNO levels after treatment were significantly lower compared to the nasal FeNO levels before treatment in both AR and AR patients with BA. (AR patients; P=0.044, AR patients with BA; P=0.004). Conclusion: After treatment, the nasal FeNO levels were significantly decreased in the AR patients with or without BA. The nasal FeNO measurement in AR patients is suitable method for monitoring the effect of treatment modalities. Vitamin D deficiency in infants is a recognized cause of rickets. evidence has emerged linking it with lower respiratory tract infections, food allergy, diabetes, schizophrenia and various other extra skeletal health effects. Exclusively breastfed infants are especially vulnerable to vitamin D deficiency due to their dependence on previous trans-placental transfer of vitamin D from the mother, dietary vitamin D from breast milk and cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D on exposure to sunlight. The worldwide epidemic of Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy and the low content of vitamin D in breast milk underlie the high risk of deficiency in exclusively breastfed infants. Data regarding the magnitude of vitamin D deficiency among exclusively breastfed infants in Kenya is needed to inform supplementation policies. Objectives This study aimed to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in exclusively breastfed infants and to evaluate its relationship between PTH in this population. This was a cross sectional study that included three to six month old exclusively breastfed infants at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi. Methods Ninety-eight infants were enrolled in the study and their serum 25(OH) D, calcium, phosphate and PTH measured. Data on sunlight exposure and maternal vitamin D supplementation was also collected. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency when using 20 ng/ml cut-off, was 24 % (95% CI 14.9%-32.0%). A further 32% of the infants had insufficient levels of vitamin D and 45% of the infants were replete. There were no cases of secondary hyperparathyroidism with vitamin D level above 40ng/ml and one case had an elevated PTH with vitamin D level above 30ng/ml. Using 30ng/ml as the "presumed normal" cutoff for this population, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency doubled to 55%. Only four mothers received vitamin D supplementation during breastfeeding and all their infants were vitamin D replete. Less than 5% of the study population had skeletal signs of rickets. Conclusion Prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency is high in this very young population despite the abundnce of sunshine in this geographical region. A policy on vitamin D supplementation is recommended in this population to mitigate the impact of vitamin D deficiency especially on chronic non-communicable diseases. The study was carried out in an accredited private medical laboratory in Mumbai, India. It involved retrospective data analysis on 545 sera, collected between 2013 & 2014, from patients with suspected allergic disease. Tests included Allergen specific IgE testing for 29 common food and inhalant allergens (ImmunoCAP, Ms. Thermofischer Phadia, Sweden) .335 sera had also been simultaneously screened using Adult Phadiatop TM (ImmunoCAP, Ms. Thermofischer Phadia, Sweden), while 210 were screened for Total IgE (Immulite, Siemens healthcare, USA). These were designated as Group I & Group II respectively. Both groups had similar age and gender distribution. Results 446/545 patients (81.8%) showed sensitization to at least 1 or more allergens. Multisensitization was common and seen in 73.2% sera. Most prevalent allergens were Housedust mite-D pternyssinus (58.5%), Cockroach (57.4%), Housedust mite-D farinae (56.8%), Shrimp (47.7%), House dust (45.13%), Weed Chenopodium album pollen (44.2%), Candida albicans (41.8%), Weed Artemisia vulgaris-Mugwort pollen and Wheat (32%). Using Allergen specific IgE as standard (Cut off of 0.1 kua/l), the sensitivity & specificity of Phadiatop in Group I was 62.1% and 98.4% respectively. Phadiatop sensitivity increased if only Allergen specific IgE values >0.5 kua/l were considered, i.e those more likely to be involved in symptomatic allergic disease. Phadiatop missed cockroach and shrimp positive sera. Though Phadiatop is not intended to screen for food allergies, cross reactivity between certain pollens and foods yielded few positive screening results. The sensitivity & specificity of Total IgE in Group II was 40.8 % and 100% respectively. Total IgE not only missed low level sensitization, but also missed some sera with high positive allergen specific IgE results. Conclusion Phadiatop TM was found to be a satisfactory screening test for atopy and outperformed Serum Total IgE. Looking at the trends in inhalant and food allergen seroprevalence, current study was able to establish a preliminary list of allergens relevant in the Indian context. These could be tested in addition to a Phadiatop or as a follow-on to a negative Phadiatop TM in the event of strong clinical history of allergic disease. Background: We previously reported that skin prick test was sensitive and serum specific IgE test was specific for predicting positive airway responses to house dust mites (HDM) in asthma. Because nose and bronchus are one airway, nasal provocation test would be more specific than skin test for predicting bronchial responses to HDM. Methods: Allergy skin prick test, and nasal and bronchial provocation tests using HDM Dermatophagoides farinae were done in 35 young men (19~28 years-old) who wanted a military certification for asthma. The nasal responses to HDM were scored according to the severity of 3 nose symptoms (rhinorrhea, sneezing, and nose itching). Results: The prevalence of positive skin test (≥3+) to HDM was not significantly different between the patients with (n=23) and without (n=12) a positive response (early or late) to bronchial challenge (87.0% vs. 66.7%, P=0.200). However, the nasal response score was significantly higher in the responders than the others (1.00±0.24 vs. 0.25±0.13, P=0.011). The concordance of positive response not to the skin test (k=0.225, P=0.154) but to the nasal test (cutoff score: ≥2) (k=0.306, P=0.012) was significant with the positive bronchial response. The diagnostic sensitivity of the nasal test (47.8% at cutoff≥1, 39.1% at cutoff≥2) was lower, but the specificity (75.0% and 100%, respectively) was higher than that of the skin test (sensitivity: 87.0%, specificity: 33.3%). The skin test is more sensitive, whereas the nasal test is more specific for predicting a positive bronchial response to HDM in asthma. Background: Recurrent wheeze in preschool age consists of several phenotypes, each of which may represent different underlying pathology and differential response to treatment. However, phenotypebased recommendations for treatment have not been established since most of clinical trials have targeted to broad ranges of phenotypes, not to a specific phenotype. In order to identify a novel clue to the drug choice for preschool wheeze, we investigated possible utility of biomarkers by comparing efficacy of 2 treatment options in a specific biomarker-defined subgroup. Serum eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) and sensitization to house dust mite (HDM) were employed as biomarkers in this study. Methods: Children of 1 to 5 years old who had more than 3 episodes of recurrent wheeze with documented reversibility were enrolled in the study. They were tested for specific IgE to HDM and serum EDN at the entry. Then, they were randomized to receive budesonide or montelukast for 12 weeks if they were HD-sensitized, high serum EDN >53 ng/ml and symptomatic during run-in period. Primary outcome was asthma controlled days (ACDs). Non-eligible patients were also followed up for the same period with administration of montelukast. Results: Ninety-eight subjects were enrolled in the study and 42 were eligible for randomization. Both group responded well to treatment and there was no difference in ACDs between the groups. However, serum EDN levels significantly decreased in montelulast group, not in budesonide group. Serum EDN levels in non-eligible group treated with montelukast also significantly decreased. Conclusions: Budesonide and montelukast had the same efficacy to HDM-sensitized and high EDN subgroup of preschool wheeze and the biomarkers did not represent differential responses to the 2 treatment options. EDN reducing effect of montelukast, however, warrants further investigation. Background: Anti-tuberculosis drugs (ATD) are major causes of drug induced liver injury (DILI) around the world. Compared with general population, the patients with connective tissue diseases (CTD) are suspected to be at higher risk of DILI, since they are frequently exposed to various medications including immunosuppressive agents. We aimed to assess the incidence and severity of DILI in CTD patients in comparison with non-CTD patients. Methods: In this retrospective case control studies, we enrolled the patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis and treated with the first line ATD for two years in a university hospital. DILI was defined as increase of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and/or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) greater than threefold of the upper limit of normal (ULN). Results: Of a total of 279 enrolled patients, 40 patients (14.3%) had CTD, such as rheumatoid arthritis (n = 19), systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 10) and ankylosing spondylitis (n = 6). The frequency of DILI caused by ATD in CTD patients was not significantly different from non-CTD patients (7.5% vs. 11.3%, P = 0.346). While severe DILI (AST/ALT > 5 x ULN) was observed more frequently in CTD than controls, there was no statistical significance (7.5% vs. 5.9%, P = 0.451). Conclusion: The frequency of DILI in patients with CTD was not significantly different from non-CTD patients. These findings suggest that CTD is not a significant risk factor for DILI induced by ATD. Background: Japanese cedar pollinosis is a disease with a variety of symptoms; in particular, ocular and nasal symptoms occur frequently. The incidence of these cedar pollinosis symptoms reportedly differs year by year, and due the large amount of Japanese cedar pollen dispersed in Japan, they are often more severe than the symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis in Europe and the United States. Although pollen allergy prevalence symptoms in Europe (Canonica et al. 2007) and the United States (Schatz 2007) has been reported, the prevalence of ocular symptoms due to cedar pollinosis in Japan has yet to be determined. Methods: We used the Japanese Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire to examine symptoms and quality of life in 633 patients who consulted our hospital or ear, nose, and throat clinic between 2009 and 2014 during the peak cedar pollen season and who had not received any previous treatment. Results: Ocular symptoms were seen in 87% of patients. Itchy eyes were more prevalent than watery eyes, with 84%of patients experiencing itchy eyes and 63% watery eyes, even in a year with low pollen dispersal. Responses for the occurrence of nasal and ocular symptoms indicated that a more severe score for nasal symptoms was correlated with better eye symptoms. Comparison of annual pollen counts revealed a correlation between worsening of itchy eyes and increased pollen counts. However, the severity of watery eye symptoms did not differ significantly between years with small and moderate pollen levels, indicating that watery eyes develop when the amount of pollens is high. Conclusions: This study revealed that ocular symptoms of Japanese cedar pollinosis are prevalent even in years with low cedar pollen dispersal, and that pollinosis patients with ocular symptoms were likely to have more severe nasal symptoms. Background: Adverse drug reaction (ADR) increases in-hospital stay, cost of care, and even mortality. Prevention of ADRs leads to marked socioeconomic benefits. We performed this study to investigate the incidence, actual reporting status and clinical features of ADRs, for improving ADR reporting system and preventing recurrent ADRs. Methods: A retrospective study was performed in a regional university hospital located in Jeju, Korea. ADR cases were recruited by review of medical records from 2009 to 2013. An ADR event was defined as either of ADR-related diagnosis in a patient or ADRs reported through in-hospital ADR reporting system. The incidence, culprit drug, clinical manifestation, source of reporting, severity, treatment, and recurrence rate were assessed. Results: In 1112 patients, 1375 ADR events were enrolled, estimated as 0.06% of total patient-visit during the study period. Diagnostic contrast agent (46.4%) was most common as culprit drugs, followed by antibiotics (22%), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (9.9%), and opioids (4.5%). Cutaneous involvement (67.5%) such as rash and hives was the most frequently observed manifestation. In two thirds of ADR cases, additional medical attentions were noted. In severity, 180 (13.1%) were categorized in severe ADRs. Nineteen (1.4%) experienced re-exposure to the culprit drugs, resulting recurrent ADR and 4 (0.3%) died of ADRs. Physicians were the most frequent ADR reporter using in-hospital ADR reporting system. Conclusions: Large proportions of ADR events might be omitted in medical records or in reporting system. ADRs due to re-exposure to the culprit drugs were not rare. To prevent avoidable ADRs, an effective reporting and alerting system is necessary. Background: To analyze related risk factors and features of food allergy in Korea children through a cross sectional survey. Methods: We used a stratified cluster sampling design and chosen from a random sample of 45 primary and 40 middle schools in South Korea between October and November 2010. Total 7,725 children aged 6-7 years and 13-14 years were involved. We acquired that the information of food allergy from the questionnaires and analyzed the mean value of continuous variable (Total Ig E and Eosinophil count) and the risk factors which were associated with food allergy using multivariate logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of food allergy in this study was 13.4% and the mean age at the beginning of the first allergic symptoms was 58.4 ± 41.9 months . The most common food, cause of allergic symptoms, was egg (21%) and following order common cause for food allergies symptoms were fruits, shellfish, and milk in the sequence. The mean total Ig E level and eosinophil count was higher in food allergy group ( Background: "Allergy march" is a postulated progression of allergic disease in infants with food allergy associated atopic dermatitis (AD) to subsequently develop asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR), evidence of which were mostly from the European countries. It was unclear how it presents in Chinese children. In this pilot study, we aim to investigate the prevalence of allergic diseases in previous AD infants, to assess the children's sensitization profiles of inhalant and food allergens in pre-school ages. Methods: During the year of 2008 to 2010, 69 infants were diagnosed with food protein allergy (FPA) associated AD in Beijing Children's Hospital through clinic. Follow-up of these subjects was performed in their pre-school ages. Medical histories related to allergies during toddler's and pre-school ages were acquired through questionnaires. Serum specific IgE levels were tested for both food and aeroallergens. Skin prick test of aeroallergens was also performed. Results: The overall follow-up rate was 79.71% (55/69). By pre-school years, these children's prevalence of physician diagnosed AD after infancy was 41.82%, who were also identified as persistent AD. Prevalence of physician diagnosed AR and asthma were 32.73% and 10.91% respectively. Thirty two children accepted serum IgE level tests. Although all the subjects showed positive test results for food allergens in infancy, only 40.63% remained sensitized to food by preschool years. Twenty six of the subjects had received screening test for aeroallergens in infancy and all proved negative results, but in pre-school follow-up, 71.88% of the followed subjects were sensitized to aeroallergens. Twenty nine children accepted skin prick test of inhalant allergens, of whom the positive rate was 82.76% (24/29). Respiratory allergic diseases were significantly more prevalent in children with intermediate to severe aeroallergen sensitization than others (P=0.027). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that persistent AD was an independent risk factor for airway allergies(OR=10.500, 95%CI: 2.670-41.292, P=0.001). Conclusion: A considerable proportion (34.55%) of FPA associated AD infants develop AR or asthma by pre-school ages. Most of the food sensitized infants will outgrow it 4 or 5 years later, while tend to evolve to aeroallergens sensitization, usually from a negative result in infancy. By pre-school years, children with moderate to severe sensitization to aeroallergens are more vulnerable to respiratory allergic diseases than others. Persistent AD might be an independent risk factor for developing AR or asthma. Background: The function of innate receptors including toll like receptor (TLR), conventionally recognized for their antimicrobial effects, has recently been extended to include epithelial barrier regulation. TLR 2 activation was shown to aid tight junction (TJ) repair in atopic dermatitis (AD). However, the role of other TLRs in modulating epidermal barrier in vitro and in vivo remains poorly understood. We investigated the changes of TJ proteins following the activation of TLR 1 and 6 by house dust mite (HDM). Methods: Firstly, the mRNA levels of TLRs and TJ elements were assayed using real-time RCR in epidermal keratinocytes and a murine model with AD-like lesions activated by HDM allergens. The association between specific TLR activation and the changes of certain TJ proteins was studied in TLR deficient mice. Results: Both in vitro and in vivo, HDM activated TLR 1 and TLR 6. In addition, HDM induced increased gene expression of TJ proteins including claudin-1, claudin-23 and occludin. These results provide the evidence that HDM triggers the activation of pattern recognition receptors such as TLR 1 and TLR 6 and thus stimulates the modulation of TJ proteins. Moreover, gene expression of TJ proteins including claudin-1, claudin-23 and occludin was not increased in knockout mice of TLR1 (tlr1 -/-) and TLR6 (tlr6 -/-). Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that the innate immune activation of the keratinocytes by HDM allergens may lead the preservation of TJ integrity. Rationale: As required by the EMA and the US FDA for pivotal trials involving allergen immunotherapy (AIT) products, clinical efficacy assessment is currently based on DBPC field studies with natural allergen exposure. Problems with the field studies include the variability of allergen exposure in different trial sites, the uncertainty of time exposure and confounding environmental factors. A novel mobile Allergen exposure chamber was designed to operate with stable and reproducible allergen exposure under standardized environmental conditions. To be accepted as an appropriate alternative to natural allergen exposure for clinical trials the clinical validation of the Exposure Chamber must document that the symptoms provoked in the chamber reflect the kind and severity of symptoms in real-life. Methods: To determine the pollen-induced allergic nasal, eye and bronchial symptoms and their severity in real life we used data from patients suffering on rhinitis reported by using an electronic "patient hay-fever diary" (PHD) since 2009-2011 in a public app (Pollen App 3.0). For each organ and their symptoms a severity score of from 0 -3 is possible, resulting in a total symptom score (TSS) of 12. Also, comparisons of symptoms with pollen concentration in their surrounding leading to a "symptom load index" (SLI) were used to define the severity of "real-life symptomatology" in pollen allergic patients. In the chamber birch and grass pollen allergic adults were exposed to different birch and grass pollen loads (4.000 to 8.000) for 90 -240 min outside the pollen seasons. Spirometry, FeNO and nasal secretion was measured before and after exposure. Nasal, conjunctival and bronchial symptoms were recorded each 10 min, peak-flow and peak nasal inspiratory flow every 30 min. Results: Using > 60.500 data sets from >1.600 PHD users the mean TSS for 2009 to 2011 in Germany was calculated with 3.0 to 5.4 for birch seasons and 3.9 to 4.4 for grass seasons. The SLI (TSS) was calculated on a total of 293,098 data entries ranging for birch season from 4.5 to 5.6 and for grass season from 3.4 to 4.7 points. The repeated exposures with birch and grass pollen with 4000 -8000 grains/m3 elicited reproducible symptoms on all 3 organs and significant differences between placebo and verum pollen exposure. Generally, the symptoms started to occur after 10 min and reached a plateau following 70 -90 min of continuous exposure. The TSS for birch pollen reached an average of 5.8 and for grass 6.5 points. Conclusions: Exposures with birch and grass pollen in the mobile exposure chamber allow to induce clinical symptoms in the same kind and severity in patients with allergic rhinitis due to pollen experience in real-life. Therefore, they are an alternative to natural allergen exposure. Background Contact eczema is a complex polymorphic skin eruptions disease formed on inflammatory, which arises from skin contact with irritants or allergens. In a substantial proportion of patients exist also a contact allergy, however no less is sensitization to inhalant and food allergens. The aim of this study was epidemiological analysis to determine the frequency of contact, inhaled and food allergy in patients with contact eczema. The main research method in the study was a retrospective analysis of medical records of patients who from January 2012 to December 2013 were registered to allergy clinic to diagnosed skin changes characterized of contact eczema. The analysis included only patients who underwent patch testing. The study analyzed the histories of 79 patients with contact eczema: 61 women in age 18-83 years (mean age 46.5 years) and 18 men in age 22-80 years (mean age 54.3 years). The most common locations of contact eczema were hands (n = 28; 35.4%) and faces (n = 22; 27.8%). Positive patch tests results were obtained in 29 (36.7%) patients, the majority in patients with hands (n = 12; 42.8%) and faces (n = 6; 27.2%) contact eczema. The most common sensitizing haptens were nickel sulfate (n = 16, 55.1%), para-phenylenediamine (n = 13; 44.8%) and potassium dichromate (n = 12; 41.3%). Prick tests with inhalant allergens were performed in 65 patients and with food allergens were performed in 29 patients. In 27 (41.5%) patients were registered positive skin prick tests results to inhaled allergens, in the majority of patients with hands (n = 13; 20%), faces (n = 7; 10.7%) and the upper limb (n = 4; 6.1%) contact eczema. Food allergy was diagnosed in 6 (20.6%) patients, 2 (33%) of patients were with hands, faces and feet contact eczema. Among the inhaled allergens, the most sensitizing were D. Farinae, D. Pteronyssimus and grass, while the most sensitizing food allergens were celery, pepper and flour. The hands and faces are the most common location of contact eczema. In a large proportion of patients with contact eczema occurs contact allergy, especially to metals and para-phenylenediamine. A significant problem for patients with contact eczema are coexist inhalable and food allergies. Because of a high incidence allergies in patients with contact eczema, diagnosis of disease is complicated. Fact of that and various clinical and chronic profiles of disease may decreased quality of life of patients. Rationale: Fungal exposure triggers asthma exacerbation, and some reports suggest that fungal sensitization and asthma severity are associated. Objective: To investigate the effect of fungal sensitization in severe asthmatic patients. Methods: We collected data from 146 patients with severe asthma for analysis of the following variables: asthma control test (ACT) score, pulmonary function, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and sensitization to fungi (Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Trichophyton, and Schizophyllum commune) and non-fungal antigen sources (house dust mites, dogs, cats, cockroaches, moths, and chironomids). Fungal sensitization was diagnosed when an increase in the serum IgE levels specific to these allergens was detected. Results: Eighty-seven patients (60%) were sensitized to one or more antigens; 37 (25%) were sensitized to fungal allergens, the most common of which were Aspergillus (22 patients, 15%) and Trichophyton(19 patients, 13%). Of the 87 patients, six were only sensitized to fungus (Group F), 50 only to non-fungal allergens (Group N), and 31 to both fungal and non-fungal antigens (Group F + N). The sex distribution, pulmonary function, and dose of inhaled corticosteroid were not significantly different between the three groups; however, the ACT score was significantly lower for Group F + N than for the other groups. The FeNO and the ratio of subjects dependent on oral steroid therapy were higher in Group F + N than in Group N. Conclusion: Fungal sensitization, in addition to non-fungal sensitization, is associated with poor control of asthma in patients with severe asthma. Fixed drug eruption (FDE) is a drug reaction characterized by erythema, edema and sometimes bullae appearing in the same skin or mucosal region due to repeated intake of a drug. Most commonly causative drugs are sulfonamides, barbiturates and nonsteroid antiinflamatory drugs. Hereby a FDE developing due to intake of ornidazole for the treatment of vaginitis case is presented. Case 27 years old woman applied to our clinic with complaint of purpleviolet coloured symmetrical, regular bordered, itchy macular erythematous lesions of 5x3 cm in diameter on dorsum of both hands; and oral lesions. Medical history revealed intake of mixovul (ornidazole) one day prior to onset of complaints. He patient had also experienced similar lezions on skin and oral mucosa 6 months ago, 24 hours after taking ornidazole. The patient had similar symptoms on skin and oral mucosa also after intake of diclofenac. Ornidazole skin prick test was found to be negative. Ornidazole patch test was similarly negative. Prick test and patch test for diclofenac were found to be negative as well. Amoxicillin-Claculonic acid prick test was done in order to determine an alternative safe antibiotic and it was found as negative too. Oral provocation test did not reveal any early or late onset allergic reaction either. Prick test and oral provocation test with meloxicam was done in order to find an alternative analgesic and these were negative too. With this case, we wanted to point out that ornidazole, a commonly used anti-infection agent, can be the cause of fixed drug eruption in some cases. Also, it should be noted that fixed drug eruptions can occur for multiple drugs in the same patient. Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by skin barrier dysfunction. Few studies have used non-invasive skin measurement techniques to measure epidermis function in asymptomatic neonates. We therefore conducted a post-hoc analysis to determine whether skin barrier function in the first week of life predicted AD development and allergen sensitizationby age 32 weeks. Methods: Data of 116 infants collected during our previous randomized controlled study were analyzed. Skin barrier function was measured through transepidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum hydration (SCH), and pH. Study participants were divided into 2 groups based on the results of Cox regression analyses of skin measurement values and cumulative AD incidence by 32 weeks of age. A Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test were used to analyze skin barrier function and cumulative AD incidence. Allergic sensitization based on IgE levels to egg white and ovomucoid at 32 weeks of age was assessed by a Chi-squared test. Results: TEWL (with an optimal cut-off level of 6.5 g/m 2 /h) measured on the forehead within the first week of life showed a lower p-value than TEWL measured on the lower leg, SCH, and pH measurements. We found a significant difference in cumulative AD incidence between the high and low TEWL groups (p <0.05). Moreover, the high TEWL group exhibited a higher (but not statistically significant) rate of sensitization to ovomucoid (p = 0.07). Conclusions: TEWL measured on the forehead during the first week of life is associated with AD development. Three of the four positives appeared to be related to the dyes. In the one dye-reactor that was reproducible, the causative dye appeared to be one of the two blue dyes. Conclusions: We conclude that taken together, dyes and preservatives are frequently suspected but rarely actually participate as triggers of urticaria and angioedema. The Certain tendencies depending on types of allergens were foundsensitization by indoor allergens were high but did not indicate age-based differences, while sensitization by outdoor allergens tended to grow with age. In addition, total lgE presented difference between age under 7 groups (≤3, 4~6) and age over 7 groups (7~9, 10~12, 13~15, 16~18) with statistical significance (p<0.001) and increased with age in general, with boys showing significantly higher lgE titer than girls (p<0.001). Conclusion: The sensitization in children with allergic rhinitis was changed with age in some allergens by CAP test. Results: Out of 19 children aged 2-20 years old, 9 (47%) tolerated baked milk product (50mL containing muffin) and 10 reacted. There were no significant differences in mean age, gender and history of milk-induced anaphylaxis between two groups. In children tolerated baked milk, specific IgE titers to milk, casein and alpha-lactoalbumin were significantly lower, but not to beta-lactoglobulin. Furthermore, each component-specific IgE/IgG4 ratio was significantly lower compared to children who reactive to baked milk. Conclusions: Approximately a half of milk allergy children can tolerate baked milk product. Component-specific IgE and IgG4 titers could be useful as a predictor for tolerability of baked milk. Background: SP-D is a hydrophilic lectin and involves in a host defense mechanism against respiratory pathogens and modulates immune responses against bacteria or allergens. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate serum SP-D level as a potential biomarker for aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) compared to aspirin tolerant asthma (ATA) patients. Subjects and methods: Ninety-three subjects with AERD, 172 ATA and 75 healthy controls were enrolled at Ajou University Hospital (Suwon, Korea). Serum SP-D levels were measured using commercially available ELISA kit. Results: The SP-D levels in sera of AERD patients were significantly lower than those of ATA and control groups. The ROC curve indicated that SP-D at 1755.82pg/ml can be an optimal cutoff value for predicting the phenotype of AERD with 64.3% sensitivity and 62.4% specificity. No associations were found with clinical parameters such as atopy, chronic rhino-sinusitis, eosinophilic/neutrophilic asthma or severe/non-severe asthma. A significant negative correlation was found between serum SP-D level and the fall of FEV1 (%) after inhaled lysine-ASA in asthmatic patients. Conclusion: These findings suggest that SP-D may involve in the pro-inflammatory response of airway mucosa which contribute to bronchoconstrictive response to inhaled ASA in AERD patients. Taek Although, cardiovascular symptoms of anaphylaxis were rare in young children (7.7%), cardiovascular symptoms were increased with age. Cardiovascular symptoms were common in reactions caused by insect sting(50.0%). The mainstay of first-line treatment in hospital included antihistamine (61.2%), corticosteroids (42.2%) and epinephrine(34.0%). Epinephrine auto-injectors were prescribed for 26.6%. Conclusion: We identified differences in the symptoms of anaphylaxis according to age and triggers. Rate of use of epinephrine as the first-aid medication is too low, and prescription rate of adrenalin auto-injector is too low regardless of age of patients. Immunological Results: Among a total of 2,140 subjects, five subgroups identified through k-means clustering include putative "near-normal (n=232)", "asthmatic (n=392)", "COPD (n=37)", "asthma-overlap (n=893)" and "COPD-overlap (n=586)" subtypes. Among five subgropus, near-normal subgroup showed the oldest mean age (72±7 years) and the highest FEV 1 (102±8% predicted), and asthmatic subgroup was the youngest (46 ±9 years). Asthma-overlap subgroup had the lowest FEV 1 (77±9% predicted). COPD and COPD-overlap subgroups were male-predominant (100% and 98%, respectively) and all current or ex-smokers. When applying the lower limit of normal FEV 1 /FVC as a criterion for airway obstruction, asthma group showed the highest prevalence of airway obstruction. While COPD, asthma-overlap and COPD-overlap subgroups showed high prescription rate of respiratory medicine, asthmatic subgroup had the lowest prescription rate despite the highest proportion of self-reported wheezing. Except asthmatic subgroup, comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia and coronary artery disease were frequently observed. Although COPD subgroup represents only 2% of total subjects, they showed the highest mean medical cost and health utilization, comprising 5% of the total cost. When calculating a ratio of total medical expense to household income, mean ratio was the highest in COPD subgroup. Conclusion: Subjects with mild to moderate airflow limitation exhibited clinical and epidemiological heterogeneity. Each subgroup may have a different level of demand for health resources. A 7-year-old boy with acute osteomyelitis in right distal tibia, was treated by the combination of intravenous (IV) vancomycin and cefotaxime. He was tolerable for the given treatment and rapidly improved. Persistent fever had occurred from the day 17th with pruritic, maculopapular rash on day 19 th . Laboratory test performed on day 20 th revealed marked eosinophilia. Under suspicion of DRESS syndrome, both IV antibiotics were stopped and oral prednisolone was given. Three days after the cessation of the antibiotics, fever and skin manifestations had rapidly improved. However, as soon as we retried IV cefotaxime, his skin manifestation had immediately flared up. Intradermal test performed at 6 weeks after complete-recovery, was positive for cefotaxime. Purpose: Asthma and atopic dermatitis are common chronic diseases and depression is an important comorbidity in allergic diseases. However, it is little known about the association between maternal depression and child allergic diseases. This study was performed to find the association between maternal depression and child allergic diseases. Methods: Data were acquired from 4695 family who participated in the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES), which was conducted from 2010 to 2012. Results: The prevalence of childhood asthma was 5.3 % and childhood atopic dermatitis was 14.1%. the prevalence of maternal depression was 3.6 %. In univariated analysis, maternal depressions was associated with single mother, low economic state, maternal asthma, atopic dermatitis, children's asthma. (p<0.05) but sex, age, education status and smoking were not associated with the presence of maternal depression. After adjustment, maternal depression were associated with lower house income, maternal asthma, maternal atopic dermatitis, children's asthma. The present study showed that maternal depression is associated with children's asthma and not children's atopic dermatitis. These results warrant future studies to explore the mechanisms responsible for the association between maternal depression and children's asthma. Purpose: Childhood asthma is common reason for the hospitalization and the deterioration of asthma accompanied with respiratory infection. The burden of treatment asthma is high around the globe also in Asia and the assessment of asthma exacerbation in children is difficult and limited. We aimed to investigate the factors associated to hospitalization period in those were inpatients of pediatric asthma. Methods: We conducted the chart review of subjects admitted with asthma exacerbation from 2009 to 2014, retrospectively. The subjects consisted of the patients at the age under 18 years visit a single tertiary Hospital. We investigated the characteristics of those patients including clinical symptom and laboratory tests (serum total immunoglobulin (Ig) E, eosinophil counts). We assess the severity of asthma by Pulmonary Score (PS). We assessed the duration of hospitalization to related factors by using bivariate correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS 20. Results: A total of 357 subjects with 232 (65.3%) boys and the median age was 5.77 ± 6.1 years old. The mean of hospitalization period were 4.0 ± 1.9 days. The rate of total IgE over than 45 IU/mL was 66.9% and eosinophil count over than 470 /μL was 26.6%. The mean PS was 3.5 ± 1.1 days. The infiltration of chest radiography were 74 cases (20.7%) and body temperature over 38.3°C were 91(25.5%). The duration of hospitalization was correlated with age (p=0.036, r=0.11). In simple linear regression, PS score positively related with the duration of hospitalization but was not significant (β=0.127, R 2 =0.037, p=0.16). In multiple linear regression model, the duration of hospitalization was positively related the infiltration finding of chest radiography (β=0.962, p=0.008) and age (β=0.082, p=0.03) with R 2 =0.052, independent of fever, c-reactive protein, PS, past history of allergy, family history of allergy, elevated IgE and eosinophil count, multiple allergen sensitization and past history of visiting or admitt from asthma exacerbation. Conclusions: Hospitalization period in pediatric asthma patients has positively correlated with the infiltration finding of chest radiography and no association with PS, total IgE and eosinophil counts. It could be implied that the prediction of morbidity of asthma exacerbation in children has to include the findings on chest radiography that presents respiratory infection. Also, new asthma severity score system for hospitalization of pediatric asthma patients would be needed. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP) is a rare disease characterized by acute febrile respiratory insufficiency, marked eosinophilia in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), diffuse bilateral and thickening of interlobular septa on chest radiographic findings. Pathogenesis is not well understood, however direct or indirect exposure to smoke has been repeatedly reported as a cause of AEP. We present a case of 16-year-old boy, who developed an idiopathic AEP with no peripheral eosinophilia, marked eosinophilia in BALF (36.6%), decreased DLco (75%), typical radiologic findings, and dramatically improved after corticosteroid treatment without use of antibiotics. Despite best efforts, no evidence of infection was found. Although he initially denied a current smoking, we repeatedly asked the previous history of smoking cigarettes. He finally told the truth that he had started to smoke 19 days before hospitalization in an enclosed area with friends, and gradually increased smoking-dose. Conclusively, we suggest that no peripheral eosinophilia does not exclude an AEP, and clinical suspicion with exact history taking and radiologic findings, and early BALF exam will be the best approach to avoid use of unnecessary antibiotics and for the proper management. Leukotriene receptor antagonists have been increasingly used in the treatment of a variety of allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and others and they are generally considered safe drugs with few adverse drug reactions. Type I hypersensitivity to montelukast has been rarely reported, with only a handful of anaphylaxis cases being reported worldwide. There is a lack of information about the severe adverse drug reaction associated with pranlukast. We experienced an extremely rare case of severe hypersensitivity reaction associated with pranlukast. A 65-year-old woman developed anaphylactic shock presented with generalized urticaria, angioedema, collapse and loss of consciousness after taking pranlukast, and which was confirmed by oral challenge test and skin prick test. The present case reminds that pranlukast can induce anaphylaxis, which is mediated by IgE-dependent pathway. Obesity is a known risk factor for the development of asthma and obese asthmatics are prone to be severe and poorly controlled. Obesity is also associated with increased risk of various metabolic diseases but recent studies suggested that not all obese subjects are at increased risk of such diseases and the 'metabolically healthy obese' (MHO) phenotype may exist in the absence of metabolic abnormalities. Due to the paucity of data regarding asthma-related outcomes of obese asthmatics according to their metabolic status, we aimed to investigate the differences between MHO and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) asthmatics in terms of asthma-related clinical outcomes. A total of 206 patients who were diagnosed with asthma in Asan Medical Center asthma cohort from June 2005 to Mar 2013 were subject to analysis, after sorting out patients whose BMI were ≥25. We divided these patients into two groups, MHO asthmatics (n=106) and MUO asthmatics (n=100), referring to the NCEP ATP III identification of the metabolic syndrome. Then we compared asthma-related clinical characteristics between these two groups. The Background: The effective management of atopic dermatitis (AD) adjusted to individual clinical courses and demands can be challenging for both patients and physicians. Understanding of actual situations, experienced and perceived by patients with AD and their caregivers, is essential to improve clinical outcomes and satisfaction in real practice. Methods: This multi-center survey was conducted in patients with AD or their caregivers from 9 centers with questionnaires on diagnosis and management of AD. Results: A total of 324 patients and caregivers participated in the study. Initial diagnosis of AD was mostly made by physicians (80.6 %), followed by self-diagnosis. Patients and caregivers believe that allergic substances such as house dust mite, food, pollution are responsible for AD development. Allergy tests were performed for 194 patients (59.9%), but allergen avoidance strategy was instructed in only 81 subjects (25.0%). Regarding the measures of AD management, they thought that moisturization, environmental control, improvement of body constitution are important. Major topical medications are steroid (81.8%) and topical immunomodulators (34.3%), while systemic medications include systemic steroid (42.6 %), anti-histamines (36.4 %), and cyclosporins (2.8 %) . 181(55.9%) subjects have tried complementary alternative medicine including Oriental medicine. Many subjects wished for personalized management, use of specialized institutions for AD, and evidence-based, effective, and sustainable treatment to be incorporated in their sessions. Conclusion: Our findings suggest there is still an unmet healthcare need for patients with AD in real practice. Customized, evidencebased, and multi-disciplinary approach including therapeutic patient education should be implemented to achieve the best possible outcomes. A) Background: To evaluate the IgE reactivity profiles to purified house dust mite (HDM) allergen molecules (i.e. nDer p 1, rDer p 2 and rDer p 10) in Korean allergic rhinitis (AR) patients. Also, symptomatic and serologic changes after sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) were analyzed according to positive IgE profiles. B) Methods: Sixty AR patients already diagnosed to have HDM allergy were analyzed for the presence IgE antibodies against nDer p 1, rDer p 2, rDer p 10 and native Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp). Symptom scores and laboratory tests were followedup after SLIT. C) Results: Prevalence rates of IgE for Dp, Der p 1, Der p 2 and Der p 10 were 100%, 98.3%, 93.3% and 8.3%, respectively. After one year of SLIT, symptom scores and laboratory findings improved but did not show significant difference between Der p 10-positive and -negative patients. D) Conclusions: In Korean AR patients, specific IgE to Der p 1 or Der p 2 presents in most of Dp-allergic patients, while reactivity to Der p 10 is very low. Changes in symptom and serology after SLIT (not containing the allergen Der p 10) did not differ much between Der p 10-positive and -negative patients. Background A history of beta-lactam (BL) hypersensitivity is one of the most encountered problems in clinical practice and limits its further use. Determining whether patients with BL allergy could safely receive beta-lactams can be a difficult task. We summarize data from patients with a presumed allergic history to BL who underwent drug allergy verification and report the actual allergic rate. Patients with a history of an immediate reaction or undetermined allergic onset to beta-lactams, who underwent BL hypersensitivity evaluation at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok between 2012 and 2015, were retrospectively reviewed. The verification process was conducted according to the updated parameter on drug allergy included skin testing with both major and minor determinants of penicillin, amoxicillin, clavulanate, and/or the culprit BL. Intradermal test (IDT) was performed after negative skin prick test (SPT), and oral challenge test (OCT) was then carried out in patients who gave informed consent. Serum penicilloyl-and amoxycilloyl-specific IgE levels have also been evaluated. Results A total of 86 patients (mean age 40.7 years) were included. Forty-eight patients (56%) were female and 42 patients (48.8%) had underlying medical illnesses. Most patients have allergic history to penicillin (45.4%) or amoxicillin (29.1%). Sixty percent of patients developed symptoms within 2 hours. The majority experienced skin symptoms; urticarial rash (24.3%), angioedema (21.4%), and maculopapular rash (20%), while 3 patients reported anaphylaxis. BL allergy was confirmed in 7 patients (8.1%); identified by positive skin tests in 2 patients, positive specific Ig-E levels in 3 patients, and positive OCT in 4 patients. For those with positive skin tests; one had positive SPT but negative Ig-E levels and another one had positive results for both IDT and specific Ig-E levels. Sixty patients (71.4%) were underwent OCT and 54 patients (90%) demonstrated negative challenge. Serum specific IgE levels were determined in 46 patients and 44 of them (95.7%) showed negative results. Mild non-immediate reactions developed in 4 patients upon OCT after negative skin tests. The reliability of self-reported BL allergy is low and questionable. Skin tests and specific IgE determination are safe to diagnose patients with an immediate reaction to beta-lactams. Drug allergy de-labeling is needed to distinguish true allergic patients from non-allergic cases, particularly in certain circumstances when alternative antibiotics are not available nor appropriate. Background: To investigate the protective role of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling associated with a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in a mouse model. Methods: Male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into three groups, control, LPS, and LPS-C group. ALI was induced by LPS ip injection (5 mg/kg). The sonic hedgehog inhibitor cyclopamine was given to the LPS-C group (50 mg/kg) at 30 min after LPS injection. Lung injury was observed histologically in hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stained tissue sections, semi-quantified by lung tissue injury score, and the lung tissue mass alteration was measured by wet to dry weight ratio (W/D). mRNA levels of TNF-α, SHH, Patched (PTC) and GLI1 in lung tissue were studied with real time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR), while the protein expression of SHH and GLI1 was determined by western blot analysis. Results: Lung tissue injury score, W/D, and mRNA expression levels of TNF-α were significantly higher in the ALI mice than the normal mice (P<0.05). The mRNA levels of SHH, PTC, and GLI1 in the ALI mice were significantly higher at 12h and 24h after LPS injection, but not at the 6h time point. Protein production of SHH and GLI1 at 6h, 12h, and 24h in the lungs of ALI mice significantly increased, in a time-dependent manner, compared with that in normal mice. Cyclopamine intervention in ALI mice led to a reduction in mRNA levels of SHH, PTC, and GLI1 as well as SHH and GLI1 protein levels; meanwhile, the pathological injury scores of lung tissues, W/D, and mRNA expression levels of TNF-α increased compared to mice receiving LPS only. Conclusions: The SHH signaling pathway was activated in response to LPS-induced ALI, and up-regulation of SHH expression could alleviate lung injury and be involved in the repair of injured lung tissue. Knowledge and skills required for the use of adrenaline autoinjectors (AAI) are lacking in school settings, causing considerable uneasiness among teaching staff about administering AAI to students. Objective This study aimed to elucidate the factors behind the negative attitudes toward the administration of AAI in school settings. After the lecture presentations on emergency treatment for food allergy organized by regional school boards in Hyogo Prefecture, we conducted a questionnaire survey among its participants. We then analyzed the answers received from 1,433 participants using a logistic regression model to investigate independent factors associated with the negative attitudes toward the administration of AAI. The respondents were comprised of nurse teachers (44%), general education teachers (32%), nutrition teachers (5%), assistant principals (10%) and principals (10%). Those who were negative about administering AAI to students accounted for 10.8% of total. The percentage differed significantly between different specialties/positions; nutrition teachers had the highest percentage (16.7%), followed by general education teachers (15.9%), nurse teachers (10.6%), assistant principals (8.1%) and principals (2.7%). The most frequent factor behind the uneasiness about the use of AAI was "the timing of AAI administration" (69.4%). By teaching specialty/position, a greater number of nurse teachers were concerned about "collaborating within the school" and "collaborating with a hospital" than teachers in other specialties/positions. Comparing between the group with negative attitudes and the group with positive attitudes toward AAI administration, the former was significantly more worried about "how to use AAI" (odds ratio [OR]: 2.1), "the timing of AAI administration" (OR: 02.9), "collaborating with the parents" (OR: 01.6), "the act of injection itself" (OR: 3.1) and "violating the laws" (OR: 3.5). Most of the factors behind the negative attitudes toward the administration of AAI in school settings were associated with technical concerns. Background: The relationship between atopic dermatitis (AD) and low vitamin D levels has been studied. Emerging evidence has implicated vitamin D as a critical regulator of immunity, playing a role in both the innate and cell-mediated immune systems. However, the effect of vitamin D on house dust mite (HDM) sensitization in patients with AD has not been established. We investigated the association between vitamin D levels and HDM sensitization according to AD severity. Methods: In total, 80 patients (43 men and 37 women) with AD were included. We classified AD severity using Rajka and Langeland scores. Laboratory tests included serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, total immunoglobulin E (IgE), and specific IgE antibody titer against Dermatophagoides (D.) farinae and D. pteronyssinus. Results: There were no differences in vitamin D levels between the mild or moderate AD and severe AD groups. In the severe AD group, high HDM sensitization group had lower serum vitamin D levels compared to low HDM sensitization group with statistical significance. In addition, a significant negative correlation was found between vitamin D levels and HDM sensitization in the severe AD group. These results did not depend on the type of HDM, D. farinae or D. pteronyssinus. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that low vitamin D levels may link to high HDM sensitization in patients with the severe AD. Further elucidation of the role of vitamin D in HDM sensitization may hold profound implications for the prevention and treatment of AD. Objective: To investigate the effect of COPD on the skeletal muscles, particularly in patients with limb muscle dysfunction. The appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI), an index of sarcopenia, which was recently in the limelight, is an index of the limb muscle mass and is considered useful for predicting skeletal muscle abnormality in COPD patients. Thus, their relationships were examined. Method: This research was conducted using the data from the 4th and 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES), which were conducted from 2008 to 2011. Of the subjects on whom dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed to confirm their body composition, 1,219 COPD patients aged over 40 years showed an FEV1/FVC < 70%. COPD is classified into three groups-mild, moderate, and severe-according to the airflow limitation. In this study, 534 subjects had mild COPD; 613, moderate; and 72, severe. For the criteria for sarcopenia, the recommended criteria of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) and of the Asia Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) were used. Results: The ASMI of each group was categorized according to the COPD severity into 7.04±1.034, 6.83±1.030, and 6.45±1.071, respectively. Thus, there were differences between all the groups, and the higher the severity, the lower the results were (p < 0.001).When the sarcopenia classification of EWGSOP according to the ASMI was applied, each group's FEV1(L) was 2.26 ±0.673, 2.20±0.633, and 1.94±0.730, respectively. In the case of Class II sarcopenia, it was lower than that in the normal case and in the case of the Class I sarcopenia.(P=0.003)When the sarcopenia criteria of AWGS was applied, the FEV1(L) was 2.30±0.667 and 2.09±0.651, and the pulmonary function of the sarcopenia group was low (p < 0.001). The correlation of the FEV1(L) with the ASMI was analyzed as 0.521, higher than with the BMI or the FFMI (p < 0.001); and the regression analysis also confirmed that the ASMI had a higher R2 and standardized regression coefficient than the BMI, FFMI, and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) (p < 0.001).It was found that when the ASMI was used, the sarcopenia risk increased in all the cases in which the criteria recommended in EWGSOP and AWGS were used; and when the criteria of the AWGS were used, the moderate and severe stages showed the odds ratios of 1.587 (95% Cl, 1.109-2.271, p = 0.012) and 3.127 (95% Cl, 1.438-6.802, p = 0.004), respectively, compared with those of the mild stage. Conclusion: ASMI is a fast and accurate predictor of skeletal muscle abnormality caused by an increase in the severity of the airflow limitation of COPD patients. Background: Oral allergy syndrome (OAS) is defined as the symptoms of IgE-mediated immediate allergy localized in the oral mucosa, and the characteristics depend on the lability of the antigen. OAS is regarded as uncommon manifestations of pediatric population. This study focused on the allergenic relationship between pollen and food allergen of oral allergy syndrome in Korean children. Methods: The study was based on a data analysis of patients, who were diagnosed with oral allergy syndrome at Ajou University hospital, Severance children's hospital, Kangnam severance hospital from January 2008 to December 2014. Clinical details were collected by medical history and telephone survey. Results: The subjects were 59 male and 38 female with median aged 9 years. In 97 children with oral allergy syndrome, most common causative food of allergy syndrome was apple. Pollen with the highest rate of positive responses is birch. In children with oral allergy syndrome, children sensitized birch have high risk of reaction to apple. The youngest patient with oral allergy syndrome is 3 years old girl. 65 children had reaction to more than 2 foods. Conclusion: oral allergy syndrome may commonly affect children who are allergic to pollen. For children with oral allergy syndrome, knowledge of specific sensitization patterns has consequences for dietary management. Background: Numerous epidemiological studies have shown adverse associations between increases in outdoor air pollution and health outcome. The majority of studies focused on daily concentrations of air pollutions and small-scale variation in daily averages and peak concentrations has not been able to characterize. We investigated the seasonal association between diurnal variation of traffic-related air pollution and the exacerbations of asthma symptoms among the middle-aged and the elderly in urban settings. Methods: To address the health effect of diurnal variation of traffic-related air pollutants on asthma-related emergency department (ED) visits, we applied generalized linear model with over dispersed poison distribution to daily asthma-related ED visits between 2008 and 2011 in Seoul, Korea. The indicator variable of diurnal variation of traffic-related air pollutant, the diurnal range of NO 2 (drNO 2 ) was adopted and defined as the difference level of NO 2 between 10:00 and 05:00 in the morning. The statistical analysis was conducted to estimate the effect of drNO 2 adjusted for temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, PM 10 , O 3 , influenza epidemic indicator, day of week, and time trend. Agespecific effects and seasonality were tested and the age-specific groups were defined as the middle-aged aged between 50 and 74 and the elderly aged above 75. Results: Among the total 19,702 asthma-related ED visits during study period, 6,933 were recruited with the middle-aged 4,503, and the elderly 2,430 and the increased overall risk were suggested with relative risk percent change with 95% confidence interval (95% CI); middle-aged [2.1 (95% CI; 17.6) ], and the elderly [23.6 (95% CI; 3. 1, 48. 3)] at lag0-8 by 1 interquartile range (IQR) increase of drNO 2 . Season specific effect for the middle-aged were (95% CI; 11.6) This study suggests an adverse relationship between ambient drNO 2 with the risk of asthma-related ED visits and the level of drNO 2 was related to asthma exacerbations especially during spring and winter period and the delayed effect were varied by age-groups. Conclusion: This provides evidence that heavily increased levels of traffic-related pollutant are associated with poorly controlled asthma among the adults during cold period. Results: A total 991 cases (66% male, mean age 5.89±5,24) were reported, with 36.6% below 2 years of age. Food was the most common cause (74.7%), followed by drugs and radiocontrast media (10.7%), idiopathic (9.2%), and exercise (3.6%). The most common offending food allergen was milk, followed by egg white, walnut, wheat, buckwheat, and peanut. Milk was the most common trigger of anaphylaxis in young children. In older children, seafood was the most common trigger of anaphylaxis. The rate of drugs in triggers of anaphylaxis was increased by age. Conclusion: Food was the commonest trigger of anaphylaxis in Korean children. The common triggers of food induced anaphylaxis have changed over time in Korean children. Background Acute bronchiolitis is a common cause of hospitalization in children and has been identified as a risk factor of respiratory failure in young infants. There are few studies for determines the severity of acute bronchiolitis that may be helpful in the initial assessment of these infants. Retrospective chart review of infants who hospitalized at single tertiary hospital between December 2014 and April 2015 was done. The exclusion criteria were atopic dermatitis, preterm, congenital heart disease, other congenital anomaly and metabolic disease. Bronchiolitis severity score (BSS, general appearance, lung sound, dyspnea, respiration rate, oxygen saturation by pulse oxymetry) was evaluated at admission and within 72 hrs after admission. Outcome measures included feeding pattern, allergy history of parents, virus, initial body weight, current body weight and, height. We enrolled 51 hospitalized infants, all under 12 months old (3.79±2.64 months of age) and 66% were male (n=34). Mean body weight at admission was 7.11±1.88 kg. The mean (±SD) duration of hospitalization was 5.67 ±2.2 days and it had positive relation with BSS (P<0.05). There were significant association between BSS and maternal allergy, height and age (p<0.05). However, no significant association was observed between BSS and body weight, amount of increased weight from birth and infected virus. Maternal allergy, age and height of infant were found to be significant factors in the severity of acute bronchiolitis in infant. Further study is needed to determine if maternal allergy allow for prediction of long term respiratory outcomes, such as asthma, following bronchiolitis because infants with severe bronchiolitis were more likely to have a familial atopic predisposition, which may partly explain subsequent increased asthma risk. Keywords: Allergy: Pediatric Background: Refractory asthma is characterized by poor response to corticosteroid treatment followed by increased burden of the disease. Therefore, development of endotypes related with refractory asthma is important for diagnosis and treatment. The aim of the study was to determine the level of inflammatory mediators in sputum and to evaluate usefulness of the protein profiles as an endotype of refractory asthma. Methods: Total 238 asthmatics (216 never smokers and 22 exsmoker less than 10 pack years) were enrolled and sputum was induced using isotonic saline containing a short-acting bronchodilator. Differential cell count was performed. The concentration of S100A9, IL-1b, -5, -8, -13, -17A, -32 and -33 was determined using ELISA, then normalized with total protein in supernatant of sputum. Statistical analyses, clustering and decision tree analysis were performed using SPSS 12.0. Results: There were positive correlations between levels of S100A9 with those of IL-1b and IL-13, between IL-8 with IL13 and IL17A, between IL-17A with IL13, IL32 and IL33 and between IL-32 and IL-33 (p<0.05). The level of IL-13 was inversely correlated with IL-33. The subjects were clustered into four major groups according to the sputum level of cytokines; subjects with high level of IL-17A and IL-1b (group 1), with relatively low levels of cytokines with modest increase of IL-33 (group 2), with high IL-8 and IL-13 (group 3) and with highest S100A9 with moderate increase of IL-8 (group 4). The clinical features of the group 1 were younger, high airway hyperreactivity and increased numbers of WBC in blood. While group 2 showed highest % of eosinophils and low neutrophils in sputum, Group 3 showed highest % of neutrophils. Group 4 showed 2ndly highest % of neutrophils in sputum, old age, and relatively normal airway hyperreactivity. However, lung functions and exacerbation status were comparable between groups. In decision tree analysis for exacerbation, the patient were classified into three groups according to the level of cytokines; group 1 with lower IL-17A level (<=1.093 pg/ug), group 2 with higher IL-17A (>1.093 pg/ug) and low IL-32 (<=1.336 pg/ug) and IL-33 levels, and group 3 with higher IL-17A, IL-32 and IL-33 levels. The patient in group 1 was old-age and greatest pack years of smoking. They showed significantly higher serum level of total IgE, and neutrophil% in sputum than those of other groups. The lung function of the group was lowest in spite of treatment with highest dose of inhaled corticosteroid. Patients in group 3 showed significantly frequent exacerbation per year (P = 0.0001). Conclusion: The level of IL-17A, IL-32 and IL-33 in sputum may be a surrogate set of markers for predicting treatment outcomes in asthmatics and an endotype for refractory asthma. Background: Autophagy has been investigated to be involved in many inflammatory diseases, but its expression and clinical significance in asthma has rarely been studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of autophagy and the therapeutic potentials in an OVA-specific mouse model of severe allergic asthma. Method: BALB/c mice were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin (OVA) on days 0 and 14, followed by aerosolized primary OVA challenges on day 28 -30. Two weeks after the primary allergen challenges, mice received a secondary allergen challenges with two different concentrations (1% or 2%) of OVA solution on days 44 -46. Forty eight hours after the last OVA challenge, mice were assessed for airway responsiveness (AHR) to inhaled methacholine, cell composition and cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. LC3 expression in lung homogenate was measured by Western blot to evaluate the development of autophagy. Finally, 3-methyladenine (3-MA), and Atg5 knockdown were applied to investigate the potential role of autophagy in severe allergic asthma of mice. Results: The AHR, total airway inflammatory cell number and eosinophilia in BAL fluid were significantly higher in 2% OVA challenged mice compared to those of 1% OVA challenged mice (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) indicating that 2% OVA challenges could induce a mouse model presenting more severe eosinophilic asthma. The severe allergic asthma mice showed significant higher LC3 expression compared to that of mild asthma mice. Additionally, more prominent autophagosomes were noted in the cytoplasm of eosinophilis. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA treatment and Atg5 knockdown could induce significant improvement of AHR, eosinophilia and IL-5 levels in BAL fluid and airway inflammation in histology. Anti-IL-5 antibody treatment significantly reduced eosinophil counts and IL-5 levels in BAL fluid, as well as LC3 expression in the lung tissue homogenate. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the expression of autophagy is correlated with the severity of asthma through eosinophilic inflammation, and autophagy inhibitions may provide novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of severe allergic asthma. Background: As of possible role of interleukin-9 (IL-9), a proinflammatory and Th2 cytokine, and interleukin-33 (IL-33), a member of IL-1 cytokine family, in pediatric asthma, this study was performed to measure IL-9 and IL-33 serum levels in pediatric patients with asthma. Methods: In this study, 61 patients with asthma and 63 healthy age-and sex-matched subjects were enrolled. Serum levels of IL-9 and IL-33 were measured in asthmatic patients and healthy subjects by sandwich ELISA. Results: Serum IL-9 level was significantly higher in patients group, compared to the controls (p=0.03). In addition, patients with severe asthma had significantly higher serum IL-9 levels, compared to the controls (p<0.001). Mean serum level of IL-33 asthmatic children was also significantly higher than the controls (p=0.02), which also showed statistically significant associated with the severity disease (p=0.02). Conclusions: Elevated serum levels of IL-9 and IL-33 were found to be associated with pediatric asthma and the disease severity. Epinephrine is the first treatment for anaphylaxis. To investigate the clinical features of pediatric anaphylaxis, including the rate of using epinephrine and prescribing epinephrine auto-injector. We performed a retrospective study in in-patients, out-patients, and emergency department visitors, who were under 15 years old, at Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Cheonan, Korea, from Jan. 2013 through Dec. 2014. A total of 68 patients were diagnosed with anaphylaxis by criteria at the time. The causes of anaphylaxis were food (77.9%), drug (10.3%) and idiopathic (11.8%). The involved organs were cutaneous (88.2%), respiratory (80.9%), cardiovascular (20.6%), and gastrointestinal tract (14.7%). Patients were treated with systemic steroid (92.6%), antihistamine (88.2%) and epinephrine (76.5%). 53 (77.9%) patients revisited our pediatric allergy clinic and epinephrine auto-injectors were prescribed for 25 (36.8%) patients. Epinephrine was not used in more than 20% and epinephrine autoinjectors were not prescribed for more than 60% of pediatric anaphylaxis patents. Physicians should make an effort to use epinephrine as the initial treatment of anaphylaxis and to prescribe epinephrine auto-injector. Initial Antigen-Specific IgE Levels Predict Clinical Outcome of Rush Oral Immunotherapy for Food Anaphylaxis Sakura Sato, Noriyuki Yanagida, Motohiro Ebisawa Sagamihara National Hospital, Japan Correspondence: Sakura Sato -Sagamihara National Hospital, Japan World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A304 Oral immunotherapy (OIT), a novel therapeutic approach to food allergy, appears to be effective in increasing the threshold for clinical reactivity to food. The aim of the study is to assess the risk factors associated with rush OIT (ROIT) for treating anaphylaxis induced by allergy to hen's egg (HE), cow's milk (CM), wheat (W), or peanut (P). Methods HE, CM, and W anaphylaxis in our department confirmed by the positive double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge test received following treatment with ROIT. Patients were treated with a combination of rush phase followed by a slow build-up of maintenance doses. patients who had ingested trial foods (HE, heated-whole egg [60 g]; CM, 200 ml; W, Udon noodle [200 g]; P, peanut powder [3 g]) without any symptoms for several months, then they underwent the final oral food challenge (OFC) after allergen avoidance for 2 weeks to confirm the development of clinical tolerance. Any changes in antigen specific IgE levels during OIT treatment were documented. Results A total of 224 subjects (HE, n = 70; CM, n = 87; W, n = 38; P, n = 29) with an average age of 9.1 years, who had been receiving ROIT for 1 & 1/2 year or more, were enrolled in the study. One and half year later, 75 subjects (33%) passed the final OFC (tentative tolerance group, HE, 33; CM, 17; W, 11; P, 14), whereas 149 subjects (67%) had reacted to the trial foods (Allergic group). Background: ABCC4 (ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C, member 4) is a protein-coding gene which codes for transmembrane protein. ABCC4 protein transports various molecules across extra-and intra-cellullar membranes, including PGE 2 and cAMP. Studies have reported that PGE 2 and cAMP play an important role in the regulation of immune responses and airway inflammation. In this study, we investigated the associations of ABCC4 gene polymorphisms and clinical characteristics of asthmatic patients to understand the role of ABCC4gene in asthma pathogenesis. Methods: 269 asthma patients and 118 normal healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) (-642G>C and -1508A>G) in the ABCC4promoter region were genotyped by TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. Functional variabilities in the promoter polymorphisms were analyzed by gene reporter assay. Inflammatory cytokine levels in serum were measured by ELISA. Results: There were no significant differences in genotype frequencies between two study groups. Asthmatic patients carrying G allele at -1508A>G had significantly higher periostin levels in sera (P=0.018) and lower PC 20 methacholine levels (P=0.008) compared to non-carriers. No significant difference was noted in sputum eosinophil count according to each genotype. Gene reporter assay showed that the promoter SNP tagged by G-1508 allele conferred significantly higher promoter activity (P<0.01) compared with A-1508 allele in A549 cell line. Conclusion: These findings suggest that ABCC4 gene polymorphism at -1508A>G may enhance periostin production and could involve in eosinophilic asthma. The Role of Clinical Phenotype and Allergen Sensitization at 2 Years As Predictors of Atopic Disorders at 5 Years Li Yuan Gabriella Nadine Lee 2 , Marion Aw 1,2 , Bee Wah Lee 1,2 , Evelyn Xiu Ling Loo 3 , Yiong Huak Chan 1 , Lynette Shek 2,1 , I-Chun Kuo 1,2 , Phaik Ling Quah 1,2 , Genevieve Llanora 2 , Gerez Irvin 2 1 National University of Singapore, Singapore; 2 National University Health System, Singapore; 3 Agency of Science, Technology and Research Correspondence: Li Yuan Gabriella Nadine Lee -National University of Singapore, Singapore World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A306 Introduction: From a birth cohort of at risk Asian infants, we prospectively investigated the role of early onset allergen sensitization and clinical phenotypes as risk factors for atopic disorders at the age of 5 years. Methods: The study recruited 253 families with a history of allergic disease in a first degree relative from an antenatal clinic in Singapore. The children were followed prospectively to assess clinical outcomes and skin prick test was performed at 2 and 5 years of age. Results: Clinical phenotype alone at 2 years of age was associated with increased risk of atopic disorders at 5 years. This risk was further increased by the presence of concomitant allergen sensitization (food and/or house dust mites). For eczema, eczema alone at 2 years old increased the risk of eczema at 5 years (adjOR 7.1 95%CI: 1.8-27.8). This risk was further increased by the presence of allergen sensitization (adjOR 25.4, . For wheeze, wheeze alone at year 2 increased the risk of wheeze at year 5 (adjOR 4.5 95%CI: 1.4-14.8) and this risk tripled with the concomitant presence of allergen sensitization and eczema (adjOR 13.9, 95%CI: 1.2-168.5). As rhinitis symptoms were not apparent at the age of 2 years, allergen sensitization alone at 2 years without the rhinitis phenotype increased the risk of rhinitis at 5 years (adjOR 5.6 95%CI: 1.1-29.2). However, the eczema phenotype at 2 years alone also increased the risk of rhinitis at 5 years (adjOR 6.8 95%CI: 2.0-23.1). Conclusion: In this Asian birth cohort, the clinical phenotypes alone and with concomitant allergen sensitization were predictors of eczema and wheeze at 5 years. Except for the rhinitis outcome, allergen sensitization alone at 2 years could not predict atopic clinical outcomes at 5 years. Background: Korean red ginseng (KRG) is reported to have antiallergic properties, including beneficial effects on asthma and atopic dermatitis. However, its effect on allergic rhinitis and rhinovirus infection has not been studied extensively. This study examined whether KRG affected rhinovirus infection in human nasal epithelial cells. Methods: Primary human nasal epithelial cells were obtained by digesting inferior turbinate mucosa removed from patients during turbinoplasty. After nasal epithelials cell were cultured, cells were infected with rhinovirus serotype 16 (RV-16). To confirm preventive and therapeutic effect of KRG on rhinovirus infection, 50, 100mg/ml of KRG were administered to cultured nasal epithelial cells before and after rhinovirus infection provoked. The morphology of nasal epitherlial cells was checked. Results: The morphology of nasal epithelial cells were changed after rhinovirus infection. The degree of morphologic change were decreased by KRG treatment in both group (treatment for before and after rhinovirus infection), however, the nasal epithelial cells were less changed by KRG administration after rhinovirus infection. Introduction: Korean Red Ginseng has been traditionally used in Korea for health improvement. However, the clinical effect of KRG intake on the symptoms in allergic rhinitis patients remains unknown. Our study was performed to identify the clinical effects of KRG on allergic rhinitis patients and to examine the effect of KRG on allergic inflammatory reaction. Patients and Methods: We evaluated 50 allergic rhinitis. All of the patients were treated for 4 weeks. The patients were divided into three groups according to the medication. Twenty patients were treated with KRG, 20 patients with the placebo and 10 patients with the antihistamine. The patients recorded their symptoms in a daily symptom diary card. The patients checked the peak inspiratory flow (PNIF) rate two times a day, in the morning and evening, during the medication period. Total serum IgE and serum specific IgE for D.P. and D.F. were measured by ImmunoCap method before and after 4 week medication. The Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 were checked in the serum before and after the 4-week treatment using ELISA methods. The eosinophil counts in the nasal smears were checked before and after the 4-week treatment. Results: The KRG group demonstrated a significant improvement of allergic symptoms, except in the smelling difficulty category. PNIF demonstrated no differences between the periods before and after treatment in either the KRG group or the antihistamine treatment group. Both the antihistamine and KRG groups showed a significant decrease in total IgE level at the end of treatment. The serum IL-4 level and eosinophil counts in the nasal smears were significantly decreased both in the antihistamine and the KRG groups. Conclusion: KRG might be a useful treatment modality in allergic rhinitis patients. However, we need to better understand the longterm effects of KRG with further studies. Screening system 'A' is the most commonly used allergen-specific IgE detecting system in Korea. With high sensitivity and low specificity, it has been used as a screening system. However, the correlation rates with ImmunoCAP® System or skin prick test are relatively lower in food allergens than inhalant allergens. Purpose To validate the new allergen-specific IgE detecting system, 'B' , in comparison with 'A' and ImmunoCAP® System. We evaluated 101 Korean atopic dermatitis (AD) patients' results from 'A' and newly developed 'B'. We also compared the correlation coefficient with ImmunoCAP-test, the gold-standard diagnostic tool for extrinsic AD. When we compared the correlation coefficient between 'A' and ImmunoCAP-test of 5 antigens including D.farinae, D.pteronyssinus, soyben, cow milk and white egg, results of cow milk, D.farinae, D.pteronyssinus antigens were significantly matched. Moderate strength of agreement was found in egg white and fair agreement was observed in wheat. However, only D.farinae and D.pteronyssinusresults from 'B' showed significant agreement strength with CAP-test and other 4 antigens only had slight agreements. Overall, more accurate results were observed with a new screening system 'B' when compared with 'A'. Further study will be performed to analyze the results from other antigens. Background and Objectives: To assess the symptoms severities of allergic rhinitis patients sensitive to multiple allergens compared to single house dust mites allergen. Subjects and Method: A total of 104 allergic rhinitis patients were classified into 2 groups. The multiple allergens group was defined as patients sensitive to multiple allergens including house dust mite. The single allergen group was defined as sensitive to only house dust mite in skin prick test. Severity of allergic rhinitis was evaluated according to the visual analogue scale (VAS) for following nasal symptoms. In vitro test, total IgE and blood eosinophil count was analysed. Results: Total 104 allergic rhinitis patients were classified into 67 multiple allergens and 37 single house dust mite sensitive groups. The visual analogue scale of nasal symptoms were no difference between two groups as in vitro test, total IgE and blood eosinophil count. Conclusion: Most subjective symptoms severities of allergic rhinitis patients sensitive to multiple allergens showed no difference rather than single house dust mite. Purpose: Asthma is a major public health problem, and many studies have shown that diurnal temperature change (DTR) is associated with asthma mortality and emergency department(ED) visits as asthma morbidity. These studies represented that DTR and asthma ED visit showed non-linear relationship and had lagged effect up to 7-14 days, however only few study considered these two characteristics simultaneously. This study aim to find an association between DTR and asthma ED visit including non-linear and lagged effects. Method: ED data of 6 Korean cities (Seoul, Busan, Daejeon, Daegu, Gwangju, and Incheon) were collected from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2010, through the National Emergency Department Information System (NEDIS) for the National Emergency Medical Center. We applied 2 stage distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) with 10 lag days and an allowance of over-dispersion adjusting for meteorological conditions and time trend. Result: From 2 stage analysis, we found DTR was adversely associated with asthma-related ED visits in Korea and as DTR increased, so did the risk of ED visit. The relative risks of asthma-related ED visit were estimated with Mid-high (80 th percentile versus minimum mortality DTR), High (90 th percentile versus minimum mortality DTR) and Extreme high (99 th percentile versus minimum mortality DTR). Relative risks were 1.032[95% CI, 0.82, 1.29] at Mid-high condition, 1.132[0.88, 1.46] , at High and 1.543[0.69, 3 .46] at Extreme high. Conclusion: We found that DTR had adverse effect to ED visits in Korea. And effect of DTR showed non-linear relationship and was significant up to 10 days. Therefore as DTR increases, the more vulnerable people and public health authorities should pay special attention to an acute exacerbation of asthma. Backround. Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) is a serum protein involved in opsonization and complement activation, which contains lectin and collagen domains, synthesized in the liver. MBL binds to Nacetylglucosamineand mannan structures on thesurface of bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa, leading to opsonization, phagocytosis and activation ofcomplement system through lectin pathway, independent of an antibody. Most of the allergic diseases are dominated by the preferential development of specific Th2 type of adaptive immune responses against innocuous antigens in atopic individuals. Low level of serum MBL is associated with increased susceptibility to infectionsand high risk of some allergic and autoimmune diseases. The recently assigned roles of MBL in inflammatory diseases due to increased complement activation have stimulated research into the contribution of MBL and its associated complement activity in asthma and respiratory allergy. Purpose. Main aim of our study was to determine theprofile of MBL serum level in Mongolian atopic subjects. Method. Blood samples were collected from Mongolian individuals (n=216) with allergic rhinitis: 86 males and 130 females in 4 different age groups (20-30, 31-40, 41-50 and 51-60). Their mean age was 32.5 years. All subjects had a positive reaction on skin prick tests to one or more inhalant allergens. We were analyzed for MBL level in serum by using double-antibody sandwich ELISA method. Results. The mean and median serum levels of MBL were 3088.29 ± 671.4 ng/ml and 3147.09 ng/ml. MBL level in male were 3012.8± 787.8 ng/ml, female 3138.2± 583.1 ng/ml. No association was observed between sex and MBL concentrations in serum. 3192,11 ± 536,64ng/ml at 20-30 years of age, 2994,28 ± 695,41ng/ml at 31-40 years, 3279,24 ±537,36ng/ml at 41-50 years and 2608,08 ± 1008,15ng/ml in 51-60 years. There were no significant differences in the mean concentration of MBL among different age groups. Conclusions. MBL serum levelof Mongolian allergic patients is comparatively higher than some other reported study. Background: The prevalence of atopic eczema has increased worldwide for past few decades. However, in some countries, it remains stable or even decreased. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of atopic eczema in Korea. To investigate the prevalence of atopic eczema (L20), we did analyze the nationwide database (National Health Insurance Corporation) which included the health-care records of 48.1 million individuals between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2014 Objective: Recurrent wheeze is one of the predictive markers of asthma in preschool children. The aims of this study were to investigate airway inflammation, lung function, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and the prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) and atopic dermatitis (AD) in preschool children according to recurrent wheeze. Methods: We performed a population-based, crosssectional study with 933 children aged 4-6 years. A total of 900 children completed a modified International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire and eligible for the study. We measured exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), spirometry, methacholine bronchial provocation, and impulse oscillometry. Recurrent wheeze was defined as having a lifetime wheeze more than 3 times. Results: The prevalence of recurrent wheeze was 13.4%. Children with recurrent wheeze showed higher prevalence of lifetime and current AR and lifetime AD, not current AD. Recurrent wheeze was associated with lifetime emergency room visit more than 1 time and history of more than one admission within 12 months due to wheezing episode. High eNO, post-bronchodilator change of R 5 Hz, and blood eosinophils as well as low FEF 25-75% were associated with recurrent wheeze. However, dose response slope by methacholine test, prevalence of atopy or AHR, and serum IgE levels showed no significant differences between two groups. Conclusions: Recurrent wheeze in preschool children may be associated with lower lung function and airway inflammation, not with AHR or atopy. Backround. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a protein, which contains lectin and collagen domains, synthesized in the liver. MBL binds to N acetylglucosamine and mannan structures on the surface of bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa, leading to opsonization, phagocytosis and activation of complement system through lectin pathway, independent of an antibody. MBL is a vital protein of innate immune system and has two critical functions: complement activation through the lectin pathway and opsonization. Low level of serum MBL is associated with increased susceptibility to infections and high risk of some allergic and autoimmune diseases. Purpose. The purpose of our study was to determine the profile of MBL serum level in Mongolian healthy population the first time. Method. We were collected 112 serum of Mongolian healthy adult blood donors: 58 males and 54 females in 4 different age groups (20-30, 31-40, 41-50 and 51-60 Background: Many sufferers of Bronchial Asthma and COPD need nebuliser therapy in acute conditions.The rotahaler wih rotacaps delivers only 15 to 20% of the drug. Quite a few subjects do not use rotahalers properly inspite of adequate training. In acute exacerbations, their plight is worse. Hence for proper drug delivery in acute conditions, rotacap with rotahaler may not be adequate. Hence an attempt is made for effective delivery of the entire 200mcg salbutamol through a mechanical nebuliser. In the market only electronically operated nebulisers are available.The cost is still prohibitive .Most of the urban and rural areas do not have regular power supply. Even in the hospitals, the nebulisers are far from few. Conamination is a distinct possibility in the wards and ICU settings. There is also lot of wastage in the side stream of electronic nebuliser. It takes atleast 15 to 20 mins for the entire medicine to be nebulised. Hence an Air Pump driven mechanical nebuliser is developed. Material and Methods: An Air Pump made up of PVC weighing 600gms is fabricated for this device.This has a cylindrical chamber sliding on a steel rod. This has inbuilt posterior and anterior apertures to draw and propel the air out under pressure. There is a pedal mounted on the chamber.The whole unit rests on a metal frame. There is nylon lining for sliding of the cylinder on the inner axial rod. There is no grease applied for the cylindrical chamber to slide over the axial rod. The anterior end is attached to the nebulising unit, which is availabe in the market. The rotacap containing 200mcg of salbutamol is opened .The nebulising chamber is charged with the salbutamol rotacap powder, dissolving in one to two ml of normal saline. The user connects the mask to face and the other end to the the anterior end of the air pump, which has a nozzle. On pedalling the pump, the mist is released. There is no side stream, avoiding wastage.Thus its a self operating one. If required a helper may pedal the pump. Results: One hundred adult patients suffering from bronchial asthma were treated with this device, using salbutamol rotacap powder with normal saline as solvent. Apart from subjective assesment , the improvement was measured with Mini Wright Peak Flow Meter(PEFR). Averge PEFR was 200 lits per min before and 350 lits per min after rota nebulisation. Twenty five subjects with similar complaints were taken as control.They were assesed with salbutamol inhaler attached to spacer. The revesibility of the airways obstruction is better with this device as the entire 200mcg salbutamol is delivered properly. In contrast the drug delivery with the inhaler attached to the spacer is supposed to be only 40%. Over and above the users preferred this device as there is no inspiratory effort. To explore the level of serum Interleukin13(IL-13) and Interleukin 17A (IL-17A) in children with asthma. Methods A case-control study was performed.88 asthmatic children in asthma clinic and 28 children hospitalized in surgical for noninfectious elective surgery who came to Affiliated Children's Hospital of Capital Institute of Pediatrics in March to December 2014 were enrolled in the study. Boys 78 and girls 38, aged 5 to 14 years old, the mean age is 7 years 5 month. The level of serum IL-13 and IL-17A were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The material of history, blood test, lung function test, the concentrations of fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), vitro allergern test of asthmatic children were reserved. The level of serum IL-13 and IL-17A in asthmatics is significantly higher than control (P<0.001). There was a positive relationship between the level of serum IL-17A and the severity of asthma (r s =0.369, P<0.001).The level of serum IL-17A between control and chronic persistent, control and exacerbation, chronic persistent and exacerbation are significantly different (P<0.001). The level of serum IL-13 in allergic asthmatic and non-allergic asthmatic are significantly different (Z=-2.655, P<0.01), but there is no difference in the level of serum IL-17A(P>0.05). There is a positive relationship between the level of serum IL-17A and neutrophils in asthmatic children (r s =0.216, P=0.047). There is a positive relationship between the level of serum IL-13 and sIgE of inhaled allergens (r s =0.343, P<0.01). There is no relationship between the level of serum IL-13 or IL-17A and lung function or FeNO. In severe asthmatic children, there is a positive relationship between the level of serum IL-13 and the level of serum IL-17A (r s =0.395, P<0.05). The level of serum IL-13 and IL-17A of asthmatic children is higher than control. There is a positive relationship between serum IL-17A and the severity of asthmatic children. There is a positive relationship between the level of serum IL-17A and neutrophils in asthmatic children. There is a positive relationship between serum IL-13 and sIgE. In severe asthmatic children, there is a positive relationship between the level of serum IL-13 and the level of serum IL-17A. Purpose: Vitamin D is one of essential nutrients for immune modulator effector. Recently, epidemiologic studies have shown that the lack of vitamin D levels may be associated with high asthma prevalence. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of serum vitamin D levels with the prevalence of pediatric asthma in Korea. Methods: This study was conducted on 34 asthmatic children and 30 healthy controls aged 6-14 years. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25-OH vitamin D) levels were measured and compared between the two groups. Moreover, the relationship between serum 25-OH vitamin D levels and pulmonary function test and environmental factors for sunshine were examined in asthmatic patients. Results: Serum 25-OH vitamin D levels in asthmatic patients (16.63 ± 4.20 ng/ml) were significantly (p<0.05) lower than that in healthy controls (24.24 ± 6.76 ng/ml). Also, we found that when serum vitamin D level is 1 ng/ml decreases, the prevalence of asthma increase to 0.788-fold (OR, 0.788; 95% CI, 0.707-0.879; p<0.001). However, there were no associations with vitamin D level and pulmonary function and sunshine related factors, such as housing type, living floor, and indoor/outdoor activity time. Conclusion: These results suggest that serum vitamin D levels were associated with pediatric asthma in Korea. For prevention and treatment of asthma, an intervention study in asthmatic children with low serum vitamin D level, and a vitamin D study assessed the optimal delivery and safety of its supplementation is needed. Background: It is of great interest to develop validated, non-invasive methods for local measurement of IgE. This is however challenging, as IgE is the least abundant immunoglobulin isotype and present at low concentrations. We aimed to compare three methods for collection of NS for local measurement of IgE: Filter Disks (FD), Sinus Packs (SP) and Ear Packs (EP). We furthermore evaluated the suitability of using a fixed dilution instead of a fixed volume when processing. Methods: NS were collected with FD and SP in 15 house dust mite (HDM) allergic rhinitis (AR) patients and 15 controls. During processing, saline solution was added in order to mobilize the NS. For each sample, the volume to be added was calculated, based on the weight of collected NS, in order to obtain a fixed dilution. In a second experiment, NS were collected in two HDM AR patients (re-recruited from first experiment) with FD and SP on 4 consecutive days. This experiment was performed once with fixed volume and once with fixed dilution. In a third experiment, NS were collected with FD, EP and SP in 13 HDM AR patients (re-recruited from first experiment). During processing, a fixed volume of saline solution was added: 1 ml for FD, 2 ml for EP and 3 ml for SP. Total IgE and hx2-IgE were measured with the UniCap system. Results: In the experiment with fixed dilution, levels of total IgE and HDM IgE were significantly higher in HDM AR patients compared to controls. With the FD, total IgE and HDM IgE were below the detection limit (BDL) in 2 and resp. 6 out of 15 AR patients. With the SP, total IgE and HDM IgE were BDL in 3 and resp. 4 patients. When comparing FD and SP on 4 consecutive days, the reproducibility to measure IgE levels was better with SP. In the third experiment with a fixed volume, total IgE and HDM IgE were BDL in 3 and resp. 6 out of 13 AR patients when using FD and EP. With the SP, total IgE and HDM IgE levels were BDL in 5 and resp. 7 patients. Discussion: Each method has some advantages and disadvantages. The SP method seems to be more reproducible than the FD method, which makes it more suitable for repeated measurements and monitoring. However, SP are unsuitable for serial measurements on the same day, as they cause stimulation of the nasal mucosa. In this setting, FD are preferable. EP are intermediate in size to FD and SP and could be of interest in a pediatric setting. When comparing fixed volume to fixed dilution processing, the latter is more time consuming and prone to error. However, fixed dilution has the advantage of a fixed detection limit for all samples. Therefore, this method is recommended when measuring IgE or other mediators that are present at low concentrations and thus often BDL. The tight junction (TJ) protein, claudin 5 (CLDN5) is critical to the control of endothelial cellular polarity and pericellular permeability.In the past, the role of CLDN5 in asthma has had limited attention. Objective: The aim of study was to identify the expression of CLDN 5 and response to steroid treatment in a mouse model of asthma (i.e. ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic lung inflammation) and in human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC) and normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells. Methods: Mice were treated with saline (sham), OVA sensitized and challenged (OVA), or OVA with dexamethasone. Lung CLDN5 levels were assessed with qRT-PCR, ELISA, immunoblotting, immunohistochemical stain, and confocal imaging. HLMVEC were treated with host dust mite peptidase (Der p1) or interleukin 4 (IL-4) and CLDN5 mRNA and transmembrane endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measured. Results: Airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, cytokines, and CLDN5 transcript and protein increased in OVA sensitized/challenged mice and these responses were reduced by dexamethasone treatment. The AKT1/FOXO1/CTNNB1 pathway was involved in CLDN5 protein expression. Der p1 increased CLDN5 protein expression in HLMVEC (but not NHBE) cells and decreased trans-endothelial electrical resistance. IL-4 also increased CLDN5 in HLMVEC, decreased TEER, and these effect were inhibited by dexamethasone. Conclusion: CLDN5 is implicated in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma and represent a potential target for therapeutic intervention. Keywords: Tight junction, claudin 5, bronchial asthma Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the expression of claudin 4 (Cldn4) and the impact of acrolein on Cldn4 in a mouse model of allergic asthma. Methods: Using mice sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and OVA challenged (OVA sensitized/challenged mice) as well as mice treated with saline and challenged with air, and mice exposed to acrolein 5ppm on days 21-23, The effect of acrolein on Cldn4 was estimated using qRT-PCR, ELISA, immunoblotting, immunohistochemical stain, and confocal imaging. Results: Lung Cldn4 transcript and protein were significantly increased in OVA mice than in sham mice. Acrolein exposure reduced the increase in inflammatory cytokine levels, airway inflammation, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in OVA mice. Increased lung Cldn4 transcript and protein in OVA mice were decreased in acrolein exposed mice. Background: This study investigated the efficacy and safety of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) with house dust mite in house dust mite sensitized children with allergic rhinitis. Method: 14 children who were sensitized to house dust mites treated with SLIT enrolled between August 2013 and July 2014. Nasal symptoms (rhinorrhea, sneezing, nasal obstruction, nasal itching, sleep disturbance), antiallergic medications use and presence of adverse events were assessed at 1 month, 2 month visit and thereafter every 3 months visits. Results: The symtoms of allergic rhinitis started to improve after 1 month of SLIT and significantly improved after 12 months of SLIT (P<0.05). The antiallergic medications use decreased significantly with time (P<0.05). The incidence of adverse events was 21.4 % and most occured within the first month of SLIT and disappeared with time. There were no severe adverse events. Conclusion: SLIT for house dust mite is effective and safe in house dust mite sensitized children with allergic rhinitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether low vitamine D levels were associated with skeletal muscle dysfunction in COPD. This cross sectional analysis included 1092 COPD participants with FEV1/FVC < 70% (aged >40 years) in Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, which were conducted from 2008 to 2011. Body composition were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamine D (25(OH)D), parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were measured. For the criteria for sarcopenia, the recommended criteria of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) and of the Asia Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) were used. We divided subjects to thee group according to 25 (OH)D level. (Deficiency ≤20 ng/ml, insufficiency 21-29 ng/mL, Sufficiency ≥ 30 ng/ml). Vitamine D levels were positive correlated with fat free mass index (FFMI), skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) in COPD. (P= 0.010, 0.008, 0.016) However, PTH showed correlation with ASMI only. (P= 0.012) In logistic regression, vitamine D level revealed association with FFMI, SMI, ASMI, which showed lowest P value in ASMI. (P= 0.002, 0.001, <0.001) When classified according to vitamine D level, in deficiency group, prevalence of sarcopenia was higher with trend according to the vitamine D levels. (P <0.001) Using multivariant logistic regression analyses, in deficiency group, the sarcopenia risk increased in which the criteria recommended in EWGSOP and AWGS with the ASMI. (OR 2.519 , P= 0.003; OR 2.066 P= 0.014). Our finding suggest that low vitamine D level is associated to decrease of skeletal muscle mass, particularly in limb muscle dysfunction, which may be a risk factor of sarcopenia in COPD. Purpose: Recent experimental evidence shows that extracellular vesicles (EVs) in indoor dust induce neurtrophilic pulmonary inflammation. In addition, IgG sensitization to indoor dust EVs appears to be a correlation for the development of asthma, COPD, and lung cancer, irrespective of cigarette smoking. In this study, we analyzed indoor dust and dust extracellular vesicles (EVs) microbiome in the apartment and hospitals. Also, we evaluated whether IgG sensitization to bacteria devrived EVs is a risk for the development of asthma, COPD, or lung cancer. Methods: In the apartment and hospital, we collected summer and winter dust. After genomic DNA was extracted from the dust and dust EVs, 16s ribosomal DNA was amplified using the universal primer, sequenced through the next generation sequencer, and then the sequenced data was analyzed using bioinformatics. Then, Serum IgG antibody against major bacteria derived EVs in dust were measured in 90 healthy control subjects, and 294 asthma, 242 COPD, and 325 lung cancer patients. Result: Bacteria and bacteria derived EVs did not differ in diversity and community composition. Our data suggests the composition of a major dust microbiome that includes Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Enterococcus, and Staphylococcus. As a result of comparing the bacterial composition, Pseudomonas was dominant from apartment and summer, while Acinetobacter was dominant from hospital and winter. Especially in the winter of hospital, Acinetobacter was increased remarlably and diversity was reduced. As a result of Serum IgG antibody against major bacteria derived EVs in dust, adjusted multiple logistic regression revealed that sensitization to each bacteria derived EVs in dust were an independent risk factor for asthma, COPD and lung cancer. Conclusion: Dust microbiome from bacteria and bacteria derived EVs were mostly composed of Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Enterococcus, and Staphylococcus. IgG sensitization to bacteria derived EVs of indoor dust appears to be a major risk for the development of asthma, COPD, and lung cancer. Background: Asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood and is a common cause of hospitalization for children. In 2011, at Samitivej International Children's hospital (SMICH), there were 210 asthmatic children aged less than 15 years old. 29 of them were hospitalized due to acute asthma exacerbation. One of them was needed to be in PICU and none was dead. A clinical care program to deliver integrated multidisciplinary and organized care plan with continuous quality improvement of hospital system is considered to be the standard care for asthmatic children. Methods: Core team and childhood asthma framework were set up including Pediatric Allergists, Pediatric Pulmonologists, General Pediatricians, Pediatric Nurses at OPD, ER & ward including PICU, Pharmacists at SMICH, which aim to provide comprehensive clinical care program for childhood asthma (CCP-Childhood Asthma) in 2012. We enrolled children with diagnosis of asthma and acute wheezing at OPD/ER, evaluated and considered diagnosis of asthma, then started treatment and re-evaluated for clinical asthma controlled every 1-3 months as to GINA Guideline for Children. All general pediatricians and Pediatric nurses at OPD, ER and ward were trained and implemented about clinical pathway. We initiated Childhood Asthma Camp to provide education about disease to parents and caregivers, together with workshop for inhaler medicines used, self assessment with asthma action plan, and environmental allergen avoidance. Performance measurements included: 1. Administration of systemic corticosteroids during hospitalization within 12 hours, 2. Evaluation of inhaler medicines technique used correctly in each visit, 3. Pulmonary function testing in children older than 7 years old, and 4. Influenza vaccination annually, data were collected and analyzed yearly. Results: Patients in CCP-Childhood Asthma at SMICH were enrolled from 81 children in year 2012 to 119 children in year 2014, the number of hospitalization from asthma exacerbation was decreased from 24 patients in year 2012 to 20 and 13 patients in year 2013 and 2014, respectively. All patients in CCP-Childhood Asthma were received systemic corticosteroids within 12 hours of hospitalization. No any patient was admitted in PICU. More than 80% of patients could demonstrate inhaler drugs used correctly and >60% of them received pulmonary function testing yearly. Influenza vaccination rate in asthmatic children increased from 30.8% in year 2012 to 57.6% and 63% in year 2013 and 2014, respectively. Our CCP-Childhood Asthma was accredited by Joint Commission International (JCI) from USA. in August 2012 which is the first clinical care program outside USA. certified by JCI. Conclusion: Care of children with asthma, which is a chronic disease burdens to their families and needs a comprehensive multidisciplinary team care. This will help improving quality of care for childhood asthma. Background: IL-9 is known to participate in induction of allergic responses. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of IL-9 on allergen specific immunotherapy in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis. Methods: Six-week-old female BALB/c mice divided into 4 groups: control group, allergic rhinitis (AR) group, immunotherapy (IT) group, and IT with anti-IL-9 antibody (anti-IL-9 Ab) group. All mice except control group were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and aluminum hydroxide 3times for two weeks consecutively. After two weeks, mice except control group and AR group underwent immunotherapy by feeding of OVA. During the immunotherapy, mice in anti-IL-9 Ab group were injected with purified anti-mouse IL-9 Antibody. All sensitized mice were challenged intranasally with OVA. Allergic symptoms and eosinophils in nasal mucosa, interferone-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-9, IL-17, TGF-ß, IL-10, Tbet, GATA-3, ROR-γ t and Foxp3 mRNA expression in nasal mucosa and serum OVA-specific IgE were measured. Results: Serum OVA-specific IgE and Eosinophil counts were significantly decreased in anti-IL-9 Ab group compared with IT group (p<0.05). The levels of mRNA expression of IL-4 were significantly decreased in anti-IL-9 Ab group compared with IT group (p<0.05). The levels of mRNA expression of IL-10 and Foxp3 were significantly increased in in anti-IL-9 Ab group compared with IT group (p<0.05). The levels of mRNA expression of IL-10 and Foxp3 were significantly increased in in anti-IL-9 Ab group compared with IT group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Administration of anti-IL-9 antibody increased the induction of tolerance in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis. These results suggest that anti-IL-9 antibody have immunomodulatory effect on immune tolerance. We claim that the application of this property can enhance the efficiency of allergen-specific immunotherapy. Objective: Fractional concentration of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a known marker of airway inflammation. The aims of this study were to evaluate FeNO, impulse oscillometry (IOS), and spirometry in preschool children and to investigate their relationship with wheeze and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Methods: We performed a population-based, cross-sectional study with 561 children aged 5-6 years. A total of 544 children completed a modified International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire and eligible for the study. We measured FeNO, spirometry, methacholine bronchial provocation, and IOS. AHR was defined as the induction of a 20% decrease in FEV 1 (PC 20 ) by a methacholine concentration ≤ 8.0 mg/dL. Results: Children who had wheeze or AHR had higher FeNO levels than children without these symptoms. However, neither IOS nor spirometry parameters showed significant differences between children with wheeze or AHR and those without. FeNO was associated with AHR, whereas IOS or spirometry parameters showed no association. Mean FeNO levels were positively correlated with a doseresponse slope for methacholine, but neither IOS nor spirometry parameters showed significant correlations. Conclusions: FeNO is a more sensitive measurement of AHR and wheeze than spirometry or IOS in preschool children. Back ground: Hand eczema is a commonest disorder afflicting the hands with various morphological forms and with variable severities. Emollients, barrier creams and topical steroid are known to be effective in the majority and form the mainstay of treatment. But in some severe cases or in acute phases of hand eczema, systemic treatment can be very helpful. Among systemic therapy cyclosporine is known to be effect but response rate, remission period and recurrence rate is not well known. Objective: Evaluate the efficacy of systemic cyclosporine in hand eczema patients who are refractory to conventional therapy. Methods: 17 patients with hand eczema were chosen among the patients who had negative patch test results and the patients who had never diagnosed with psoriasis through biopsy. Patients with contraindications of using cyclosporine were excluded. Response rate were evaluated through ‡@Patient's satisfaction (DLQI), ‡AClinical examination by a physician (PGA) and ‡BPhotographical observation by scoring using total hand eczema severity index (HECSI). Result: Total 17 patients were enrolled and among them 10 were male and 7 were female. Average age was 49 and average disease duration was 2.4 years. 13 patients had hyperkeratotic subtype, 2 with fissured subtype and 2 with pompholyx subtype. 1 patient couldn't finish the study because of the medication side effect (dizziness). Average initial treatment period was 6.7 weeks 16 patients and all had clinical and subjective improvement after 2-4 weeks of initial treatment. (53% improvement in DLQI, 34.4% improvement in PGA, 63.3% improvement in HECSI) But recur occurred in 4 patients within 4 months after discontinuing the medication (average 2.3 months, recur rate 25%). Conclusion: Systemic cyclosporine can be an effective and relatively safe treatment option in hand eczema patients who are refractory to other treatments, although recur is quite common. Backgrounds: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic pruritic recurrent inflammatory skin disorder, which can significant cause of morbidity. Obesity has been shown to have pro-inflammatory immune response. Leptin are adipokine are the obese gene product and secreted by adiposites. The prevalence of both childhood obesity and AD has increased in past few decades. The association between obesity and AD has not been well established. Methods: A total of 227 subjects out of 2207 were defined as having AD based on questionnaire survey. Ninety AD children, aged between 6 and 12 years, completed scoring of severity of AD (SCORAD), blood tests for serum total IgE, blood eosinophil counts, serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and lipid profiles. Serum levels of adipokines such as adiponectin and leptin were measured. Results: There were no significant differences in terms of age, BMI, percentage of breast milk feeding, mode of delivery and prevalence of atopy between boys and girls, and between atopic subjects and non-atopic subjects. Lipid profiles were not different between boys and girls, and between atopic subjects and non-atopic subjects. Regarding to the adipokines, serum leptin levels were significantly higher in girls (2.44 ng/mL [1.40 -4.22 ]) compared to boys and, atopic subjects (2.25 ng/mL [1.27 -3.97 ]) compared to non-atopic subjects. There were no significant correlations between SCORAD index and serum adiponectin or leptin concentrations. Conclusions: Although serum leptin levels were significantly higher in girls or non-atopic subjects, the SCORAD index was not correlated with those serum lipid profiles or adipokine levels. The lipid profiles and serum adipokine level are not influenced by the severity of AD in these pre-adolescent elementary school children in South Korea. Background and Objectives: Antihistamines and Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA) are both approved treatments of Allergic rhinitis based on the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines. Recent studies have shown that the combination of second generation antihistamines and montelukast had significant improvement in the nasal symptoms and quality of life of patients with persistent allergic rhinitis. Recently, montelukast and levocetirine combination has been made available in a single tablet form but it has not been evaluated and compared with individual preparations as to its efficacy and control of symptoms in patients with Allergic rhinitis. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of levocetirizine and montelukast combination tablet versus individual tablets in alleviating symptoms of patients with Moderate to Severe Persistent Allergic Rhinitis. Methods: An 8-week randomized, double-blind, parallel study. Patients were assigned to 2 arms: 14 received levocetirizine 5 mg and montelukast 10 mg individual tablets; 14 received levocetirizine 5 mg plus montelukast 10 mg combination tablet. Symptom scoring using the Specific Immunotherapy Questionnaire (SITQ) were obtained at baseline, then at 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 8 weeks thereafter of treatment. Results: Patients on levocetirizine and montelukast combination tablet had significant improvement on nasal symptoms scores, eye symptom scores, total symptom scores after 2 weeks and 4 weeks of treatment (P<0.05). In patients given levocetirizine and montelukast individual tablets, only the nasal symptoms (diff=2.5, p=0.0123) were significantly improved after 2 weeks of treatment. However, the eye symptom score and total symptom score were significantly improved (p<0.05) after 4 weeks and 8 weeks of treatment. The Quality of Life (QOL) scores between the two groups were only significantly different at 8 weeks of treatment with those given the combination tablet having a significant improvement of QOL from baseline (p value=0.03), compared to those given the individual tablets. The mean difference of the symptom scores between the individual tablets and combination tablet of montelukast and levocetirizine showed no significant difference (P>0.05). Conclusions: Treatment with the combination tablet of levocetirizine and montelukast is equally efficacious with the individual preparation in controlling nasal symptoms, eye symptoms, and total symptoms in patients with Moderate to Severe Persistent Allergic Rhinitis. The quality of life scores however, did not show significant improvement after 8 weeks of treatment with the individual tablets. Despite this, results showed no significant mean difference when compared to the change in QOL score of the individual preparation of levocetirizine and montelukast. Koji Nishimura Ehime Prefectural Niihama Hospital, Japan World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A332 Background: Lower respiratory tract infection of children is often accompanied by wheezing, and be treated in accordance with bronchial asthma. Makyokansekito is an herbal cough medicine especially for children with asthma. It is not common among pediatricians in Japan. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of Makyokansekito in lower respiratory tract infection of children. Methods: Subjects were sixty-eight patients (40 boys and 28 girls) hospitalized for wheezing lower respiratory tract infection (bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia) from April 2012 through March 2014. The median age of subjects was 14 months. The patients treated with Tsumura Makyokansekito (TJ-55) 0.1-0.2g/kg/day were compared with the patients treated without it retrospectively. Comparisons were made with the X 2 -test when appropriate. Values of p<0.05 were considered significant. Results: Makyokansekito significantly decreased the number of days with persistent wheezing (p=0.032, median 2.9 vs 4.2 days) and with feeding humidified oxygen (p=0.035, median 4.7 vs 6.3 days) as compared with control. There were no differences in length of hospital stay. Side effects were not admitted. Conclusions: Makyokansekito is useful in the treatment of wheezing lower respiratory tract infections of children. Allergic rhinitis is increasing steadily in recent days, but there are no specific markers which can predict the risk of allergic sensitization individually. Serum eosinophil, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), and total IgE (TIgE) are known to increase in patients with allergic disease. However, the clinical significance of these serologic results are not well evaluated. We aimed to investigate whether serum eosinophil, ECP, and TIgE are associated with increased risk of allergic sensitization and allergic symptoms on the basis of 2 years follow-up study. In 2012, serum eosinophil, ECP, and TIgE were measured in 3rd and 4th grade students of 5 elementary schools. Skin prick test was performed with 26 aeroallergens commonly found in Korea. The presence of allergic symptoms during past 12 months was checked using questionnaire. In 2014, same study was performed in 5th and 6th grade same students attending same schools. The cut off value and usefulness of serologic markers (serum eosinophil, ECP, and TIgE) were calculated using the receiver operating characteristic curve. Serum eosinophil fraction (Cut off value 3.8%) was associated with the newly developed allergic symptoms (sensitivity 41.8, specificity 77.9; Odd ratio 2.424, p = 0.006). Higher serum total IgE (cut off value 17.7 IU/ml) was also associated with the risk of allergic sensitization (sensitivity 85.3, specificity 46.0; Odd Ratio 4.848, p<0.001). Serum eosinophilia and total IgE were associated with the future risk of allergic symptoms and allergic sensitization, respectively. Further study is needed to elucidate the predictability of serum eosinophil and TIgE to consider the future risk of allergy. In the family Amaranthaceae (Chenopodiaceae), several annual species of the genus Salsola are the most notorious tumbleweeds.Salsola tragus is the so-called "Russian thistle". Over the last few years in Mongolia, spread of allergic diseases among adults and children has been increasing noticeably. A plant, Russian thistle pollen allergy is increasing. Sensitization to Russian thistle is not found that many in the country. So this led to carry out this study. Мethods: The study was made by the Department of Cell biology and biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Bio-Medicine, MNUMS and Effect allergy and asthma clinic. We were used the method of skin prick test with allergen of Russian thistle (Allergy Laboratories Inc, USA). Wheal sizes were measured as the mean of the 3 extreme diameters 15 to 20 minutes after the prick. Reactions were considered positive if the wheal was larger than the negative control by 3 mm or more. On the basis of this analysis, the sensitization rates of the Russian thistle. Result: We were tested specific activity of Russian thistle with over 40 kinds of allergens to 1031 cases with respiratory allergic anamnesis in allergy. 104 cases (10.08%) out of all cases with age range 3-74 years old and 42.3% were women and 57.7% were men.Severity of allergen sensitization is done by comparing average diameters of wheals from positive results. The result is divided into 4 groups as follows: 3 mm weak, 3.5 -4 mm 2 middle, 4.5 -5.5 mm 2 sever, 6mm 2 and above very sever. The mean diameter of wheals that had sensitized to Russian thistle was 5.31 ± 0.48 mm 2 and 0.1% histamine hydrochloride positive control was 4.89 ± 1.32 mm 2 . After the skin prick tests, when calculating people sex along with average diameters of wheals from allergen sensitization to Russian thistle's pollen, people between age of 3-18 had sever sensitization, 19-39 sensitization was very sever. Conclusions: The sensitization to Russian thistle was mild (10.08%) among adult subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis in Mongolia. Background: The prevalence of asthma among population of different countries of the world are 2-18%. In Mongolia, the prevalence of asthma was 2.1% in Ulaanbaatar and 1.1% in countryside villagesin 2000. Also, we were defined prevalence of asthma was 5% among adult population of UlaanbaatarIn 2010. The levels of air pollutants NO 2 , CO, SO 2 , PM 20 and PM 10 are significantly increasing in air of Ulaanbaatar city during the last decade and it is dependent from cold season. Purpose: Aim of this study was to define association between the levels of air pollutants, sensitization to inhalant allergens and airway hyperresponsiveness. Methods: We were interviewed by questionnaire from 283 subjects. We used skin prick tests 37 different inhalant allergens (AllergyLabs USA) and detected allergen specific-IgE by immunoblotting (RIDA screen, r-biopharma, Germany). The lung ventilation function were defined FEV 1 , FVC, PEF, FVC/FEV 1 parameters of spirometer test (Spirostar USB, Medikro OY, Finland). Metacholine challenge test (MCT) were done by 5 steps nebulization (Spira electro 2 dosimeter, Finland) with 2.5 and 25 mg/ml methacholine. Results: We were interviewed 16-60 (average age 35±12) aged 283 subjects with asthma symptoms and normal lung function by spirometer. 89.6% (95% CI: 92.4-86.9) out of subjects had positive results on MCT in winter season with air polluted by CO, SO 2 and PM 20 .18%, 36% and 46% out of patients with positive results on MCT were severe, moderate and mild changes respectively. 68.9% out of subjects with airway hyperresponsiveness were sensitized to aeroallergens. 73.4% out of them strongly sensitized to mugwort (mean size of wheals 17±3.1 мм) and 17.7% weakly sensitized to dust mites and animal dander (mean size of wheals 9±3.6мм). 79.6% out of subjects were high level of allergen-specific IgE (mean level 4.6 ±1.1ml/IU) in sera of peripheral blood by the immunoblotting (RIDA screen, r-biopharma, Germany). Conclusion: The winter season is a coldest and highest air polluted period of time by CO, SO 2 and PM 20 in Ulaanbaatar and it is become strongly risk factors of airway hyperresponsiveness. The sensitization to mugwort and grasses aeroallergens and the levels of NO 2 pollutants were related to impact of lung function disorder and airway hyperresponsiveness. Bashir Omarjee D'allergologie Et Exploration Du Sommeil, Reunion World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A336 Background: Asthma is a heterogeneous disease, not only in its clinical expression and course but also in its response to treatment. Most patients are clinically stable with current therapies, while a substantial part of the asthma population develops exacerbation during grass pollen season. The purpose of this study is to document the impact of a grass allergy immunotherapy tablet (AIT) on the symptom severity in patients with severe allergic rhinitis (SAR) and persistent allergic asthma (PAA). Method: This study included 22 adults, aged 20-45 yrs, with PAA and SAR who met the following inclusion: ≥ two severe asthma exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids while receiving high dose ICS (≥1600 ug BECLOMETHAZONE daily or equivalent), additional controller medications (long acting B2 agonist) during one year prior to screening. Patients were examined at baseline and received a tablet 300IR (GRAZAX® ALK or ORALAIR® Stallergènes SA) approximately 2 months before the expected start of the grass pollen season in Réunion Island and then throughout the season between November 2013/April 2014 and November 2014/April 2015. Results: AIT significantly reduced scores from baseline in ocular and nasal symptoms. Reductions were also seen in the asthmatic scores: improvement of FEV 1 (p<0.05 of predicted values) and breathlessness scores (p=0.0002). The asthma quality-of-life (AQLQ) questionnaire scores improved from baseline after AIT: p=0.003. At the final visit only 24% had daily activity impairment and 34% had some sleep impairment. Conclusion: The Pre-Coseasonal treatment with 5-grass AIT showed effective symptom control in severe persistent allergic asthma. Symptoms of comorbidities such as rhinitis and conjunctivitis were decreased. Object: To obtain the peak expiratory flow meter rate (PEFR) normal value in healthy children 5 to 14 years old from Beijing urban area and to establish the predicted equations of PEFR in children. We also compare the values of PEFR measured by the Mini Wright peak flow meter with peak expiratory flow (PEF) measured by the spirometry. Methods: F425 healthy school children (213 boys and 212 girls) aged 5 to 14 years old were chosen from kindergarten, primary and middle schools in Beijing urban area. We used peak flow meter (Mini -Wright, AFS) from PARI company of German to measure peak expiratory flow rate and recorded gender, age, height, weight and other physical parameters. Flow-volume curve was carried out using Jaeger spirometry instrument and peak expiratory flow (PEF) values were adopted. The difference peak expiratory flow values between two measures were compared using SPSS13.0 statistical software. Stepwise multiple linear regression was used to derive the regression equations. Results: The values of PEFR increased along with age among children. There were statistically significant difference between different age groups (P <0.05). The PEFR values of boys were higher than those of girls and the difference between males and females reached significant level at the age of 11, 13 and 14 (P <0.05). Either in boys or girls, PEFR significantly correlated with age, height, weight, the high degree of correlation existed with height and then age and weight. The predicted equations of PEFR reference values was established in children 5-14 years old living in Beijing urban area as follows: PEFR(L/min)=5.29×H |427.1(boys)and PEFR(L/min)=4.94×H |399.8(girls) respectively. The PEFR value measured by peak flow meter (309.1 ± 74.1 L/min) was higher than those measured by spirometry (298.9±91.3 L/min), and the difference between was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Conclusions: New reference values of the peak expiratory flow rate were determined, and the predicted equations were built for children 5 to 14 years old in Beijing urban area, and providing evidence for the clinical management of respiratory diseases. Background: Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA) is a disorder where exercise following allergen ingestion triggers anaphylaxis although exercise and allergen exposure are independently tolerated. There are an increasing number of reported cases of anaphylaxis due to soybean, but FDEIA due to soybean is a rare disorder. Methods: We characterized the clinical features of a 10 year old boy with a history of walnut allergy who developed FDEIA due to tofu (a soybean product). The patient developed anaphylaxis while running during his physical exercise class after eating tofu. He presented with symptoms of cough, nasal obstruction, generalized urticaria, loss of activity and cyanosis. His symptoms improved an hour after treatment with loratadine but he was not administered epinephrine. In order to detect the causative allergenic food and other cofactors that induced the symptoms of FDEIA, we performed specific IgE test, skin prick test and ISAC. Immunoblot analysis for soybeans and soybean products using the patient's serum was also performed. Provocation tests with ingestion of tofu followed by exercise is also scheduled to be done to further confirm the diagnosis. Results: Skin prick test with raw soybean product (tofu, fried tofu and soy milk) was strongly positive. The level of serum specific IgE to soybean was 11.90 UA/ml. The ISAC(Phadia, Uppsala, Sweden) results revealed Gly m 4, Gly m 5, and Gly m 6 as 3.3, 0.3, and 7.1 ISU, respectively. About a year and a half later, the specific IgE to soybean, Gly m 4, Gly m 5, Gly m 6 were 40.2, 3.61, 21.4, 51.7 UA/ml, respectively. The patient is well tolerant to soybean products in the absence of any exercise following the intake of the soybean products. Immunoblot analysis of soy powder with patient's serum showed positive band between 50 and 70 kilo daltons, indicating the presence of specific IgE against storage proteins Gly m 5 and Gly m 6. Conclusions: These results suggest the strong possibility of storage proteins such as Gly m 5 and Gly m 6 as the causative allergen of FDEIA induced by soybean (tofu). The prevalence of allergic disease has risen in the last few years in Mongolia. Artemisia species is an anemophilous genus included in the Compositae family and is widely spread the Mongolian temperate climate zone. Pollen from the various Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort) is one of the main causes of allergic rhinitis in late summer and autumn in Mongolia, where the frequency of sensitization approximately 67% of 256 adult patients with sensitized plant pollen in 2010. We aim to determine the sensitivity for pollen allergy of mugwort and lamb's quarters. Method: The Research is been done under the department of Cellular biology Biochemistry of Pharmacy -Bio Medicine School, MNUMS with the help of " Effect" Allergy -Asthma Hospital. During the study of research, one period descriptive research is done by studying the selected 191 patients who are diagnosed positive for the pollen allergens by skin pricking test and these group is chosen from the airborne allergic patients "Effect" Allergy -Asthma Hospital in 2010-2012 census. Results: We were chosen 191 subjects who are sensitized to pollen allergens. All of cases with age range between 3-74 years old and sex ratio is women and men are 42.3% and 57.7%. 169 (88,48%, 95% CI:) out of total subjects were sensitized to allergens of different plants pollen. the average diameters of wheals that had sensitized to mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) was 9.29±5.01 mm 2 , to lamb's quarter was 4.85±2.15 mm 2 , to positive control histamine hydrochloride 0.1% was 4.89±1.33 mm 2 . Conclusion: The sensitization of levels to Mugwort increased in last few years and the wheals size is increasing year by year. Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) and mucosal inflammation disease mediated by IgE-associated processes that is characterised by sneezing, nasal congestion, and rhinorrhea. The imbalance of Th1/Th2 immune response is considered to contribute to allergic diseases, however the interval between inflammation and AHR remains unclear. Growing information illustrated that nerve growth factor (NGF), a neurotrophin, plays an important role in neuroimmune interactions by augmenting an existing Th2 immune response. Since probiotics and biocompatible water-soluble chitosan (WSC) have been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory properties that could inhibit the development of allergic Th2 response, we aim to assess the effect of WSC and probiotic extracts on NGF in Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p)-induced AR murine model. Intranasal administration of both WSC and probiotic extracts attenuated AHR in Der p-challenged mice due to a lower respiratory resistance and improved the nasal congestion by manifestation higher respirator rate than non-treated mice. Under management of both WSC and probiotic extracts, the thickness of nasal respiratory epithelium was reduced in microscopy. Both of WSC and probiotic extracts treatment moderated allergic inflammation including a decreased level of total and Der p-specific IgE in the serum, lowered expressions of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in nasal lavage fluid, as well as less eosinphil infiltration in the nasal cavity. In particular, therapeutics with both treatments reduced NGF performance in nasal lavage fluid along with its receptors, p75NTR and TrkA, in the respiratory epithelium of nasal mucosa in Der p-stimulated mice. We suggested that the reduced NGF and its receptor levels may correspond to a decrease in AHR and mucosa inflammation by both WSC and probiotic extracts treatment. Background: Mimotopes are short peptides mimicking epitopes. The potential of mimotopes as treatments for allergy diseases were investigated. Methods: Mimotopes specific to the epitopes of the major shellfish allergen tropomyosin were identified by screening the one-bead-one-compound (OBOC) peptide library. The OBOC library is a chemical synthetic library allowing high throughput screening of mimotopes with quantitative estimation on binding affinity. This method is advantageous over the conventional phage-displayed libraries by allowing the use of polyclonal antibodies or even untreated serum samples. The mimicry potential of the mimotopes was validated by both in silico and in vivo analysis. To investigate the therapeutic potential of mimotopes for allergy diseases, we used a mouse model of shrimp allergy through intragastric gavage of tropomyosin with cholera toxin as adjuvant followed by oral challenge. Splenocyte proliferation and local cytokine expression in the jejunum were analyzed to elucidate possible mechanisms of therapeutic effects of the mimotopes. Results: Twenty-five mimotopes specific to shrimp tropomyosin were identified by screening OBOC peptide library. In silico analysis revealed six clusters of mimotopes, with the mimotopes in each cluster sharing at least three or more identical amino acid residues at the same position. With the automated epitope mapping tool EpiSearch, the six clusters of mimotopes could be mapped to six epitope regions of shrimp tropomyosin, of which five were identical to the previous reported epitopes. One mimotope from each cluster were synthesized and conjugated to the carrier protein keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) for in vivo analysis. BALB/c mice immunized with mimotope-KLH conjugate were found to have an elevated level of tropomyosin-specific IgG but not in mice immunized with KLH alone or an irrelevant mimotope. The therapeutic potential of these mimotopes were further investigated with the use of the BALB/c mouse model of shrimp allergy. Sensitized mice were injected with a mixture of six mimotope-KLH conjugates, one from each cluster, before receiving a subsequent oral challenge. Compared to the control mice receiving KLH alone, the mimotopes-treated mice demonstrated a suppressed splenocyte proliferation response to tropomyosin and a reduced expression of cytokines in the jejunum. Conclusion: The OBOC peptide library is a useful tool in identifying mimotopes for allergens with multiple epitopes. Mimotopes specific to the tropomyosin were identified by screening OBOC library and validated by in silico and in vivo experiments. The mimotopes could be potential therapeutic candidates for allergy diseases. Background: Therapeutic education is important for successful management of Atopic dermatitis (AD). To provide effective therapeutic education, common misunderstandings and demands about AD among patients and caregivers need to be reviewed. Methods: A questionnaire survey about the course, etiology and management of AD was conducted for patients and caregivers who visited Department of Dermatology at Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea. Results: A total of 177 subjects participated in the study. A few subjects understood natural course of AD. Only 34.5% of subjects was aware of natural course of AD that usually improves with age. Many subjects (52.6%) misunderstood relapse of AD symptoms for development of tolerance to topical steroids. 158 (89.3%) subjects believed that enhancement of patients' immune system can improve the symptoms of AD. Dietary restriction is considered as an essential management strategy (72.9%), and many of them (55.4%) agreed to postpone the beginning of weaning food in patients with AD. Food, thought to be associated with an aggravation of AD were as follows in the order of; instant food, snack, egg and wheat (38 (25.6%), 32 (21.5%), 19 (12.8%) and 18 (12.1%) of 149, respectively). Most subjects did not have accurate information about cleansing. In particular, 34.3% of subjects reported that they used only water without any cleanser, and 27.3% agreed that soap made of natural ingredients should be used to avoid harmful effects of chemical substances. Most subjects (57 of 115, 49.6%) obtained information about AD from medical doctors, and consider them as the most reliable sources (137 of 164, 83.5%). Subjects prefer printed materials (69 of 162, 42.6%) to seminars or video-clips for obtaining educational contents. Conclusion: In this study, we found that patients and caregivers have lots of misunderstandings about AD. Therapeutic education about the course, etiology and management of AD with printed materials made by physicians will be valuable for the effective management of AD. Background: It is recommended to use 200 (2 puffs) or 400 (4 puffs) ug of salbutamol in the bronchodilator response (BDR) test. We aimed to compare the difference between these two dosages with regard to the small airway dysfunction. Methods: Subjects, who had never been diagnosed as asthma, were consecutively enrolled from June 1st to November 31st, 2013. Based on the subject's past and family history, we evaluated the possibility of asthma by scoring each subject on a scale of 0 to 10 (pre asthma score). The subjects were randomly assigned the bronchodilator tests of the two dosages without physician's knowledge and performed the BDR tests using the spirometric and impulse oscillometric lung function. Asthma diagnosis (post asthma score) was later reevaluated after BDR test. Results: A total of 119 subjects participated in this study, and the mean age was 7.8 (±3.6) years. The number of participants who were assigned 2 puffs and 4 puffs were 59 and 57, respectively. The mean age of 4 puffs group was older than the 2 puffs group (p=0.012). Before the BDR test, there was no statistical difference in pre asthma score between the two groups (2 puffs = 5.46 vs. 4 puffs = 4.9) (p=0.428). After the BDR test, the post asthma scores of the two groups were 5.8 (±3.4) and 4.7 (±3.4), respectively, which also showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p=0.098). The pre asthma score was significantly correlated with forced expiratory volume in 1 sec/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) (r=−0.212, p=0.021), forced expiratory flow at 25% to 75% (FEF25-75) of FVC (r=−0.184, p=0.046) and reactance at 5 Hz (Xrs5) (r=0.201, p=0.029) Z score. However, there was no significant difference in FEV1 and FEV1/FVC of spirometric parameters, and resistance at 5 Hz (Rrs5) and Xrs5 of impulse oscillometry system (IOS) value between the 2 puffs group and 4 puffs group. Conclusion: There was no significant relationship between the amount of bronchodilators administered and the small airway dysfunction in children. However, Xrs5 showed a significant correlation with the physician's asthma predictive score. Objective: To study the effect of natural killer-T (NKT) lymphocytes and CD4+ NKT lymphocytes levels in peripheral blood onset of children with asthma. Methods: 85 asthmatic children who were diagnosed and treated by pediatric department of Renmin Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University from Jan. 2012 to Dec. 2014 were selected as asthmatic group. 76 healthy children were selected as control group. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected by using the density gradient centrifugation method. The ratio of peripheral blood NKT cells and CD4+ NKT cells were measured by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry assays. The relationships between the NKT cells number, CD4+ NKT cells and the total IgE level were observed. The levels of IL-4,IL-13, IFN-γ in peripheral blood were detected by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay after proliferate in response to α-Galcer. Results: Compared with the control group, the ratio of NKT cells and CD4+ NKT cells in peripheral blood in asthmatic group were significantly decreased (t=3.795, P<0.05; t=4.106, P<0.05). There was no significant correlation between the NKT cells, CD4+ NKT cells and the total IgE (t=1.032, P>0.05; t=0.856, P>0.05). The levels of IL-4 and IL-13 in asthmatic group were higher than that of the control group (t=4.683, P<0.05; t=3.992, P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the level of IFN-γbetween the two groups (t=0.877, P>0.05). Conclusion: The dysfunction of NKT cells and CD4+ NKT cells and the functional change of cytokines may play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma. Oral Provocation Test in Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Hypersensitive Patients Referred to Singapore General Hospital Chaw Su Naing, Tze Chin Tan, Yong Yeow Chong Singapore General Hospital Singapore Correspondence: Chaw Su Naing -Singapore General Hospital, Singapore World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A345 Background Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently prescribed classes of drugs and are easily accessible as over-the-counter anti-inflammatory drugs in Singapore. NSAIDs hypersensitivity is the second most common referral to allergy clinic in a tertiary referral centre. Referred patients with history of NSAID-induced urticarial, angioedema or anaphylaxis underwent open challenge with (1) putative NSAID to confirm the diagnosis; (2) Aspirin to determine the crossreactivity or (3) selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor to identify the suitable alternative. Data were analysed retrospectively. Over a 4-year period (2010-2014), 127 patients with mean +/− SD age, 40.7 +/− 15.2 year, underwent a total of 155 open-labelled labelled NSAIDs oral provocation tests (OPT). Patients demographics consisted of female (63.8%, 81) with majority Chinese ethnic group (80.3%, 102). Diclofenac (20.2%) and Naproxen (19.7%) were the two commonest reported culprits NSAIDs. In 32 (25.2%) patients, more than 2 eliciting NSAIDs were recorded to cause hypersensitivity reactions. However, 27 (21.3%) patients reported to tolerate different groups of NSAIDs and 40 (31.5%) had concomitant intolerance to Acetaminophen. Urticaria and/or angioedema were the most frequently reported symptom (87.3%), among which 60.6% were isolated periorbital angioedema. Reaction involving the airways i.e., asthma with or without a naso-occular symptoms were rare (7%). Anaphylaxis was reported by 4(3.1%) patients together with other concomitant drugs. Breakdown for 155 challenges was as follows: 68 (43.9%) Putative NSAIDS challenge, 29 (18.7%) Aspirin challenge and 58 (37.4%) selective COX-2 inhibitor challenge. Overall positive challenge rate was 24.5% (38 out of 155). Despite having a clinical relevant history of causative, only 29.4% (20 out of 68) had positive OPT to putative NSAIDs. Aspirin challenge resulted in 48.3% (14 out of 29) positive challenge, hence confirming the diagnosis of NSAIDS intolerance. Using selective COX-2 inhibitor challenge, we found only 6.9% (4 out of 54) positive challenge. For the anaphylaxis cases, cautious OPT with putative NSAIDS were done in 75% (3 out of 4) patients. No reaction was found. Without validated skin test, OPT helps evaluate NSAIDS hypersensitivity patients. Our 4-year patients cohort with a positive OPT rate of 24.5% confirmed diagnosis of NSAIDs hypersensitivity. With low positive OPT rate of 6.9%, selective COX-2 inhibitor can be used as alternative in these patients. Purpose: Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) is a key feature of asthma, but the natural course of BHR is heterogenous. We divided the BHR changing pattern into 4 different phenotypes and investigated the characteristics and the risk factors from the longitudinal study. Methods: Total 658 (male 342, female 316) elementary school children were included from the CHEER (children's health and environment research)study. The ISSAC questionnaire, serum total IgE level, blood eosinophil percentage, skin prick test, pulmonary function test and methacholine challenge test were done at age 7 for baseline and age 11 years after follow up. BHR was defined as provocative concentration of 20% decrease of FEV1 (PC 20 ) below 16 mg/m. We divided 4 different phenotypes of BHR change pattern (BHR never, BHR remission, BHR new, BHR persistent). Multinomial logistic regression analysis was done to evaluate the risk factors for each type. Results: Four phenotypes of BHR were composed of 376 (BHR never), 152 (BHR remission), 48 (BHR new), 82 (BHR persistent) respectively. Parental allergic disease (aOR=3.334, 95% CI 1.188-9.358) and asthma (aOR=4.623, 95% CI 1.790-11.944) history at age 7 years were risk factors for BHR remission group. Atopic sensitization (aOR=3.233, 95% CI 1.436-7.279) at age 7 years was a risk factor for BHR new group. Eosinophil percent (aOR=1.280, 95% CI 1.123-1.458), logIgE (aOR=2.757, 95% CI 1.443-5.269), and atopic sensitization (aOR=2.461, 95% CI 1.163-5.208) at age 7 years were risk factors for BHR persistent group. Dp sensitization was a risk factor for for BHR new group at age 7 years (aOR=3.036, 95% CI 1.295-7.118). Dp, Df sensitization were risk factors for BHR persistent group at age 7 years (aOR=2.383, 95% CI 1.120-5.071; aOR=3.084, 95% CI 1.524-6.239). Dfwas a additionally sensitized allergen as a risk factor for BHR new group at 11 years (aOR=3.267, 95% CI 1.388-7.692) and grass pollen for BHR persistent group at 11 years (aOR=6.441, 95% CI 1.239-33.472). Conclusion: Children with BHR remission were associated with family history of asthma and low sensitization at age 7 years. Children with BHR new showed high sensitization and normal lung function, but low eosinophil at age 7 yrs. Children with BHR persistent were associated with high atopic condition including high eosinophil, high IgE, high sensitization, and low lung function at age 7 yrs. These findings suggest that the natural course of childhood BHR has different phenotypes and we can predict the future prognosis of BHR by these phenotypes. Background: Allergic rhinitis is usually thought to be a minor irritating disease, but it can cause significant morbidity. Rhinitis is characterized by chronic or recurrent sneezing or by runny or blocked nose. Pollen, fungi, animal dander, house dust mites, domestic pets, and insects are of particular importance as triggering factors. Objectives: This study was designed to determine whether the sensitivity of a spectrum of allergens using skin-prick test correlates with symptom severity in allergic rhinitis and asthma patients. Material and method: A detailed history taking and clinical examination was carried out for each patient (i.e., for those satisfying the inclusion criteria), which includes a diagnostic nasal smear and skin prick testing (SPT). The allergens selected for SPT was based on the reference pollen calendar of Bangalore city created by us and clues from the patient's exposure to the probable allergens in his surroundings. Result: We studied a total of 120 patients. The overall rate of sensitisation to any allergen was 96 %. The most common allergen was House Dust Mite (HDM 35%), while the most prevalent House Dust Mite was found to be Mite D-Pteronyssinus. Sensitivity towards pollens and fungal spores was 16% respectively. 57.5% of the Allergic Rhinitis patients had Persistent Allergic Rhinitis, out of which 78% were Moderate-Severe grade and 38.3% had Intermittent Allergic Rhinitis, of which 73% were Moderate-Severe. Conclusion: In light of the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that appropriate preventive strategies can decrease the cost and morbidity of therapeutic measures. The representation of the SPT reactivity to the House Dust Mite allergen may be a useful reference to counsel patients with allergic rhinitis. Backgroud and objective: Asthma is most common chronic disease in childhood and is well known association between risk factors and asthma progression in children with wheeze. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of wheeze and risk factors predicting asthma in young children. Method: The Green Breath for Children (GBC), a Korean children in Chungbuk province, have recruited 3194 preschool children ≥ 2 yrs of age, annually since 2011. Physical examinations, questionnaire for allergic and respiratory disease and skin prick test were performed. Results: Among these children, 2745 (85.9%) has completed response to questionnaire. Complete data were available for 2453 (76.7%) children about wheeze, medical history and skin prick test. The prevalence of wheeze was 22.7%. It was found that incidence of current wheezing illness within one year was declined and incidence of aeroallergen sensitization was increased with age (from 21.5% in 2 year old to 39.0% in 6 years old). Two hundred and sixty nine children had wheeze episode ≥ 3 among children > 3 year old (n=2253). Among these children, 175 (65.1%) has current wheeze illness within 1 year. Sensitization with A/H ratio grade ≥6+, allergic rhinitis, parental asthma was significantly higher in children with current wheeze illness. Diagnosis of allergic rhinitis and parent with asthma were also significantly associated in logistic regression. Conclusion: There were high prevalence of wheeze and presence of risk factor of asthma progression, especially higher sensitization rate and atopic dermatitis in preschool children. So it is needed that quantitative measurement of atopic status or biologic marker monitoring for discriminating children who will have asthma progression among preschool children with wheeze. Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases (PIDs) are a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders, characterized by defects in one or more components of the immune system, leading to a variety of clinical manifestations, particularly recurrent severe infections, autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation, and malignancies. PIDs usually present with one of the following eight characteristic clinical presentations: Recurrent upper or lower respiratory tract infections, Failure to thrive (FTT) from early infancy, Recurrent pyogenic infections, Unusual severe infections, Recurrent infections with the same type of pathogen, Autoimmune or chronic inflammatory disease and/or lymphoproliferation, Characteristic combinations of clinical features in eponymous syndromes, and a number of characteristic presentation such as angioedema. The first step in the diagnostic process starts from clinical screening, while suspicious to a number of certain PIDs could be made, according to their clinical phenotypes. Using a limited set of tests which is available in most hospital, including complete blood count (and differential), a first screen for PIDs can be reliably performed; meanwhile screening laboratory tests for each category of defects in the immune system is needed, considering the characteristic clinical presentations; e.g., immunoglobulin assays for antibody deficiency or CH50 and AP(AH)50 assays for complement deficiency in those with recurrent sinopulmonary infections with encapsulated organisms; or B-and T-lymphocyte subsets enumeration for combined immunodeficiency in those with FTT or early onset severe infections; or chemotaxis, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye reduction test, dihydrorhodamine (DHR) oxidation test for phagocyte defects in those with recurrent pyogenic infections. It should be noted that more elaborate tests, including specific antibody responses to protein or polysaccharide antigens, lymphocyte proliferation tests, advanced immunophenotyping, random migration, phagocytosis, and intracellular microbial killing by phagocytes, and a chemiluminescence assay can be performed in immunological laboratories. Meanwhile the definite diagnosis of PIDs relies on genetic tests. The Effect of Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Atopic Individuals Background: The role Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in the aetiology of atopy remains unclear, although a possible protective role has been hypothesized. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalance of H. pylori in the atopic individuals. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, observational and crosssectional study which included 104 patients, aged between 18 and 70 years. Total serum IgE (Immage 800, Beckman Coulter, Ireland) and H.pylori IgG (DIA.PRO, Italy) were measured in all participants by using nephelometric method and ELISA respectively. Results: One hundred four patients included in the study. The avarage age was 38, and 74 of the patients were female (71.2%). The average IgE was measured to be 165 IU/mL. Fifty-two (50%) patients were diagnosed with an allergic disease according to anamnesis, laboratory results, and skin prick test. H. pylori infection was found in 61.5% of patients with allergic diseases. H.pylori was more frequent in the patients with allergy, unless that difference is not statistically significant (p:0.685, chi -square:0.165) Conclusion: The prevalence of allergic disorders, including asthma, atopic dermatitis,urticare, and allergic rhinitis has been increasing, and the prevalence of H. pylori infection has been decreasing. In the previous studies, an inverse association has been observed between H. pylori infection and many allergic diseases such as recent wheezing, allergic rhinitis, dermatitis, eczema or rash. In our study, H.pylori was found more frequently unless that difference is not statistically significant (p:0.685, chi -square:0.165). Background: Chronic urticaria (CU) lasting for 6 weeks or longer can be classified into chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), urticarial vasculitis, and inducible (physical) urticaria. A cause for CSU is not identified in approximately 60% of patients. Thirty to 50 percent of adults with CU achieved remission 1-3 years after onset. This study investigated the clinical spectrum and natural course of CU in Chinese children and identified possible predictors of disease remission. Methods: This single-centre retrospective study identified 96 patients with CSU below 18 years of age who were followed in our allergy clinic for ≥ 6 months. Disease-related factors such as occurrence of urticaria, angioedema and anaphylaxis as well as familial history, environmental exposures, co-morbid allergies, immunological investigations and drug treatments were retrieved from medical records. Patients were considered to be in remission when they were symptom-free for ≥ 3 months. Natural history of CU was delineated by Kaplan-Meier analysis, and factors associated with disease remission were analysed by log-rank statistics. Results: The mean (SD) age of patients at baseline was 9.0 (5.2) years, and 53 (55%) of them were male. They were followed for a median of 4.0 years. Coexisting asthma, rhinitis and eczema affected 47%, 51% and 24% of these patients. Sixty-seven percent (53/79) of patients were atopic. Forty-seven (49%) patients had urticarial episodes at least once weekly, and 33 patients had both urticaria and angioedema. Both patients who developed anaphylaxis (one respiratory and one cardiorespiratory) had persistent disease. Seventy-nine patients had concomitant inducible urticaria. Laboratory investigations revealed positive anti-nuclear antibody in 26% (12/47; none with anti-thyroid antibodies), circulating eosinophilia in 24% (14/59), increased serum total IgE in 68% (40/59) and low plasma C3 and/or C4 levels in 30% (16/53). Fifty-six patients were treated with nonsedating antihistamines alone and 15 had combined non-sedating antihistamines and H2 antagonists. Sixty (63%) patients were in remission at a median of 2.4 years from disease onset. None of the clinical and laboratory parameters was associated with disease remission. Conclusions: Childhood CU has in general favourable prognosis, and two-thirds of them achieve disease remission. This study cannot identify any clinical or laboratory factor for the resolution of CU. Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is the most prevalent of all allergic diseases. Aeroallergens play a major role in the pathogenesis of respiratory allergic diseases, like AR and asthma. Pollen, fungi, animal dander, house dust mites, domestic pets, and insects are of particular importance as common triggers. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to assess the sensitivity to common pollen allergens in patients with Allergic Rhinitis (AR) patients visiting the ENT Allergy clinic in a tertiary care hospital in urban Bangalore. Material and method: A detailed history of the symptoms of AR and clinical examination was carried out for each patient. The ARIA classification was used for elucidating the severity of AR. We also performed a nasal smear test for eosinophilia and skin prick testing. Result: Out of the 100 patients with AR, 59% of the patients had persistent AR, out of which 46% were of moderate-severe persistent AR. The overall rate of sensitisation to any allergen was 95.2 %. The most prevalent aeroallergen sensitization was found to be Parthenium hysterophorus (33%), Amaranthus spinosus (23%), Eucalyptus (21%), Cynodan dactylon (20%), followed by Casuarina equisetifolia (19%). Conclusion: Bangalore has a high prevalence of AR. The successful treatment of this condition needs appropriate diagnosis and therefore a better understanding of the aeroallergen spectrum and sensitivity patterns. Background: Seasonal variation of asthma-related hospitalizations has long been recognized, however, little is known about asthmarelated ICU admissions. To identify seasonal trend of asthma-related hospitalizations and ICU admissions may allow preventive strategies to be developed. Methods: We analyzed the National Emergency Department Information System (NEDIS) records of 117 emergency room in Korea of all patients aged between 3 and 18 years with asthma during six years (from 2007 to 2012). Data was tabulated and graphed to show seasonal trends in the monthly number of ED visits, general ward(GW), and ICU admissions for asthma. Results: A total of 41,128 subject were found and the male to female ratio was 1:0.5. GW admissions as a percent of ED visits were 42.6% (n=17,524), and ICU admissions, 0.8% (n=335). Monthly number of ED visits and GW admissions for asthma showed the seasonal variability with high peaks in fall (September to November) and low rates in summer (June to August). ICU admissions, however, showed different peaks at each year. Despite this finding, ICU admissions were at a minimum in fall as a percent of general ward admissions. Conclusions: There were important differences in the seasonal pattern of ED visits, general ward(GW), and ICU admissions for asthma. The combined analysis of these three data sets provides a new perspective on the epidemiology of asthma. Background: Aims of this study were to investigate prevalence and severity of atopic dermatitis (AD) and to analyze its associated risk factors in a total of 2,109 children (1,040 boys, 1,069 girls) from 5 elementary schools within Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. Methods: We conducted questionnaire survey using a Korean version of International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire and anthropometric evaluation from October to November in 2012. AD was defined by existence of chronic eczema over 6 months based on the ISAAC questionnaire. SCORAD (SCORing Atopic Dermatitis) index were evaluated for 227 children with AD. Children were divided into 2 groups according to the SCORAD index : 1) mild-to-moderate AD (SCORAD index < 40); 2) severe AD (SCORAD index ≥ 40). Skin prick test to 18 allergens and blood test were completed for 188 children with AD. Results: Among 2,109 children, 543 children (25.0%) were designated as having AD. One hundred and ninety children had mildto-moderate AD (83.7%) and 37 children had severe AD (16.3%). Prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 95p) in AD group (n=38, 8.0%) was significantly higher than that of non-AD group (n=62, 4.5%). Proportion of children experienced breast milk feeding over 6 months in AD group (n=250, 46.7%) was significantly higher than that of non-AD group (n=635, 41.3%). There were no significant differences between AD group and non-AD group in terms of sex, age, BMI, history of breast milk feeding ever and mode of delivery. Geometric means (range of 1 SD) of blood eosinophil percentage (5.78% [3.35-10.00]) and serum eosinophil cationic protein concentration (48.98 μg/L [43.84-2,189.52]) in severe AD group were significantly higher than those of mild-to-moderate AD group (3.64% [1.67-7.96], 33.28 μg/L [12.02-92.20]). There were no significant differences between mild-to-moderate AD group and severe AD group in terms of age, BMI, birth weight, obesity, mode of delivery, history of breast milk feeding ever, serum hemoglobin and total IgE concentration. Risk factors for having AD were male sex (aOR 1.25 [1.01-1.55]), obesity (aOR 1.08 [1.17-2.76] ) and history of breast milk feeding over 6 months (aOR 1.25 [1.01-1.55]). Atopy in skin prick test to 18 allergens was observed in 70% of AD group children. Majority (57.8%) of children were reactive to house dust mites, followed by pollen (29.9%), animal dander (26.2%), mold (18.7%) and food allergen (9.1%). Conclusions: Prevalence of AD is 25.9% in the Gyeonggi-do, South Korea and it is similar to the prevalence of recent Korean nationwide study in 2010 (27.0%). Male sex, obesity and history of breast milk feeding over 6 months independently increase risk of having AD. Background: Recently, several clinical trials reported that intralymphatic immunotherapy (ILIT) for some allergens including cat dander and birch or grass pollen induces tolerance faster than conventional subcutaneous immunotherapy with comparable duration of effect after only 3 injections, but without serious local or systemic reaction. However, the efficacy and safety of ILIT for various allergens in allergic rhinitis still remains to be investigated. We evaluated the efficacy and adverse effect of ILIT for house dust mite, cat, and dog allergy in patients with allergic rhinitis. Methods: A total of 9 subjects with allergic rhinitis sensitized to Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, cat, and/or dog allergen were treated with 3 intralymphatic inguinal injections of causal allergen extract (HollisterStier, New Orleans, USA). Rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire (RQLQ), sino-nasal outcome test 20 (SNOT-20), and rhinitis symptoms during exposure to causal allergen were evaluated before, 4 and 12 months after 1 st injection of ILIT. Results: RQLQ and SNOT-20 were significantly improved 4 months after ILIT from 71.2 (range 50-105) and 34.3 (range 3-70) to 52.3 (range 37-89) and 22.7 (range 8-52), respectively (P < 0.05). Allergy symptom during exposure to causal allergen including rhinorrhea, sneezing, nasal obstruction, and itching sensation on eye, nose, and contacted skin were also significantly reduced (P < 0.05, respectively). In five subjects who visited hospital 12 months after 1 st injection of ILIT, rhinorrhea, sneezing, and nasal obstruction during exposure to causal allergen remained to be alleviated also (P < 0.05). We observed two cases of anaphylaxis and one case of severe cutaneous erythema and edema at injection site after ILIT. Conclusions: ILIT can rapidly improve allergy symptoms in daily life, especially those provoked by allergen exposure, and this effect lasts for a year. However ILIT can also cause severe systemic or local hypersensitivity reaction. Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the Gachon University Gil Medical Center (Grant number: 2013-11). We thank to ThermoFisher Scientific Korea for support in measuring serum total and allergenspecific IgE/IgG 4 (ImmunoCAP®). For providing allergen extracts which were used for NPT, we also appreciate Research Center for However, there are no available data characterizing IL-33 expression after infection with other respiratory viruses and on cell types producing this cytokine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection on the IL-33 expression in vivo. Methods: Female BALB/c mice, aged 8 weeks, were divided into 3 groups. The first group was intranasally (i.n.) infected with 50 μl/ mouse RSV strain A2 (5×10 5 TCID 50 /mouse). The second group received UV-inactivated RSV. The third group was treated with PBS only. On day 6 after infection, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to methacholine was measured by whole-body plethysmography. The left lung was removed for histological analysis. One lobe of the right lung was taken for viral RNA (vRNA), mRNA-IL-33 evaluation by qPCR and the other lobes was used for preparing of cell suspension by collagenase digestion. Cell suspension was stained with fluorophore labeled antibodies to determine IL-33 intracellular expression in CD45 + 3 + T cells, CD45 + 19 + B cells, CD45 + CD3 -CD19 -Ly-6Gcells, CD45 -324 + epithelial cells by flow cytometry. Results: vRNA copy number in lung tissue of RSV-infected animals was 4.3-fold higher than in mice treated with inactivated virus. AHR to inhaled methacholine in RSV-infected animals was increased compared to mice treated with inactivated virus or PBS. Histological analysis revealed the presence of inflammation characterized by infiltration of lymphocytes into the lung tissue of RSV-infected animals. These data indicate RSV infection in the mouse lungs. mRNA-IL-33 expression in lungs was 2.5-fold up-regulated upon RSV infection. Flow cytometry analysis revealed 1.7-and 1.5-fold increase in the percent of IL-33 + Tcells and CD45 + CD3 -CD19 -Ly-6G -IL-33 + cells, respectively. We found that RSV increased (1.5 fold) the mean fluorescence intensity of IL-33 on B-cell population. In addition, IL-33 intracellular protein expression was slightly increased in epithelial cells (1.2-fold) . Conclusion: Our results provide evidence for up-regulation of IL-33 in T-, B-and CD45 + CD3 -CD19 -Ly-6Gcells in RSV-infected murine lungs that may indicate an important role of IL-33 in virus-induced lung infections. The study was supported by RSF Grant 14-15-00894. Background: The prevalence of food allergy has increased worldwide. In Malaysia, food allergy prevalence has never been studied. Prevalence data is important to assess the burden of food allergy in order to establish the requirement of allergy services. Objectives: We aimed to determine the prevalence of parent-perceived food hypersensitivities in Malaysian paediatric population and evaluate the spectrum of clinical manifestations and allergens involved. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional parent-questionnaire survey among preschool children attended the outpatient general paediatric clinic. We evaluated the associated factors for hypersensitivity reactions to food. Results: A total of 333 children were included in the study. Eighty (24.0%) parents reported that their children have ever had hypersensitivity reactions to food. The major food allergens were shellfish (45%), egg (36.2%), cow's milk and dairy products (28.8%) and peanut (27.5%). Reactions to multiple foods were reported in 57.7% children. The most commonly reported symptoms were hives and itchiness (46.3%), eczematous skin rash (45%) and chest tightness and wheeze (31.3%). Significant factors associated with parentreported food hypersensitivity were history of eczema (OR, 7.3: 95% CI 3.15-17.08), and allergic conjunctivitis (OR, 6.2: 95% CI 1.82-20.57) in the children and siblings with food allergy (OR, 3.72: 95% CI 1.22-11.37). Conclusion: Parent perception of food hypersensitivity reactions is common in pre-school children. Further studies with a larger sample size and longer duration are required to determine the prevalence of food allergy in Malaysia. Background: Chitin is polymer of N-acetyl-b-D-glucosamin and founded in various organism such as house dust mite. Generally, chitin is applied in medical material, because it is known to not induce the immune response. However, according to recent reports, chitin induced innate & adaptive immune response. In this point, we can postulate that HDM chitin induce the immune response, but exact effect & mechanism is unknown. Objective: To evaluate the immunological side in the development of airway inflammation induced by sensitization with allergens plus house dust mite derived chitin. Method: To induce the airway inflammation by HDM derived chitin, 6 weeks-old mice were administrated intranasally four times with 75 μg of ovalbomin (OVA) and 100 μg of HDM chitin, and then challenged intranasally 4 times with 50 μg of OVA on days 14, 15, 21, and 22. Lung inflammation and immunologic parameters were evaluated 48 h after the final allergen challenge and 6 h after allergen challenge on day 21, respectively. Result: Intranasal administration of HDM (house dust mite) induced Th2 dominant, but mixed, airway inflammation and chitinase treatment induced down-regulation of Th2 immune response. Refined HDM chitin with allergen sensitization up-regulated the production of Th2 cytokine, dominantly, and chitinase treatment showed similar manner of HDM treatment results. This immune responses are mediated through TLR2, which is known to receptor of chitin recognition, and macrophage derived TNF-a and NKT cell. Conclusion: These findings indicate that airway inflammation sensitized by HDM derived chitin induces Th2 dominant immune response, which is mainly dependent on TNF-a produced by macrophage cell and NKT cell. Background: Inhalant allergen sensitization is a major risk factor for allergic disease, which is largely influenced by living environments. Despite substantial geographic variations in allergen sensitization in the literature, comprehensive studies are still lacking in Korean adults. Objective: We aimed to investigate recent patterns of inhalant allergen sensitization among Korean adult patients with suspected history of respiratory allergy, and also examine the geographic variations of the sensitization profiles in Korea. Methods: From 2009 to 2014, a total of 34,289 patient records were retrieved for a retrospective analysis, from 12 referral allergist clinics in 9 different regions. Inclusion criteria were Korean adults (≥18 years old) who underwent inhalant allergen skin prick test for suspected history of respiratory allergy. Primary outcome was the detailed profile of inhalant allergen sensitization. Sensitization to allergens was defined by allergen-to-histamine wheal ratio ≥ 1. Demographic and clinical information, and residential area of participants were also collected. Regional sensitization profiles of individual allergens were calculated after adjusting age and sex. We meta-analyzed the regional sensitization profiles, and then estimated both overall atopy and individual allergen sensitization profiles in general. Geographic variations of sensitization between allergen groups were statistically compared by using Cochrane Q and I 2 -statistics. Results: Overall prevalence of atopy was 44.8% (95% CI [38. 5-47.8] ). In overall, Der F and Der P were the most commonly sensitized allergens (29.5% and 28.7%, respectively), and followed by cat (8.0) and birch (8.0%), hazel (7.4%), alder (7.2%), mugwort (7.0%), beech (6.7%), oak (6.6%) and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (5.8%). The ten common inhalant allergens were similar between regions. However, in Jeju, 6 among 10 common allergen were different from other regions. Sensitization to Japanese cedar (12.4%), rye (8.7%), velvet (8.3%), Kentucky (8.1%), timothy (7.5%) and vernal grass (7.4%) were more prevalent in Jeju. According to allergen groups, geographic heterogeneity were highest in outdoor molds and cockroaches. Sensitization to animals, weeds and mites showed less dependent to locations. Sensitization to pollen from early-and mid-blooming trees were significantly high in Gangwon, Gyeongbuk and Busan. Conclusion: As overall, common inhalant allergens were Der P, Der F, cat, birch, hazel, alder, mugwort, beech, oak and Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Sensitization to inhalant allergens showed geographic variations, particularly in Jeju. This study was the largest scale conducted, so far, on the aeroallergen sensitizations in Korean adults. We hope our findings could contribute to the establishment of skin prick test panels for use in clinical practice and epidemiological surveys. Background: The purpose of this study was to develop a mouse model of asthma (MMA) using house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) extract. Methods: BALB/c mice were i.p. immunized with different doses of Der p lyophilized extract three times in three week interval in the mixture with Al(OH) 3 . 8 weeks after the final immunization mice were challenged with Der p during five consecutive days by intranasal applications (INA) or aerosol administration (AA). All mice were divided into 5 experimental groups: group 1 was immunized with 50 μg/mouse of Der p (in protein equivalent) in the mixture with 2 mg/mouse Al(OH) 3 and challenged by INA; group 2 was immunized in the same way and challenged by AA; group 3 was immunized with 100 μg/mouse Der p in the mixture with 2 mg/ mouse of Al(OH) 3 and challenged by INA; group 4 was immunized in the same way and challenged by AA; group 5 (negative control) was immunized and challenged with saline. 24 hours after the last challenge airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to different concentrations of methacholine was evaluated in all groups by whole-body plethysmography. 48 hours after the last challenge in all groups blood was collected for differential cell count, brochoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was sampled for the determination of inflammatory cells and lungs were removed for histological analysis. Histopathological changes were graded according to semi-quantitative scoring system. Serum anti-Der p IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies were detected by ELISA seven days after the last immunization and 48 hours after the challenge. Results: The highest level of serum Der p-specific IgE antibodies was observed in group 2. The levels of Der p-specific serum IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies in group 2 were significantly higher than that of other experimental groups. The maximum of AHR was observed in groups 1 and 3 challenged by INA. Analysis of cell composition in BALF demonstrated elevated number of basophils in group 3 in comparison with other experimental groups. No significant differences in peripheral blood cell counts were observed among experimental groups. Histological picture of allergic inflammation in lungs (peribronchial and perivascular infiltration with inflammatory cells) was the most expressive (according to score system) in group 3 in comparison with other experimental groups. Conclusion: Data obtained indicate that sensitization with Der p in a dose 100 μg/mouse together with Al(OH) 3 and challenge with Der p by INA is a suitable approach for modeling of mouse allergic asthma. Methods: Two patients had severe respiratory symptoms and signs with high fever. The blood test, inflammatory reactant test and serologic test were performed. The mycoplasma pneumonia was confirmed by positive IgM and also rising titers of IgG antibody of M. pneumoniae or cold agglutinin more than four times later. The chest radiograph and computed tomography (CT) scan were checked serially. Results: In one case of necrotizing pneumonia, 3-year-boy had protracted clinical course of high fever and moderate respiratory distress despite of the appropriate antibiotic therapy. A chest CT scan revealed profound lung tissue destruction in the right middle lobe. After 2 month of intensive antibiotic therapy, he was finally recovered completely without sequela. In case of bronchiolitis obliterance, 2-year-boy showed a patch infiltration in the right middle lobe. The mycoplasma pneumonia was effectively treated with appropriate antibiotics. After 3 month of discharge, the chest CT scan showed the segmental consolidation of the right middle lobe with bronchial wall thickening and hyper-lucency. He had recurrent pneumonia clinically and the right lung lesions were progress to be collapsed totally, called as destroyed lung till 3 years of infection. After 10 year of follow up, the chest CT scan was stationary without clinical problems. Conclusions: We reported two cases of necrotizing pneumonia and bronchiolitis obliterance followed by destroyed lung after mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Background: Effective educational tools and implementation strategies are important for the dissemination of guideline. We developed the computer-based interactive education program of asthma guideline named as Virtual Learning Center for Asthma Management and evaluated its usefulness in terms of the improvement of awareness and user satisfaction. Methods: 170 physicians were enrolled from six tertiary hospitals. They utilized the interactive education program for 2weeks for the learning of asthma management guideline. We compared awareness of asthma guideline before and after utilization of the program and investigated the user satisfaction with questionnaire survey. Results: Mean age of study subjects was 28.2±3.1 and 78(49.4%) of subjects were male. The total score of awareness of asthma guideline was significantly improved from 80.3±6.3 to 85.1±6.9 (p<0.001). All categories of awareness including knowledge, attitude and practice were improved significantly after learning with the program (p<0.001). Satisfactions of users were high in the aspects of usefulness, convenience, interest, improvement of understanding of guideline and elevation of confidence. The most useful section of the program was virtual cyber management of asthma patient. Conclusion: Interactive education program is a useful and effective tool for dissemination of asthma guideline. Background: House dust mite (HDM) is well known organism as source of major allergen. Besides, HDM also possesses bacteria in their digestive system, so it is also founded feces of HDM. According to recent study, bacteria is able to secrete small circular 'vesicles' , which is contain diverse molecules in its original bacteria. In addition, administration of these vesicles from specific bacteria induced airway inflammation and tissue destruction. In this point, we hypothesized that HDM derived vesicles play an important role on the development of airway inflammation. Objective: To evaluate the role of HDM derived vesicles on the development of airway inflammation, and define the origin of them. Method: To induce the airway inflammation by HDM, 6 weeks-old mice were administrated intranasally four times with 100 μg of HDM, and then challenged intranasally 4 times on days 14, 15, 21, and 22. Lung inflammation and immunologic parameters were evaluated 48 h after the final allergen challenge and 6 h after allergen challenge on day 21, respectively. In the case of HDM derived EV administration, 6 weeks-old mice were administrated intranasally four times with 75 μg of ovalbomin (OVA) and 10 μg of HDM EV, and then challenged intranasally 4 times with 50 μg of OVA on days 14, 15, 21, and 22. Especially, polymyxyn B treatment was done simultaneously during intranasal sensitization. Result: HDM induced Th2 dominant mixed inflammation in the airway, and it contains bacteria. In addition, vesicles was also identified from HDM, and it is possible to induce immune responses in macrophage and epithelial cell. In the side of ability of inducing inflammation, HDM derived vesicles induced airway inflammation potentially compared than free LPS and soluble portion. This immune responses are mediated LPS recognition, and the source of it is gram negative bacteria in HDM. Conclusion: These findings show that HDM derived vesicles induced airway inflammation potentially via recognition of LPS derived from gram negative bacteria in dust mite. Background: Studies evaluating whether allergy patients change their recognition of causal allergen, its avoidance, and allergen specific immunotherapy (SIT) during diagnosis and treatment of their diseases are relatively rare. The objective of this study is to evaluate those changes after skin prick test / intradermal test (SPT/IDT), nasal provocation test (NPT), and allergen-specific intralymphatic immunotherapy (ILIT) for causal allergen among patients with allergic rhinitis. Method: After informed consent, nine subjects with allergic rhinitis in whom allergens including D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus, cat hair, and dog hair/dander were proven to provoke their rhinitis symptoms by history taking, skin prick test, and measurement of serum specific IgE were asked to respond to the following questions: "Do you agree that allergen provokes allergic symptoms in daily life?", "Do you agree that allergen avoidance can reduce allergic symptoms?", and "Do you agree that allergen specific immunotherapy can reduce allergic symptoms?" Thereafter, they underwent SPT/IDT, NPT, and ILIT for their causal allergens. They were repeatedly asked to respond to those questions immediately after SPT/IDT, NPT, as well as 4 and 12 months after ILIT. Results: The agreement (%) to "Allergen provokes allergic symptoms in daily life" changed from 67.7 ± 34.2 to 79.3 ± 25.7 (after SPT/IDT), 85.7 ± 13.4 (after NPT), 93.1 ± 11.7 (4 months after ILIT), and 90.6 ± 12.9 (12 months after ILIT). The agreement (%) to "Allergen avoidance can reduce allergic symptoms" changed from 67.7 ± 34.2 to 82.2 ± 20.6 (after SPT/IDT), 82.1 ± 27.8 (after NPT), 90.9 ± 12.6 (4 months ILIT), and 90.6 ± 12.9 (12 months after ILIT). The agreement (%) to "Allergen specific immunotherapy can reduce allergic symptoms" changed from 65.6 ± 29.3 to 81.5 ± 15.5 (after SPT/IDT), 85.7 ± 19.7 (after NPT), 86.3 ± 23.3 (4 months after ILIT), and 81.3 ± 11.6 12 months after ILIT). Conclusion: Allergy skin test, nasal provocation, and SIT themselves can intensify patients' recognition of causal allergen, its avoidance, and allergen-specific immunotherapy. Background: Although IL-17-producing peripheral blood CD177+ neutrophils have recently been shown to increase in allergic asthmatic subjects, the mediators and mechanism regulating this increase in neutrophil derived IL-17 during asthma has not been properly investigated. IL-21, along with IL-6 and IL-23 cytokines, is important for the promotion of naïve CD4+ cells to differentiate toward the Th-17 cell lineage and the release of IL-17 cytokines. In this study, we explored the possibility that IL-21, IL-22 and IL-23 cytokines may activate peripheral blood neutrophils of asthmatic patients to release IL-17 cytokines and postulate that the response to stimulation could be different to that of neutrophils from non-asthmatic subjects. Methods: Peripheral blood neutrophils isolated from asthmatic as well as healthy controls were stimulated, or not, with IL-21, IL-23, and IL-6 cytokines and levels of gene as well as protein expression of IL-17 cytokines were determined using RT-PCR and flow cytometry, respectively. In addition, to investigate the mechanism of IL-21, IL-23, and IL-6 induced IL-17 release, level of Stat3 phosphorylation in neutrophils was determined following stimulation with these cytokines. Results: IL-21, IL-23, and IL-6 induced the production of IL-17 cytokines within peripheral blood neutrophils. Interestingly, the level of induced IL-17 cytokine were significantly higher in asthmatic compared to healthy control neutrophils. Stat3 phosphorylation was required for induction of IL-17 within neutrophils suggesting that a Stat3-RORgt pathway is involved and critical for regulating IL-21, 23, and 6 induced IL-17 production from neutrophils. Conclusion: Th-17 regulatory cytokines, IL-21, IL-23, and IL-6 induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17 from neutrophils in a much higher levels during asthma. This environment of high IL-17 levels could stimulate neutrophils to produce highly reactive oxygen radicals that would exacerbate the airway inflammatory response during asthma via their cytotoxic and tissue-destructive activity. Objective: As the avoidance of trigger allergen is a major treatment in allergic rhinitis, evaluation of trigger allergen is important for the treatment and prevention of allergy. However, the correlations between clinical symptom, MAST and total IgE are not clearly identified. In this study, we compared serum total IgE, MAST and allergic symptoms in allergic patients to analyze the diagnostic value of serum total IgE. Also, we analyzed the cut off value of serum total IgE to predict positivity of allergen specific IgE by using the sum of square estimator recently proposed by Froud et al. Methods: A total of 1945 patients with allergic symptoms underwent MAST and serum total IgE tests. 39 panels were evaluated in MAST and allergens with results greater than class 2(≥0.7 IU/ mL) in considered as positive. To analyze the results of serum total IgE with clinical symptoms, Total nasal score(TNS) was evaluated as sum of 4 nasal symptoms(rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, sneezing and itching sense). The patients were divided into high(≥100 IU/mL) and low(<100 IU/mL) groups of total serum IgE level and the positive rates and number of positive allergen specific IgEs were evaluated in each group. Furthermore, we calculated cut off value of serum total IgE to predict positive allergen specific IgE. Results: Nasal obstruction turned out to be the most common symptom (65.6%). Total score of TNS showed significant correlation with serum total IgE quantity. High total serum IgE group showed significantly higher positive rates and number of positive allergen specific IgEs on MAST. (p<0.05). Number of allergen specific IgEs showed good correlation with serum total IgE(r=0.521, p<0.05). With use of ROC curve, cut off value of serum total IgE was computed as 108 IU/mL(sensitivity 72.42%, specificity 72.87%). Due to low sensitivity, we analyzed positive predictive value of serum total IgE divided into each group. We suggested 50 IU/mL is more predictable. Conclusions: Serum total IgE appears to be useful in predicting positive results of allergen specific IgEs in MAST. Also, serum total IgE with level of 50 IU/mL turned out to be most reliable to recommend MAST. Background: The response to bronchodilators for asthma diagnosis is generally defined as an increase in FEV1 >12% and >200 mL from baseline after bronchodilators. However, an increase in FVC >12% and >200 mL from baseline not due to increased expiratory time after bronchodilators could also mean bronchodilation. So we evaluated diagnostic values of the FEV1 and/or FVC bronchodilator response. Methods: The patients who were performed both methacholine challenge tests and pulmonary function tests with bronchodilator for suspected asthma from 2002 to 2013 were selected and the results of the tests from order communication system were reviewed. Diagnostic criteria of asthma were defined by one or more of following: the provocative concentration of methacholine causing a 20% fall in FEV1 from baseline (PC 20 ) or extrapolated PC 20 less than or equal to 25 mg/mL (1st criterion), an increase in FEV1 of >12% and >200 mL from baseline after 200 μg of salbutamol (2nd criterion), an increase in FEV1 of >12% and >200 mL from baseline after anti-inflammatory treatment or a variation in FEV1 of >12% and >200 mL between visits within 1 year and FEV1/FVC ≤0.75 at least once (3rd criterion). FEV1 and/or FVC bronchodilator response was defined as increases in FEV1 and/or FVC >12% and >200 mL from baseline after 200 μg of salbutamol. The sensitivity and the specificity of the FEV1 and/or FVC bronchodilator response for asthma diagnosis were calculated. Results: A total 2616 pulmonary function tests with salbutamol and 1496 methacholine challenge tests in 1434 patients from 12 to 89 years old were analyzed. The diagnostic criteria of asthma were satisfied in 874 (60.9%) patients. Among them, numbers of patients who met each criterion were 831 (95.1%) for 1st criterion, 120 (13.7%) for 2nd criterion, 181 (20.7%) for 3rd criterion. Among 1834 pulmonary function tests in the asthma patients, 191 (sensitivity 10.4%) tests showed positive FEV1 and/or FVC bronchodilator response, while only 152 (sensitivity 8.3%) tests showed positive FEV1 bronchodilator response. False positive results in FEV1 and/or FVC bronchodilator response were shown in only 3 of 782 pulmonary function tests of patients without asthma (specificity 99.6%). The false positive results were shown in 3 different patients. Among them 2 patients were real asthma patients according to the results of other pulmonary function tests which were not evaluated in this study and the other patient had history of asthma. Conclusions: An increases in FEV1 and/or FVC >12% and >200 mL from baseline after bronchodilators could have also diagnostic value for asthma. Background: The aim of the present study was to see whether measurements of bronchodilator response (BDR) and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in combination are informative for upcoming loss of asthma control among children with atopic asthma. Methods: Two hundred one patients aged 8 to 16 years with atopic asthma were recruited. Pulmonary function tests including BDR and FeNO were serially measured 10 times or more over 2 years when subjects were not receiving controller medications. After completion of monitoring, 1-year observation for loss of asthma control was performed. Results: At least 1 positive BDR (≥12% improvement in FEV 1 in response to inhaled short-acting b 2 -agonist) and high maximum FeNO (mFeNO) (≥35 parts per billion (ppb)) were confirmed over the 2-year observation period in 59% and 77% of study participants. There was no difference in FeNO levels between individuals with positive and negative BDRs. Risk of asthma control loss increased by 40% for patients with mFeNO ≥ 35 ppb [Hazard ratio (HR) = 1.94; P < 0.01], and by 26% for those with positive BDRs (HR = 1.40; P < 0.01). Risk of asthma control loss was greatest for patients with either (HR = 5.31; P < 0.01) or both positive BDRs and mFeNO ≥ 35 ppb (HR = 5.65; P< 0.01). Conclusions: High FeNO was better able to predict upcoming loss of asthma control than BDRs, but use of both markers together provided a better indicator of asthma control loss. Purpose: IgA antibody is massively produced in the intestinal Peyer's patches, and the secretory IgA (sIgA) plays an important role on immune responses. It is considered that sIgA regulates the cause of allergic reactions, but the relationship between IgA levels and allergic reactions is not fully understood. We studied sIgA levels and antigen-specific IgA levels in allergic children and studied their relationship with allergy symptoms. Methods: It is a retrospective study using medical records of infants (from 6 months to 6 years old) who presented to our hospital for evaluation of allergy. We classified the groups according to the results of physical examinations with or without allergic symptom (eczema, wheezing, food allergy). In addition, we investigated the white blood cell counts (eosinophils and basophils) and the serum levels of total IgE, antigen-specific IgE, total IgA, sIgA, antigen-specific IgA. Results: Children who were low levels in sIgA have past histories of atopic dermatitis, and their serum levels of antigen-specific IgE was significantly higher (p=0.008) but their serum IgA level was significantly lower (p=0.021) compared with children who does not have allergic symptoms. And serum levels of antigen-specific IgA were significantly lower (p=0.038) in allergic children. Especially, ovomucoid specific IgA levels were low in children who has ovalbumin allergy. Conclusions: Secretory IgA levels are important to the onset of allergic reactions, and antigen-specific IgA might be played an important role in allergic reactions. IgE antibody contributes to immediate type allergic reactions, and the presence of the specific antibody can be an evidence of the diagnosis of allergic reactions. Moreover, we suggested that measurement of sIgA and antigen-specific IgA can be also useful in prediction of allergic reactions. Background Anaphylactic shock is a life threatening circumstance which requires urgent and proper medical management. Epinephrine is the first-line and life-saving medication in the acute management. The delay in making an accurate diagnosis, initiating appropriate treatment and inappropriate use of epinephrine can lead to death. Objectives This study is designed to evaluate and emphasize the paramount importance of the trainee knowledge about anaphylaxis, the treatment methods, life-saving medications, the route of administration and the dosage. Our aim is to bridge the gap between knowledge and real life practice and enable the trainee to act undoubtfully when facing a patient with anaphylaxis. Method This is a cross-sectional two phase questionnaire based survey at Hamad General Hospital's Pediatrics department, the only tertiary hospital in Qatar. In phase 1, the questionnaires were distributed to 96 trainees. The response was 98% (94 responses), 55 females and 39 males. 84 trainees (89% ) reported knowing how to treat and a total of 44 (50%) claimed not being trained at all. Epinephrine was selected as a life saving drug by 89 (94%). IM as a route of administration was selected by 76 (80%). Correct Epinephrine concentration was known by 77 (83%). For phase 2, questionnaires were distributed to 94 trainees who responded to the stage 1 and the response rate was 89% (84). 84% claimed they heard about Epinephrine Autoinjector, 5 fellows claimed they never heard about it. 72% claimed knowing when to use it .23 (27%) did not know, 9 of them were Fellows. Anaphylaxis was the case of using it in 71%. Only 43 (51%) know the right location and the method of injection. Sub Cutaneous injection was selected in 20 (23.8%). Although prompt treatment with epinephrine is deemed to be critically important for survival in anaphylaxis, we have huge gap between theoretical knowledge about epinephrine concentration and site of administration of epinephrine and fundamental practice among pediatrics trainees. Analysis of these data necessitates the urgent need of a concrete program for teaching the trainees, especially the pediatrics fellows to solidify their knowledge about anaphylaxis. More important practical guidelines about the site of administration, what concentration and how to act fast when faced with anaphylaxis is needed to be taught to current and future trainees. Evidence demonstrates the existence of local allergic rhinitis (LAR) in nonatopic patients, although its prevalence in the rhinitis population remains unknown in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and severity of LAR in children compared with patients having classical allergic rhinitis (AR) with systemic atopy or nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) with no sensitization to any of the inhaled allergens tested. Methods Two hundred-eighteen children between 9 months and 19 years old were enrolled and divided into 3 groups: 132 AR children, 68 NAR and 18 healthy controls. A clinical questionnaire and skin prick test (SPT) were evaluated. A nasal allergen provocation test (NPT) with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus was performed in all subjects. The severity of ocular and nasal symptoms was recorded by visual analogue scale (VAS) of 10 cm. Each symptom was categorized as 'mild' (VAS: 0-3 cm), 'moderate' (VAS: >3-7 cm), or 'severe' (VAS > 7 cm). In the AR group, 43/132 (32.6%) patients presented a positive response to NPT. In the NAR group, 11/69 (15.9%) patients had a positive response to NPT. NPT was negative in 17/18 healthy controls (94.4%). The majority of rhinitis patients had moderate-severe nasal symptoms. LAR and AR subjects had a similar pattern of nasal symptoms in frequency and severity. However, significant differences were detected between LAR and NAR. Conclusion Local allergic rhinitis is a prevalent entity in patients evaluated with rhinitis. LAR and AR subjects had a similar pattern of nasal symptoms in frequency and severity. Conventional skin tests were significantly well correlated with nasal provocation tests. Background. The role of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) in the treatment of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) is quite controversial, since its efficacy has been poorly investigated in the past years and eczema exacerbations have been reported following AIT. We investigated the tolerability of hypoallergenic AIT, its benefit on eczema and its influence on the progression of the allergic disease. Methods. This study included 12-55-year-old patients with severe AD (SCORAD >36) monosensitized to house dust mites (HDM) but without diagnostic criteria for rhinitis, asthma and food allergy at baseline. 22 subjects were treated in a continuous way for 5 years with sublingual tablets of carbamylated monomeric allergoid extract of HDM (2000 AU/week) and compared with 21 subjects treated with cetirizine 10mg daily. Topical and short course of oral steroids on demand were allowed and counted. The main endpoint was the change in SCORAD score at different time-points up to 10 years after AIT discontinuation. In addition, to assess the disease progression, data on respiratory symptoms and related medications were collected during mite exposition period, with lung function, bronchial hypereactivity, nasal eosinophils, onset of on new sensitizations. The occurrence of local or systemic adverse reactions was registered. Adherence to the AIT regimen was good till the end of the treatment period and 20 subjects in AIT group and 18 in the control group reached the final observation at 15 years from baseline: the mean SCORAD index in AIT group decreased from 59.72 to 44.55, in control group from 57,04 to 55,55; the use of topical corticosteroids was halved in AIT group vs. control group; the use of oral corticosteroids was decreased only in AIT group; 2/20 patients in AIT group developed rhinitis and asthma, in control group 14/18 developed rhinitis and 9/18 asthma, requiring regular pharmacotherapy; only 2 patients in AIT group developed new sensitizations, whereas all controls resulted polysensitized. Conclusion. AIT tablets of HDM carbamylated monomeric allergoid were well tolerated and provided sustained and long lasting partial improvement of the severity of atopic eczema, with remarkable reduction in the use of corticosteroids and preventive effect on the progression to respiratory allergy and onset of new allergic sensitizations. Objective To explore the levels and correlation of 90 food sIgG antibodies in serum in patients with allergic diseases. Methods Using ELISA to detect 90 kinds of sIgG antibody of 291 patients with allergic diseases in the first affiliated hospital of Guangzhou Medical University for diagnosis and differential diagnosis, Data were analyzed by SPSS19.0 statistical software. The positive rates of ten kinds of food sIgG antibody from high to low are milks and dairy products (33.03%), crustaceans (27.89%), meats and egg (19.31%), legumes (16.3%), fishes (15.56%), others (8.18%), vegetables (7.63%), nuts and oilseeds (6.70%), cereals (5.31%), the lowest is fruits (4.34%); the highest positive rate of food is egg (64.60%), followed by the white soft cheese (56.70%), cow's milk (54.30%). In 0~3 years old group, the leading kind of positive rate of food is milks and dairy products 71.02%, decreasing with the age, in ≥60 years old group, the positive rate is 6.25%, which is the biggest change in ten categories of food according to age. Except ≥60 years old group, the positive rate of cow's milk sIgG is higher than the goat's milk sIgG, p<0.05. The positive tate of crustaceans is increasing with the age groups, scallop is the leading food in crustaceans in 7~16,17~44,45~59 and ≥60years old groups, the positive rates are 38.30%, 78.72%, 75.41% and 84.62%, respectively. The leading food of cereals is sesame in each group. In others food, the leaing food is sugar, the positive rate is 30.30% in 0~3years old and 34.88% in 4~6years old, in 7~16years old group, the leading food is coffee 29.79%, in ≥60 years old group, the leading food is tobacco 38.46%. In 0~3 and 45~59 years old group, the positive rate of sIgG antibody of different categories of food were not statistically different in gender, in 4~6 years old group, the positive rate of cereals, fruits, vegetables of male are higher than female (x 2 =7.068, p=.003; x 2 =4.850, p=.031;x 2 =4.135, p=.042), in 7~16 years old group, the positive rates of vegetables and crustaceans of male are higher than female (x 2 =5.011, p=.026; x 2 =5.491, p=.019), in 17~44 years old group, the positive rates of vegetables of female are higher than male (x 2 =8.445, p=.004), in ≥60years old group, the positive rates of cereals, nuts and oilseeds, vegetables, milks and dairy products, fishes of male are higher than female (x 2 =3.902, p=.048; x 2 =6.836, p=.006; x 2 =16.228, p=.000;x 2 =6.163, p=.011;x 2 =8.123, p=.003). A lot of food sIgG antibody levels are associated, there are 51 couples of food highly correlated (r s =0.8), including 34 couples of vegetables, 2 couples of fruit and vegetable. There are certain distribution characteristics of 90 kinds of food sIgG antibody in different age and gender, clinical diagnosis should be combined with sex,dietary habits and other factors to make guidance more reasonable for the patient's diet adjustment. Anand Andiappan 1 , Rosalba Minisini 2 , Olaf Rötzschke 1 , Elena Boggio 3 , Luca Gigliotti 3 , Nausicaa Clemente 3 , Annalisa Chiocchetti 3 , Umberto Dianzani 3 , Mario Pirisi 3 , Elisa Villa 2 1 Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore; 2 University of Eastern Piedmont, Italy; 3 University of Eastern Piedmont "Amedeo Avogadro" Correspondence: Elisa Villa -University of Eastern Piedmont, Italy World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A375 A) Background: Osteopontin (OPN) is a pleomorphic cytokine known to influence a range of immune cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, T and B cells. High OPN levels are associated with a significantly increased risk of autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus, suggesting that OPN is a candidate biomarker of these conditions. In the present cross-sectional study, we aimed to verify if serum levels of OPN may qualify as a biomarker of an activated immune response in allergic patients. B) Method: Serum OPN levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Human Osteopontin Duoset, R&D Systems). A series of 77 adult patients (median age females: 49 years; males: 47 years) with different allergic diseases, was studied: 34 patients (44%) had allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, 15 (19%) asthma, 17 (22%) hymenoptera venom allergy, 5 (6%) allergic contact dermatitis, 3 (4%) food allergy and 3 (4%) IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to betalactams. 116 healthy subjects with similar demographic characteristics served as controls. Data were analyzed comparing cases to controls, as well as looking for subgroup differences within the group of allergic patients. C) Results: OPN serum levels were significantly higher in cases in comparison to controls (median 12181 pg/ml, interquartile range 6953 -19359 pg/ml vs 6099 pg/ml, interquartile range 3122 -14520 pg/ml; p = 0.0010 by the Mann-Whitney test). The highest serum OPN levels were observed among patients with asthma (median: 15668 pg/ml; p = 0.0156) followed by those observed in the hymenoptera venom allergy group (median: 14239 pg/ml; p = 0.0080). Lower values of OPN were detected in the group of patients with rhinoconjunctivitis (median: 10291 pg/ml; p = 0.0436), allergic contact dermatitis (median: 9088 pg/ml) and food allergy (median: 4386 pg/ml). Patients with IgE-mediated sensitization to beta-lactams had heterogeneous values, not statistically different in comparison to controls. D) Conclusions: Serum OPN levels may represent a novel, potentially useful biomarker of allergic respiratory diseases and hymenoptera venom allergy. Consideration should be given to explore clinical correlates of high OPN levels in these conditions. Prevalence of Allergic Rhinitis in 3-6-Year-Old (preschool) Children in Chiba City (urban area), Japan Fumiya Yamaide 1 , Syuji Yonekura 1 , Naoki Shimojo 2 , Yuzaburo Inoue 2 , Yoshitaka Okamoto 3 1 Chiba University Japan; 2 Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University; 3 Unknown Correspondence: Fumiya Yamaide -Chiba University, Japan World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A376 The sequential development of allergic diseases (beginning with food allergy and atopic dermatitis followed by asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR)) during early childhood is often referred to as the allergy march. Recently, the number of school-age children with AR has shown to increase in Japan. But early onset of AR is poorly described, and it remains unknown about the prevalence of allergic rhinitis in young children. We aim to evaluate the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and treatment of AR in a population of 3-6-year-old (preschool) children in Chiba city (urban area), Japan. Method A total of 13,963 children aged 3-6 years in all 84 kindergartens of Chiba city, Japan were surveyed. Prevalence of symptoms of allergic rhinitis was assessed using a modified version of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. Results A total of 9,822 (70.3%) questionnaires were returned for evaluation (sex: Male 50.5%, Female 49.5%; age 3y = 2.3%, 4y = 31.7%, 5y = 35.1%, 6y = 30.9%). The prevalence of lifetime, current and physician-diagnosed allergic rhinitis were 54.1%, 50.7% and 37.3%, respectively. The prevalence of AR was higher in males than that in females (cf. physician-diagnosed AR; 40.6% vs. 33.6%, P < 0.05) and increased with age (cf. physician-diagnosed AR; 3y = 18.5%, 4y = 28.3%, 5y = 37.3%, 6y = 46.7%). Many children showed AR symptoms during September and April, especially in February and March (cedar pollen allergy season). About 70 % of children with AR visited clinic or hospital, but more than half of them were dissatisfied with their treatment. The prevalence of AR symptoms was high and starting early in life. Objective: To compare the efficacy between combination of nebulized salbutamol and fluticasone propionate and nebulized salbutamol in children with mild and moderate asthma attack. Methods: Thirty children (age 5-14 years) with mild and moderate asthma attacks in outpatient clinic and emergency department of Soetomo hospital were investigated in an open label randomized controlled trial study. Subjects are divided into treatment group (combination of salbutamol and fluticasone propionate) and control group (salbutamol), each of the 15 children. Pulmonary score and side effects (tachycardia and tremor) was evaluated at before and after nebulized at 20, 50 and 60 minutes. The statistical analysis used were t test, Mann Whitney test and the Wilcoxon signed rank test according to the type of data. Results: The decreased pulmonary score at time evaluation was significant than before nebulized in both groups (p<0.05). The decreased pulmonary score in treatment group was greater than control group (p <0.05). Side effects such as tachycardia in both groups were not significantly different (p> 0.05) and tremor was not obtained in both groups. Conclusion: Combination of nebulized salbutamol and fluticasone propionate had better efficacy than nebulized salbutamol in children with mild and moderate asthma attacks Asthma is a chronic airway disease that largely controllable with proper primary care, and the need for hospitalization can usually be prevented. A retrospective study to explore the clinical characteristics of children hospitalized with asthma was conducted at Department of Child Health, West Nusa Tenggara General Hospital, Mataram, Indonesia. All data about medical history and physical examination we got from pediatric asthma registry. Pediatric asthma registry in pediatric respirology division was started in October 2014, so that we presented the characteristics of children hospitalized with asthma from October 2014 to April 2015. We were also taken the number of children admitted with asthma in our emergency department and outpatient clinic at the same period for additional information. We presented the characteristics of our study subjects by table and chart. Fourteen children hospitalized with asthma were enrolled in this study from October 2014 to April 2015. Ten (71.4%) admitted from emergency department and 4 (28.6%) from outpatient clinic. The numbers of children with asthma who visited at that period were 368 visits at emergency department and 92 visits at outpatient clinic. We found 12 (85.7%) with moderate exacerbation, and 2 (14.3%) with mild exacerbation. Seven of 14 (50%) were referred as severe exacerbation to our emergency department, but after we do reassessment they were moderate exacerbation. Moderate exacerbation with frequent asthma was 10 (71,4%) of all the cases. Most of our subjects were male 9 (64.3%), aged between 2 and under 5 years old about 7 (50%), normal nutrition status 9 (64.3%), first asthma diagnosis at 2 years old in 6 (42.9%) cases, history of hospitalization before 8 (57.1%), used controller 1 (7.1%), history of atopic 9 (64.3%) and history of asthma in family 5 (35.7%), other allergic disease 3 (21.4%), feathered pet 4 (28.6%), cigarette smoking 8 (57.1%). The triggers for the asthma exacerbation were exercise 5 (35.7%), respiratory infection 4 (28.6%), cold weather 2 (14.3%), house dust 2 (14.3%), and food 1 (7.1%). This study showed that most of children hospitalized with asthma in our setting were moderate exacerbation with frequent asthma, male, aged under 5 years old and first diagnosed at 2 years old, had history of hospitalization before, normal nutrition status, history of atopic in family, and cigarette smoking exposed. Keywords: asthma in children, hospitalized, characteristic Background: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is known as type I and III allergic disease for Aspergillus. Clinical presentation of ABPA ranges from asymptomatic mucus plugs to severe asthmatic symptoms or destructive and fibrotic lung disease. The heterogeneity may reflect not only the different clinical stages of the disease, but also different phenotypes. We herein attempt to identify phenotypes in ABPA using cluster analysis. Methods: We analyzed the data of 332 patients with possible ABPA from national-wide survey in Japan executed between 2013 and 2014. Definition of possible ABPA were, (1) positive skin test or specific IgE for Aspergillus, and (2) either a) positive precipitation or IgG antibody for Aspergillus or b) mucoid impaction or bronchiectasis in chest computed tomography. Non-hierarchical cluster analysis using k-means method was performed. Results: Three clusters were identified. Cluster 1 (n=141) included the patients with later age at onset (mean ages, 68 years), femaledominance, and less frequent prevalence of asthma (76%). The patients in cluster 2 (n=95) were middle age at onset (55 years), female-dominant, and showed lower values of total serum IgE. Cluster 3 (n=96) was characterized with early-onset (37 years), maledominance, and frequent recurrences (59%). Conclusions: Three distinct clinical phenotypes were identified characterized by ages of onset, gender, asthma prevalence, total serum IgE levels, and the frequency of recurrences. Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is one of the most frequent chronic diseases, and little is understood about its pathogenesis. Eosinophils are considered to play a major role in its pathology, but we still know little which is causing chronic immune activation and persistent eosinophilic inflammation in CRS. Recently, type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s, lineage (-), CD45 (+), CD127 (+), CD294 (+)) were identified as a candidate, which produce highly levels of Th2 cytokines such as IL-5 and IL-13, which activates eosinophils. We hypothesized that ILC2s are enriched in blood and nasal polyps in patients with eosinophilic CRS (ECRS) and are associated with its pathology. Methods: FThe patients with CRS or pituitary adenoma (normal sinus) who underwent Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in Jikei University Hospital were enrolled. We used PBMC and nasal polyps (NPs) from patients with CRS or normal subjects, and analyzed the amount of ILC2 by flow cytometry. We also investigated the distribution of ILC2s in NPs by immunohistochemistry. EDN and cytokines in NPs were measured by ELISA to investigate correlation with ILC2s. Lineage negative cells from nasal polyps were cultured in vitro with IL-33 or/and IL-2 to investigate the amount of cytokine produced by ILC2s. Results: EDN and Th2 cytokines are significantly higher in ECRS than non-eosinophilic CRS (NECRS). EDN had strongly correlated with the numbers of ILC2s in NPs. The counts of ILC2s in NPs were significantly higher in ECRS than NECRS. Immunostained ILC2 were showed accumulated in nasal polyps of ECRS, but not in NECRS or normal subjects. ILC2's CD25 surface expression in PBMC was significantly higher in ECRS than NECRS. ILC2's IL-17RB surface expression in NPs was significantly higher in NECRS than ECRS. Lineage negative cells from ECRS' NP, but not from NECRS' , produced IL-5 and IL-13 in both IL-2 and IL-33 stimulation. Conclusions: ILC2 are considered as candidate of the commander in ECRS, which strongly induce Th2 inflammation. There are possibility that ILC2s have several subtypes and the characteristic of ILC2s are differ from their environment. Mohammadreza Fatemi Khorasgani Islamic Azad University-Najafabad Branch, Iran World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A381 Introduction-Esfahan, the famous historical city, now has more than 2.5 million citizens with about one million vehicles and, because of its unique geographic position, takes place as the main industrial center in Iran. Air pollution in Esfahan is a complex problem and its effect in children respiratory quality is the main goal of this research. Material and Methods-In this cross sectional study with convenient sampling during 2013 winter, we have a total 40 girls, 7-12, from Esfahan CBD and 40 from the city of Tiran, a small and calm city 45 Km. west of Esfahan with nearly same climate. For every participant we complete the questionnaire for anthropomorphic values and past year respiratory symptoms. For spirometry evaluation we used a Spirolab 3.Datae analyzed by SPSS version 20. Results-For Esfahan and Tiran girls age was 9.4+/-1.6 against 9.9+/-1.3, for height 135.5+/-10.6 against 140.5+/-11, for weight 31.8+/-11.3 against 34.8+/-13.8 and for BMI 16.4+/-3.1 against 17.2+/-4.7 which are near to each other. For main respiratory symptoms, cough 18.2% against 6% (P-value=0.53), dyspnea 14% against 5(P-value=0.08) and wheezing 3 person against zero. For spirometry indexes, for vital capacity (VC) percent 114.1+/-34.9 against 87.2+/-16.7 (P-value=0.000), FVC 2.0+/-0.6 against 2.1+/-0.7(P-value=0.56), FEV 1 1.59+/-0.39 against 1.83+/-049(P-value=0.15), for FEV 1 /VC 76.48+/-25.2 against 94.52+/-13.3, for FEF 25 75 1.81+/-0.62 against 2.61+/-2.20 (P-value= 0.000). Conclusion-Quality of respiratory air differ normal physiological indexes even in childhood. Some of them are probably compensatory like VC, but others are capable to limit normal activities step by step. For the proper asthma management, information on the exact distribution of asthma severity is fundamental. In developing Korean pediatric asthma guideline, baseline data such as the severity distribution of or the prescription pattern to Korean asthmatic children are not available. We have requested 12 pediatric allergists to review the medical records on asthmatic children who visited their own clinic during the most recent 3 months. Based on the subjects' symptoms, signs and their medications to maintain control, their asthma severities were assessed according to both the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) criteria and the Japanese Pediatric Guidelines for the Treatment and Management of Bronchial Asthma (JPGL) criteria. Results A total of 840 cases (<3 years, 22.2%; 3-6 years, 26.4%; >6 years, 53.3%) were reviewed. Both criteria revealed that about 1/3 of asthmatic children had intermittent asthma whereas only <3% of subjects had severe persistent asthma. The pattern of prescribe controllers varied widely and did not match with asthma severity classification by either GINA or JPGL criteria, which was not confined to those in whom the severity assessed by each criterion was different from each other. In Korea, there were distinctive patterns of distribution in the asthma severity, especially the prevalence of severe asthma was low. In the practice, patterns of prescription did not match with recommended modalities according to the severity assessed by either GINA or JPGL. The results will provide an evidence on the current state of Korean asthma practice in developing new practice guidelines suitable for Korean asthmatic children. Aimee Lou Manalo Nano University of the Philippines Philippine General Hospital, Philippines World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A384 A) Background: Autism spectrum disorders and food allergies are conditions with increasing prevalences. Studies have investigated the link between intake of certain food among ASD patients and onset of adverse reactions. Results of these studies are varied and conflicting. This is the first local study on the prevalence of food allergies among these patients. This study aims to determine the prevalence of food sensitization, IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated food allergies among pediatric ASD patients. It also aims to determine the prevalence of perceived food allergies, and its triggers and the types of reactions of perceived food allergies and on open food challenge. B) Methods: This is a cross-sectional, prospective study. Pediatric patients diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders were enrolled in the study. Excluded were: children with uncontrolled asthma, with a recent anaphylactic reaction, and those on chronic high dose steroid therapy. Required sample size is 92. Complete history and PE were obtained and previous reactions to food and suspected allergens were duly noted. All patients underwent skin prick testing (SPT) to cow milk, wheat, soy and other perceived food allergens. Those with perceived food allergies underwent open food challenge to specific food allergens. Frequencies and proportions were determined to analyze the different variables. C) Results: Data were gathered from 84 patients diagnosed with ASD. 32/84 (38%) have perceived food allergies, mostly to milk (31.3%), chocolate (25%), and egg (18.8%). Most commonly perceived allergic reactions to food allergens were: hyperactivity (53.1%), loose stools (25%), pruritus (15.6%), and wheals (12.5%). A total of 17 (20.2%) patients had (+) skin prick test result, hence food sensitization, to at least 1 food allergen, mostly to soy (41.2%) and milk (35.3%). Of these patients, 8 had perceived food allergies. 6 of these patients underwent open food challenge and all of them had (-) results. D) Conclusion: Prevalences of perceived food allergies and food sensitization are higher among ASD patients in this study compared to the general population. The most common perceived food allergens are similar with that of other children. Notably, the common perceived allergic reactions to food were behavioral or gastrointestinal symptoms, which may be non-IgE mediated or not food allergies at all. Hence, ASD patients with adverse food reactions are recommended to undergo complete, systematic evaluation and possible restrictive diets should be based on welldocumented food allergies Background: Little is known about the data on component-resolved diagnosis (CRD) for allergy to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) in the Chinese population. We aimed to measure the prevalence of sensitization to Der p allergen components among patients in southern China. Methods: 200 Der p-positive and 20 Der p-negative subjects were tested for serum immunoglobulin E (sIgE) against Der p 1, Der p 2, and Der p 10 using ImmunoCAP 100. 75 poly-sensitized patients were further examined with ImmunoCAP Immuno Solid-Phase Allergen Chip (ISAC). Der p 10-positive subjects were tested further for sIgE to crude extracts of cockroach, moth, and shrimp. Results: 91.5% (183/200) patients were sensitized to Der p 1 and/ or Der p 2. 6% (12/200) Der p-positive patients were sensitized to Der p 10. The positive proportion and median level of sIgE against Der p 1 were higher in children than in adults. Der p 1 and Der 2 correlated with Der p in sIgE levels (r=0.862, 0.799, P<0.001). ImmunoCAP ISAC demonstrated 100% specificity and 84% sensitivity in detecting Der p 1, p 2, and p 10 compared to ImmunoCAP 100. According to ImmunoCAP ISAC, 8 of these 12 Der p 10-positive patients were triple positive and 3 patients were triple negative to Pen m 1, Bla g 7, and Ani s 3; one was solely positive to Pen m1. Sensitization to Der p 10 correlated well with sIgE to shrimp, moths, cockroaches, Pen m 1, Bla g 7, and Ani s 3. Conclusions: The detection of Der p 1 and Der p 2 well reflected atopy to Der p in a Chinese cohort. Sensitization to Der p 10 may result from cross-reactivity to seafood and cockroaches in coastal southern China. ImmunoCAP ISAC may offer a useful tool for CRD with performance comparable to ImmunoCAP 100. The type of allergic disease, the allergens producing sensitivity, the vaccine content, the adjuvant content, and the effects of treatment phase on frequency of adverse effects were investigated. Results: Out of 329 patients included, there was local reaction in 11.9%, large local reaction in 6% and systemic reaction in 4.7%; local reactions were observed in 0.38% of all injections, whereas a systemic reaction was observed in 0.1% of all injections. Local reactions were frequent at the initial phase and systemic reactions were frequent at the maintenance phase (p=0.01). Adverse reactions were more common in patients vaccinated (SCIT) with multiple allergens and house-dust-mites (p=0.002) (p=0.001). No statistically significant difference was found between the content of the adjuvant and the frequency of adverse effects (p=0.319). Conclusion: The frequency of local and wide local reactions during subcutaneous immunotherapy were lower than expected. Although systemic reactions are frequently seen, no fatal reaction was observed in the current study. Mite immunotherapy and multiple allergen use increase the risk of reaction. Background: Cyclical anaphylaxis is a rare reaction occurring in the luteal phase of menstruation. Presentation may include dyspnea, respiratory distress, cutaneous and gastrointestinal symptoms. Previous successful treatment options of this condition have been limited to medical or surgical ovulatory suppression. At present, the use of IgE-inhibition with the drug omalizumab has shown success in multiple individuals, making it the favorable treatment over oophorectomy for women looking to conceive. We report the first successful case series of four patients treated with omalizumab for cyclical anaphylaxis. Methods: A literature review was conducted of published data pertaining to cyclical anaphylaxis in the luteal phase of menstruation. This information was summarized and the four patients from our center were included in this summary. Results: Omalizumab has resulted in symptom resolution or significant reduction in symptoms in all four patients. There is no consistent literature definition of cyclical anaphylaxis and the nomenclature of similar and/or overlapping conditions makes any uniform treatment decisions challenging to make consensus recommendations for. For cyclical urticaria and anaphylaxis, omalizumab and represents a safer and preferable treatment option for this rare condition(s). Conclusion: Through evaluating data regarding the use of omalizumab it can be noted that this is the preferred treatment of cyclical anaphylaxis for women who would like to maintain the option of conception later in life. Continued research is necessary in order to fully understand the generalizability and reliability of study data to the population. We also propose a more systematic classification of this and related conditions to better direct future research. Acute lung injury (ALT), which is associated with a high mortality and morbidity in both infants and adults, is caused by severe lung inflammation resulted from a variety of local and systemic infection such as sepsis and pneumonia. According to the disease procession, there are three stages: exudate formation, proliferation, and fibrosis. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is another chronic, progressive and lethal fibrotic lung disease. The etiology of IPF is still unknown. However, both diseases have some similar hallmarks such as hypoxemia and respiratory failure. Surfactant protein D (SP-D), a C-type lectin, which is produced by alveolar type II cells, is important on respiratory innate immunity and anti-inflammation. The action of SP-D in these diseases is still unrevealed. In this study, we used bleomycin to induce the animal model of ALI and IPF. Bleomycin is a chemotherapeutic antibiotic drug clinically used in lymphoma and squamous cell carcinomas, but the following overproduction of reactive oxygen can lead to irreversible lung injury. In this animal model, we have found that 14-day-course was the group presenting the most severe resistance and the poorest elastance of lung tissue. In addition, the proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, interleukin-17, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ and nitric oxide) were followed by increased expression of pro-fibrotic cytokines (transforming growth factor-β1). The histological alterations caused by bleomycin such as mural incorporation of collagen and obliteration of the alveolar space are similar to human IPF. In ex vivo study, pretreatment with recombinant human SP-D or native SP-D can significantly decrease the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In in vivo study, treatment with native SP-D in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice also showed significant body weight increase, recovery of lung function, decline of the production of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and nitric oxide. Therefore, we conclude that SP-D may have prominent anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects on ALI and IPF, and also have the potential to become a novel treatment of ALI and IPF in the near future. We have previously demonstrated that Hsp90 release by activated endothelial cells leads to conversion of prekallikrein to kallikrein if prekallikrein is bound to HK. Kallikrein formation is therefore stoichiometric and occurs in the absence of factor XII. Since kallikrein activates factor XII, we theorized that endothelial cell activation might first generate kallikrein which then recruits factor XII. We now demonstrate that estrogen, interleukin 1, and to a lesser degree TNFa can activate endothelial cells to release Hsp90. The dose range tested for each in ng/ml was 0, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0. A dose-response for estrogen or IL-1 was maximal at the 10 ng/ml dose while TNFa was best between 0.1 and 5 ng/ml. A time course for each up to 4 hrs incubation revealed maximal Hsp90 secretion between 30 and 60 min with a significant increase noted by 15 min for each. Our observations are particularly relevant for types I and II HAE (C1 inhibitor deficiency) where estrogen and inflammation are known triggers of angioedema events and for HAE with normal C1 inhibitor (HAE-N) where estrogen exposure is a key precipitant. For the latter, studies of endothelial cell release of urokinase and tissue plasminogen activator are in progress given recent observations regarding inhibitors of fibrinolysis. sunny days and in 56 days limits for dust and polyaromatic hydrocarbons were overthrown. In the medical professional institute Metylovice located 410 meters above sea level found in Štramberk highlands during a 4-week stay for treatment with vitamin D, we investigated the effect of climate on the parameters of bronchial asthma and changes of physical parameters by modified Cooperoe test in asthmatic children. The main goal of the study is to assess the effectiveness and benefits of the stay with described treatment. Over a 28-days period 51 children patient underwent the long term stay with the medical treatment in medical institute in Metylovice. In total 31 girls and 20 boys in the same age with bronchial asthma fulfilled the inclusion criterion (GINA 2014) and were included in the study. In all patients, atopic status was evaluated by skin prick testing using common allergen extracts (grass and tree pollen, house dust mite, moulds, cat/dog extracts). Patients blood eosinophils leukocyte count, levels of total sesrum imunoglobulin E, serum eosinophil cationic protein and exhaled nitric oxide levels were determined.Daily the patients received 1500 IU of Vitamin D3 orally. The object was to evaluate the effectiveness and benefits of long term stay for asthmatic children after the continuous treatment with vitamin D and physical exercises.The evaluation was done by the comparison of laboratory examination of blood and physical parameters in the beginning of the stay and in the end of the stay. It was determined the hypothesis that the long term stay has significant positive effect on level of vitamin D3 31.80 mmol/l in the beginning of the stay vs 45.58 mmol/l(p<0.001) and some parameters of physical fitness of children in the study done by modified Cooper'stest such as the test of abdominal muscles 18.45 pull s/min vs 27.15 pulls/min (p<0.001). The climate stay with the exclusion of the negative influence of the environment with the activity of vitamin D3 led to a stabilisation of asthma without the need of treatment by salbutamol spray. Subsequently, the higher the intensity of rehabilitation exercises increased muscle strength and improved the quality of breathing. Background: Being a chronic inflammatory disease, asthma accompanies many diseases. For astmatic patients, comparison of some vitamin groups due to severity of asthma and replacement treatment in case of lack can be extremely important. Method: Respiratory fuction tests were conducted on 302 patients (193 female-109 male, totally with age group of 18-79) who applied to Chest Diseases Polyclinics between January-May 2015. Patients were classified as mild, moderate and severe due to GINA 2014 criteria. Vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, folic acid and vitamin B12 levels were investigated. Statistically, Mann Whitney U, Kruskall Wallis-H and Post-Hoc tests were applied. Results: In all age groups, vitamin A and vitamin D values of females were significantly lower than those of males (p<0.05). In patients of age 29 and lower, folic acid values were significantly low. Due to vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B12 and folic acid, no statistically significant difference was detected among astmatic levels of patients enrolled in the study (p>0.05). Conclusions: Beside physiopathologic changes during astma, evidence of free oxygen radical release out of inflammatory cells and decrease in antioxidant levels give an impression of oxidant-antioxidant disequilibrium role in astmatic pathogenesis. As a defence mechanism of body against oxydative stress, outsourcing of vitamins is therefore essential. Low values of vitamin A and vitamin D values in astmatic patients encourage astmatic symptom severity, in addition to exhaustion, fatigue, bone ache and eye diseases. Reinforcement of vitamins through nutrition and medication is believed to be useful in treatment of asthma. Purpose: There are few recent epidemiologic data regarding allergic sensitization of atopic dermatitis (AD) in Korea. The aim of this study was to investigate patterns of sensitization in children with AD. Methods: This retrospective study included pediatric patients (0-18 years old) with AD who visited Samsung Medical Center from 1998 to 2014. The serum specific IgE (sIgE) levels of egg white (EW), cow's milk (CM), peanut, wheat, soy, buckwheat, tree nuts, crustaceans, meats and house dust mites (HDMs) were reviewed. The sIgE level ≥ 0.35 kU/L was regarded as positive. AD was categorized into the extrinsic type (ADe) and the intrinsic type (ADi) according to the presence or absence of positive sIgE. We compared the proportion of sensitized children according to their ages using Chi-Square Test. The prevalence of immediate-type egg and CM allergies was also evaluated based on the previously reported diagnostic decision point (DDP). 1) Results: Data were collected from total of 4775 children (2928 boys and 1847 girls). We identified 3321 (69.5%) children with ADe type, and 1455 (30.5%) with ADi type. There was no difference in the proportion of sensitized patients according to their age (P value = 0.538). Ratio of positive sIgE among the individual food item was the highest in EW (2348/3994, 58.8%), followed by CM (1776/3836, 46.3%), peanut (1244/3848, 32.3%), wheat (1119/3546, 31.6%), soy (984/3503, 28.1%), and buckwheat (267/1118, 23.9%). Among the food groups, tree nuts (405/715, 56.6%) were the most common allergens. Sensitization to Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus was found in 43.5% (799/1837) and 39.3% (722/1837), respectively. In addition, 10.9% (435/3994) and 7.4% (284/3836) showed the higher levels of sIgE to EW and CM than previously reported DDP. Conclusions: The frequency of ADe among all the children with AD was 69.5%. The most frequently sensitized food allergen was EW, followed by CM and peanut. Background: The pathogenesis of asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome (ACOS) is supposed to be multifactorial but unclear. Recent evidence suggests staphylococcal enterotoxin IgE sensitization (SE-IgE) to be a risk factor for asthma and its severity in adults, including the elderly. We hypothesized SE sensitization contributes to the development of fixed airway obstruction in asthma, leading to an ACOS phenotype. The present study aimed to examine the associations of SE-IgE sensitization with fixed airway obstruction in elderly asthma patient. Methods: We compared baseline characteristics between elderly controls, asthma and ACOS patients (≥65 years). Baseline assessment included demographics, lung functions, comorbidities, and serum total IgE and SE-IgE levels. SE-IgE sensitization was classified as negative (<0.10 kU/L), moderate (0.10-0.35 kU/L), and high (≥0.35 kU/L). SE-IgE sensitization was defined positive as ≥0.35 kU/L. Lung functions were serially checked every 3 month for two years in elderly asthma patients, and their best FEV1/FVC ratio was used to define fixed airway obstruction (persistently FEV1/FVC<0.7 during 2-year of asthma management). Exacerbation frequency was assessed during 1-year prospective follow-up. Results: A total of 338 elderly subjects were analyzed (89 controls, 172 asthma, and 87 ACOS). Serum SE-IgE levels were higher among elderly ACOS and asthma patients, compared to controls (mean±SD; 0.74±1.34, 0.56±2.32, and 0.20±0.36, respectively). SE-IgE sensitization rates significantly differed between groups (high SE-IgE sensitization; 44.2% in ACOS, 27.9% in asthma, and 14.6% in control; P<0.001). The presence of fixed airway obstruction (FEV1/FVC<0.70) showed relationships with male sex, smoking history, chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), and SE-IgE sensitization. In multivariate analyses, smoking history and high SE-IgE sensitization had independent relationships with fixed airway obstruction. In both of asthma and ACOS groups, SE-IgE levels showed significant correlations with exacerbation frequency. Conclusions: Staphyloccocal enterotoxin could have a pathogenic role in the development of COPD overlap in late-onset elderly asthma. These findings warrant further investigation for mechanisms of SE in mediating airway remodeling. Probiotics are normal inhabitants in the gastrointestinal tracts of man and are widely considered to exert a number of beneficial roles including immunomodulation, interference with enteric pathogens, and maintenance of a healthy intestinal microflora. In recent years, studies of probiotics have also confirmed their extra-intestinal effects, particularly for the prevention of allergic diseases. However, the antiallergy mechanism of probiotics is still unclear. In the first part of this study, we found that continuous feeding of Lactobacillus gasseri (L. gasseri) 10 7 CFU/200 ml or 10 9 CFU/200 ml for 4 weeks in Der p-sensitized and challenged mice could prevent allergen-induced airway inflammation. There were also significant changes of airway hypersensitivity, T H 1 and T H 2 cytokine patterns, lymphocyte proliferations and immunoglobulin production between L. gasseri -treated and non-treated mice. In the second part of study, we applied microarray analysis of the lung draining lymph nodes and mesenteric lymph node of mice to detect genes expression signal pathways and genetic profiling of immunological tolerance induced by L. gasseri that plays an essential role of in the prevention and therapeutic on allergic asthma. We found that there was significantly decrease of inflammatory and chemokines genes expression and increased of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism genes expression in the L. gasseri-treated mice as compared to non-treated sensitized and challenged mice. Thirdly, we have picked up one candidate targeted gene, PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ), to study the beneficial effect of probiotics on the allergic induced airway inflammation. Previously, it has been reported that PPARγ is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor family that not only is prominently involved in adipogenesis and metabolic regulation but also exerts pleiotropic anti-inflammatory effects in the lung, we hypothesized that PPARγ may play an important role in allergen-induced airway inflammation. The allergen-sensitized effect on murine model of asthma was applied in PPARγ P456L mutant mice by evaluating AHR, total numbers of inflammatory cells and cytokines secretion in bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF), and lung inflammation after mite allergen sensitization and challenge. Moreover, probiotics treatments PPARγ P456L mutant mice and wide type mice were administrated in allergen-sensitized mice. In summary, our results showed that PPARγ play important role in the inhibitory effect of allergen-induced airway inflammation in mice. And the anti-allergic effect on L. gasseri may through activation of PPARγ to alleviate airway inflammation in allergen-sensitized murine model of asthma. Objective: To explore the views of adult patients on AAI design. Methods: Thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with 30 adult patients prescribed AAIs. Discussion was facilitated by a variety of AAI models (both commercially available and prototypes). Results: All participants spoke spontaneously about the size of the device, they wanted it to be portable without needing a bag. Many favoured a smaller device, but others were tolerant of bulky designs and the inconvenience associated, because of the 'lifesaving' characteristics of their AAI. The increased size of some recent products on the market were not welcomed. However significantly smaller designs were not necessarly perceived as preferable because of the potential difficulties of locating them in an emergency. Some argued for greater visibility achieved by bright colouration, others found bright colours 'frightening' or attracting unwanted attention to the fact that they carried and AAI. Grey was considered an undesirable colour ('Grey is quite depressing'). Patients wanted instructions that were brief, simple and made full use of illustrations. Middle aged respondents commented on the need for adequate font size, while younger people recognised that if without their reading glasses bystanders assistance could be impaired through existing presentation styles. Integrated instructions on devices, that were intuitive to use, and 'not fiddly' needed to be prioritised. Consistency was requested; it was recognised that the different ways of highlighting the safety cap on some devices and the needle end on others was potentially confusing. A strong and resilient protective casing was thought to be mandatory, several respondents described casings deteriorating before the AAI expiry date. Several novel design features were suggested by the patients based on many years of experience. Conclusions: Size and aesthetics of were two of the most important AAI design issues for patients. Greater involvement of patients in the development of new AAIs (patient centered design) could potentially increase the carriage of devices. This is important because however good the ballistic characteristics are of any device, the patient cannot benefit from this technology unless the AAI is carried, and utilised when needed. Background: Allergic asthma is a chronic pulmonary disease characterized by a Th2 inflammatory response. Th-2-biased immune responses are known to play a key role in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. In particular, the macrophage derived chemokine CCL22 is directly implicated in Th-2-associated inflammatory reactions. In this study, we investigated the immune modulation using CCL22 miRNA would be induced therapeutic effects on ovalbumin-sensitized and -challenged asthmatic mice. Methods: The recombinant strain of Salmonella typhimurium expressing CCL22 miRNA (ST-miRCCL22) was prepared for in vivo knockdown of CCL22. Using an ovalbumin-induced asthma model, mice were sensitized and challenged, and then treated with ST-miRCCL22. Results: We constructed a recombinant strain of Salmonella typhimurium expressing CCL22 miRNA (ST-miRCCL22) for the in vivo knockdown of CCL22. The treatment of mice with established allergy led to attenuation of eosinophilia, Th2 cytokines and airway hyperresponsiveness. ST-miRCCL22 treatment also induced an increase in OVA-specific IFN-γ levels and in the frequency of lung inflammatory monocytes. Conclusions: In our research, the CCL22 microRNA was treated to modulate imbalances in the disease. The CCL22 miRNA reduced Th1 immune responses and induced therapeutic effects on OVA-Induced mouse model of asthma. These results suggest that CCL22 miRNA could potentially be used as an effective therapeutic agent for treating asthma. Background Head and neck dermatitis (HND) is a unique subtype of atopic dermatitis (AD) which commonly manifests in late adolescence or adulthood. HND is often refractory to therapy and affects patient's quality of life greatly. However, presence of HND is often underappreciated in clinics and detailed studies on its characteristics are limited. This study sought to analyze clinical, histological characteristics of HND patients. Further, as there is a growing number of AD studies focusing on the role of skin microbiome in the disease pathogenesis, microbiome analysis of HND patients in comparison to non-HND (N-HND) AD and normal (NL) subjects was performed. The results showed HND patients comprising approximately 2.4% of AD patients in an outpatient clinic setting. Compared to N-HND patients, HND initially presented with more severe disease status and elevated serum total IgE and serum specific IgE eactivity to dermatophagoides farinae. Histologically, HND specimen showed thickened epidermis with increased vascular components and dermal inflammatory infiltrates staining positive to pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Lastly, the microbiome analysis of HND in comparison to N-HND AD and NL subjects revealed presence of diverse community present in the skin. These findings reaffirm that HND is a clinical subtype of AD that needs distinction from classical AD. In the future, further investigation of skin microbiome and inflammatory factors involved in vasculatures of facial lesions in AD will lead to development of potential therapeutic targets. Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) modulate gene transcription in response to environmental stressors and other stimuli. A role for miRNAs in inflammation and immunity has been demonstrated and further evidence suggests that miRNAs also play a role in atopic dermatitis. In this study, we hypothesized the immune suppression using miR-432 would be induced therapeutic effects on atopic diseases. Methods: The Ig-E, Interleukin-4 (IL-4), CCL22 and interferon-g (IFNg) were examined after treatments with miRNAs in murine atopic model. In addition, atopic patient's blood samples were collected and examined for miRNA expression. Results: miR-432 reduced CCL22 chemokine gene in activated lymphocytes. In mice with a cutaneous disease similar to atopic dermatitis, Interleukin-4 was inhibited and interferon-γ was induced after treatments with miR-432. Furthermore, miR-432 levels were suppressed in the atopic patients. Conclusions: miR-432 suppressed Th1 immune responses and induced therapeutic effects in atopic mouse model. A) Background: Cross-reaction between food and inhalant allergens usually show mild symptoms. However, severe asthma symptoms, exercise-induced anaphylaxis, urticaria and "recall urticaria" at the site of immunotherapy injection may occur after ingestion of snails by patients allergic to house dust mites (1) . B) Methods: We report the case of a 23-years old woman who suffered from an acute severe asthma attack complicated by asphyxic evolution leading to cardiopulmonary arrest. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was successful, subcutaneous emphysema occurred, left pneumothorax was treated by chest tube. The clinical course was benign, and the patient returned from hospital to home after a few days with no complication. Medical history revealed that she had had asthma for 10 years, with allergy to inhaled allergens (grass pollen, house dust mites, pets dander). She had been treated 9 years earlier by subcutaneous specific immunotherapy against house dust mites for 2 years. Medications taken included albuterol, beclomethasone, salmeterol and montelukast. She ate Norway lobsters and snails 5 hours before the beginning of acute severe asthma attack and had sexual intercourse with no condom 3 hours before. C) Results: Skin prick tests (SPT, diameters of the wheals and flares in mm) and serum specific Ig E (SSIg E, Pharmacia Unicap 1000) confirmed sensitization against snails (SPT = 7/30; SSIg E 7,37 kUI/l) but not against Norway lobsters (SPT = 0/0; SSIg E < 0,35 kUI/l) nor human seminal fluid (SPT = 0/0; SSIg E < 0,35 kUI/l). No Ig E sensitization was later found against prawn nor house dust mites tropomyosin (rPen a 1 < 0,35 kUI/l, Pharmacia Unicap 1000 ; rDer p 10 < 0,10 kUI/l, Phadia Immunocap 1000). No severe asthma attack did occur thirteen years after beginning of eviction diet and continuation of asthma treatment. More than 100 cases of allergic symptoms after consumption of snails among patients allergic to house dust mites were published. These allergic symptoms may occur after the first ever ingestion of snails and may be life-threatening. They begin usually 5 to 60 minutes and rarely 1 to 5 hours after the ingestion of snails (1, 2) . Cross-sensitivity between snails and house dust mites is probably due to common epitopes as haemocyanin. D) Conclusions: Allergic patients to house dust mites should be informed about the possibility of severe cross-allergy symptoms after eating snails. Background: Distinctive pattern and diversity in early intestinal colonisation are shown to influence immune maturation and potentially development of allergic disease. We recently demonstrated that prenatal supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) during late pregnancy can influence infant gut colonisation by particular Bifidobacterium species directing towards healthy infant-type microbiota. We investigated whether this early-life gut colonisation with Bifidobacterium species is associates with systemic immune responses at 12 months of age. Methods: Faecal samples were collected from infants during the first 3 months of life. Bacterial DNA was extracted from the faecal samples and Bifidobacterium longum, B. lactis, B. breve, B. angulatum, B adolescentis, and B. catenulatum were detected by real time PCR. Infants' peripheral blood mononuclear cells at 12 months were stimulated with ovalbumin (OVA), heat-killed LGG (HKL) (the probiotic used in the original study), tetanus toxoid (TT), anti-CD3 or without stimulus. Cells were analysed by flow cytometry for markers of dendritic cells phenotype and regulatory T cell (Treg) numbers. Culture supernatants were analysed for IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IFNγ and TNF-α by multiplex ELISA, while TGF-β1 and IL-12p40 were measured using ELISA. Results: Colonisation with B. longum at day 7 of life was associated with significantly higher (p < 0.01) levels of Th1 cytokine (IFN-γ) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) and increased (p < 0.05) secretions of Th2 (IL-13) and regulatory cytokine (IL-10) in infants at 12 months. However, colonisation with B. adolescentis at day 3 was associated with higher secretion of IL-4 cytokine. A significantly increased numbers of Treg were observed in infants colonised with B. adolescentis at 7 days of age. Conclusions: Colonisation with specific Bifidobacterium species in early life can influence cellular immune function, namely cytokine profiles and Treg later at 12 months. This suggests that probiotic treatment during pregnancy may modulate infant immune function as late as 12 months of age, feasibly mediated by modulation of infant microbiota. However, the immune mechanism that might protect against allergic disease is still unclear. Background: Curry spice allergy in children is extremely rare in Japan. In addition, food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FEIAn) as a manifestation of spice allergy against curry powder is quite uncommon. Methods: We report a case of FEIAn due to curry spice allergy in a 14-year-old boy. The boy had a history of several episodes of exercise-induced anaphylaxis since the age of 12 years, which were suspected to be FEIAn. He developed pollinosis in spring and autumn, and had increased levels of specific IgE antibodies against many different kinds of allergens such as food and pollens, including, celery, white birch, and mugwort. Among several different foods consumed before the last three episodes of anaphylaxis, we found that curry powder was the common ingredient in all of them. Since the curry powder did not induce symptoms without exercise, we suspected FEIAn caused by curry spices. Results: The results of the exercise challenge test conducted after ingestion of curry were positive and accompanied by skin flare, itching, urticaria, and bulbar conjunctival hyperemia. We recorded a 10.0% decrease in forced vital capacity, and a 13.5% decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 s on respiratory function testing. The patient was diagnosed as having FEIAn in response to curry powder. The patient was found to be sensitized to coriander, a curry powder ingredient, on ImmnoCAP. Sensitization to several other spices was also detected with skin-prick testing. The patient was instructed to refrain from exercise for 2 h after ingestion of curry powder and has not shown any symptoms since then. Conclusion: Based on history and investigation results, we suspected that the celery-birch-mugwort-spice syndrome was caused by IgE cross-reactivity between pollens and spices. Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory skin disorder characterized by multifactorial pathophysiologic aspects. Pruritus and sleep disturbance are cardinal symptom of atopic dermatitis. Several scoring systems are available, Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) is a tool commonly used to measure the severity of atopic dermatitis. Correlation between Visual analogue scale (VAS) of pruritus and loss of sleep (LOS) and the EASI score is not fully investigated yet. Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the association of pruritus and sleep disturbance in atopic dermatitis with objective disease severity and laboratory parameters. We assessed EASI score as an objective disease severity, VAS of pruritus and LOS (0-10 point) as a severity of pruritus and sleep disturbance in 1877 AD patients at our dermatology clinic from 2007 to 2013. We also measured Eosinophilic count, total IgE and specific IgE in peripheral blood. Correlation of pruriruts and sleep disturbance with disease severity and laboratory parameters were determined by Pearson's correleation analysis using SPSS version 21.0. Results: The mean VAS of pruritus and LOS were 5.93±2.53 (Mean ± SD) and 4.67±3.00. The mean EASI score was 14.0±12.1. Our study revealed that the EASI score showed weak statistical significance with VAS of pruritus and LOS. (EASI vs VAS of pruritus; r = 0.31, EASI vs VAS of LOS; r = 0.36) The eosinophil count revealed weak statistical significance with VAS of pruritus and LOS. (VAS of pruritus; r = 0.10, VAS of LOS; r = 0.23) The total IgE level showed no statistical significance with VAS of pruritus and LOS. Specific IgE titer to Dermatophagoides farinae (D2) showed weak statistical significance with VAS of pruritus and LOS. (VAS of pruritus; r = 0.10, VAS of LOS; r = 0.14). Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that EASI score weakly reflect the subjective severity (pruritus and LOS). Since severe pruritus and LOS can affect the quality of life of atopic dermtaittis patients and they are not strongly correlated with disease severity measured by dermatologists, dermatologists should aware the subjective symptoms from patients and consider to manage the subjective symptoms together with objective symptoms. Background: Hereditary factors of atopic dermatitis(AD) have been emphasized recently. AD-related gene mutations vary significantly across ethnicities. We tried to find mutations in FLG, SPINK5 and KLK7 genes from Korean AD patients and we aimed to develop a reverse blot hybridization assay(REBA) to apply to AD-related genes for the first time. Methods: We divided the AD subjects into moderate to severe AD and mild AD groups and also divided them into extrinsic and intrinsic AD groups. We checked on gene mutations using the REBA in AD and non-atopy control subjects. Results: The mutant type(MT) of KLK7 was significantly more frequent in AD subjects than in control and higher in the moderate to severe group compared to the mild group. The MT frequency was not different between the intrinsic and extrinsic AD groups. In the SPINK5mutation, AD subjects more frequently had the mixed type of 603-49A>T(Glu335Val), the MT of 1188T>C(His396His) and 2475G>T(Glu825Asp) compared to control, but there was no difference between intrinsic and extrinsic AD. Among AD subjects, the moderate to severe AD group had more gene mutations compared to the mild group. Conclusion: We found a correlation between the KLK7 mutation, the mutations in 1188T>C and 2475G>T, and 603-49A>T of SPINK5and AD which have not been reported in Asians including Koreans. Above all things, we verified that the REBA can be applied to detect multiple barrier-related gene mutations in AD easily, simply, and accurately. Background: Diagnostic work-up in patients suffering life-threatening drug anaphylaxis is difficult in clinical practice owing to the low sensitivity of the laboratory tests and the risk of anaphylaxis using in vivo tests. Flow cytometry-assisted basophil activation test (BAT) is suggested a safe diagnostic method, although it is more expensive and technically challenging compared to conventional in vitro or in vivo tests. We sought to evaluate the diagnostic utility of this testing in clinical practice. Method: Nineteen patients with a drug-induced anaphylaxis were recruited. Basophil activation test, skin tests, and measurement of commercially available specific IgE to drugs were performed for diagnostic evaluation. A stimulation index≥2 and an absolute activated basophil percentage≥5 were considered positive response to BAT. Results: All patients met the FAAN/NIAID criteria for anaphylaxis. Causality assessment using the WHO-UMC classified them into the categories 'certain' or 'probable'. Male to female ratio was 1:1.1 and the mean age was 46.0 ± 12.0 yrs. Five patients presented severe anaphyalxis such as hypotension, hypoxia or loss of consciousness, and the others were moderate severity. The involved drugs were cephalosporin antibiotics in 9 patients, eperisone 2, ranitidine 3, and aminoglycoside, glimepiride, humalog insulin, paclitaxel, tradamol, propofol in one patient each. BAT using CD 63 marker was positive in 12 (63.2%), and negative in 7 patients, whereas BAT using CD203c was positive in 9 (47.4%) and negative in 10 patients. When both markers applied, 14 patients (70.0%) showed positive to BAT. Skin test was positive in 8 (47.0%), negative in 9, and nonapplicable in two patients. Conclusion: The BAT proves to be a useful diagnostic tool for druginduced anaphyalxis. In addition, this test can identify the causative drug in patients with negative skin test or unavailable to sIgE measurement. Background: Bacterial colonization of the infant gut begins at birth and the gut microbiota in infant was unstable. The initial gut microbiota plays an important role in the development of immnue system. Disruption of the gut microbiota has been linked to the development of allergic diseases. Especially, feeding method has a significant impact on allergic diseases. Objective: We investigated the composition of gut microbiota according to feeding method and the association with serum IgE in infants. Materials and methods: Fecal samples were collected at 6 month from 47 infants in the COCOA birth cohort. Microbiota characterization was performed by using 16S rRNA shotgun sequencing. Results: The species richness (alpha-diversity) was not different according to feeding method. The significant higher level of Firmicutes and lower level of Actinobacteria detected in mixed milk (breast and formula milk) feeding infants than breast milk feeding infants at phylum level. The proportion of Bifidobacterium was significantly reduced, while Clostridium_g4, Clostridium, and Clostridium_g6 were highly enriched in mixed milk feeding infant than breast milk feeding infant at genus level. And the level of Escherichiapositively correlated with the total serum IgE at age 1 year in mixed milk feeding infant, but not in breast milk feeding infant. Conclusion: Feeding method is not affect to the diversity of gut microbiota. However it shapes the composition of specific bacteria and Escherichiaaffect to the development of atopy. Background: Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays crucial regulatory roles in T cell-mediated contact hypersensitivity (CHS). Canonical TGF-β signaling pathway is mediated through TGF-βspecific receptor-regulated Smads (R-Smads) and the common Smad, Smad4. However, precise signaling mechanisms whereby TGF-β regulates T cells in CHS are not fully understood. Objectives: We sought to determine the mechanisms how TGF-β signaling through Smad4 regulates the pathogenic effector T cell subsets in CHS. Methods: We used Cd4Cre-loxp system to delete Smad4 in T cellspecific manner (Cd4Cre;Smad4 fl/fl,+/+ ). Cd4Cre;Smad4 fl/fl,+/+ mice were immunized and sensitized by 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB). Results: We found that T cell-specific deletion of Smad4 exacerbated DNFB-induced CHS with significant expansion and infiltration of CD8 + T cells in the draining lymph nodes and the skin lesions. Smad4 deficient CD8 + T cells upregulated Th2 differentiation, regardless of Smad4 genotypes of CD4 + T cells. Smad4 in combination with Smad3 suppressed the expression of a T-box transcription factor, Eomesodermin (Eomes) in CD8 + T cells. Expression of Eomes and the cytotoxic molecules in CD8 + T cells at the early phase of sensitization was significantly upregulated in Cd4Cre;Smad4 fl/fl mice compared with control Cd4Cre;Smad4 +/+ mice. Cytolytic molecules in CD8 + T cells upregulated by Smad4 deletion induced Th1 cell apoptosis, which resulted in increased Th2. Conclusions: These data highlight CD8 + T cell-intrinsic Smad4 as the crucial regulator of effector CD4 + T cell subsets in CHS. Gaik Chin Yap 4 , Wen Tso Liu 1 , Seungdae Oh 1 , Pei Ying Hong 2 , Chiung Hui Huang 3,4 , Marion Aw 3,4 , Lynette Shek 3,4 , Bee Wah Lee 3,4 1 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA; 2 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia; 3 National University Health System, Singapore; 4 National University of Singapore, Singapore Correspondence: Gaik Chin Yap -National University Health System, Singapore World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A407 Background: The gastrointestinal tract is the primary site of interaction between the host immune system and microorganisms. Studies have suggested that selective microbial targets may influence the development of the allergic diseases. But the difference in functional gene composition remains unknown. We aim to assess the structural and functional gene composition of stool microbiota of infants with eczema and their matched (for age, gender, mode of delivery, feeding) controls at the age of 1 month. Methods: Twelve children with eczema and their controls were selected from the placebo arm of a birth cohort of at-risk infants participating in a randomized double-blind trial on the protective effects of supplemental probiotics in early life on allergic outcomes. The four were caesarean delivery followed by formula feeding (eczema = 2 and healthy control = 2) and the eight were vaginal delivery followed by partial breast feeding mixed with formula feeding (eczema = 4 and healthy control = 4). Bacterial genomic DNA were extracted from fecal samples and prepared for Illumina Miseq and Hiseq sequencing. Data analysis such as sequence quality check, contigs assembly and gene annotation were carried out for the DNA sequences obtained from Miseq and Hiseq sequencing. Results: Phylogenetic analysis of metagenomic sequences revealed that four phyla dominated both microbial communities: Proteobacteria (54% and 63% for healthy and eczema communities, respectively), Firmicutes (26% and 18%), Actinobacteria (13% and 8%), Bacteroidetes (7% and 8%). Comparative metagenomic analysis showed that immune-regulatory TCAAGCTTGA motifs were significantly enriched in healthy communities, many of which were encoded by Bifidobacterium (38% of the total motifs in the healthy communities). Draft genomes of five Bifidobacterium species (B. longum, B. bifidum, B. breve, B. dentium, and B. pseudocatenulatum ) were recovered from metagenomic datasets. The B. longum BFN-121-2 genome encoded more TCAAGCTTGA motifs (4.2 copies per 1 million genome sequence) than other Bifidobacterium genomes and was significantly overrepresented (P < 0.05) in the healthy communities. Conclusions: Our results report distinct immune-modulatory genomic properties of gut microbiotas in healthy infants as compared to children with eczema and provide new insights into potential roles of gut microbiotas in affecting human immune homeostasis. Objective Allergic rhinitis occurs at 10-40% in the world's population and it cause runny nose, sneezing, itching and qualitative degraded sleep disorder which are causing the failure of social life. Allergic rhinitis can be associated with patient of obstructive sleep apnea. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of allergic rhinitis on obstructive sleep apnea and the change of the symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea after allergic rhinitis treatment. We examined patients who diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea using polysomnography in our sleep clinic. All the patient was examined by allergy skin testing and diagnosed with allergic rhinitis. Patients were group of OSA with AR. We did Allergic rhinitis medical treatment for 2 weeks before OSA treatment. We did the survey of Visual analogue scale, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Chalder Fatigue Scale, Daily Hassles Scale, Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale, Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire before and after Allergic rhinitis treatment. Results OSA-AR group was 14 pateints. Age ranged from 17 to 66 years old and mean age 27. prior treatment, OSA-AR group score was less than average in VAS(sleep time, wake time), ESS, CFS, DHS, CD-RISC, RQLQ examination and TNSS, which associated with rhinitis in RQLQ, showed less than average except nasal obstruction in OSA-AR. VAS (sleep time, wake time) and RQLQ in patients who underwent 2weeks medical treatment showed statistically significant difference after treatment. (sleep time P = 0.001, wake time P = 0.000, RQLQ P=.011) The average scores of ESS, CFS, DHS, CD-RISC, RQLQ, TNSS was lower but no significant difference after treatment than before treatment. We could find out Allergic rhinitis treatment contributes to improve subjective symptoms and QOL of patients in OSA-AR treatment patients. But considering lower number of subject, further investigation should be performed. Differentiating between acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) and generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) can be extremely difficult, as both present as erythematous pustular eruptions. A 60-yearold woman presented at the emergency department with generalized erythematous pustular eruption, generalized edema and fever. She had treated with drug eruption by herbal remedy in dermatologic department for 3 weeks. One week before visiting ED, she received dapsone and zaltoprofen from another hospital. Body temperature measured as 38.7°C. Blood neutrophil was 85.3 % of total leukocytes. Based on the clinical and laboratory findings, she was diagnosed as AGEP by dapsone or NSAIDs. All the medications were discontinued. After treatment with systemic steroid for 3 days, fever and skin lesions were improving. However, new pustular lesions were developing immediately after the dose reduction of steroid and rapidly aggravated. The results of skin biopsy were compatible with GPP rather than AGEP. Acitretin was started and steroid was slowly tapered. The pustular lesion and scaling had improved. We report a patient with a pustular eruption initially diagnosed as AGEP, with the diagnosis changed to GPP. This case highlights the importance of differential diagnoses in order to treat the condition appropriately. Gelatin allergy has been well described in type 1 hypersensitivity reactions to vaccines, but only a few case reports have been published about anaphylaxis associated with food. We report a 5 years old boy that developed anaphylaxis after eating gummy bears. He was referred for evaluation after 2 episodes of anaphylaxis after ingestion of gummy products. The first episode occurred within 10 minutes of consuming more than 1 package of Haribo Gold Bear Candy with development of diffuse urticaria and generalized rash, angioedema, and pruritus with wheezing. Approximately 2 months later, a second episode occurred after ingesting Mygummy fruit snack 1 package. Ten minutes after ingestion, he had generalized urticaria and erythema, which resolved after receiving antihistamine. Prick to prick skin testing of gelatin-containing gums (Haribo and Mygummy) soaked in water and porcine gelatin were positive reactions. And additional intradermal testing with a 1:100 gelatin was strongly reactive. ImmunoCAP testing showed an increasd IgE level to bovine gelatin, at 4.50 kUA/L(Porcine gelatin in not available in Korea. Mammalian gelatins are well known that there is crossreactivity). Double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge is the gold standard for the diagnosis of food allergy. However, this was not conducted in this patient, because he had already had several reactions to foods that contained gelatin, including anaphylactic reactions, and he had evidence of specific IgE to gelatin, skin testing and intradermal test. The patent was advised to avoid all gelatin-containing food, medications, and vaccines. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease, in which the airway progressively undergoes structural changes collectively termed as airway remodeling. Severe refractory bronchospasm elicits mechanical stress of bronchial wall and it is responsible for airway inflammation and remodeling. In this study, we planned to examine the relationship between asthmatic lung functions and the serum folliculin level. Folliculin is released from bronchial epithelial cells in response to compressive stress, mimicking bronchospasm. Folliculin levels in serum were measured by ELISA in asthma patients (n=405) who visited the asthma center in a tertiary referral hospital from May 2005 to December 2014, and healthy controls (n=94) who visited the Health Examination Center in the same hospital. Folliculin levels were compared in two groups and we investigated if the level of folliculin is correlated with lung function and other clinical variables within the group of asthma. Patients whose folliculin level over 148pg/ml were defined as "high follicullin group" and we sought to find out clinical characteristics of the 'high folliculin' phenotype. The serum concentrations of folliculin were significantly higher in asthmatics (148.92± 240.71 vs 73.57± 78.34 pg/ml, p < 0.001) than in healthy controls. We found negative correlation between serum folliculin level and post bronchodilator FEV1 (R=-0.228, p = 0.00) and post bronchodilator FEV1/FVC (R=-0.155, p = 0.00). The high-folliculin group was older at onset of asthma (65.01±88.08 vs 97.12±121.88 months, P= 0.007), had heavier history of smoking (7.90 vs 13.08 pack-years, p= 0.011), presented more frequent exacerbations (0.36/3months vs 0.57/ 3months, p=0.041), and showed lower FEV1 % predicted (73.63 vs 66.65, p=0.00). The results demonstrate that serum folliculin concentration is higher in asthmatics and is associated with lower lung function. Thus, follucilin can be a novel biomarker for asthma. Background: In asthma patients, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp tend to have high recurrence rate after surgery, and gets better and worse along the clinical course of asthma. The oral steroid treatment is often used in these cases because of poor effect of local nasal steroid treatment. Side effect of long-term oral steroid is considered to be a serious concern for the physicians. The off-label use of budesonide nasal irrigation was introduced recently for post operative management of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. The safety and effect of budesonide nasal irrigation is being accepted to many physicians. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of postoperative steroid irrigation in asthma patients. Methods: Prospective study was done on 12 chronic rhinosinusitis patients with nasal polyp and asthma who used oral steroid treatment due to recurred or worsen disease. The 22-item Sinonasal Outcomes Test (SNOT-22) and Lund-Kennedy endoscopy scores were performed before nasal budesonide irrigation, 1, 2, 4, and 6 months after the irrigation. Results: The subjects were of 3 male and 9 female patients and the mean age of the patients were 49.9±7.3. SNOT-22 score was 30.8±14.4 before irrigation followed by 17.8±16.6 after 1 month, 14.8 ±11.1 after 2 months, 14.9±10.9 after 4 months and 14.17±8.7 after 6 months of irrigation. SONT-22 scores were significantly improved with irrigation (p=0.03) Endoscopy score was 7.4±4.7 before the irrigation followed by 3.5±3.3 after 1 month, 1.5±1.8 after 2 months, 1.7±1.5 after 4 months and 2.2±2.7 after 6 months. The scores were significantly improved with irrigation (p<0.001). Conclusions: Nasal irrigation with budesonide is considered to be an effective post operative treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis patients with asthma which recur frequently, reducing the use of oral steroid intake. Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronically relapsing inflammatory skin disease, characterized by severe itching and dysfunction of skin homeostasis. Previously, new AD model was established through capsaicin injection to neonatal rats, which displayed itching behavior and skin inflammation from 3 weeks after injection. Methods: Rats were injected with capsaicin and AD skins were analyzed using immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and immunoblot analysis. Results: We showed that alteration of filaggrin and corneodesmosin (CDSN) proteolytic processing was co-related with AD development. New-borne rat showed well-developed epidermis, which became thinner till 2 week-age when hair began to grow. After that, epidermal thickness gradually increased, which was co-related with expression of epidermal differentiation markers, suggesting of U-shape epidermal development. To investigate relationship between AD and epidermal development, neonate, 2 and 4 week-age rats were injected with capsaicin and AD symptoms were monitored. A more late injection produced earlier development of AD but AD symptoms were less severe and shorter duration, suggesting of stimulation in neonatal period potentiated AD symptoms. Subsequent immunohistochemical staining showed increase of Lgr6 expression, which is known as epidermal stem cell marker. Conclusions: These results suggested that postnatal epidermal development may influence on AD development. Background: Little is known regarding possible association between lung clearance index (LCI) monitoring the lung heterogeneity and asthma control and exacerbation. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between LCI, level of asthma control, and the C-ACT (Childhood Asthma Control Test) score in asthma patients. Method: This study included 97 patients who visited the outpatient department and admitted to the Department of Pediatrics, the CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University from October 2013 to December 2014 due to asthma control and exacerbation. The level of asthma control was classified according to the GINA guideline and asthma exacerbation was applied to asthma patients who were hospitalized. We measured the baseline IOS (Impulse oscillometry system), FeNO (Fractional exhaled nitric oxide), spirometry, and LCI, and evaluated the C-ACT score for each subject. Results: Of the 97 subjects, the numbers of patients in the asthma control group, the partly controlled group, the uncontrolled group, and the asthma exacerbation group were 33, 23, 18 and 23, respectively. The mean age of each group was 7.64 ± 2.66 years; there was no statistical difference across the groups (P=0.733). The Spearman correlation coefficients revealed a significant correlation between C-ACT and LCI 2.5% (P=0.001) and Scond VT (P=0.003), but no significant correlation between C-ACT and FEV1 (r=0.136, P=0.08), FEV1/ FVC (r=0.086, P=0.47), Rrs5 (r=0.000, P=0.998), Xrs5 (r=0.017, p=0.872) Z score, and FeNO (r=0.015, P=1.00). There were significant differences in LCI 2.5% (P<0.001), ScondVT (P<0.001), FEV1 (P<0.001), and FEV1/FVC (P=0.010), but no difference in Rrs5 (P=0.949) and Xrs5 (P=0.077) between the controlled group and the uncontrolled group. Conclusion: LCI and Scond VT were closely correlated with the C-ACT score and were good parameters in differentiating the level of asthma control. Background: Chronic inflammation of the airways and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) are key pathological features of asthma. The fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is closely related to eosinophilic airway inflammation and corticosteroid responsiveness. AHR is being used as an indirect marker of the degree of airway inflammation, and AHR to mannitol is more closely related to airway inflammation compared with AHR to methacholine. We sought to evaluate the association between FeNO and AHR in adults with and without asthma. Methods: In 304 patients with symptoms suggestive of asthma, FeNO and AHR to mannitol or methacholine were measured. A total of 180 who underwent both tests were analyzed and were divided into four groups : low (<25ppb)/high FeNO and with/ without AHR. Results: FeNO and response to mannitol was measured in 90 patients (group±), and FeNO and response to methacholine in 90 (groupII). Current asthma was diagnosed in 31 (group±, 34.4%) and 37 (groupII, 41.1%). In non-asthmatics, those with low FeNO/-AHR, low FeNO/+AHR, high FeNO/-AHR, high FeNO/+AHR was 78%, 1.7%, 18.6%, 1.7% in group ±; 66%, 0%, 34%, 0% in groupII. Of the asthmatics, 45.2%, 3.2%, 12.9%, 38.7% in group±; 27%, 24.3%, 8.15, 40.6% in groupII, and neither showed significant difference in atopy, duration of asthma, use of inhaled corticosteroid, blood and sputum eosinohils with regard to distribution of FeNO or AHR, except only in FEV1. A significant correlation was observed between log FeNO and log response-dose rate (RDR) mannitol (r=0.411, P=0.024) and also between log FeNO and log RDR methacholine (r=0.336, P=0.042) in only asthma patients. Conclusions: In asthma patients, the association between FeNO and AHR was stronger in mannitol than in methacholine. However, a significant proportion of patients had high FeNO and no AHR to mannitol and low FeNO and AHR to methacholine. Jisun Park Inha University Hospital South Korea World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A416 Background: It is well known that the prevalence of allergic diseases has increased in recent decades in industrialized countries. Considering the relatively short period of time, environmental factors should be involved in this phenomenon. This study was aimed to evaluate the correlation between allergic rhinitis and air pollutants at the metropolitan city of Incheon and Seoul, Korea. Methods: The number of patients who had visited physicians for allergic rhinitis at Incheon and Seoul was obtained from the medical data of the National Health Insurance Corporation. Data of air pollution were obtained from the Air Pollution Measurement System from 2005-2008, which had been measured in 1 hour intervals. The air pollutants measured were CO(ppm), NO 2 (ppm), O 3 (ppm), PM 10 (mg/m 3 ), and SO 2 (ppm). The level of air pollutants in each district was interpolated by kriging estimates of a Geographic Information System from measured data of air pollutants. After adjustment of age and annual number of automobile registration, a ridge regression model was used to determine the correlation of the prevalence of allergic rhinitis and the annual average concentration of air pollutants. Results: The prevalence of allergic rhinitis in children and adolescent was 30.47% and 37.69 % in 2005 and 2008, respectively. The air pollutants that showed significant correlation with the prevalence of allergic rhinitis after adjustment were PM 10 and ozone for 0-9 yrs of age, ozone for 10-14 yrs, and PM 10 for 15-19 yrs. Conclusion: In conclusion, PM 10 and ozone may contribute in increasing the risk of allergic rhinitis. Therefore, it is considered that monitoring of both air pollutants and the prevalence of allergic rhinitis should be continued to clarify the effects of air pollutants on allergic rhinitis in Korea. Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Korean Children with Allergic Rhinitis Seung Hyun Moon Inha University Hospital South Korea World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A417 A) Background: Fractional concentration of NO in exhaled breath (FeNO) is mainly used to evaluate the eosinophilic inflammation in asthma. It has also been proposed as an index for evaluating the atopic disease such as allergic rhinitis. Many studies suggest the usefulness of FeNO in allergic rhinitis and level of FeNO may be different depending on the race, age, and other environmental factor. But there have been few studies about the FeNO in Korean children with allergic rhinitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of FeNO in Korean children with allergic rhinitis. B) Methods: 647 children aged 5 to 17 were enrolled. All subjects underwent skin prick test, pulmonary function test, and methacholine challenge test. Subjects were classified into 5 groups: 139 children with allergic rhinitis(AR), 83 children with non-allergic rhinitis(NAR), 18 children with asthma, 62 children with AR and asthma, and 345 control subjects. FeNO was then measured in all subjects. C) Results: Mean level of FeNO in AR (32.3 ± 25.0 ppb), asthma (31.1 ± 20.5 ppb), and AR-asthma group (34.5 ± 30.4 ppb) was significantly higher as compared to that of NAR (16.8 ± 13.5 ppb) and control group (15.9 ± 12.5 ppb).(P<0.05) There was no significant difference in FeNO level among AR, asthma, and AR-asthma group. There was no significant difference in FeNO level between AR group with BHR and AR group without BHR. In skin prick test, mean level of FeNO in greater than or equal to 4+ group (36.6 ± 29.2 ppb) was significantly higher than that of 3+ group (27.6 ± 20.7 ppb). (P<0.01) In the ROC curve analysis for prediction of AR, when it showed 90% of positive predictive value, the cutoff level of FeNO was 50 ppb. D) Conclusions: Level of FeNO has a significant correlation with allergic rhinitis. This result suggests that measurement of FeNO may be useful in the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis. And also, it suggests that there is relationship between allergic rhinitis and eosinophilic inflammation like asthma, although there is no expression of systemic eosinophilic reaction or bronchial hyper reactivity. Objective: To explore the relationship between childhood bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis,calculate the incidence of allergic rhinitis in patients with bronchial asthma,and analyse the correlationship between allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma in clinical performance. Methods: To investigate 385 cases of children with bronchial asthma from 0-14 year old in Shinan District of Qingdao by a questionnaire survey, including 242 children with simple asthma (group I),146 children with asthma complicated with allergic rhinitis (Group II), and the control group of 385 selected healthy children (Group III).-Through the answers of the parents, we comprehended the relevent circumstances of the concomitant disease, allergy history, family history and the onset schedules. Then, we established a corresponding individual database file and analyzed the data.by statistical methods. Results: The children having personal drug allergy history and family allergy history in group I and group II was significantly higher than that in group III (χ 2 =45.73-147.58, P < 0.05), the chilaren having digestion or skin allergy history was significantly higher than that of group I (χ 2 =7.90, P<0.05). Conclusion: Asthma and allergic rhinitis are both allergic airway diseases, there is a close correlationship between them. Morbilliform drug eruption is the most common form of cutaneous adverse drug reactions, accounting for up to 95% of entire skin side effects. Every drug theoretically has the potential to induce drug eruption despite of frequency differences. Trimebutine has been widely used in the treatment of gastroenteritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease and irritable bowel syndrome. For its common use, however, reports about dermatologic side effects are surprisingly scarce. We report a case of a 61-year-old woman with pruritic morbilliform skin eruption after taking trimebutine. She had visited our clinic 2 years ago with similar skin lesions after taking medication containing trimebutine. The patient underwent oral provocation test and developed similar generalized morbilliform skin eruption a few hours later. To our knowledge this is the first case report of trimebutine-induced morbilliform skin eruption. Woo-Hyeok Choi, Heysung Baek Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, South Korea Correspondence: Woo-Hyeok Choi -Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, South Korea World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A420 Background: Bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR) can be assessed by performing bronchial provocation tests (BPTs) with direct stimuli such as methacholine, or indirect stimuli such as mannitol. The aim of this study was to examine the diagnostic properties of methacholine and mannitol challenge to predict exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in athmatic children. Methods: Eighty-nine asthmatic children between 6 and 15 years old were enrolled. Exercise challenges were conducted in all subjects. 72 subjects underwent methacholine BPTs and 36 subjects underwent mannitol BPTs. 18 subjects underwent both mannitol and methacholine BPTs. BHR to exercise was defined as a ≥ 15% fall in FEV1 after exercise, to methacholine a PC20 ≤ 25 mg/ml and to mannitol a 15% fall in FEV1 at ≤ 635 mg. Results: Thirty-seven (41.6%, 37/89) subjects with asthma had a positive exercise challange test. The maximum decreases in %FEV1 after exercise were positively correlated with mannitol PD15 (r=-0.540, p=0.038) but not correlated with methacholine PC20 in asthmatics with EIB. The sensitivity of methacholine to identify EIB was 93.3% (28/30) and the specificity was 52.4% (22/42). The sensitivity of mannitol was 66.7% (14/21) and the specificity was 40.0% (6/15). Conclusion: The maximum decreases in %FEV1 after exercise was significantly correlated with mannito PD15 but not with methacholine PC20. However, methacholine is more sensitive than mannitol to identify EIB in asthmatic children. Background: Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) share some epidemiological and clinical characteristics; however, few studies have examined whether these viruses induce similar cytokine responses. This study compared cytokine profiles in HMPV and RSV patients to investigate their inflammatory pathways. Methods: 128 nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens were collected from 128 pediatric patients hospitalized with acute respiratory infection including wheezing and tested for 7 common respiratory viruses. They were divided into HMPV (n=27) and RSV groups (n=101). Th1(IFN-γ), Th2(IL-4, IL-13) and Th17(IL-1β) cytokine profiles were analyzed. Results: IFN-γ levels in the 2 groups were statistically similar (P=0.08). IL-4 levels were significantly higher in the RSV compared to HMPV group (P<0.0001). IL-13 levels in both groups were under detection level. IL-1β levels were significantly higher in the HMPV compared to the RSV group (P<0.0001). Conclusion: Our results suggest that HMPV and RSV have different inflammatory mechanisms. HMPV induces airway inflammation by the Th17 pathway through release of IL-1β, whereas RSV acts through the Th2 pathway. Background: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, the potential link between microbial infections and asthma is now thought to be environment, immunity and genetic factors. The potential role of bacterial colonization or infection of the bronchial mucosa in the pathogenesis of asthma has been raised by several recent reports. The aim of this study was to examine alteration of airway microbiota among asthma phenotypes in Chinese adult patients. Methods: Induced sputum samples were obtained from 49 nonsmoking patients with stable asthma and 15 healthy subjects. Total DNA was amplified by using primers specific for the V3-V5 hypervariable region of bacterial 16s rRNA. Samples were barcoded, and sequenced with the 454 GS FLX sequencer. Sequences were assigned to bacterial taxa by comparing them with 16s rRNA sequences in the Ribosomal Database Project. Results: Asthmatics had lower FEV1% predicted (72.2% vs. 98.6%, p<0.001) and higher sputum eosinophil (13.0% vs. 0.5%, p<0.001) compared to healthy controls. There was no statistically difference in OTU numbers and diversity score between asthmatic and nonasthmatic subjects. At phylum level, the difference of OTU relative abundance remained non-significant. Subjects with eosinopihilic asthma (EA) are older and have shorter duration of asthma (9.6 vs. 19.2 years, p=0.041) as well as lower FEV1% (69.3% vs. 79.2%, p<0.001) compared to subjects with non-eosinopihilic asthma (NEA). The highest OTU numbers (183.9 vs. 142.7 vs. 127.2) and diversity scores, including chao index (318.6 vs. 203.1 vs. 190.8 ) and ace index (419.8 vs. 251.0 vs. 218.5), were found in NEA group, followed by healthy and EA group. At phylum level, EA subjects had higher abundance of Firmicutes (33.7% vs. 27.5%, p=0.099) but lower Proteobacteria (27.5% vs. 35.2%, p=0.090) compared to NEA subjects, although the differences were not significant. Conclusions: Patients with eosinophilic asthma have an altered microbial composition in the respiratory tract compared with subjects with non-eosinophilic asthma. The corresponding biological effect on airway inflammation remains to be determined. This study evaluated which clinical features may predict presence of SA colonization/infection, and reviewed antimicrobial sensitivity of SA in patients with AD. Methods: The associations between bacteriologic culture results of skin swabs (taken at the most severely affected area and at the antecubital fossa) and SCORing-Atopic-Dermatitis (SCORAD), skin hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and quality of life were evaluated. Results: Moderate-to-heavy growth of SA was present in 31% of the swabs of the most severe area and in 16% of the flexural (antecubital fossae) areas of 95 AD patients (12.5±4.8 years). Binomial logistic regression showed moderate-to-heavy growth of SA were associated with objective SCORAD (p=0.004) and lesion intensity [erythema (p=0.022) and lichenification (p=0.035)] in the severe area; and excoriation (p=0.024) and TEWL (p=0.009) in the antecubital fossa. The relative risk of isolating moderate-to-heavy growth of SA in the most affected area in patients with severe disease (Objective SCORAD >40) is 2.73 (1.43 -5.21, p =0.001) . Any growth of SA in either swab sites was associated with objective SCORAD and lesion intensity (p=0.001-0.019). SA had no association with quality of life and other clinical parameters. All specimens of methicillin-sensitive SA were sensitive to cloxacillin. All methicillin-resistant SA (5.7%) was sensitive to cotrimoxazole and fusidic acid. Conclusions: Clinical features, especially severity and lesion intensity, are useful in "predicting" presence of SA colonization/infection in AD patients. Cloxacillin has a favourable sensitivity profile for methicillinsensitive-SA, and cotrimoxazole and fusidic acid for methicillinresistant-SA. These findings will facilitate management of patients before bacteriology results become available. Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β 1 , and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammation and remodeling in asthmatic airways. YKL-40, a chitinaselike protein, and clusterin have been reported to be biomarkers for severe asthma. We examined serum levels of growth factors, YKL-40 and clusterin in 223children with acute asthma or stable asthma and investigated their correlation with clinical findings and lung function parameters. Methods: Forty-one children (≥6yrs of age) with asthma were enrolled and 2 groups were defined: 23 patients admitted with asthma exacerbation and 18 patients with stable asthma. Serum levels of VEGF, TGF-β 1, PDGF-BB, YKL-40, and clusterin were measured using ELISA, and assessed in relation to the clinical and spirometric parameters. Fifteen age-matched controls were also studied. Results: VEGF, TGF-β 1, and YKL-40 levels in children with acute asthma were significantly elevated compared to controls. VEGF and YKL-40 levels in stable asthma group were higher than in controls and not different from those in acute asthma group. VEGF levels in acute asthma group correlated significantly with asthma severity. TGF-β 1 levels in stable asthma group showed a significant inverse correlation with FEV 1 % and FEF 25-75 %. YKL-40 had no relationship with clinical and spirometric parameters. Conclusions: Our study suggests that increased VEGF and YKL-40 might affect asthmatic airways not only during acute exacerbation but also in stable state. It also suggests that serum TGF-β 1 might be a biomarker for airway obstruction in children with asthma. Young-Hee Nam, Dong Sub Jeon, Soo-Keol Lee Dong-a University School of Medicine, South Korea Correspondence: Young-Hee Nam -Dong-a University School of Medicine, South Korea World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A425 Background: Asthma is characterized by chronic inflammation associated with airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) which is measured using bronchial challenge testing. Mannitol as an indirect challenge has showed better reflect the complex effects of inflammation compared with direct challenges, and which is simple, safe, and more practical to use. Following airway hyperreactivity may be a useful strategy in asthma management because hyperreactivity may be abnormal even in patients with mild asthma and normal lung function. Airway hyperreactivity may better reflect airway inflammation and risk for deterioration than dose lung function or asthma symptoms. We investigated to analyze the follow-up results of mannitol challenge tests in asthma patients. Methods: A total of 59 asthmatics repeated mannitol tests at Dong-A university hospital from May 2010 to February 2015. We compared the clinical characteristics between negative conversion and persistent AHR group. Results: Fifty-three (89.9%) showed AHR to mannitol at initial test, 28 (47.5%) of whom had no AHR (negative conversion, groupI) and 25 (42.4%) had persistent AHR (group II) at follow-up test. Six had no AHR at initial test, 2 had response to mannitol at follow-up test. There were no significant differences in sex, age, smoking habits, levels of eosinophil of serum and sputum, and baseline lung function. A longer duration of asthma and high frequency of asthma exacerbation was observed in group IIthan in group I, while the proportion of atopy and steroid-naïve patients were higher in group I. Total IgE and sputum eosinophil was much more decreased in group I compared with group II. Conclusions: In this study, 42.4% of asthma patients showed persistent AHR to mannitol. The negative conversion group of AHR may be associated with atopy, history of no ICS use, and improving of eosinophilic inflammation. Mikita Yamamoto, Sakura Sato, Noriyuki Yanagida, Ayako Ogawa, Kanako Ogura, Kyohei Takahashi, Kenichi Nagakura, Shigehito Emura, Tomoyuki Asaumi, Katsuhito Iikura, Motohiro Ebisawa, Yu Okada Sagamihara National Hospital, Japan Correspondence: Mikita Yamamoto -Sagamihara National Hospital, Japan World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A426 Background: There are few reports on oral food challenge (OFC) tests of walnut. Objective: The purpose of this study is to clarify the risk factors predicting positive result in walnut OFC. Subjects: We retrospectively analyzed 68 patients who had undergone walnut OFC from May 2006 to August 2014 at Sagamihara National hospital. Methods: Open OFCs were performed with greater than 3g of walnut. We measured all patients' walnut specific IgE within 1 year of their OFCs. Furthermore, we also randomly measured 33 subjects' allergen components (eg. Jug r 1, Jug r 3) of total subjects. We judged as positive when patients had obvious objective symptoms. When their symptoms at walnut OFC were uncertain, we encouraged them to take same quantity of walnut at home. We made the final conclusion by checking reproducibility at next visit at outpatients. Results: Among 68 patients, 49 patients were males. Median of the patient's age was 7.1(range; 3.1-22.4) years old. Reasons for elimination of walnut were as follows; 1) positive for specific IgE (n=37, 54%), 2) history of immediate reactions to walnut (n=23, 34%), 3) anxiety etc. (n=8, 12%). Forty eight patients (71%) had atopic dermatitis, 30 patients (44%) asthma, 31 patients (46%) allergic rhinitis, 13 patients (19%) allergic conjunctivitis. Twenty four patients (35%) had history of immediate reaction to peanut, and 8 patients (12%) had history of immediate reaction to other nuts. OFC was positive in 34 patients (50%). Five patients (7%) experienced anaphylaxis. Twenty four cases (71%) had cutaneous symptoms, 16 cases (47%) respiratory symptoms, 10 cases (29%) gastrointestinal symptoms, 6 cases (18%) mucosal symptoms, 4 cases (12%) neurological symptoms. Twenty five patients (74%) were treated with antihistamine, 11 patients (32%) with β2 stimulant inhalation, 4 patients (12%) with steroid drug, 3 patients (9%) with adrenaline. Comparing positive patients and negative patients in OFC, positive patients had more frequent history of immediate reaction to walnut (50% vs 18%, p=0.0096). The walnut specific IgE titers in positive were higher than those in negative (median of specific IgE 3.36 UA/ml vs 0.47 UA/ml, p=0.0013). Twelve of 14 patients (67%) positive to Jug r 1 were positive in OFC. Conclusions: Healthcare providers should be prepared for high positive reaction in walnut OFC, possibly anaphylaxis. Risk factors predicting positive reactions in walnut OFC are the past history of immediate reactions to walnut and high titer of walnut specific IgE, positive to Jug r 1. Backgrounds: Allergic disease constitutes a great threat to human health. Studies have shown that the seizure and progress of allergic disease are related to indoor environment. In recent years, environmental control has begun to be adopted in the world. Objectives: In order to probe into the curative effect of allergic rhinitis thought air filters, we test PM (including PM0.3, PM2.5 and PM10) before and after use it. Methods: A total of 13 (33 ± 11 years old) clinically confirmed allergic rhinitis patients were selected to use the air filter for three months. Before and after the use of air filter (every month), indoor and outdoor PM contents of the subjects were tested. The change in PM values was shown in PM indoor/PM outdoor. In addition, based on International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, Swedish DBH Household Questionnaire and Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ), and in combination with epidemiological characteristics of Guangzhou allergic diseases, observations were made of the symptoms and seizure frequency of anaphylactic disease patients. Also the curative effect of air filters based environmental control means on allergic diseases was evaluated. The questionnaire covered family allergic histories, allergic histories, way of life, living environment, symptoms of AR seizure, seizure frequency, etc. SPSS21.0 statistical software was used for information input and analysis. Descriptive statistics for measurement data. Non-parametric test and repeated measurement ANOVA were used for comparison among groups. Where P<0.05, the difference was of statistical significance. Results: 1 The ratio of PM0.3, 2.5 and 10 declined (P = 0.001) after the application of air filter. There was statistically significant ratio difference (P = 0.012) between the second month following the application of air filter and the time prior to the use of air filter. 2 According to the RQLQ results, the subjects saw significant drop (P=0.023) in nose, eye and emotional scores one month after the application of air filter. Conclusions: The application of air filter will comprehensively enhance the indoor air quality and improve the allergic rhinitis patients' quality of life. The Relationship Between Airway Hyperresponsiveness to Mannitol and Atopy in Asthmatic Children Woo-Hyeok Choi, Heysung Baek Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, South Korea Correspondence: Woo-Hyeok Choi -Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, South Korea World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A428 Aim: The relationship between airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and atopy has been previously investigated, but there are still some issues to be clarified. The aim of this study was to assess the link between AHR to mannitol and atopy in asthmatic children. Methods: We evaluated 70 children with asthma, aged six to 16years-of-age, using skin prick tests (SPTs), serum total and specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels. Pulmonary function tets were performed: baseline, postbronchodilator inhalation and mannitol inhalation. The response to mannitol was expressed as the dose causing a 15% decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (PD15). Atopy as the presence of at least one positive allergenspecific IgE test result (IgE ≥0.35 kU/l) or a finding on SPT. Results: 49 subjects (70%) with asthma showed a positive result in mannitol bronchial provocation test (BPT). In the mannitol BPT-positive group, 43 (43/49, 87.8%) subjects were diagnosed to atopy, In the mannitol BPT-negative group, 20 (20/21, 95.2%) subjects were diagnosed to atopy. There was no significant difference in atopy prevalence between mannitol BPT-positive and BPT-negative group. We found a correlation between mannitol PD15 and serum total IgE (r= -0.326; p=0.031). Conclusion: In children with pediatric asthma, we could not find a significant correlation between AHR to mannitol and atopy prevalence. Acetaminopen is one of the drugs most commonly used in intentional self-poisoning. N-acetylcysteins (NAC) is an effective antidote for acetaminophen overdose, which is usually given intravenously for 20-36 hour. When used intravenously, NAC can cause anaphylactoid reactions. Most of the adverse reactions are cutaneous manifestation involving flushing, pruritus, rash and urticaria. However, a few are systemic reactions, such as bronchospasm and hypotension. The etiology of the anaphylactoid reaction is not entirely understood, and the data are conflicting. No study has been conducted to evaluated the IgE response to rule out a true anaphylactic reaction to intravenous NAC. They typically occur within 15-60 minute after NAC infusion and appear to be dose related rather than true anaphylaxis. We report a case of anaphylactoid reactions to NAC has not yet been reported in Korea. A 17-year-old female was admitted via emergency department. She had 2-year history of depression. She ingested 20 tablets of Gewori-n®(isoporylantipyrine 150mg, acetaminophen 300mg) in a suicide attempt precipitated by a family quarrel. She suffered from dizziness and vomiting. Gastric lavage was done and then she was immediately treated with NAC. The standard regimen consists of intravenous infusion of NAC 150 mg/kg as a bolus, 50 mg/kg over 4h and repeated infusions of 100 mg/kg over 16h until three consecutive recovering values of the INR have been demonstrated. Immediately after infusion of NAC, she developed generalized urticaria, nausea, vomiting, chest tightness, dyspnea, and hypotension. Administration of NAC was stopped, epinephrine and antihistamine was administered. Additionally activated charcoal was used to prevent drug absorption. Laboratory abnormalities was not seen including serum tryptase. She recovered completely without any sequelae within 24hours. Background: Recently, we found prenatal maternal depression and anxiety were related to their offspring's respiratory infection and atopic dermatitis in infancy. Psychological stress should be considered an important programming factor for wheezing and lung development in early life. Moreover, genetic susceptibility influences the effects between offspring's health and maternal prenatal distress. Objective: To investigate whether prenatal maternal distress is associated with offspring's recurrent wheezing (RW) and GSDMB polymorphism influence this relationship in early childhood. Methods: The study population consisted of 1074 mother baby dyads recruited from COCOA birth cohort study. Prenatal maternal distress was evaluated by self-reported questionnaires at 36 th weeks of pregnancy. Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression-10 (CESD-10) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait subscale (STAI-T) were used to measure maternal depression and anxiety, respectively. Genotyping for GSDMB (rs4794820) performed by TaqMan assay. Diagnosis of RW was assessed by parental report of a physician's diagnosis at 6 months, 1, 2, and 3 year of age and RW was defined as ≥3 reports of wheezing in the first 2 years of life. We also used Cox regression to estimate the association between prenatal maternal distress and offspring's RW. Results: The cumulative incidence (CI) of RW was 18.9% by age 2. Prenatal maternal depression (aOR 2.75, 95% CI 1.28-5.93) and anxiety (aOR 2.83, 95% CI 1.09-7.35) increased their offspring's RW by age 2. The hazard ratio (HR) of having a RW up to 3 years of followup was 1.43 (95% CI 1.08-1.90) for depression and 1.63 (95% CI 1.21-2.20) for anxiety. Furthermore, the GA and AA genotypes of GSDMB was associated with a higher risk of RW. With GSDMB GA and AA genotypes, prenatal maternal depression (aOR 8.21, 95% CI 2.51-26.86, p for interaction 0.75) and anxiety (aOR 20.94, 95% CI 2.36-186.40, p for interaction 0.34) increased the risk of offspring's RW. Conclusion: Prenatal maternal depression and anxiety increased the risk of RW in early childhood. In addition, prenatal maternal depression and comorbid anxiety was associated with a higher risk of offspring's RW. The effect of maternal prenatal distress on the development of RW may be modified by GSDMB polymorphism although no significant interaction was found between prenatal distress and GSDMB. Our findings suggest that preventive strategies for reduction of prenatal distress may improve the risk of RW in the offspring. Introduction: Vitamin D has emerged to play a key role in the allergic disease by influencing to the immune system. Some studies had suggested a relationship between vitamin D status and allergic rhinitis, and others did not. We aimed to systematically review observational studies investigating the level of vitamin D on the prevalence of the current allergic rhinitis (AR) and the development of AR. Methods: We used standard Cochrane systematic review methodology. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and KoreaMed to February 28, 2015. We put no restrictions on language or year of publication in our search. Two reviewers completed in duplicate and independently study selection, data abstraction, and assessment of risk of bias. We selected the studies about the current 25-hydrohyvitamin D (25OHD) levels and the prevalence of the current AR, and the other was about the 25OHD levels of cold blood or previously sampled serum and the development of AR. Results: We selected 10 cross-sectional studies about the current 25OHD levels and the prevalence of the current AR and 6 prospective studies about the development of AR relating with the previous 25OHD levels. Meta-analysis was performed to pool odd ratios from 10 cross-sectional studies ( Discussion: Available evidence from this meta-analysis suggests that the 25OHD level may not relate with neither the prevalence of the current AR nor the development of AR. Since these studies were very heterogeneous and the retrospective or the observational cohort studies, large randomized controlled trials are needed to determine whether vitamin D supplementation may be beneficial in the prevention of AR. Background: Impulse Oscillometry (IOS) was developed as a noninvasive method to evaluate lung function by measuring respiratory resistance and reactance. Respiratory resistance and reactance were measured over tidal breaths (whole-breath analysis) and measured separately during inspiration and expiration (inspiratory-expiratory analysis). It was known that reactance from inspiratory-expiratory analysis can detect expiratory flow limitation. We investigated characteristics of inspiratory-expiratory measurement obtained by IOS in children with asthma. Methods: We enrolled 96 children with asthma (66 male) and 30 healthy controls (16 male) aged 4 to 18 yrs. All children with asthma were diagnosed in accordance with ATS/ERS guideline. Spirometry and whole-breath and inspiratory-expiratory impulse oscillometry were performed in all enrolled children. The measurements were assessed in asthmatic children compared to control subjects. Results: In whole-breath IOS analyses, asthmatic children had increased resistance at 5Hz (0.82 ± 0.3 vs. 0.69 ± 0.2 kPa/L/s, P = 0.009), increased R5-R20 (0.64 ± 0.17 vs. 0.54 ± 0.15 kPa/L/s), decreased reactance at 5 Hz (-0.42 ± 0.2 vs.-0.3 ± 0.14 kPa/L/s, P = 0.001), and increased reactance area (AX) (3.3 ± 1.8 vs. 2.3 ± 1.2 kPa/ L, P = 0.001) than control subjects. In inspiratory-expiratory IOS analysis, expiratory AX was higher than inspiratory AX in both asthmatic children (3.5 [2.4 -4.8] vs. 2.8 [1.8 -3.7 ] kPa/L, P < 0.001) and control subjects (2.2 [1.5 -3.4 Conclusions: Children with asthma significantly differed from healthy controls in whole-breath impulse oscillometry. Larger inspiratoryexpiratory variation in AX analysis asthmatic children than control subjects could reflect airway narrowing on expiration in childhood asthma. Keywords: Impulse oscillation system, Asthma, whole-breath analysis, inspiratory-expiratory analysis The Association of Asthma Predictive Index with Asthma in Preschool Children with Recurrent Wheeze Sung Joo Park 1 , Ji-Won Kwon 2 , Woo Kyung Kim 3 , Hyung Young Kim 4 , Hyo-Bin Kim 5 , Ju-Hee Seo 6 , So-Yeon Lee 7 , Gwang-Cheon Jang 8 , Young-Ho Jung 9 , Soo-Jong Hong 10 , Byoung-Ju Kim 11 , Dae-Jin Song 12 , Yun Seok Yang 13 , Jung Yeon Shim 1 Objective: Diagnosis of asthma is challenging in preschool children who wheeze. The Asthma Predictive Index (API) is used as a tool to predict asthma and decide whether to initiate controller therapy in preschool children. The aims of this study were to investigate whether the API was associated with doctor's diagnosis of asthma in preschool children with recurrent wheeze and find the most relevant criteria to asthma. Methods: We performed a population-based, cross-sectional study with 933 children aged 4-6 years. A total of 900 children completed a modified International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire and 121 children with recurrent wheeze were enrolled. Recurrent wheeze was defined as having a lifetime wheeze more than 3 times. Results: The prevalence of doctor's diagnosis of asthma was 39%. The percentage of children who met the API was 79.5% (major; 64.4%, minor; 57.5%). Positive API showed tendency of association with doctor's diagnosis of asthma in preschool children with recurrent wheeze (OR; 4.69, 95%CI; 0.97-22.61). Among the API criteria, only doctor's diagnosis of allergic rhinitis (AR) was significantly associated with asthma (OR; 4.16, 95%CI; 1.86-9.30). Conclusions: Doctor's diagnosis of AR is likely to have the highest association with asthma among the criteria of API in preschool children with recurrent wheeze. Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of lower respiratory illness (LRI) during infancy and early childhood. RSV has been reported to induce Th2 immune response with increased IgE production during acute infection. We aimed to investigate the relationship between serum total IgE levels and clinical characteristics in the children with RSV-associated LRI (RSV-LRI). Methods: One hundred and seven children under 3 years of age who were admitted with RSV-LRI (bronchiolitis and/or pneumonia) were enrolled. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to their total serum IgE levels on admission: High IgE group (N=39) and normal IgE group (N=68). High IgE levels were defined as values higher than 2 standard deviations (SDs) from the age-matched mean value. The medical records of the patients were investigated to determine if there was any difference in demographic characteristics, clinical and laboratory findings during admission, and recurrence of wheezing within 1 year after discharge between these 2 groups. Among 107 patients, 76 had LRIs for the first time in their lives, from whom we re-analyzed the data in relation to IgE levels. Additionally, difference between children with isolated RSV infection (N=107) and mixed infection with other viruses (N=88) was examined. Results: Median age was 15 months in high IgE group and 5.6 months in normal IgE group (P<0.001). Male preponderance was observed only in the high IgE group (P<0.01). The frequency and duration of fever, severity of symptoms, and concurrence of respiratory difficulty were significantly higher in high than normal IgE group (P<0.05). There was no difference in admission days and parental allergic diseases. Nearly same findings were observed in re-analysis of data from the patients with the 1st RSV-LRIs, but recurrence of wheezing after discharge was significantly higher in high IgE group (P<0.05). The children with isolated RSV infection showed more frequent and prolonged wheezing than those with mixed infection. Conclusions: In our study, the children who presented with high serum IgE levels during RSV-LRI had more severe symptoms comparing with those with normal IgE levels. Our results suggest that increased Th2 immune response induced by acute RSV infection might be associated with severe clinical presentation of LRI. Pollen is closely related to health issues such as allergenic rhinitis and asthma as well as intensifying atopic syndrome. Information on current and future spatio-temporal distribution of allergenic pollen is needed to address such issues. In this study, the Asian Dust Aerosol Model 2 (ADAM2) was utilized as a base modeling system to forecast pollen dispersal from oak trees. Pollen emission is one of the most important parts in the dispersal modeling system. Areal emission factor was determined from gridded areal fraction of oak trees, which was produced by the analysis of the tree type maps (1:5000) obtained from the Korea Forest Service. Daily total pollen production was estimated by a robust multiple regression model of weather conditions and pollen concentration. Hourly emission factor was determined from wind speed and friction velocity. Hourly pollen emission was then calculated by multiplying areal emission factor, daily total pollen production, and hourly emission factor. Forecast data from the UM LDAPS (Unified Model Local Data Assimilation and Prediction System) was utilized as input. For the verification of the model, daily observed pollen concentration from 12 sites in Korea during the pollen season of 2014. Although the model showed a tendency of over-estimation in terms of the seasonal and daily mean concentrations, overall concentration was similar to the observation. Comparison at the hourly output showed distinctive delay of the peak hours by the model at the 'Pocheon' site. It was speculated that the constant release of hourly number of pollen in the modeling framework caused the delay. Background: The objective of this study is to investigate the shortterm effects of meteorological factors and air pollutants on the severity and persistence of atopic dermatitis (AD) symptoms in infants and young children. Methods: In the present study, 176 infants and young children with AD aged under 6 years living in Seoul Metropolitan Area in Korea were enrolled and were followed for 17 months between August 2013 and December 2014. AD symptoms describing the degree (a scale of 0 to 4) of itching, sleep disturbance, erythema, dryness, oozing, and edema were recorded on a daily basis. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) with binomially distributed errors were used to estimate of the effects of meteorological factors (daily mean temperature, relative humidity, and diurnal temperature range (DTR)) and air pollutants (PM 10 , nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), and ozone) on the AD symptoms. Potential confounding factors including age, sex, symptom severity (SCORAD) at initial visit, the presence of fever, and day of week were controlled. Moving averages up to previous 5 consecutive days were used to represent the lag effect of meteorological variables and air quality on AD symptoms. Results: Of the 34,978 person-days, the rate of positive AD symptoms was 44.12% during the study period. Increase in daily mean temperature by 5°C and relative humidity by 5% were significantly associated with 13.36% (95% CI: 11.03 to 15.63) and 2.70% (95% CI: 1.25 to 4.14) of decrease in AD symptoms, respectively. Particularly in spring, an increase in 5°C of DTR was related with 53.26% (95% CI: 12.39 to 108.99) of increase in AD symptoms when the effect of moving average from the same day through previous three consecutive days was estimated. An increase in 10 μg/m 3 of PM 10 concentration increased 2.95% of AD symptoms (95% CI: 1.35 to 4.5). An increased concentrations in 10 ppb of NO 2 and ozone were associated with increase in AD symptoms by 4.31% (95% CI: 0.75 to 7.99) and by 5.55% (95% CI: 2.78 to 8.39), respectively. The hazardous effect of PM 10 on AD symptoms was noted significantly in spring and those of NO 2 and ozone were found in winter. Conclusions: Short-term exposure to temperature, humidity, and air pollutants are strongly associated with the AD symptoms. Clean air quality is essential for the appropriate management of AD symptoms in children. Background: Pulmonary fibrosis is a lung disease which is hardly to cure and has a high mortality rate. Recently, the studies suggested that TGF-β plays a central role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Compound V, isolated from natural source, is used as the antioxidant, however, we find this compound can suppress the expression of collagen on TGF-β treated lung fibroblast cell line. Therefore, we would like to realize the influence of this compound on lung fibrosis animal model. Methods: To establish pulmonary fibrosis of animal model, we treat mice with bleomycin on day 0 by intratracheal injection, so as to treat compound V by oral daily from day -7 to day 7.Afterwards, we collected mice bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, spleen and lung section and observed the effect of compound V on pulmonary fibrosis of animal model through ELISA, histology and SCIREQ(the machine which detect mice lung function). Results: Compound V can improve lung fibrosis in physiology significantly by SCIREQ. The collagen expression in lung sections also decreased apparently. Conclusions: These findings indicate that compound V can reduce collagen expression on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis animal model. We will further figure out the mechanism of compound V on pulmonary fibrosis. Objective: To explore the vitamin D(Vit D) level and analyse the correlation with immunoglobulin E (IgE) in children with allergic respiratory diseases in Guangzhou China. Methods: 40 children(4.6±2.6yr) from 209 patients with allergic respiratory diseases(Jun to August) in 2013 and 2014 as the experimental group, detecting 11 kinds of serum specific IgE and total IgE antibody. 40 health children as control group,both using Elecsys to detect the Vit D concentration. Results: The Vit D average concentration of the experimental group is 35.4±9.7ng/ml(Male 35.4 ±10.3ng/ml,Female35.3±9.1 ng/ml), the control group is 33.3±9.8 ng/ml(Male 30.4±8.4 ng/ ml, Female36.3±10.4 ng/ml), there were no significant difference between two groups and sex. Age and Vit D concentration were negatively correlated(experimental group:r s =-0.605, p=0.000; control group: r s =-0.328, p=0.039). In experimental group, levels of total and Dp specific IgE were negatively correlated with serum concentration of vitamin D (r s =-0.579, p=0.001; r s =-0.334, p=0.035, respectively), level of cow's milk specific IgE was positively correlated with serum concentration of vitamin D (r s =0.544, p=0.000). Using multivariate linear regression analysis after adjusted with sex and age,there is significant association between the total IgE and serum vitamin D (B -4.386, 95%CI -8.488--0.285, p=0.037) in 40 children with allergic respiratory diseases, and also significant association between both total and Dp specific IgE and serum vitamin D (B -9.56, 95%CI -15.405--3.715, p=0.003; B -0.857, 95%CI -1.561--0.153, p=0.02, respectively) in 21 children with Dp sensitization. Conclusions: Serum Vit D level could be associated with an increased risk of allergic disease development. Introduction: Eosinophilic gastroenteritis(EG) is a rare disease with various gastrointestinal symptoms, and characterized by prominent eosinophilic infiltration. EG has heterogeneous clinical manifestations and its etiology remains unknown. We here describe two cases of EG associated with allergic disease. Cases: First case is a 35-year-old man who visited our emergency room complaining abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea for the last 5 days after upper respiratory infection. He had an experience of being treated for EG and pancreatitis with ascitis 10 years ago. In his laboratory finding, peripheral WBC count was 21,600 mm 3 with 60% eosinophilia. After endoscopic study and abdominal computed tomography, he was diagnosed with EG and referred to allergic clinic. He didn't complain any food related allergy symptoms except intermittent mild rhinitis symptoms and cough. He exhibited elevated serum total IgE level and positive responses to house dust mite and Japanese hop pollen on skin prick test. Lung function test showed obstructive pattern with positive response to bronchodilator. Finally, he was diagnosed as EG with allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. He was treated with prednisolone therapy for EG, recommended to take anti-allergic medication as well. The second case is a 42-year-old female with nausea and indigestion of several months. She has been treated for eosinophilic gastritis on the endoscope for one month at another hospital. But, the symptoms were persisted and more aggravated after milk ingestion. Moreover, urticarial was newly developed form 3 weeks ago. WBC count was 6750 mm 3 with 5.5 % eosinophilia. Skin prick test showed positive response to house dust mite and grass pollen. High serum specific IgE levels to milk were noted. She was diagnosed as EG with food allergy and urticaria. She was recommended avoiding milk with oral antihistamine therapy. Three months after food restriction and medication, her symptom was improved and endoscopic study was normal. Conclusion: We report two cases of EG associated with respiratory and food allergy, respectively. Although EG has various clinical manifestation, our report suggests that the possibility of co-existence of EG and allergic disease should be considered. There are many studies that investigate genetic factors that cause predisposition to drug hypersensitivity. However, most studies have focused on specific phenotypes or drugs. Thus, we planned to perform a genome-wide association (GWAS) study to discover the common genetic markers associated with both in immediate and delayed drug hypersensitivity reactions. We studied 190 patients who were diagnosed with drug hypersensitivity at a tertiary referral hospital and 133 control subjects. We divided the patients into 2 groups; immediate-type hypersensitivity reaction (n=109) and delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (n=81), according to the type of drug hypersensitivity. Genome-wide SNP genotyping of the patients was performed using genomic DNA from peripheral blood lymphocytes. In the immediate-type hypersensitivity reaction group, we found signification associations with a total of 11 genes, whereas five genes showed signification association in the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction group. The top 5 SNPs were rs17732181, rs12674658, rs10463158, rs10028040, and rs1330221 in the immediate-type hypersensitivity groups. As well, rs10028040, rs17732181, rs10463158, rs28786672, and rs12674658 have also been identified in the delayed-type hypersensitivity groups. Interestingly, there were two genes that overlapped in the two groups, namely, the Lipopolysaccharide-Responsive Beige-like Anchor (LRBA) gene and the Methionine adenosyltransferase 2 beta (MAT2B) gene. Associations with the SNPs of these genes were commonly found in both immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity reactions (rs10028040 of LRBA, P = 5.63 x 10 -14 , P = 7.19 x 10 -12 respectively, and rs10463158 of MAT2B, P = 6.40 x 10 -12 , P = 5.25 x 10 -12 respectively). Genetic variants of the LRBA and the MAT2B genes might be significant genetic markers of drug hypersensitivity reactions. Replication studies are also needed to confirm our findings. The clinical course of atopic dermatitis (AD) is highly diverse. Most of previous epidemiologic studies of the prevalence and disease severities of AD show conditions at a certain time point of the patients. We here developed a questionnaire about the secular change of AD severities and performed a web-based study of patients with AD in Japan. B) Methods: We first created a pilot questionnaire that consists of nine basic patterns and a space for free drawing of secular change of AD from birth to 19-year-old. The analysis of the answers of 76 patients with AD, who visited Department of Dermatology, Hiroshima University, revealed that more than 90% of subjective clinical courses of the patients fell into one of the 9 basic patterns. Next, we completed the questionnaire for patients to choose one of the nine basic patterns or not applicable (N/A), and used it for web-based epidemiological studies using the Macromill online research system (Macromill Inc, Tokyo, Japan). The first study was conducted with 10,347 participants over 20 years of age in March 2014. In total, 1,496 individuals (14.5%) declared that they had ever been diagnosed as AD. Among the subjects with AD or a history of AD, 73.9% individuals chose one of the presented nine patterns and 26.1% individuals chose N/A. We then added an option for choice "(their) AD was developed after 20-years-old" and a few words to prompt the subjects to avoid N/A, and performed another survey using the revised questionnaire for 3,090 subjects with AD in February 2015. C) Results: The latest study showed that 5.9% individuals chose N/A, 17.3% individuals chose "(their) AD was developed after 20-yearsold", and the other 76.8% chose that their secular changes of AD were classified as one of the nine representative patterns. Interestingly, 32.3% chose improving curves, 12.0% chose a nearly flat curve, 19.7% chose exacerbating curves, 8.3% chose a curve representing improvement after exacerbation curve, and 4.5% chose a curve representing exacerbation after improvement. D) Conclusion: The epidemiological survey using this new questionnaire gives us a new clinical aspect of AD. The secular change of disease severity may be influenced by acquired conditions including treatments or any environmental factors. The epidemiological studies about the correlation between secular change and treatment or patient characteristics including medication phobia may give us a new insight into the management of AD. Evaluation of the Adherence Starts with to Inhaled Drug in Patients with Bronchial Asthma Naoto Watanabe Tokyo Allergy and Respiratory Disease Research Institute, Japan World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A442 Adherence Starts with Knowledge-20 (ASK-20) is a questionnaire to investigate the cause decreasing medication adherence. Purpose In this study, we investigated inhaled drug adherence status of asthma patients by ASK-20. Subjects Seventy-four patients with bronchial asthma whose symptoms are relatively stable (mean age 48 year-old, 36 males, 38 females) used inhaled drug. We analyzed and evaluated for each items from 5 points to 1 point in the order of the heavy degree among five choice answers in based on describe about inhaled drug of the ASK-20 by subjects. Lifestyle: Ratio of over 4 points was 48.6% in Q1 and 12.2 %, 2.7%, 10.8%, 9.5%, 18.9% in Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5 and Q6. Attitudes and Beliefs: Ratio of below 2 points was 83.8% in Q7 and 63.5% in Q8. Help from Others: Ratio of below 2 points was 55.4% in Q9. Talking with Healthcare Team: Ratio of below 2 points was 87.8%, 89.2%, 87.8% in Q10, Q11 and Q12. Talking Medicines: Ratio of over 4 points in Q13, Q14 and Q15 was each 36.5%, 21.6% and 5.4%. Have You…: Ratio of over 4 points in Q16, Q17, Q18, Q19 and Q20 was each 31.1%, 5.4%, 4.1%, 1.4% and 27.5%. In results of Q1 and Q2, patients who sometimes forget medicine were about half ratio, but about 90% of patients had been consulted before drugs are eliminated. Noteworthy, 36.5% of patients didn't like inhaling more than twice a day in results of Q13 and Q14. And about 30% of patients was in the wrong number and amount of taking medicine by result of Q16. Or about 20% of patients did not have the medicine to the specified time in result of Q20. Consideration It is considered that their adherence increases if we could switch to inhaled drug for once a day because approximately 40% patients have thought troublesome about twice inhalation a day. Results: We detected 120(6.9%) hMPV-positive cases out of 1723 virus-positive specimens, which prevailed mostly in Spring between March and May. The respiratory infection with hMPV was more common in female population(55%). The age distribution of hPMV infection was 7.5% in <12 month, 23.3% in 1-2 years, 26.7% in 2-3 years, 20% in 3-4 years, and 11.7% ≥5 years of age. 11.7%, showing that hPMV was prevalent among the children aged 1-4 years. Coinfections with other respiratory viruses were observed in 34 patients (28.3%) of 120 hMPV-positive cases; rhinovirus (52.9%), adenovirus (17.6%), bocavirus (17.6%), RSV (5.9%), parainfluenza (3%) and coronavirus (3%). The outbreak of hMPV infection in 2014 was found. Among 120 hMPV-positive patients during recent 4 years, most patients (68.3%) were diagnosed in 2014, and in 2014 hMPV detection rate was 8.99% among virus-positive cases. During 2011-2014 influenza virus infection was prevalent mainly from January to March, and hMPV infection started to appear just after the end of influenza virus outbreak. In 2014, hPMV infection was mostly presented with pneumonia (81.0%), and it was more common in younger children, compared to hMPV infection in 2011-2013 (mean age; 2.04±0.84 vs 3.78±2.57, p=0.001). Conclusions: Infection with hPMV was most prevalent among children 1-4 years of age, and hMPV was the most common causing organism of viral pneumonia during Spring season in Korean children. The hMPV infection pandemic was observed in 2014 and the clinical importance of hMPV has been increasing recently. Therefore additional studies are required to define the epidemiology, disease characteristics caused by hMPV and the cause of recent outbreak. Neutropenia Induced By Intravenous Immunoglobulin Young-Hee Nam 1 , Yeo Myeong Noh 2 , Dong Sub Jeon 1 , Hee-Joo Nam 2 , Sang Hee Kim Kim 2 , Ye Suel Park 2 , Soo-Keol Lee 1 1 Dong-a University School of Medicine, South Korea; 2 Dong-a University Hospital Regional Pharmacovigilance Center Correspondence: Young-Hee Nam -Dong-a University School of Medicine, South Korea World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A444 Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is used as an immunomodulatory agent in various autoimmune disease and generally considered a safe therapy. Most of the adverse effects (AEs) associated with IVIg administration are mild and transient. The immediate (AEs) include headache, flushing, fever, and anaphylactic reactions, especially in IgA-deficient patients. Late AEs are rare and include acute renal failure, thromboembolic events, aseptic meningitis, and neutropenia. Patients with antibody deficiencies are more prone to develop acute netropenic episodes even during IVIg replacement. IVIG-induced neutropenia is transient and mild or moderate, and no severe infectious complications have been reported. We report a case of neutropenia in a patient with Guiilian-Barre syndrome (GBS) after infusion of IVIg. A 57-year-old female presented with a 4-day history of quadriparesis. She had no previous medical history. She developed myalgia and progressive descending weakness involving both upper and lower extremities. Electrophysiologic study showed motor dominant neuropathy. There were no abnormal findings on brain magnetic resonance imaging. A raised protein concentration but a normal cell count was observed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). No virus-specific antibodies, bacteria, and fungi were detected in CSF, blood, and urine. She was administrated IVIg (0.4g/kg daily) for GBS. She gradually recovered strength in her extremities after 2 days. On day 3 administration of IVIg, severe neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count < 1500 cells/mm 3 ) occurred. Tue infusion of IVIg was stopped, however, neutropenia lasted for 5 days. She developed a fever and was given granulocyte colonystimulating factor. She improved and was discharged with no infectious and neurologic complications on the 15 th hospital day. This research was supported by a grant from Ministry of Food and Drug Safety to operation of the regional pharmacovigilance center in 2015. Ji-in Jung, Ha-Su Kim, Hyun-a Kim, Jin-a Jung Dong-a University Hospital, South Korea Correspondence: Ji-in Jung -Dong-a University Hospital, South Korea World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A445 Introduction: Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis(LIP) is an uncommon histopathologic entity characterized by infiltration of the interstitium and alveolar spaces of the lung by lymphocytes, plasma cells and other lymphoreticular elements. LIP in children has been most commonly associated with human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) infection. We report a first case of LIP in a HIV-negative healthy adolescent. Case Report: An 13-year-old boy represented with pneumonia on chest X-ray in routine health examination. He had no respiratory symptoms and there was no abnormal findings on physical examination, A chest CT showed multiple ill defined centrilobular nodules and peribronchial air space nodules with mild volume loss in RLL. There was no increase of IgG Mycoplasma pneumoniae antibody titer in 3 serial tests between 7 days interval. Tuberculin skin test and Tbc specific antigen induced interferon-gamma(IGRA) test were negative. Chest x-ray in regular intervals during 6 months showed improvement of pneumonic consolidation, but new pneumonic consolidation on other site. Therefore, open lung biopsy was performed, and it showed diffuse interstitial lymphocyte infiltrate. The lung tissue was negative for EBV by DNAPCR and EBV serology showed all-negative. Serum immunoglobulins were normal and autoimmune studies were negative. The total lymphocyte count and lymphocyte subset were normal. He was started on oral prednisone (1 mg/kg/day) for 2 months and the chest x-ray returned to normal. Then he was tapered oral prednisone for 2 months and follow-up chest CT showed no abnormal finding. He has been followed for 8 months after diagnosis without complications. Conclusion: We report a first case of HIV-negative, EBV-negative LIP in a healthy child. Background: Epidemiological data from cohort studies indicate associations between Caesarean section and development of allergy in infants. Besides the delayed colonization of commensal bacteria (which in turn affect the immune system development), the cytokine profile in C-section delivered infants could be different, which may be implicated in infant's immunity. Methods: A clinical study was conducted at KK Women's and Children's Hospital, where 55 cord blood samples from Caesarean section-delivered infants were collected to evaluate the response to allergens in the cord blood cells. Freshly isolated cord-blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs) were cultured in a 96-well plate at 100,000 cells per well (in triplicate per condition) and stimulated with the extracts from either one of major house dust mite species: Blomia tropicalis (BloT) and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (DerP). Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used as positive controls. The supernatants of these cutures were harvested after 5-day stimulation and were analyzed using the Bio-Plex Pro TM Human Cytokine assay. The production of IL-5, IL-13, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha by the allergen-stimulated CBMCs were analyzed. Results: DerP stimulation induced a higher response as compared to BloT stimulation. Following DerP stimulation, the median value of IL-5 was 2.5 pg/mL (0-172 pg/mL), IL-13 -9.1 pg/mL (0-158 pg/mL), IFNgamma -321 pg/mL (69-1978 pg/mL) and TNF-alpha -1393 pg/mL (74-5658 pg/mL). Among the 55 analysed subjects, while 3 subjects (5%) showed higher expression of IFN-gamma (above 1000 pg/mL) and lower expressions of IL-5 and IL-13 (both below 20 pg/mL), 6 subjects (11%) displayed higher expressions of IL-5 and IL-13 (both above 20 pg/mL). TNF-alpha levels were detected high in most subjects. Of note, no correlation between strong production of T H 2-like cytokines (IL-5 and IL-13) and parental allergy history was observed. Conclusion: We observed a strong production of T H 2-like cytokines in 11% of C-section-delivered infants upon DerP stimulation. Interestingly, these infants did not have any history of parental allergy. This finding might indicate in utero sensitization of these infants. The TH2-like cytokine profile in cord blood might be useful as an early sign of atopic manifestations in future. We plan to follow-up these subjects in order to monitor the development of allergic response later in life. Dress Syndrome with Acute Interstitial Nephritis Caused By Quinolone and Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Young-Hee Nam 1 , Ji Young Juong 1 , Soo Jin Kim 1 , Eun Young Kim 1 , Su Mi Lee 1 , Young Ki Son 1 , Hee-Joo Nam 2 , Ki-Ho Kim 1 , Soo-Keol Lee 1 1 Dong-a University School of Medicine, South Korea; 2 Dong-a University Hospital Regional Pharmacovigilance Center Correspondence: Young-Hee Nam -Dong-a University School of Medicine, South Korea World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A447 Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a rare and severe drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome characterized by hematological abnormalities and multiorgan involvement. Liver involvement is the most common visceral manifestation. However, renal failure has been rarely described. The common culprit drugs are anticonvulsants and allopurinol. We experienced a patient with DRESS syndrome with acute interstitial nephritis caused by concomitant administration of quinolone and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). A 41-year-old man presented with a diffuse erythematous rash and fever which developed after administration of quinolone and NSAIDs for a month due to prostatitis. He was diagnosed with DRESS syndrome. Skin rash, fever, eosinophilia, and elevations of liver enzymes improved with conservative treatment and discontinuation of the causative drugs. However, deterioration of his renal function occurred on day 8 of admission. The levels of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine increased and oliguria, proteinuria and urinary eosinophils were observed. Ultrasonography showed diffuse renal enlargement. The clinical features were compatible with acute interstitial nephritis. Despite intravenous rehydration and diuretics, renal function did not improve. After hemodialysis, his renal function recovered completely within 2 weeks without administration of systemic corticosteroid. This research was supported by a grant from Ministry of Food and Drug Safety to operation of the regional pharmacovigilance center in 2015. Background: IL-23 has been postulated to be a critical mediator contributing to airway inflammation. House dust mite (HDM) is one of the most common allergens. However, the role of IL-23 in HDMinduced mouse model is not well understood. Objective: To evaluate roles of IL-23 in HDM-induced allergic asthma model, particularly during the allergen sensitization period. Methods: BALB/c mice were repeatedly administered with HDM intra-nasally, to develop acute allergic asthma model. Anti-IL-23p19 antibody was given during HDM sensitization period. And we analyzed the activation of DC in LDLN after last sensitization. In addition, to evaluate the roles of IL-23 at bronchial epithelium contacted with HDM, in vitro BEAS-2B cell experiments were done with HDM stimulation and/or anti-IL23 antibody treatment. Results: Anti-IL-23 antibody treatment during allergen sensitization significantly diminished several phenotypes of allergic asthma; particularly, eosinophilic inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness were markedly reduced. In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-17A cytokine levels were significantly reduced in anti-IL-23 antibody treated mice. And the activation of DC in LDLN was significantly reduced by anti-IL-23 after last sensitization. In in vitro study, anti-IL-23 treatment prevented pro-inflammatory and pro-allergic cytokine responses in HDM-stimulated BEAS-2B cells. Conclusion: IL-23 may play a significant role in allergic asthma during allergen sensitization period. Particularly, it may be significantly involved in allergen-contacted epithelial cell responses finally leading to allergic sensitization. Background: High prevalence rates of asthma and allergic rhinitis have recently been shown in South Korea. For better prevention of development or exacerbation of both allergic diseases, the secondary prevention from symptoms of atopic dermatitis (AD) could be effective, in the aspect of "allergic march". For this reason, we aimed to explore how the variation of indoor risk factors may be linked with the change of symptoms of AD or development of asthma and/or allergic rhinitis. Methods: We recruited homes of AD patients aged with around 24 months old, along with SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) Index of greater than 25 through the both Environmental Health Centers for Asthma and Atopic allergy. Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), formaldehyde (HCHO), airborne mold and bacteria, and particulate matter with diameter less than 10 mm (PM 10 ) were measured in their dwellings in both indoor and outdoor. Particularly, the levels of TVOC and PM 10 were monitored for 24 hrs using direct reading instruments as well. Results: Both environmental surveys were performed in a total of 51 houses. The mean age (± standard deviation, SD) and SCORAD Index of subjects was 2.2 ± 0.2 years old and 39.5±18.3, respectively. The geometric mean (GM) concentrations of airborne mold were 526.6-565.5 CFU/m 3 , which refer to above the recommended level of WHO. However, the corresponding value of airborne bacteria were below the Korean standard guideline (800 CFU/m 3 ). For exposure level of gaseous pollutants in indoor, TVOC and HCHO ranged from 566.6-748.3 μg/m 3 and 31.0-35.9 μg/m 3 , respectively, but the outdoor levels were 382.4-453.1 μg/m 3 ; for TVOC and 4.0-4.6 μg/m 3 for HCHO. The highest levels of TVOC and PM 10 monitored using each direct reading instrument were observed after midnight and in the evening, respectively. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that a comparable amount of bioaerosols and gaseous pollutants in indoor were observed in patient's dwellings. Particularly, different exposure patterns for particulate matter and TOVC were shown time -dependently, and so a proper prevention strategy should be prepared. Background: Peripheral blood eosinophilia is a common clinical manifestation which draws medical attention. However there are little reports on blood eosinophilia in the elderly. We aimed to investigate the normal ranges of blood eosinophils and associated factors including allergic parameters, using the dataset of a communitybased random elderly population in Korea. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed using the database of Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging, a community-based elderly cohort. The primary outcome was peripheral blood eosinophil counts and the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval for absolute count of blood eosinophil counts was calculated for normal ranges. Demographic, socioeconomic, metabolic, comorbidities, allergic parameters, and lung function were analyzed. Atopy was defined with skin test by positive to any of 12 common inhalant allergens. Allergic history and symptoms were assessed by questionnaires. Results: Cutoff value for blood eosinophilia was less than 406.6x10 3 / mL (n=1,000). The prevalence of eosinophilia (>500x10 3 /mL) and hypereosinophilia (>1,500x10 3 /mL) were 4.12% and 0.20%, respectively. In univariate analyses, blood eosinophil counts was significantly related to male sex, and smoking status. However, in multivariate analyses, the association of blood eosinophil count with male sex appeared to be at least partly dependent on smoking status. Other potential determinants (P<0.10 in univariate analyses) were body mass index, atopy, current wheeze, and physician-diagnosed asthma. In multivariate linear regression analyses, the relationships between blood eosinophil counts and potential determinant factors were examined. Conclusion: The normal range of peripheral blood eosinophils in the Korean elderly was ≤ 406.6 x10 3 /mL (upper 95th percentile), which was almost identical to the reference range in the literature. Smoking was a major determinant factor for eosinophilia, and explained the association of eosinophilia with male sex. Other determinant factors were body mass index, atopy, and asthma. These findings could suggest a potential role of blood eosinophils as an epidemiologic marker for atopy and asthma in the elderly population. Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is severe acute mucocutanous bullous disorders that are most commonly drug-induced. Antibiotics are the most common cause of SJS, followed by analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anticonvulsants, and antigout drugs. Methotrexate, a folic acid antagonist, has been used in the treatment of psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and neoplastic disease including leukemia and lymphoma. Its principal toxic effects are bone marrow suppression, gastrointestinal mucositis, hepatitis, renal impairment, and erythematous rashes. SJS has been reported in a few patients receiving intermediate or high dose methotrexate. Whether the epidermal necrolysis is an allergic or dose-related toxicity reaction is still controversial. We report a case of SJS in a patient receiving low dose methotrexate for psoriasis. A 67-year-old male presented with a generalized erythematous rash and erosion, and severe oral ulcers. He had started allopurinol and well tolerated for 1 year. The patient had a history of low-dose methotrexate treatment (5 mg/day) 6 days before the development of his complaints. On the second day after methotrexate treatment, erythematous itchy and edematous rash developed on his legs, which spread widely on his trunk and extremities with subsequent bullous formation. He suffered from aggravation of oropharyngeal ulcer. He was admitted to a local hospital and treated with systemic corticosteroids for 5 days. Skin lesions improved, but he was transferred to our hospital for persistent painful ulcer and odynophagia. He was treated with topical steroid for skin lesion and total parenteral nutrition had been started because he had difficulty in eating. He recovered gradually and was discharged with supportive therapy but without additional systemic corticosteroid. This research was supported by a grant from Ministry of Food and Drug Safety to operation of the regional pharmacovigilance center in 2015. Background: Asthma traits are determined by complex interactions between predisposition genes and environmental influences. The GABRIEL consortium identified through meta-analysis of genomewide association study ten asthma loci. Nonetheless, the relevance of these loci on longitudinal changes in patients' lung function remains unknown. This prospective cohort study investigated the effects of these asthma loci on changes in spirometric indices among Chinese asthmatic children. Methods: 158 Chinese asthmatic children aged 6-12 years were recruited from our paediatric allergy clinic. These patients were prospectively followed for five years. Pre-bronchodilator spirometry was recorded at baseline and then monitored at least annually. Spirometric indices were compared with local references. Genomic DNA from these patients was genotyped for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the 10 asthma loci by TaqMan genotyping assays. Generalised estimating equation was used to analyse effects of these SNPs on longitudinal changes in lung function parameters. Results: The mean (SD) age of patients at baseline was 10.0 (1.8) years, and 104 (66%) of them were male. Twenty-eight percent had passive smoking and 58% ever received inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) treatment during follow-up. About three quarters of these patients had family history of allergies. Rs3894194 and rs9273349 were not genotyped due to unavailable TaqMan assays. Adjusting for age, sex, passive smoking exposure, ICS treatment and presence of upper respiratory infection within two weeks, rs1342326 of IL33 was significantly associated with Conclusions: This is the first Asian study of genetic determinants for lung function growth. IL33 appears to be a candidate gene for longitudinal changes in several spirometric indices among Chinese children with asthma. Larger cohorts are needed to replicate our findings due to low frequency of risk allele in IL33_rs1342326 among our patients. A) Background: Usually rhinitis is classified simply allergic and nonallergic rhinitis according to the allergic reaction to airborne allergens. Ig E-mediated inflammation is confirmed with positive skin test or presence of specific IgE and the positive result from the one of the two tests is usually enough for the diagnosis do allergic rhinitis. We are interested in the diagnostic power of the allergen specific Ig E. Recently, during Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010, presence of rhinitis and the specific Ig E for major airborne allergens were checked in the population. Purpose of this study is to evaluate the significance of allergen specific Ig E in the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis. B) Method: The data were obtained from the 2010 Korean National HANES, which was a cross-sectional survey of non-institutionalized population all around the country. Presence of rhinitis was defined as "Have you experience the rhinitis symptoms" or "Have you diagnosed as have allergic rhinitis from doctor". Serum specific IgE was checked for Dermatophagoides farinae, cockroach and dog. Data was obtained from 1,922 adult (older than 18). The positive predictive values (PPV) of allergen specific IgE on the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis were calculated according to the level of the specific Ig E. C) Results: The specific Ig E higher than 0.34 kU/L(+) was found in 63.6 % in population with rhinitis and 39.7 %in the population without rhinitis. The PPVs were 61% with level of 0.35 kU/L and 66% with the level of 3.5 kU/L(+++). The prevalence of the allergic rhinitis increased with the increasing levels of the specific IgE, from 37.3 % to 77.4 % and the PPV also increased. However the positive predictive rate was 72.4 % with the level of 3.5 kU/L and 82.6 % with the level of 17.5 kU/L(++++). D) Conclusion: Diagnostic power of specific IgE on the classification of rhinitis is not high and the level of specific Ig E higher than 3.50 kU/L may be more clinically significant. Background: Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is currently the only immune-modifying treatment for allergic disease. The clinical efficacy of AIT for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma is well documented. However, many factors including inconvenience, cost, side effects, and adherence influence the initiation and persistence with AIT. We sought to evaluate the AIT practice pattern and patients' attitude and behavior about AIT. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of medical records of 157 patients received AIT, and compared the clinical characteristics between conventional (CIT) and rush immunotherapy (RIT). A total of 56 were performed a questionnaire survey. Results: Of 157 patients, 108 (68.8%) were treated with CIT, and 49 (31.2%) with RIT. There were no significant differences in allergic diseases, allergens in immunotherapy, and the frequency of systemic adverse reactions during build-up phase. The rate of missing patients was higher in CIT than RIT (18.5% vs 10.2%). Patients initiation with AIT was mainly according to physician recommendation (76.3% for CIT vs 55.6% for RIT). Patients with RIT had personal insurance more and showed better treatment satisfaction than those with CIT. Concern about adverse events was the main reason for start CIT, while frequent hospital visits for start RIT. Conclusions: A majority patients initiated AIT according to physician recommendation and showed good treatment satisfaction. RIT may give better clinical outcomes than CIT. Background: Immune responses to staphylococcal enterotoxins may contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma. Objective: To investigate roles of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in mouse asthma models Methods: BALB/c mice were intranasally sensitized with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) and/or SEB to develop acute asthma models. Mice were grouped to see effects of SEB and Der p interactions during the sensitization and challenge periods. Outcomes were evaluated for methacholine airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), lung inflammatory cells, lung cytokines, serum IgE, and in vitro Der p-stimulated splenocyte responses. Results: Intranasal SEB exposure increased lung macrophage, lymphocyte, and neutrophilic infiltration; but SEB alone did not develop any typical asthmatic phenotypes. Effects of SEB on asthma phenotypes were the most evident when co-administered with Der p during the sensitization period, developing more AHR and lung eosinophilic inflammation on Der p challenge. Serum Der p specific IgE levels were also amplified by SEB co-sensitization. In in vitro Der p re-stimulation experiments, IL-5 and IL-13 responses were also increased in splenocytes from the mice co-sensitized by SEB and Der p. Conclusion: The present findings indicate the roles of SEB in Der p-induced allergic asthma, particularly during the sensitization period. Background: Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a rare disease which can cause severe morbidity and mortality. We have reported DRESS syndrome was not more uncommon than generally recognized in the previous study. Objective: We investigated the clinical manifestation of DRESS syndrome and compared with previous data. Methods: A total of 100 patients were prospectively collected from October 2011 to March 2015 (period I, 43 months). We compared these data to those of 42 DRESS patients from September 2009 to August 2011 (period II, 24 months). Results: The most common causative drugs were antibiotics, followed by anticonvulsants and antituberculosis drugs in both periods (37%, 17%, 17% in period I vs 31%, 24%, 13% in period II, respectively). Eosinophilia in peripheral blood and hepatic involvement was more frequently noted in period II, while enlarged lymph nodes in period I significantly. The mean latency period was 32.6 ±107.5 days (range, 1-1095) in period I, and 20.2±24.3days (range, 2-120) in period II (P=0.255). The longest latency period was noted for the antituberculosis drugs, followed by anticonvulsants and antibiotics in both periods. Systemic corticosteroids were administered to 22 patients (20%) and 10 (22%) in each period. All the patients showed complete recovery in period ±, while 2 patients (4.4%) had poor outcomes. Conclusions: The clinical manifestation of DRESS syndrome was variable. Antibiotics were the most frequently implicated drugs and antituberculosis drugs had a long latency period. A majority of patients showed good clinical outcomes without administration of systemic corticosteroid. This research was supported by a grant from Ministry of Food and Drug Safety to operation of the regional pharmacovigilance center in 2015. The Beneficial Effect of Lactobacillus Gasseri PM-A0005 and Its Immunoregulatory Protein PMA5P40 on Milk-Induced Allergic Enteritis Yung-I Hou 1 , Jiu-Yao Wang 2 1 National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan; 2 National Cheng Kung University Hospital Correspondence: Yung-I Hou -National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A457 Food allergy is one of the common allergic diseases in the world. Probiotics are shown to promote the endogenous host defense and modulate the host's immune responses to potentially harmful antigens. In this study, we first established a mouse model of food allergey by i.p. sensitization with OVA or β-lactoglobulin, and were orally challenged with protein allergen, OVA, or β-lactoglobulin in BALB/c mice. We found that the body weights and body temperatures immediately after food allergen challenged were significantly decreased as compared with the control mice. And the symptoms of food allergy, the levels of total IgE, allergen-specific IgE, IgG1, IgG2a, IgA of sera and the levels of IgE, IgA, IL-4 and IL-17 of intestine lavage fluids (ILF) of food allergen mice were significantly increased as compared with the control mice. After oral administration with 10 7 CFU Lactobacillus gasseri PM-A0005 (L. gasseri ) at the same time during food allergen sensitization and challenge, the body temperature, body weight, the levels of antigen-specific IgA of sera, and IL-10 concentration of the ILF, and the levels of IL-10, IL12, INF-γ, TGF-β of the culture medium and the cellular numbers of CD11c + CD103 + , CD11b -CD8a + dendritic cells (DCs), CD4 + FoxP3 + (Treg cells), CD4 + T bet + (TH1 cells) in the Peyer's patches and draining lymph nodes of L. gasseritreated mice were significantly increased as compared with the nontreated food allergy mice. In contrast, the food allergy symptoms, the levels of antigen-specific IgE, IgG1 of sera and the levels of total IgE, antigen-specific IgE, IgG1, α1-antitrypsin, IL-17, IL-6 of the ILF and the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-23, IL-6 of the culture medium and the cellular numbers of CD4 + RORγt + (TH17 cells), CD4 + GATA3 + (TH2 cells), lymphocytes proliferation and the intestinal inflammation of L.gasseri-treated mice with food hypersensitivity were significantly decreased as compared with the non-treated control mice. To further explore the anti-allergy effect of L. gasseri of dendritic cells (DCs) on food allergy development, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) isolated from naïve mice were stimulated for 24 hrs with recombinant of L. gasseri. The PMA5P40-primed BMDCs were collected and adoptive transfer to mice sensitized and challenged with food allergens. These finding suggested that L. gasseri and recombinant of protein PMA5P40 have anti-allergy effect on the mice sensitized and challenged with food allergens, such as OVA and cow's milk. And this anti-allergic effect may be mediated through the tolergenic effect of dendritic cells that enhance immune-regulatory effect on T and B lymphocytes, which may have clinical application in patients suffered with food allergy. Background: Folate, a dietary methyl donor, is known to alter gene expression influencing immune system through epigenetic modification. However, the relationships between folate level and the risk of allergic and respiratory diseases in children are still unknown. Objectives: To investigate whether or not serum folate levels are associated with atopic biomarkers and also with the risk of allergic and respiratory diseases in children. Methods: Data of 462 children with complete information from a birth cohort in South Korea were available. Serum folate levels were analyzed at 24 months of age in children. Atopic biomarkers such as total Ig E, IL-10 and eosinophil counts were also measured at 24 months. Information on maternal demographic and obstetrical characteristics and that on children's allergic and respiratory outcomes was obtained from questionnaire. Results: Serum folate levels were inversely associated with eosinophil counts (r = -0.192, P < 0.001). Total IgE levels and eosinophil counts decreased significantly in the group whose serum folate was above the median value (17.6 ng/mL) compared to the other counterpart group (P = 0.013, P < 0.001 respectively). A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that folate level above the median value (17.6 ng/mL) was associated with a decreased risk for atopic dermatitis (AD) (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.34-0.95) at 24 months of age. However, no significant association was observed between serum folate levels and respiratory outcomes in children. Conclusions: Serum folate level is associated with a lower risk of developing AD in early childhood. Background: The dysregulated mucosal inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is often difficult to control with pharmacotherapy alone. We sought to determine whether the immunomodulatory properties of vitamin D might have beneficial effects on CRS. Methods: We performed a randomized, placebo controlled trial in adult subjects meeting the research criteria for CRS, with low serum vitamin D levels (<40 ng/mL), and having no contraindications to vitamin D therapy. Subjects were randomized to receive vitamin D (n=12) or placebo (n=12) for 12 weeks in addition to their standard regimen. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and nasal epithelial cells (NECs) were collected at the beginning and end of the trial and we analyzed the upregulation of molecules involved in mucosal immunity by RT-PCR. Clinical response was analyzed using SNOT-22 and the SF-36. Results: The Levels of vitamin D in the serum were elevated in the vitamin D group and unchanged in the placebo group. Cathelicidin, human b-defensin and autophagy related protein light chain 3 alpha (LC3A, a molecule involved in autophagy) were upregulated after vitamin D administration in PBMCs with similar results observed in NECs. There was no significant change in the upregulation of these mediators in the placebo group. No symptomatic changes were observed in SNOT-22 or SF-36 scores in either group. There were no side effects or adverse events during the study. Background: Systemic contact dermatitis (SCD) is an inflammatory skin disease that may occur in persons with contact allergy when they are exposed to the allergens systematically including orally, transcutaneously, per rectum, intravesically, intravenously, or by inhalation. The most common causes of SCD are drugs used both topically and systemically. Other causes are ubiquitously occuring haptens, such as the metals nickel, cobalt, gold, and chromate, and aromatic substances such as spices. SCD from plants has been seen following ingestion of various rhus preparations. In Korea, Rhus has been used as a folk medicine to cure gastrointestinal diseases and as a health food, it is common to observe patients with accidental or occupational Rhus dermatitis, and also SCD caused by ingestion of Rhus. Objective: We investigated the clinical features of SCD caused by Rhus. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 11 patients with SCD caused Rhus in Dong-A University hospital and Haeundae Paik Hospital. Results: Nine (81.8%) were women, and average age was 58.91 ±10.29 years (range 45-75). The way of Rhus ingestion was boiled chicken with Rhus (n=9, 81.8%), Rhus vegetables (n=1), and Rhus sap (n=1). All patients experienced generalized pruritus and erythematous maculopapular rash. The patients developed erythema multiforme (n=2), vesiculobullous lesion (n=3), urticaria (n=3), and angioedema (n=1). Extracutaneous symptoms were duodenal ischemia (n=1), hypotension (n=2), fever (n=4), and oral mucositis (n=1). The mean latency period was 1.45±0.69 days (range 1-3), and mean recovery times were 12.27±3.77 days (range [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] . Systemic corticosteroid was administered in 10 (90.9%) for 18.09±15.44 days (range 4-47). Conclusions: SCD from ingestion of Rhus showed various cutaneous manifestation mainly erythematous maculopapuar eruption, and also extracutaneous symptoms. Most of the patients recovered well with the treatment of systemic corticosteroids. Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is currently regarded as an allergic inflammatory disease. Many studies have shown AD to have multiple causes that activate complex immunological and inflammatory pathways. However, aeroallergens, and especially the house dust mite (HDM), play a relevant role in the elicitation or exacerbation of eczematous lesions in many AD patients. Accordingly, allergenspecific immunotherapy has been used in AD patients with the aim of redirecting inappropriate immune responses. Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is especially preferred because of its easy application and safety. The aim of this study was to describe the effect of SLIT in patient with AD. Methods: Patients with AD who allergic to HDM were evaluated. Patients who allergic to HDM have been treated with SLIT for over 1yr. The effect of patients on clinical course of SLIT with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae in a standardized extract was assessed and the side effect of SLIT were recorded. Results: The records of 20 patients (13 males and 7 females) were studied. The mean age for starting SLIT was 16.3 years (aged 6-36 years, median age 13years). Treatment was deemed effective or very effective in 70% of the patients. The majority of the patients were satisfied with their treatment, which was well tolerated. There were no serious side effects except transient nausea, abdominal pain and oral itching sensation in the first few days. SLIT had to be discontinued in 2 patients (10%) because of exacerbation of asthma and dermatitis. Especially, the compliance of patients with AD and allergic rhinitis were better than patients with AD only. Conclusions: SLIT reduces symptoms of AD, the amount of drug consumption and the progression of the disease. Especially, SLIT is recommendable to patients with AD and allergic rhinitis. We believe SLIT can be an alternative, safe treatment option for allergic AD refractory to long-term conventional treatment. Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) frequently occur in hospital setting, and serious ADRs (SAEs) may threaten the patient's life and lead poor clinical outcome. Early detection and urgent medical intervention is required to prevent development of SAEs. This study was conducted to investigate the clinical characteristics of SAEs in a single university hospital. Methods: ADRs reported to hospital Pharmacovigilance Center were collected from Jan 2012 to Dec 2014, and cases of SAEs were selected. Clinical information was collected from electronic medical records. Results: A total of 283 (3.7%) SAEs among 7,629 ADRs were identified through spontaneous reporting system. A gradually decreased tendency in the frequency and incidence of SAE was noted from 2012 to 2014. SAEs were reported by doctors (40.6%), nurses (11.0%), and pharmacists (48.4%). ADR related-hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization (53.2%) was the most common cause of SAEs, and other medically important event was the second cause. SAEs were developed from the injections (54.4%), PO medications (44.9%), and the patch type agents (0.7%). Antineoplastic agents (40.9%), anti-infectives (16.8%), and anti-tuberculosis drugs (6.9%) were the drug class commonly involved. White cell and RES disorders (21.6%) were frequently involved system organ classes, and skin and appendages disorders (16.4%) were the next. Leukopenia and neutropenia were the most frequently noted SAEs. Conclusion: Antineoplastic agents, anti-infectives, and anti-tuberculosis drugs can elicit SAEs most frequently. A decreased tendency for the development of SAEs was noted, and this might be result at least partly from the pharmacovigilance activity and ADR monitoring. Comprehensive prophylactic approaches will be required to prevent development of predicted SAEs, and to reduce the chance of unpredicted SAEs. Background. Allergic contact dermatitis is a common diagnosis in eyelid dermatitis. Sensitization to metals are prevalent in eyelid dermatitis and color cosmetic products are frequently suspected as the source of metal exposure. This study was performed to investigate the recent contact allergens for eyelid dermatitis and to assess metal contents in eye shadow products. Methods. Data were collected in the department of dermatology of Ewha Womans University hospital from December 1998 to February 2014. A total of 983 patients were patch tested during the period and 67 patients had eyelid dermatitis among them. To examine metal elements in color cosmetic products for eyes, randomly selected 10 eye shadows were analyzed. Results. Frequent allergens were metals, thimerosal, and phenylenediamine in patients with eyelid dermatitis. The sensitization rates of individual allergens were not significantly different between patients with eyelid dermatitis and without eyelid dermatitis. All 10 eye shadow products contained more than 5 ppm of at least one element, nickel, cobalt or chromium. Conclusion. Metals were top-rank allergens in eyelid dermatitis and eye shadow products contained significant amount of nickel, cobalt or chromium to elicit allergic reactions. Patients with eyelid dermatitis and metal allergy should be informed that color eye make-up products can elicit or aggravate their symptoms. Background: Recent studies suggest that dietary change may influence programming of the immune system in favor of development of allergic disease. However, the results for the effect of fat status on development of allergic or respiratory disease in children are still conflicting. Methods: A total 426 children were included in this study from a birth cohort in South Korea. Data regarding the children's allergic and respiratory outcomes were obtained from standardized questionnaires completed by the mothers. Serum total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG) and high-density cholesterol (HDL) levels were measured in children at 24 months of age. Atopic biomarkers including total Ig E, IL-10 and eosinophil counts were also measured at 24 months. Results: Serum HDL cholesterol levels were inversely associated with the eosinophil counts counts (r = -0.221, P < 0.001). Total IgE, eosinophil counts, and IL-10 levels increased significantly in the group whose serum HDL cholesterol levels was above the median value (51mg/dL) compared to the other counterpart group (P = 0.014, P = 0.003, P = 0.040 respectively). However, there was no association between lipid levels and risks of respiratory outcomes and AD at 24 months in logistic regression analysis. Conclusions: We found that the HDL cholesterol levels were associated with lower atopic biomarkers in children at 24 months, but not with risk of allergic or respiratory diseases. Interleukin-32 (IL-32), first reported as an inducer of tumor necrosis factor-α, is a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in various chronic inflammatory diseases. This study evaluated the relationship between sputum IL-32 expression and severity of asthma. Methods IL-32 was determined in induced sputum samples of patients with asthma (n = 137) using sandwich ELISA. Relationships among sputum IL-32, airway obstruction (FEV 1 ), inflammation (neutrophil and eosinophil % of the airway) and exacerbation frequency were evaluated. Sputum IL-32 levels was well correlated with FEV 1 (%) in the total study subjects (r=-0.232, P = 0.006) and in the stable asthmatics (r=-0.312, P = 0.003). The levels was not different by use of inhaled steroid (P=0.068). When the all subjects were grouped into two inflammatory patterns by eosinophil% (over 3%, under 3%) or Neutrophils% (over 70%, under 70%), IL-32 levels was not different by the inflammatory patterns. IL-32 levels was significantly increased in the subject experiencing exacerbation (n=69) compared to those not experiencing exacerbation (n=53) (p<0.05). The sputum levels of IL-32 were well correlated with the annual rate of exacerbation in the total subjects.(r=0.231, P < 0.022). Conclusion Sputum IL-32 may be associated with severity of the asthma regardless of inhaled steroid treatment, and may be a surrogate marker for exacerbation risk of asthma. Background: Chromium allergy has been traditionally caused by occupational skin contact with cement and related construction materials, which involves hands most commonly. Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with chromium allergy in Korea. Methods: Patch test data from June 1998 to January 2014 were retrospectively analyzed (n=975; male=289, female=686). Patients who showed positive reactions to potassium dichromate (chromium (+) group; n=58) and who showed positive reactions to other allergens except potassium dichromate (others (+) group; n=497) were identified and the characteristics of both groups were compared. The prevalence of chromium allergy was additionally analyzed in each 4year period to study the change over time. Results: The sensitization rate of potassium dichromate was 5.9% (n=58) and women comprised 72.4% (n=42) of chromium (+) group. Hands and feet were more frequently affected in chromium (+) group (P=0.002, 0.019). Occupational dermatitis was not significantly more common in chromium (+) group. Chromium allergy was most prevalent in patients in their 50s (8.4%). The prevalence of chromium allergy was 13.5% during 1998-2002 but decreased to 5.4% during 2010-2014. Conclusion: The characteristics of patients with chromium allergy suggested that chromium exposure in daily activities, including leather exopsure, is more relevant than occupational exposure in most patients. The prevalence of chromium allergy has been decreased in Korea, which may be an effect of voluntary regulation of chromium extent in cement by manufacturers A) Background: Chronic hand eczema (CHE) may severely reduce patient's quality of life. CHE refractory to topical corticosteroids currently have limited treatment options suited for chronic use. In demand of safe new therapy, oral alitretinoin, 9-cisretinoic acid, was proposed, but the economic burden limits its broad use. Acitretin is a well-known second generation vitamin A derivative, widely used in palmoplantar psoriasis with less cost. The investigation was performed to assess the efficacy and safety of acitretin in chronic hand eczema patients. B) Methods: Total of 25 patients diagnosed with CHE were enrolled in the prospective open-label study. All patients were administered with oral acitretin, start dose of 10mg twice daily and tapered to 10mg once daily, during 8 week period. CHE severity was evaluated using a hand eczema severity index and 5-grade physicial global assessment (PGA). C) Results: Severity of hand eczema decreased by 58% in average. The improvement was more remarkable in hyperkeratotic type than other types of hand eczema (p<0.004). Clinical responses, defined as clear or almost clear, were achieved in up to 36% of patients. No serious side effects were reported except of mild cheilitis in 2 patients and abdominal discomfort in 1 patients. D) Conclusion: Oral acitretin is well-tolerated with effectively improving chronic hand eczema, especially in hyperkeratotic type. Atypical Antipsychotics and Anticholinergic Agents Mimicking Anaphylaxis Sheryl Van Nunen 1 , Dinh Van Nguyen 2 , Anthony Elias 3 , Susannah Olivia Lauer 4 Laryngeal dystonia is a rare, potentially fatal complication of therapy with atypical antipsychotics or anticholinergic agents. We report a case of laryngeal dystonia due to each of these agents, both of which were ascribed initially to anaphylaxis. Case 1 A 28-year old man presented to an Emergency Department after progressively developing a sensation of severe throat swelling and slurred speech following ingestion of his regular ziprasidone. Intramuscular adrenaline was given without benefit for a putative diagnosis of anaphylaxis. His symptoms gradually resolved over hours. Mast cell tryptase levels were normal and allergen-specific IgE to temporally relevant allergens was undetectable. He reported a similar episode a decade prior after taking risperidone. Allergist review noted diagnostic criteria for anaphylaxis were lacking and ziprasidone had been taken after a night of excessive alcohol intake. His recurrent, atypical antipsychotic-induced laryngeal and pharyngeal dystonia was managed successfully by recommencing ziprasidone on condition that he avoided excessive alcohol and took the drug at a regular time. A 26 year-old man presented to an Emergency Department with a sensation of throat and tongue swelling and voice hoarseness. He had earlier self-medicated with intra-muscular metoclopramide, intra-muscular prochlorperazine and oral ondansetron for intractable vomiting due to cyclical vomiting syndrome. No evidence of haemodynamic compromise, urticaria or airway oedema was found. Promethazine & intravenous hydrocortisone were given for suspected anaphylaxis, followed by low dose midazolam aimed at laryngeal relaxation. His symptoms improved rapidly thereafter. Mast cell tryptase level was normal during the event and allergen-specific IgE to temporally relevant allergens was undetectable. A similar episode a few years previously followed self-administered large doses of metoclopramide. This case represents recurrent laryngeal dystonia in response to large doses of metoclopramide, possibly aggravated by co-administration of prochlorperazine. Fortuitously, the anticholinergic effect of the promethazine would have helped relieve the dystonia. Both previous reports of ziprasidone-induced laryngeal dystonia followed intramuscular use (Mellecheruvu et al. 2007 ). Our first case is the first report of orally administered ziprasidone causing laryngeal and pharyngeal dystonia. Our second case is the fourth report of metoclopramide-induced laryngeal dystonia. Given that the rightful emphasis is on first line treatment with adrenaline for anaphylaxis, awareness of the propensity for these drugs to provoke such reactions is crucial to timely specific treatment with anticholinergics, along with increased suspicion when predisposing factors (youth, male gender, alcohol ingestion, previous reactions) are present. Background: Questionnaire-based diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis (AD) are limited by their low diagnostic accuracy at the individual level. Objective: To develop novel, questionnaire-based diagnostic criteria to improve the accuracy of estimations of AD prevalence and individual diagnoses of childhood AD in epidemiologic surveys. Methods: Candidate questions for questionnaire were selected by preliminary surveys. The Reliable Estimation of Atopic dermatitis in ChildHood (REACH) diagnostic criteria were derived from a population-based survey. Results: Thirteen questions (2 major and 11 minor criteria) were included in the final version of the questionnaire. The REACH diagnostic criteria were defined as fulfillment of the two major criteria (2M) for 'typical AD' , or one major plus four or more minor criteria (2M + 4m) for 'atypical AD' , from the derivation set (n=1,129). The REACH criteria demonstrated superior performance compared to the ISAAC both in terms of estimated AD prevalence and diagnostic accuracy in a validation set (n=1,191). Limitations: Further validation is required using a more-diverse range of populations. Conclusions: We propose that the comprehensive, questionnairebased REACH diagnostic criteria can be used for childhood AD, not only in epidemiological surveys but also in the context of personalized medical advice. Comprehensive Assessment to Identify the Causative Factors in Oral Allergy Syndrome Emi Ono Osaka University, Japan World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A470 Oral allergy syndrome (OAS) may be the most common food-related allergy in adults. Even of OAS, pollen-food allergy is complicated because of cross-reactivity to proteins. The ImmunoCAP ISAC(Immuno Solidphase Allergen Chip) allows detection of specific IgE to 112 molecular components from 51 allergenic sources. This new approach helps to clarify the molecular bases of primary sensitization and cross-reactivity phenomena. We used this approach to analyze allergen component comprehensively. We retrospectively analyzed sera from 11 patients who had been examined based on suspicion of allergy at the Department of Dermatology of the Osaka University. Of the 11 patients, 10 patients have symptom such as pruritus or tingling of the lips, oral mucosa, and throat. One patient did not have symptom. ImmunoCAP ISAC was used for screening allergen component and compared with other tests results such as skin prick test. To specigy the antigen, ELISA and western blot and blood testing were also performed. This test is useful for the cross reaction of an allergy patient sensitized to a large number of allergens, the grasp of the sensitization pattern with the common antigen. Younger patients, who are under 14y.o, had the lower number of positive components than that of over 14y.o. Tick, cat and dog related components were characteristic patients with dermatitis. Result of exclude the tick, cat and dog related components, number of positive components of patients with AD or eczema (contact dermatitis and PPP) were higher than with no dermatitis. We found that the both age and dermatitis were the factors influencing to the causative factors in OAS. Our finding suggest that the number of the positive components was higher in the subject accompanied with AD compared to the subjects without AD. Thus, it assumed that the subjects with AD might be highly susceptible to OAS. Objectives Allergic skin test is a commonly used test to evaluate an immediate immune response either by skin prick test (SPT) or intradermal test. SPT is widely used Several methods have been proposed to interpret SPT. However, there has been no comparison study about inter-test relationship. The aim of this study compare three different interpreting methods and define the relationship among them. We examined SPT to 147 patients who visited allergy clinic complaining of nasal symptoms from January to December 2014. Three different interpreting methods were used for defining positivity in SPT such as interpretation by comparing wheal sizes of allergen and histamine, the biggest diameter of the wheal size more than 3 mm, and the biggest diameter of the erythema greater than 15 mm. And we compared the positivity among 3 different interpretation methods. The validity of each interpreting method was evaluated by comparing positivity to TNSS. Result Positivity in SPT were reported as 48.2% in A/H ratio method, 64.0% in Wheal size method and in Erythema size method, respectively. Subjects who showed negative result in A/H ratio method have positive results in Wheal size method and Erythema size method were 15.8%, respectively. Subjects showing negative result in A/H ratio but positive result in Erythema size and Wheal size method had significantly higher rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction and TNSS than subjects showing both negative results. Comparing TNSS in each method, TNSS of SPT positive group is higher than those of negative group, except TNSS of Nasal obstruction of A/H method. Thus diagnosing allergic rhinitis patients, we may consider Wheal size method and Erythema size method than A/ H ratio method. Refraining Aminophylline Use Increases Hospitalization Among Children with Acute Asthma: A 10-Years Retrospective Cohort Study Li-Fan Liu College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A472 Asthma is a leading cause of emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations for children in developed countries. The study was to determine which variables and treatment protocols were associated with hospitalization among children with asthma-related ED visits. We retrospectively collected data from the clinical records of children aged 2 to 18 years who were diagnosed with asthma and treated in the ED of a referral tertiary center in southern Taiwan from June 2004 to May 2014. Regression-based analyses were performed to determine factors associated with hospital admissions, and to investigate whether administering intravenous aminophylline was associated with hospital admissions from asthma-related ED visits. A total of 2,375 patients were included in the analysis. Body weight (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.95-0.99), fever episode (AOR=1.96; 95% CI=1.47-2.60), pulse rate (AOR=1.02; 95% CI=1.02-1.03) and previous hospitalization due to asthma episode (AOR=1.39; 95% CI=1.03-1.88) were significantly associated with hospital admission among children with asthmarelated ED visits during the whole study period. Hospital admission rates sharply increased from 9.9% + 3.2% in 2004-2008 to 24.3% + 2.8 % in 2009-2013. Children with a hospital admission during the second 5-year time period (2009-2013) received significantly less aminophylline treatment than those without a hospital admission in the first 5-year time period (2004-2008) (AOR=0.30; 95% CI=0.17-0.51). In conclusion, we found body weight, fever episode, pulse rate and previous hospitalization were predictive factors of hospitalization in children with asthma exacerbation at ED visits. Refrain intravenous aminophylline use may increase hospital admission among children with acute asthma. Purpose: Atopic dermatitis (AD) has increased in worldwide and nationwide. However, we do not have well designed randomized national epidemiologic studies, but only some selected data about prevalence of AD. We investigated the prevalence of AD and risk factors in nationwide random children and adolescents of Korea. Methods: We conducted a questionnaires survey with 1,820 children, aged 6 to 19 years old, nationwide in Korea from 2012 to 2013. The subjects were selected by a stratifying sampling method by school grade and five regions. The population was composed of 914 elementary school, 445 middle school, and 461 high school students. Current AD was defined as having recent AD symptoms within 12 months and diagnosed as AD from physicians ever. Atopic sensitization was described by skin prick test for 18 common allergens. Results: The prevalence of current AD and recent AD treatment within 12 months in elementary school, middle school, and high school was 18.8%, 14.6%, and 13.4%, and 12.3%, 8.6%, and 9.5%, respectively. Risk factors, based on multivariate analysis, for current AD from merged data included household pet keeping (aOR, 1.35; 95% CI, 0.95-1.89) as well as parental allergic disease (aOR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.44-2.44), mold exposure during infancy (aOR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.06-1.89), recent mold exposure within 12 months (aOR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.16-2.03), and atopic sensitization (aOR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.12-1.93). The nationwide prevalence of current AD in elementary school, middle school, and high school students were 18.8%, 14.6%, and 13.4%, respectively. The risk factors for current AD included parental allergic disease, mold exposure during infancy, recent mold exposure within 12 months, atopic sensitization, and household pet keeping. Recently, probiotic treatment becomes a new therapy for allergic diseases. Based on the previous research from our lab, we discovered the enzyme dehydrogenase is the major material of probiotic extract. We want to investigate what the recombinant enzyme effect on allergic disease. Then we used Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD) mouse model to demonstrate the effect of probiotic recombinant protein. We found probiotic recombinant protein could decrease mouse serum total IgE and Der p-specific IgE. In the on other hands, probiotic protein also could recover the physiological function of skin, decrease Langerhans cell infiltration into epidermal and attenuate cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) production in skin tissue. Next, we postulate the recombinant protein could enhance physiological function of the anatomical barrier, the skin. We used the wound healing model of human keratinocyte, HaCaT cell and pre-treated cell with the enzyme before wound formation. The experiment determined the enzyme promote wound healed faster than untreated group. Through these results, we may explore the effect and mechanisms of recombination dehydrogenase in Der P.-induced AD model. Youin Bae, Gyeong-Hun Park Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, South Korea Correspondence: Youin Bae -Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, South Korea World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A475 Background: A variety of skin diseases are known to be associated with allergic inflammation, but there has not been sufficient data on the status of allergic sensitization in adult patients with various inflammatory skin diseases. Objective: We sought to compare the status of immunoglobulin E sensitization in various inflammatory skin diseases. Methods: Serum specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels for 41 common food and aeroallergens were measured in a total of 380 adult patients who were diagnosed as allergic contact dermatitis (n = 31), atopic dermatitis (n = 44), acute urticaria (n = 103), chronic urticaria (n = 109), irritant contact dermatitis (n = 19), other eczema (n = 47), and pruritus (n = 27). Sensitization to allergens was defined as specific IgE levels equal to or greater than 0.35 kU/L. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the numbers of the sensitized allergens between the skin conditions (p = 0.176). Sensitizations to milk and beef antigens were higher in atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis, and pruritus compared to the others (p = 0.041 and 0.006, respectively). In addition, sensitizations to yeast, cladosporium, and candida were significantly higher in atopic dermatitis compared to the others (p = 0.001, 0.027, and <0.001, respectively). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the rate of sensitization to the other allergens. Conclusions: The overall status of allergic sensitization was similar in various inflammatory skin diseases. However, several allergens were more closely associated with specific skin conditions. Two Cases of Good's Syndrome: A Rare Acquired Immunodeficiency Associated with Thymoma Suk Yeon Kim Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, South Korea World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A476 Good's syndrome is an acquired immunodeficiency state associated with thymoma. It is characterized by recurrent infection, autoimmune disease, and immunologic abnormality. The insufficient immunity can be supported by intravenous immunoglobulin(IVIG) replacement therapy. We describe 2 patients who presented with cough and dyspnea caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia and Cytomegalovirus pneumonia respectively after thymectomy for a thymoma. Immunologic study revealed hypogammaglobulinemia with very low B-cell count, consistent with Good's syndrome. They were successfully treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and gancyclovir respectively, and now they are doing well without additional infections, having regular IVIG replacement. Background: Recently, it has been reported that cigarette smoke exposure during allergen sensitization period facilitates the development of house dust mite (HDM) sensitization and subsequent allergic asthma. However, the mechanisms remain elusive. Several researchers have recently shown that IL-23 is involved in antigeninduced airway inflammation. Therefore, we hypothesized that IL-23 is involved in this pathway. Objective: To evaluate roles of IL-23 in short cigarette smoke exposure-induced HDM-allergic asthma mouse model Methods: BALB/c mice were exposed to HDM and/or cigarette smoke extracts (CSE) during HDM sensitization period (day 1, 2, 3, and 14) . Anti-IL-23p19 antibody was given during the sensitization period. And we analyzed several asthmatic phenotypes after last allergen challenge. In addition, we also analyzed the change of DC activation in LDLN and cytokines profile after last sensitization. Results: CSE exposure during sensitization period promoted the development of HDM-allergic sensitization and asthma phenotypes. The proportion of innate lymphoid type 2 cells also increased by CSE and HDM co-exposure, compared to a single exposure. Anti-IL-23 antibody treatment during allergen sensitization period significantly diminished several phenotypes of allergic asthma. Anti-IL-23 treatment also reduced the recruitment of innate lymphoid type 2 cells. Along with, the activation of DC in LDLN was significantly reduced by anti-IL-23 after last sensitization. Conclusion: IL-23 may play a significant role in the development of short cigarette smoke-induced allergic sensitization and asthma. The Relationship Between the Relevance of Allergic Disease and the Value of Non-Specific IgE Yasuhiro Suzuki Tokyo Medical and Dental Unibersity, Japan World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A478 In outpatient clinic, we meet many patients who are suffering from allergic disease. In our department, we usually ask the patient, who is suffering from allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, to take blood test after giving informed consent. We calculate the ratio of eosinophils, the level of non-specific and specific IgE, and so on. However, the ratio of eosinophils is fluctuated, and there seems to be no connection between the level of non-specific IgE and the severity of allergic disease. In this study, we retrospectively studied whether the results of blood test are associated with the relevance of allergic disease or not. We sampled 64 patients (32 men and 32 women) who visited our department and took blood test from January 2014 to December 2014. We measured the ratio of eosinophils, the level of non-specific and specific IgE, and so on. In this study, we divided these patients into 4 groups according to the level of non-specific IgE (less than 100 <Group 1>, 100 or more and less than 500 <Group 2>, 500 or more and less than 1000 <Group 3>, more than 1000 <Group 4>). Then we investigated them from several aspects. The most common disease in Group 1 is seasonal allergic rhinitis (44.7%), followed by vasomotor rhinitis (28.9%) and perennial allergic rhinitis (21.1%). Group 2 has the same tendency as Group 1 (seasonal allergic rhinitis (47.1%), vasomotor rhinitis (29.4%), perennial allergic rhinitis (23.5%)). Group 3 and Group4 have small number of patients. It is difficult to calculate the percentage of diseases in both groups, but seasonal allergic rhinitis and chronic sinusitis were tending to have high relevance. Next, we evaluated the relationship between the level of non-specific IgE and the relevance of diseases. In Group 4, the relevance of chronic sinusitis and perennial allergic rhinitis was significantly higher than Group 1. Eosinophilic sinusitis, seasonal allergic rhinitis, and vasomotor rhinitis had no significant differences. Non-specific IgE level may be related to the severity of chronic sinusitis and perennial allergic rhinitis. Non-specific IgE level may also be useful in order to estimate the future relevance and severity of nasal diseases. Sneezing provocated by exposition to prawn smell, itching sensation in the nose, nasal drip, Itching and wetness in the eyes, shortness of breath, pressure sensation in the chest. History of Complaints: Fort he last 5 years, he has been working at the kitchen of a restaurant that serves sea products including prawn (Large Shrimp). For 1 year, he has been experiencing sneezing, post nasal drip and itching sensation in the eyes, all of which are provocated by exposure to smell of prawn while it is being cleaned and prepared. Exposure to prawn smell caused edema and swelling in the lips and eyelids, suggestive of angioedema. Prawn smell inhalation also caused shortness of breath, pressure sensation in the chest, stridor. Medical history also revealed angioedema triggered by intake of appranax (naproxen). Laboratory Eosinophils %13.83 (0.5-11.0),Total Ig E: 138 IU/ML (1.31-165. 3) Specific Ig E ( mixed 5 ) (food panel 2): (morino fish, Prawn, shell, tuna fish, salmon fish): 26.5 KU/L (0-0.35 KU/L), wchich indicates strong positive result.Inasmuch as our patient had allergic rhinitis, a skinprick test with respiratory allergen panel was conducted in order to determine the causative inhalatory allergen. The results were as follows: Der P: 13x11 mm, Der F: 17x11 mm, B.Germenica: 7x7 mm, Negative Control: (-), Histamin.7x7 mm. We subjected our patient to prick-to-prick test: Prawn: 37x18 mm, strong positive, Negative control: (-), Histamin : 7x7 mm. A.O , 27 years old male patient Complaint: The patient has been experiencing sensation of itching in the mouth, swelling in tongue and throat, difficulty to swallow; all of which occured following consumption of prawn. History of complaints None of these complaints occured before the age of 27. The patient has been experiencing those symptoms fort he last 1 year, and upon consumption of prawn. While our patient experienced only swelling in the tongue and throat, along with an itching sensation in these localisations when he consumed prawn in the restaurant A; he experienced swelling in tongue and throat, laryngeal edema accompanied by dizziness and sensation of fainting and hypotension, suggesting anaphylactic reaction, when he consumed prawn in the restaurant B.The patient favoured prawn a lot and did not quit consuming prawn in spite of all these complaints. He had about 3 or 4 such allergic episodes when he had applied to our clinic. The patient was issued an adrenalin auto-injection certificate. He was instructed about auto injection technique. He was adviced not to ever consume prawn from now on. He was also adviced to be cautious about restaurants serving prawn since certain kitchen equipments might be contaminated with prawn particles. Background: The increasing prevalence of allergic disease has been attributed in part to reduced microbial exposures associated with a modern lifestyle. An altered compositional signature and reduced diversity of the intestinal microbiota are linked to development of allergic disease. We investigated the relationship between dominant Bifidobacteriumspecies in stool during the early postnatal period and subsequent development of eczema, IgE-associated eczema and sensitisation in the first year of life. Methods: Faecal samples were collected at age 1 week, 1 month and 3 months from infants at high risk of allergic disease, who were followed prospectively to age 12 months. Bifidobacteriumspecies were analysed by quantitative PCR and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism. Infants were examined at 3, 6 and 12 months, and skin prick test performed at 12 months. Eczema was diagnosed according to the UK-Working Party criteria. Results: The presence of B. catenulatum at 3 months was associated with a higher risk of developing eczema (OR adj = 4.5; 95% CI 1.56 to 13.05, P adj = 0.005). Infants colonised with B. breve at 1 week (OR adj = 0.29; 95% CI 0.09 to 0.95, P adj = 0.041) and 3 months (OR adj = 0.15; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.44, P adj = 0.00001) had a reduced risk of developing eczema. Furthermore, the presence of B. breve at 3 months was associated with a lower risk of atopic sensitisation at 12 months (OR adj = 0.38; 95% CI 0.15 to 0.98, P adj = 0.046). B. brevecolonisation patterns were influenced by maternal allergic status, household pets and number of siblings. Conclusions: There are temporal variations of Bifidobacterium colonisation patterns early in life and these variations differentially modulate later development of eczema and/or atopic sensitisation in infants at high risk of allergic disease. Modulation of the early microbiota may provide a means for prevention of eczema in high risk infants. Background: Recent epidemiological studies demonstrate significant associations of Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) with asthma. In addition, clinical studies suggest that the enterotoxin exposure could contribute to the development of fixed airway obstruction in asthma, leading to a COPD-overlap phenotype. In previous experiments of mice, a short-term exposure to staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) induced extensive inflammatory responses in lungs, including lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils. Therefore, we hypothesized chronic repeated exposure to SEB could induce tissue remodeling in lower airways. Objective: To investigate effects of repeated SEB exposure on airway remodeling in OVA-induced chronic allergic asthma model. Methods: BALB/c mice were intra-peritoneally sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA)-aluminum hydroxide at days 0 and 14, and were intranasally challenged with OVA and/or SEB for the next 6 weeks(50 ug OVA, 10 or 100 ng of SEB, 3 times per week over a period, total 18 exposure). At 8 weeks, mice were sacrificed and assessed for histopathology, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell counts, lung cytokines, methacholine airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), and serum immunoglobulins. Results: OVA sensitization followed by repeated OVA exposure resulted in the development of Th2 asthma and inflammation, including BALF cell counts, lung cytokines, histopathology, AHR and serum immunoglobulins. However, repeated SEB exposure did not aggravate OVA-induced pathologic changes, or induce any remarkable pathologic changes when administered alone. Serum total IgE levels were also not influenced by repeated SEB exposure. Rather, chronic repeated SEB-exposed mice showed lower levels of lung inflammation and remodeling, but higher levels of IL-10 and TGF-β, compared to non-SEB-exposed mice. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates unpredicted suppressive effects of chronic repeated exposure of SEB in allergic asthma models, leading to the speculation that SEB exerts bi-directional effects depending on the timing of exposure. The mechanisms of anti-inflammatory effects warrant further investigation. Skin Prick Test Result and Allergen Immunotherapy in Children with Allergic Rhinitis Grace Shieh UST Hospital, Philippines World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A482 Background: Allergic rhinitis represents a global health problem that causes major illness and disability worldwide. Immunotherapy is effective in the management of allergic rhinitis. Skin prick test is a reliable method to diagnose IgE-mediated allergic disease. Up-to-date, no biomarker has yet been validated to be a good predictor of clinical response to allergen immunotherapy. Method: This is a cohort study to determine the association of skin prick test result to allergen immunotherapy efficacy in children with allergic rhinitis. Patients seen at a tertiary hospital diagnosed with allergic rhinitis and on allergen immunotherapy were included in the study. Skin prick test results were recorded and total nasal symptom score (TNSS) were obtained at the start of immunotherapy and monthly for six months. The correlation of the baseline skin prick test to the change in TNSS for each monthly endpoint was done to check for the association between the baseline skin prick test and the efficacy of immunotherapy measured as the improvement in TNSS scores. Results: A total of 18 patients who have completed at least six months of immunotherapy were included in this study. Average age is 13.22 + 3.62 years old, and were predominantly male (11 out of 18, 61.1%). The average skin prick test to D.farinae was 7.72 ± 3.80 mm, while that of D.pteronyssinus was 8.56 ± 4.34 mm. At baseline, the TNSS of the subjects had a median score of 7.5 which gradually decreased to a median score of 3 by the sixth month of immunotherapy. There was generally low and inverse correlation between D.pteronyssinus immunotherapy and skin prick test results for the first four months of immunotherapy, after which, there was a direct and moderate correlation from the fourth to sixth month of immunotherapy (p=0.3128), however it was not statistically significant. There was a low and inverse correlation between D.farinae immunotherapy and skin prick test results for the first four months of immunotherapy, after which, there was a direct but low correlation from the fifth to sixth month of immunotherapy (p=0.2550). Conclusion: The larger the size of the skin prick test to D.pteronyssinus, the greater the improvement of the total nasal symptom score from the baseline at six months of immunotherapy. Background: The chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1), has been demonstrated its requirement for optimal allergen sensitization and Th2 inflammation in various chronic inflammatory disease including asthma. But, the role of Chi3L1 in airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) induced by respiratory viruses has not been proved yet. The purpose of this study is to figure out the relationship between BRP-39, mouse chitinase 3-like 1 protein (CHI3L1), and Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)induced AHR. Methods: We used C57BL/6 mice and BRP-39 null mice. Mice were inoculated with live A2-strain RSV and control PBS. Methacholine challenge test to measure airway resistance worked on day 5 after inoculation. And bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were obtained and lung specimens were also harvested on days 5 after inoculation to assess lung inflammation, cytokine expression and BRP-39 production. BRP-39 expression was evaluated by ELISA. RSV loads were assessed by culture and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Histological evaluations of H&E and PAS staining were used to evaluate inflammation and tissue remodeling. Results: Level of BRP-39 in BALF was significantly increased in wildtype (WT) mice after RSV infection, but not observed in BRP-39 null mice. Inflammatory changes induced by RSV infection were less in BRP-39 -/mice rather than WT mice. In WT mice, RSV infection caused loss of body weight and significant increase of total cells, macrophages and neutrophils in BALF. And exaggerated AHR was also noted in WT mice after RSV infection. But, BRP-39 -/mice showed decreased responses in each of these parameters. Between RSV infection groups, histological tissue inflammation was also decreased in BRP-39 -/mice. Conclusions: The role of early-onset wheezing with respiratory viral infections in childhood asthma inception has received attention. RSV has known as a significant risk factor for asthma that extends into adolescence and adults and its mechanism is still under investigation. In this study, expression of BRP-39 increased by RSV infection in mice. And inflammatory changes and AHR induced by RSV were decreased in BRP-39 null mice. These findings suggest Chi3L1 could contribute to airway inflammation induced by RSV infection in mice. Furthermore, Chi3L1 might be considered as a therapeutic target against viral wheezing or virus-induced asthma. Long-Term Outcomes of Twenty-Four Adults with Primary Immunodeficiency from a Single Centre in Singapore Hiok Hee Chng Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A484 Background: Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) in adults are often under-recognised resulting in delay in diagnosis and significant morbidity and mortality. We review the long-term outcomes of adults with PID from the Tan Tock Seng Hospital PID Registry. Methods: Chart review of adults with PID onset at age 18 years or above who were longitudinally followed-up from time of diagnosis between 1 Jan 1989 and 1 May 2015. Results: There were 24 patients, 13(54.2%) males and 11(45.8%) females. Eighteen(75%) were ethnic Chinese, 5(20.8%) Malay and 1 Indian. The mean±SD age at diagnosis was 46.3±17.9 years (range 18.4-69.1). By IUIS grouping, antibody deficiencies was most common (14 patients, 58.3%), comprising common variable immunodeficiency [CVID] (8), selective IgA deficiency alone (3), selective IgA with IgG2 and G4 deficiency (1), selective IgG2 and G4 deficiency alone (1) and hypogammaglobulinaemia (1, who had ring chromosome 18). Ten patients (41.7%) had other PIDs, namely immunodeficiency with thymoma (8), chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis [CMC] (1) and hyperIgE syndrome (1) . Half of the patients already had bronchiectasis and 7(29.2%) had chronic sinusitis at diagnosis of PID. Seronegative arthritis developed in 2 females, one was a year following diagnosis of CMC, and the other was coincident with diagnosis of CVID. Systemic lupus erythematosus predated the diagnosis of selective IgA deficiency by 7 years in one patient. There were 7(29.2%) deaths. Four(57.1%) of them had bronchiectasis at diagnosis, and died from chronic respiratory failure with or without pneumonia despite regular adequate IVIG replacement. A 47-year-old female with CVID, who was irregular with IVIG replacement, died from persistent Elizabethkingia meningoseptica bacteraemia and septic shock following consumption of frogs. Two other patients who died were males with thymoma and immunodeficiency; one from metastatic thymoma and the other from multiple infections associated with T cell defects (cytomegalovirus colitis and retinitis, disseminated candida esophagitis and hepatitis, ocular toxoplasmosis). Conclusions: The spectrum of adult PID patients managed in our centre is as reported elsewhere. Many of our patients present late with established sinopulmonary complications which contributed to their death. Breast feeding is recommended for the prevention of allergic diseases, particularly in high risk infants, but the evidence of a protective effect on food sensitization and food allergy(FA) remains elusive. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between breast feeding and food sensitization and FA in children under 2 years with atopic dermatitis Methods We reviewed the medical records of 384 children with atopic dermatitis under 2 years old who visited our pediatric allergic clinic between March 1, 2009 and December 31, 2014 . We assessed symptoms of FA, duration of breast feeding, history of parental allergic diseases, and other concomitant allergic diseases. Laboratory tests including serum total IgE, eosinophil(%), and specific IgE to egg white, milk, soy, wheat, and peanut were measured. On the basis of sensitization (IgE ≥ 0.35 KU/L) and clinical history, children were as having FA and having no FA. Having no FA group was divided with sensitized but tolerant, or not allergic/not sensitized. Two hundred-forty (150 male, 62.5%) were included in the FA group, while one hundred forty-four (92 male, 63.9%) were included in the non-FA group. Children with having FA had a higher blood total IgE levels(238.7±414.6 IU/mL vs. 50.7±96.0 IU/mL, P=0.001) and eosinophil(%)(7.0% ± 5.0% vs. 4.7% ±3.4%, P=0.001), and more frequent parental allergic history(70% vs. 59%, P=0.025). The frequency of breast feeding were relatively higher in FA group than in non-FA group(77.9% vs. 61.8%, P= 0.001). Subanalysis between children with FA(n=240) and children with food sensitization but tolerant group(n=53) were not showing significant difference in frequency of breast feeding(77.9% vs. 75.5%, P=0.700). Adjusting for reverse causation by excluding children of age over 6 months or with parental allergic diseases or without parental allergic diseases did not alter these results. Breast feeding increases the risk of food sensitization but does not affect FA in children with atopic dermatitis. The effects of an immunoadsorption procedure, specifically designed to remove IgE, on food-induced anaphylaxis have never been evaluated. We evaluate the effects of IgE removal on the allergic thresholds to foods. A six year-old boy with anaphylaxis to multiple foods and steroidresistant unstable allergic asthma displayed serum IgE levels of 2800 -3500 kU/L. In order to lower IgE serum concentrations, which could be overridden by a high dose of Omalizumab, 1.5 Vol plasma were exchanged in 6 apheresis sessions. During the procedure, serum IgE levels fell to 309 kU/L. After the procedure: -the threshold of reactivity to baked milk increased from 0.125 to 5 g of milk protein (full tolerance) after the first session. -the threshold of reactivity to hazelnut increased from 0.270 to 1.030 g of protein after the first session, to 2.730 g after the sixth session. Immediately after the sixth IgE immunoadsorption, we started omalizumab therapy. In the following 40 days, the threshold of reactivity to hazelnut increased to 7.730 (full tolerance). Asthma control was obtained, lung function was improved and treatment with Montelukast was stopped. Fluticasone was tapered from 500 to 175 mcg/day. The boy became partially or fully tolerant to all the foods that had caused anaphylaxis and quality of life was improved. IgE-immunoadsorption, used to establish the starting basis for Omalizumab administration, is able per se to increase the tolerance threshold to foods. Background Cigarette smoking is the predominate risk factor for developing chronic airway obstruction. Globally COPD is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. The purpose of the study was to assess the burden and correlation of cigarette smoking and respiratory airway obstruction among healthy adults. The cross-sectional study included 2572 healthy adult without any respiratory illness and non communicable diseases. Smoking and other information were collected using a standardized questionnaire. Lung function test was performed by spirometer and cutoff point derived from GOLD guideline. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed. 6.57, p=0 .0352] were associated with smokers reference to non-smokers. One in four or one quarter of the apparent healthy adults of the cohort suffered from undiagnosed airway obstruction. Association had been documented between cigarette smoking and the development of airway obstruction and symptoms. Background: Sputum eosinophilia is a useful biomarker for corticosteroid response in patients with asthma or chronic cough. However, sputum induction requires specialized personnel and facilities and is not always feasible. Recent evidence suggests a moderate degree of diagnostic utility of less invasive biomarkers, such as blood eosinophils, in predicting sputum eosinophilia in asthma. However, none in the literature has examined the diagnostic utility of blood eosinophils for sputum eosinophilia in patients with non-asthmatic chronic cough. Methods: We examined the datasets of elderly asthma and nonasthmatic chronic cough recruited from previously established cohorts. The inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) elderly subjects (≥65 years old), 2) no current oral or inhaled corticosteroids and 3) no significant comorbidities. Sputum eosinophilia was defined as induced sputum eosinophils≥3%. The diagnostic utility was assessed using receiver operating curve (ROC) analyses for blood eosinophils in predicting sputum eosinophilia. Results: A total of 74 elderly asthma and 75 non-asthmatic chronic cough patients were analyzed. There were no significant difference in their demographic profiles (age, gender and smoking) between two groups. Of them, 59 elderly asthma and 45 non-asthmatic chronic cough patients had sputum eosinophilia. In Spearman tests, the correlations between blood eosinophils% and sputum eosino-phil% were significant in eosinophilic asthma (r=0.577, p<0.001) but not in non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis (r=0.019, p=0.870). In ROC analyses for sputum eosinophilia, blood eosinophils showed a moderate utility (the area under the ROC curve [AUC] 0.838) in asthma, but no utility (AUC 0.489) in non-asthmatic chronic cough. Conclusions: Unlike asthma, blood eosinophils did not have any diagnostic utility for sputum eosinophilia in non-asthmatic chronic cough. These findings could suggest a different pathophysiology in airway eosinophilic inflammation between two entities. Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Allergic Rhinitis in Japan Syuji Yonekura, Yoshitaka Okamoto Chiba University, Japan Correspondence: Syuji Yonekura -Chiba University, Japan World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A489 Background: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is extensively used in patients with allergic diseases worldwide. The purpose of this study was to investigate the actual situation of CAM practice in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Methods: We distributed questionnaires to otolaryngologists at 114 facilities in Japan. The subjects who participated in this study included children < 16 years of age and adults 16 or > 16 years of age diagnosed with allergic rhinitis by otolaryngologists. The survey was performed in the period from September 2007 to August 2009. Furthermore, we performed the same investigation out of the hospital setting, such as during general health examinations. All questionnaires were returned to Chiba University and analyzed. Results: The proportions of patients who had ever experimented with CAM in the hospital survey were 7.1% (225/3,170) and 19.2% (1416/7,363) of children and adults, respectively. Approximately 36.2% of the adult patients thought that the treatments were effective. The main reasons for CAM use were safety, convenience and low price. However, the group who spent more than $1,000 on CAM felt more dissatisfaction and anxiety related to treatment at the hospital. The situation of CAM practice was not consistent and was instead influenced by the backgrounds of the subjects. Conclusion: Many patients who receive CAM report feeling that the effects of treatment provided by hospitals are insufficient and have concerns about the side effects of such treatments. Information regarding standard treatments, as described in the guidelines, should become widely known and diffused, and strong communication with patients should be considered. Background: The assessment of disease severity and courses is important to achieve well-controlled status of asthma. In elderly population, cognitive and physical impairments are noted with aging process, which may impact on asthma control. We aimed to evaluate the impact of cognitive function on the assessment of asthma control in elderly asthmatics. Method: Fifty mild to moderate asthmatics were enrolled over 60 years old. Questionnaires including ACT, asthma specific quality of life (AQOL), and geriatric depression scale (GDS) were performed. Seoul neuropsychological screening battery-dementia version (SNSB-D), Korean version of mini mental status examination (K-MMSE), and Seoul instrumental activities of daily living scale (SI-ADL) were done for neuropsychological assessment. Results: Mean age was 67.0 ± 4.9 years. Thirty patients were female (60.0%). According to GINA, 12(24%) were in well-controlled, and 38(76%) were in not-controlled. However, according to ACT, 37(74%) were in ≥20 group, and only 16(32%) were in <20 group. The sensitivity and specificity of ACT to determine wellcontrolled asthma were 91.7% and 39.5%, respectively. Overestimation of asthma control status was 56%, using ACT compared to GINA. Regarding neuropsychological assessment, 22(44%) had mild cognitive impairment, 4(8.7%) had dementia, and 17(34%) had depression. Depression was more common in patients with uncontrolled asthma(42.1% vs. 8.3%, P=0.039). Total SNSB-D score was significantly higher in patients with ACT≥20 (187.9 vs. 217.3, P=0.015). The ACT score was significantly correlated with degree of cognitive function (adjusted using age, sex, education, and GDS; P=0.004). Conclusion: There is discrepancy between self-reported ACT and physician's decision by GINA in the assessment of asthma control in elderly asthma, in which ACT score is affected by cognitive function. Elderly asthmatics with higher cognitive function can achieve better asthma control. Background: Many aspects of the relationship between allergic inflammation and reactive oxygen stress are unclear. Aims: To elucidate the associations between respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and reactive oxygen stress and between wheezing illness and reactive oxygen stress. Method: Subjects were 61 children aged ≤4 years who were hospitalized with RSV infection(42 patient; RS group), bronchial asthma without RSV (8 patients; BA group), and acute bronchitis and pharyngitis(11 patient; Br group). Levels of blood nitric oxide (NOx), high mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1), thioredoxin, and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin and urine 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), NOx, biopyrrin, and 8-isoprostanes were measured on admission day(acute phase), on hospital days 3-5(recovery phase), and 1-2 weeks after discharge(late phase). This study was approved by the Ethics Committees of National Hospital Organization Fukuyama Medical Center, and the parents of all subjects provided written informed consentin accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Results: HMGB-1 was higher in the RS and BA groups during the recovery and late phases than during the acute phase, and higher during the late phase in the RS and BA groups than in the Br group(RS group: recovery/acute 1.19, late/acute 1.37; BA group: 1.20,1.47; Br group:1.12,1.14,respectively). Urine 8-OHdG was higher in the RS group than in the BA and Br groups during the recovery and late phases (RS group: recovery/acute 4.03, late/acute 1.92; BA group: 1.51, 0.61; Br group:1.77, 0.93, respectively) . No significant differences were found in other biomarkers. Conclusion: In young children with acute respiratory tract illness with wheeze, reactive oxygen stress was high during the recovery and late phases. Lower respiratory tract inflammation might persist after the acute phase leading to bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Purpose: The effect of allergic rhinitis [AR] on pulmonary function and risk factors of AR are controversial. The purpose of this study was to analyse the risk factors and pulmonary function in dust mite sensitized, current AR children who were never diagnosed as having asthma. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 1,792 children aged 9-12 years from Korea was conducted. Demographic and disease related information was obtained via a detailed questionnaire, skin prick test, pulmonary function test, and methacholine challenge test. Results: A total of 672 children were included in the analysis. 583 children who were not sensitized to common 16 allergens and not having any allergic diseases were classified as the control group. 89 children were classified as the current AR with dust mite sensitization group. The binary logistic regression analysis evidenced that nonfarming parents(adjusted odds ratio[aOR] 1.95, 95% CI 1.00-3.08 ), no older siblings(aOR 1.99, 95% CI 1.22-3.25), use of antibiotics during infancy(aOR 2.18, 95% CI 1.13-3.70), helminth infection(aOR 2.61, 95% CI 1.13-6.03), low income (aOR 0.33, 95% CI 0.12-0.92), and pet ownership(aOR 0.24, 95% CI 0.11-0.51) were risk or protective factors. There was no difference in spirometry between control and current AR groups. None of children showed bronchodilator response. However, methacholine PC20(provocative concentration of methacholine causing a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 second[FEV1]) less than 25, less than 16, less than 8mg/mL were 8.5%, 7.1%, 2.1% in control group and 28.7%, 23.0%, 8.0% respectively in allergic rhinitis group (p=0.00). Conclusions: We might reduce the prevalence of dust mite sensitized current AR by controling some environmental factors. Even the spirometry seems to be normal, bronchial hyperresponsiveness occurs more frequently in children with dust mite sensitized AR than normal children. Background Blomia tropicalis is a common house dust mite in tropical regions. Although the predominant sensitizations to Blomia allergens were clearly demonstrated in some South-East Asian countries as Singapore or Malaysia, the prevalence of B.tropicalis hypersensitivities as well as the identification of the major allergens remains to be elucidated in Thailand. The goal of the study is the cloning and expression of recombinant Blo t 7 (rBlo t 7) allergen in Pichia pastoris. The cDNA encoding mature Blo t 7 was amplified from B. tropicalis total cDNA template using specific primers derived from the allergen mRNA sequence (GenBank accession number AAQ24545.1). The cDNA was subsequently cloned into the pPicZα A P.pastoris expression vector, downstream to the a mating factor leader sequence for protein secretion. P. pastoris KM71H cells were transformed with linearized recombinant pPicZα A-Blo t7 plasmid by electroporation. rBlo t 7 expression was subsequently assayed in zeocin-resistance colonies following methanol induction. The recombinant allergen was purified to homogeneity by anion-exchange and gel filtration chromatographies. The amplified cDNA of mature Blo t 7 encoded 195 amino acids. Protein sequence alignment with the mature Blo t 7 reference primary structure (UniprotKB/TrEMBL, accession number A1KXI4) evidenced four point mutations but also a twenty amino acids insertion. Multiple alignments showed that this Blo t 7 sequence segment is a conserved domain shared with other group 7 mite allergens (Tyr p 7, Aca s 7, Lep d 7, Gly d 7, Der p 7 and Der f 7). Mature rBlo t 7 was successfully expressed and secreted from P.pastoris following induction with 0.5% methanol at 25°C. The expressed protein migrated onto SDS-PAGE as a 25kD band. The difference with the predicted molecular weight (21.18 kD) could be attributed to glycan structures from the predicted N-glycosylation site (NTT, . The correction of the mature Blo t 7 cDNA sequence together with the successful recombinant allergen production in P. pastoris offers great opportunities to initiate the component-resolved diagnosis of B. tropicalis allergy in Thailand. Seasonal Variations of Airborne Pollen in Bangalore, India Roopashree S University, India World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A494 Abstract: Using a Burkard 7-day volumetric sampler a survey of airborne pollen grains in Bangalore was carried out from January 2012 -December 2013 to assess the qualitative and quantitative occurrence of pollen grains during different months of the year, and to characterize the pollen seasons of dominant pollen types in the atmosphere of Bangalore City. 38 pollen types were identified out of the total pollen catch of 32144 pollen grains/m 3 . Bulk of the pollen originated from anemophilous trees and grasses. Eight pollen types recorded more than 1% of the annual total pollen catch. Peltophorum pterocarpum formed the major component of the pollen spectrum constituting 56 %of the total pollen catch followed by other significant pollen contributors were from the genera such as Delonix regia, Parthenium hysterophorus, Samanea saman, Poaceae and Amaranthus spinosus. Highest pollen counts were obtained in the month of May and lowest in August. The pollen types recorded marked the seasonal pattern of occurrence in the atmosphere. February-May was the principle pollen season with maximum number of pollen counts and pollen types. September -October was the second pollen season with grasses being the main source of pollen. Airborne pollen spectrum reflected the vegetation of Bangalore city. A significant negative correlation was found of daily pollen counts with minimum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall. The skin prick test was performed on 486 patients with Allergic rhinitis. The test was performed with eleven pollen allergen extracts. As there are more and more people who take outdoor activities, pollinosis patients having bronchial asthma, allergic conjunctivitis, and allergic rhinitis are increasing. The pollen is produced by various plants. Especially, anemophilous pollen is mostly related to allergic diseases. In Korea, pollinosis is mainly caused by pollen from both trees in spring and weeds in fall, respectively. Oak, birch, and cedar are the main tree species generating allergenic pollen and ragweed, mugwort, and humulus are the main weed species. National Institute of Meteorological Research (NIMR) and the Korean Academy of Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Disease have jointly operated the Nation-wide pollen observation network. Currently, fourteen Hirst type traps (Burkard Seven-day recording volumetric spore trap) are operating at twelve cities. Airborne pollen was collected every day from all samplers at all collection sites. Each pollen species was morphologically identified and classified by its size, color, pore shape, and surface pattern. The observed pollen is composed of fifteen tree species including pine, and nine weed species. Based on the observed data, NIMR has established a system issuing day-to-day warnings of allergenic pollens from trees and weeds and offers the risk index of allergic pollen from a dedicated web page. The pollen risk index has four risk levels as mild, moderate, severe, and dangerous based on the symptom levels of pollen allergy patients. Continuous observation through the pollen monitoring network will support both long-term changes in the allergenic plants and the improvement of the day-to-day pollen forecast. Background: The association between serum vitamin D deficiency at birth and atopic dermatitis (AD) is uncertain. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between cord serum 25(OH)D on the development of AD with a prospective birth cohort study. Methods: Children aged 0 through 3 yr from a birth cohort in the Cohort for Childhood Origin of Asthma and allergic diseases (COCOA) study were enrolled. The cord blood obtained from 655 at birth. The 25(OH)D and DNA from their cord blood are measured and specific IgE antibodies against egg and milk were performed at 1, 3yr of age. Also skin prick test were conducted at 3yr of age. Results: The median cord serum 25(OH)D was 17.9 ng/ml. Low cord serum 25(OH)D (<20 ng/mL) is associated with milk sensitization at 1yr of age. Severe cord serum 25(OH)D deficiency (<10 ng/mL) increased the risk of AD at age 2 (aOR, 3.287; 95% CI, 1.587-6.808; p-value, 0.001) and age 3 (aOR, 2.686; 95% CI, 1.167-6.182; p-value, 0.020). We also found that cord serum 25(OH)D may affect outcome of AD. Low cord serum 25(OH)D reduced the remission of AD (aOR, 0.321; 95% CI, 0.96-1.072; p-value, 0.065) and severe deficiency ((<10 ng/mL) is associated with newly development of AD (aOR, 8.446; 95% CI, 0.061) . Conclusions: Cord serum 25(OH)D were associated with milk sensitization and AD. And low cord serum 25(OH)D reduce the remission of AD and severe deficiency is associated with newly development of AD. These data suggest that cord serum 25(OH)D affect the development and prognosis of AD. Yosuke Amagai, Akane Tanaka, Hiroshi Matsuda Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan Correspondence: Yosuke Amagai -Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A497 A) Background: Mast cells originated from canine mast cell tumors are useful tools to investigate KIT-dependent or -independent proliferation of mast cells. It is well known that gain of function mutations in the c-kit gene are seriously associated with neoplastic proliferation of mast cells in humans, rodents, and dogs. However, KITindependent malignant proliferation of mast cells has been rarely explored. Since most patients of mast cell leukemia/sarcoma and more than 70% of patients with cutaneous mastocytosis preserves wild type KIT but not mutant KIT, we attempted to find out KITindependent mechanisms that induce tumorigenic proliferation of mast cells. B) Methods: We investigated a mechanism of tumorigenesis using a wild-type KIT-expressing canine mast cell line. Western blot analysis was conducted to detect KIT phosphorylation. Both RT-PCR and flow cytometry analysis were carried out to examine the stem cell factor (SCF) expression. Inhibitory effects of a SCF neutralizing antibody and RNA interference for SCF on the cell proliferation were also evaluated. SCF production in xenografts consisted of wild-type KITexpressing tumor was identified. C) Results: High expression of SCF was detected in the canine mast cell line with wild-type KIT used in this study. In the cells, KIT was spontaneously phosphorylated. Neutralization of SCF as well as SCF gene silencing inhibited the growth of the cells, suggesting SCF autocrine/paracrine action. Production of SCF was also observed in several mast cell lines originated from humans and rodents, which was enhanced after PMA/ionomycin stimulation. Ki-67-positive cells in the xenografts were markedly positive for SCF. Moreover, SCF was strongly detected in 3 of 5 samples isolated from canine mast cell tumors that express wild-type KIT. D) Conclusion and discussion: These results indicate the broad contribution of SCF autocrine/paracrine to the neoplastic proliferation of wild-type KIT-expressing mast cells not only in dogs but also both humans and rodents. It suggests that targeting SCF production may become a novel strategy for treatment of mast cell malignancies. Background: Mites tablets of monomeric allergoids have been developed for sublingual immunotherapy in patients suffering from allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC). The purpose of this trial was to determine the efficacy and safety of four different doses of mites tablets compared to placebo. Method: Out of 160 patients recruited, 131 adult patients with ARC induced by HDMs were randomized for this dbpc phase II study (EudraCT No 2013-000617-20) conducted in Germany. Treatment consisted of either 300 UA/d; 1,000 UA/d; 2,000 UA/d; 3,000 UA/d or placebo over a course of 12 weeks. Efficacy was assessed by the improvement of reactions to a titrated conjunctival allergen challenge. Safety was assessed by frequency, type and severity of treatmentrelated adverse events (TRAE). Results: After a 12-week course of immunotherapy, 88.5% and 76.0% of the patients treated with 2,000 UA/d and 1,000 UA/d, respectively, showed a tenfold improvement in the threshold of allergen concentration compared to 64.2% under placebo (p<0,05 and p=0.358). Neither treatment related SAEs nor cases of anaphylaxis were reported, so there was no need for the use of epinephrine. In total, of all patients under active treatment 4.95% experienced local TRAEs while 6.93% had systemic TRAEs. Conclusions: The treatment with mite monomeric allergoids is a well-tolerated and safe treatment for patients suffering from HDM induced ARC. The highest proportion of patients with improvement in the CPT threshold of allergen concentration was found in patients treated with 2.000 UA/d corresponding to approximately 168.000 UA cumulative dose during the course of the trial. Background: Depression and allergic diseases have been reported to be frequently comorbid. However, their associations have been under evaluated in a comprehensive way, particularly in the elderly. Objective: We aimed to examine the associations between allergic parameters and depression in a community-based elderly population. Methods: The present analyses were performed using the baseline data set of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Health and Aging, consisting of 1,000 elderly subjects (aged over 65) randomly recruited from an urban community. Depression was assessed by geriatric depression scale (GDS), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D scale), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). Allergic parameters included questionnaires and allergen skin tests.Asthma symptoms and history were defined by structured questionnaires, and atopy was defined by inhaled allergen skin prick test. General quality of life scale (SF-36) and comorbidity were assessed. Results: The prevalence of asthma and major depression disorder were 6.6 % and 5.3%, respectively. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was not statistically significant between non-asthmatic and asthma group (19.0% vs. 10.6%; p = 0.088). In additional analyses, however, individuals reporting symptom such as usual cough, chronic cough and nocturnal cough were at higher risk of major depression and lowered SF-36 (Adjusted using age, gender, education and income, p<0.05). Furthermore, rhinitis, atopy and eosinophilia were not related to depression. Risk factors for geriatric depression were identified as female sex, advanced age, low income (≤1 million won a month), dementia, solitary life and comorbid medical condition. Conclusion: It was concluded that asthma is not associated with depression in the elderly. In comparison, asthma symptoms profoundly affect objective depression scales. The present study indicates that an appropriate treatment of asthma control has the potential decreased depressive disorder. Background: Allergic diseases are mainly mediated by immune responses with IgE antibodies specific for allergens and orchestrated by various immunological factors including immune cells and cytokines. It was known that the level of total IgE, helper T cells and some cytokines were associated with allergic inflammation and disease development. Evaluation of the correlation between them is needed to examine their possibilities as a reference factor for the diagnosis and monitoring of allergic diseases. Methods: We previously investigated the serum level of total IgE, 22 allergy-related cytokines, and the ratio of Th1/Th2 cells respectively in both normal individuals and allergic patients. Each factor was compared in normal and allergic participants to examine their significant difference. The correlation of total IgE with other immunological factors was investigated by various statistical analysis using integrated results of each factors. Results: The serum level of total IgE in allergic patients was significantly higher than normal subjects (265.6 vs. 47.16 kU/L, p<0.0001). Th1 cell percentage was also different (6.54 vs. 8.60, p=0.001), but Th2 cell percentage and Th1/Th2 ratio showed no significant difference between normal and allergic participants. Nine of 22 cytokines were analyzed in allergic patients and their levels increased in patients compared to normal individuals, particularly Platelet-Derived Growth Factor BB (PDGFBB) was much higher in allergic patients (1491.3 vs. 536.0 pg/ml, p<0.0001). By integrated analysis in all participants, total IgE had a significant correlation with Th1/Th2 ratio and Th2 cell percentage (p=0.02 and p=0.04, respectively). Conclusion: In this study, we found that Th1 cell percentage decreased in allergic patients, supporting Th1 cells might be important roles in allergic responses. Our results also showed that PDGFBB could be responsible for allergic responses, suggesting its possibility as a reference factor for allergic diseases. We demonstrate that the correlation of total IgE with Th1/Th2 ratio and Th2 cell percentage might be relevant to corroborate the immunological function of Th2 cells for IgE-related responses. Background: To study the pattern of allergic diseases among military servicemen and women referred from the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). Methods: Referrals to the Tan Tock Seng Hospital Clinical Immunology/Allergy Clinic from 1 Jan 1998 to 15 May 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. The demographic profile of servicemen, types of allergic/immunologic diseases and definitive therapies prescribed were studied. Results: There were 247 referrals comprising 90.7% males, predominantly active full-time national servicemen (NSF) and regulars. The mean age at diagnosis was 24±6 years. They comprised 88.3% Chinese, 5.3% Malays and 3.3% Indians. The most common referring diagnoses were for insect venom allergy (37.5%), urticarial/angioedema (18.3%), anaphylaxis (17.8%); drug allergy (15.4%), food allergy (9.1%), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug [NSAID] hypersensitivity (6.3%) and allergic rhinitis (5.8%). Following evaluation by the allergist, insect venom allergy (36.5%), anaphylaxis (24.0%), allergic rhinitis (23.8%) and NSAID hypersensitivity (20.7%) were the most common conditions. Of the 32 servicemen diagnosed with insect venom anaphylaxis, 9 (28.1%) underwent allergen immunotherapy (AIT), of whom 6 were regulars and 3 NSF. All received yellow jacket and paper wasp venom AIT, and 1 in addition received honey bee venom AIT. No serviceman developed systemic reactions during AIT. Only 1 serviceman has completed 5 years of AIT, the mean duration of all servicemen on AIT to date being 2.2±1.3 years. Conclusions: Insect venom allergy, anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis and NSAID hypersensitivity were the most common referrals from the SAF. Medical officers in the military should be trained and equipped to manage military servicemen with these conditions at primary care level: in particular knowledge of the anaphylaxis action plan, and when and how to use epinephrine autoinjectors. Knowledge of NSAID hypersensitivity reactions is also important especially since non-selective NSAIDs are commonly used in the treatment of musculoskeletal injuries during training. Anti-tuberculosis (Tb) drugs can cause various adverse drug reactions (ADRs) including hypersensitivity syndrome. Because multiple drugs are concomitantly administered, the detection of culprit drug is essential for successful treatment. Lymphocyte activation test (LAT) is one of the promising methodologies to evaluate delayed drug hypersensitivity, but its role in anti-Tb hypersensitivity remains controversial. A 41-year-old man was referred to allergy clinic with high fever, headache, and skin rash on both arms and legs. He was diagnosed as pulmonary Tb and has started combination anti-Tb drug therapy consisting of isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide for 10 days. Body temperature was 38.0°C. Erythematous maculopapular rash was on both upper and lower extremities and several tender lymph nodes were palpable on cervical area. There were increased levels of aminotransferase (AST) 110 IU/L and alanine transaminase (ALT) 180 IU/L. All anti-Tb drugs were ceased. Patch test showed weak reaction to both rifampin and pyrazinamide. However, only rifampin was strong positive in LAT test. We successfully reintroduced rifampicin by oral desensitization without complication. Our experience suggests that LAT could be helpful to determine culprit drug in poly-pharmacy, especially in anti-Tb drugs. Background: Anaphylaxis is a catastrophic systemic reaction and drugs are responsible for 20% to 40% of anaphylaxis. However, little is known about the characteristics of drug-induced anaphylaxis in Korea. The aim of this study is to investigate causal drugs and clinical features of the drug-induced anaphylaxis in Korean by using data from the adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting system to the Korea Institute of Drug Safety & Risk Management (KIDS). Methods: Among Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSRs) to KIDS from January, 1989 to June 2014, cases of drug-induced anaphylaxis were selected and age, gender, causative agents, and fatal cases resulting in death were analyzed. Results: A total of 2,190 cases were identified. Male was 912 (41.6%) and mean age was 49.81 ± 18.40 years. Most common causal drug was antibiotics (576, 26.3%), followed by aspirin/nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (390, 17.8%), contrast media (339, 15.5%), and anticancer drug (273, 10.7%). There were 25 fatal cases and antibiotics (8 cases) and contrast media (4 cases) were the two most common causative drug category. Of 186 drugs reported at least two times as suspected causative agents, 19 drugs (10.2%) did not reflect anaphylaxis in their drug labeling information. Conclusions: Antibiotics, aspirin/NSAIDs, contrast media, and anticancer drugs were 71.3% of causative drugs among anaphylaxis ICSRs in Korea. Antibiotics and contrast media were also main causative agents responsible for fatal drug induced anaphylaxis. Thierry Porée, Nabile Boukhettala, Emeline Furon Laboratoire Protec'som, France Correspondence: Thierry Porée -Laboratoire Protec'som, France World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A504 Background Anti-mite barrier covers are manufactured from textiles with filtration properties usually validated by different certification labels. Although only textile certifications are mandatory, some covers are manufactured using processes ISO 13485 certified, subjecting covers to more stringent quality control measures. The objective of the study was to evaluate the benefit of ISO 13485 certification on the liability of the final product. In this study six different batches of micro-woven (MWC) and nonwoven polyester polyamide (NWP) textiles went through the quality control processes required by the norm ISO 13485. Upon reception, textiles pore sizes were measured using an optical microscope (Bresser, USA). Textile permeability was then tested using a Rotomitest, apparatus composed of two compartments separated by the sample. Der p1 allergens were placed in compartment 1 and the apparatus was set to rotate for 18 hours. Der p1 allergens that passed through the sample to compartment 2 were then measured with a Der p1 ELISA kit (Citeq Biologics, Netherlands). Values, expressed as mean +/-SEM, were compared using two-way ANOVA. Pore sizes were found to be smaller for MWC than for NWP textiles (4 vs 11 μm). NWP fabrics showed irregular pore sizes, with 2 batches having pore size greater than 5 μm. Permeability results showed that NWP fabrics are significantly more permeable to Der p1 allergen compared to MWC tissue (23,6ng +/-0.7 vs 3,4ng +/-0.02). Thus, ISO 13485 quality controls allowed for dismissal of 2 out of 6 batches of unsatisfactory NWP textiles. In addition to the initial test on textiles, as for medical devices of higher class, monitoring manufacturing processes certification is necessary to ensure the quality of the finished product, especially when using nonwoven fabric. Therefore, ISO 13485 certification is a relevant criteria for anti-mite covers quality and thus effectiveness. Subcutaneous immunotherapy is an effective treatment for allergy. It works by helping to re-balance an individual's immune response to allergens and the ability to drive an antibody titre response is greatly improved by the use of adjuvants, the most common being aluminium hydroxide. No data or preclinical model on the localisation kinetics of aluminium after subcutaneous injection, based on allergy formulations, currently exists. Methods Albino rats of the Crl:WI(Han) strain each received a single subcutaneous administration on 4 occasions with a 3 or 4 day intervals of a Birch concentrate formulated with either Alhydrogel or L-Tyrosine as the representative depot adjuvant. Dose sites were extracted and digested up to 6 months after final administration and aluminium (Al 3+ ) analysed via ICP-MS. A significant proportion of aluminium (~50%) was retained at the injection site 3 months post final injection. The rate of clearance of aluminium from the dose site was calculated over a 6 month time period. As an estimate (from D14 and D180 data), the terminal halflife for clearance from SC dose site would be approx 240 days (i.e. time taken to remove half of the dose). Therefore, estimated time to clear 95% dose from SC site would take approx 1.2 years in the rat model. The localisation kinetics of aluminium after subcutaneous injection, based on allergy formulation, has been investigated with the rate of clearance of aluminium from the injection site calculated from a rat model. Granuloma formations are one of the most common unwanted adverse reactions when a patient receives allergy subcutaneous immunotherapy. The results presented herein support current understanding that aluminium has the propensity to form focal accumulations in the body, beginning at the site of administration. Background: Periostin is considered a biomarker of Th2-driven allergic inflammation and predictor of airway eosinophilia. Periostin levels in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) in athletes have not been evaluated. Aims of the present study included: comparison of periostin levels in EBC from athletes, asthmatics and healthy controls (HC); assessment of the effect of exercise and the influence of ambient conditions on EBC periostin. Methods: Study group consisted of 15 competitive athletes (5 speed skaters and 10 swimmers) aged 15-25. Control groups comprised 10 mild-to-moderate asthmatics aged 19-39 (asthma controls, AC) and 7 healthy, non-smoking subjects aged 21-27 (healthy controls, HC). Control subjects were not performing sports on a reglar basis. Athletes were assessed in two timepoints: in-training (period 1) and out-of-training (period 2) depending on individual training schedule. Treadmill exercise challenge was conducted according to the ATS guidelines. EBC was collected immediately before and 30 minutes after exercise. Periostin levels in EBC were assessed by ELISA. Results: Periostin EBC levels before and after exercise challenge were significantly decreased in athletes during in-training period as compared with out-of-training period (1.87±0.69 vs 2.36±0.77 ng/ml, mean±SD, p<0.02) and with AC subjects (1.87±0.69 vs 2.72±0.62 ng/ ml, p<0.01). Exercise challenge did not induce significant changes in EBC periostin in any of the groups. In athletes during training period, significant positive correlation was observed between baseline EBC periostin levels and mean daily air temperature on the assessment day (day 0) (R=0.57; p=0.02), mean temperature during 7 days preceding the assessment (R=0.56, p=0.02), dew point temperature on day 0 (R=0.60, p<0.02) and mean dew point temperature during 7 days preceding the assessment (R=0.57, p=0.02). In asthmatics a significant negative correlation was observed between baseline EBC periostin and mean daily air temperature on day 0 (R=-0.58; p=0.04). No correlations were observed in athletes during off-training period and in HC subjects. Conclusions: Regular exercise may contribute to decreased expression airway periostin level. Ambient conditions seem to influence periostin release into the airways. Asthma exacerbations are an exaggerated lower airway response to an environmental exposure. Triggers of asthma exacerbation include virus infection, allergen, environmental pollutants, occupational sensitisers and irritants, and some medicine such as aspirin. It is well known that respiratory viral infection is the most common cuase for severe asthma exacerbation. The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated serine/threonine kinase R (PKR) is well characterized as an essential component of the innate antiviral response. Moreover, PKR activation is associated with IgE class switching and subsequent induction of IgE-mediated disorders such as allergy and asthma. Meanwhile, PKR phosphorylates e-IF2α, one of branches for unfoled protein response (UPR). Conversely, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activates PKR which stimulates various inflammatory signaling pathways. However, to date, there is little information on its role the asthma exacerbation, especially acute exacerbation of steroid-resistant severe asthma. In this study, we investigated whether PKR activation is involved in the induction of asthma exacerbation using a mouse model of acute asthma exacerbation induced by the administration of poly (I:C). We found that the administration of poly (I:C) aggravated the all severe asthmatic features compared to those in mice sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and challenged with OVA (OVA LPS -OVA mice); the number of airway inflammatory cells in bronchioalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids, airway hyperresponsiveness, and the expression of Th2 IL-17 and KC in lung tissues. Interestingly, the PKR expression was also more increased in lung tissues from OVA LPS -OVA mice treated with poly (I:C) than OVA LPS -OVA mice. Moreover, the phosphorylation of PKR in primary cultured tracheal epithelial cells was further enhanced in OVA LPS -OVA mice treated with poly (I:C). This study indicates that PKR activation plays an important role the induction of acute exacerbation of severe neutrophilic asthma, highlighting the therapeutic potential of PKR inhibitor as a potent controller of acute asthma exacerbation in severe asthmatic patients. Joo-Hee Kim, Sunghoon Park, Young Il Hwang, Seung Hun Jang, Ki-Suck Jung Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, South Korea Correspondence: Joo-Hee Kim -Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, South Korea World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A508 Background: Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (IHES) is a rare disorder defined by persistent blood eosinophilia, absence of secondary causes, and evidence of eosinophil-associated organ dysfunction. In some patients with hypereosinophilia (HE) may cause lifethreatening complications, whereas other patients, referred to "hypereosinophila of unknown significance (HE, US)" do not exhibit any measurable organ damage. Although clinical diversities of HES have been recognized, only isolated case reports are available in Asia. This retrospective analysis sought to summarize the baseline demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics in a cohort of patients with HES and HE, US and to review responses to treatment. Method: Clinical and laboratory data from 25 patients with IHES or HE, US, seen between January 2004 and December 2014 at Hallym Sacred Heart Hospital, were collected retrospectively after chart review. Result: A total of 25 patients were enrolled; 7 patients (28.0%) were diagnosed with HE, US and 18 patients (72.0%) with IHES. The mean number of white blood cell and peak total eosinophil count (TEC) were significantly increased in patients with IHES, compared to those with HE, US (p=0.008, respectively). Fip1-like1-platelet-derived growth factor receptor a (FIP1L1-PDGFRA) mutation analysis was done in 9 of 25 patients using in situ hybridization, and all showed negative results. In patients with IHES, the most common clinical presenting symptom was gastrointestinal (44.4%), followed by constitutional symptoms (33.3%) such as fever, myalgia, weakness, and weight loss, and pulmonary (11.1%). All patients received corticosteroids (0.25~1.0 mg/kg) as initial therapy. Seven patients (38.8%) showed complete response and 11 patients (61.1%) with partial response within a month. However, 9 patients (50.0%) recurred during tapering or discontinuation of corticosteroid. There was no significant association between treatment response and laboratory parameters including peak TEC, total IgE, eosinophil cationic protein or marrow eosinophilia. Conclusion: The majority of patients with IHES respond to corticosteroid therapy, however, discontinuation of corticosteroid is associated with recurrence. There are no clinical or laboratory markers to predict the prognosis of IHES. Preclinical Study on the Use of Micro Crystalline Tyrosine (MCT) Adjuvants in Allergy Immunotherapy Alan David Bullimore, Matthew Heath, Murray Skinner Allergy Therapeutics, UK Correspondence: Alan David Bullimore -Allergy Therapeutics, UK World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A512 Vaccines and allergen-specific immunotherapy typically contain adjuvants that facilitate immune responses in humans and animals. For almost a century, salts of aluminium (hydroxide and phosphate) were the only approved adjuvants in humans. One major problem of aluminium adjuvants is that they are not biodegradable and that they typically stimulate so-called T-helper type 2 (Th2) as opposed to Th1 immune responses, which again affects the type of antibody responses produced. The goals of new adjuvants are therefore (i) to facilitate recognition of antigen/allergen, (ii) to be biodegradable and biocompatible, (iii) to be without toxic or inflammatory side effects, and (iv) to trigger protective Th1-like immune responses as well as allergen-neutralising antibodies. Co-precipitates of micro crystalline tyrosine (MCT) and proteins have been suggested as candidate adjuvants for allergen-specific immunotherapy. Methods Immunogenicity testing of MCT-ovalbumin vaccines in naïve BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice was undertaken. Three injections were performed at 2 week intervals, and the mice were tail bled prior to each injection as well as at different time points after the last injection. The obtained sera were analysed for OVA-specific antibodies, while spleen cells were tested for T-cell responses including cytokine secretion after re-stimulation of the cells in vitro with ovalbumin. MCT has good adjuvant properties, comprising a high adsorptive power for proteins, and enhancement of Th1-like and associated immune responses, highlighting its potential of action as a biodegradable depot adjuvant in allergen-specific immunotherapy. MCT is naturally metabolised and the pharmacokinetics of MCT present a half-life at the injection site of 48 hours; this is a particular benefit for allergy SCIT, a traditionally long course treatment, minimising the need for accumulation of non-biodegradable adjuvant. Results from pre-clinical immunogenicity and MCT mode-of-action studies in mice have demonstrated the potential of MCT as a nontoxic and biodegradable alternative to conventional adjuvants for use in allergen immunotherapy. Background: Since the report on the association of Filaggrin(FLG) mutations with atopic dermatitis(AD), genetic diversity of FLG mutation was intensively investigated for European and other ethnic populations. However, except for the well-established racial difference between European and Asian, detailed analysis on the genetic diversity and its clinical implication of FLGmutation for East Asian ancestry was not performed, yet. Objectives: We study geographic distribution of FLG mutations in East Asia and evaluate clinical significance of FLG mutations in East Asian AD patients. Methods: We summarized data related to FLG mutations across East Asian countries, and then analyzed geographic distribution of FLG mutations in the light of human migration history in East Asia, and finally, we investigated the clinical significance of FLGmutations in East Asian AD patients. Results: Through the genealogical analysis on the genetic diversities found in FLG mutations across East Asia, we confirmed that the distribution of FLG mutations among East Asian populations was consistent with hypothetical waves of human migrations along the southeastern coast of Asia. Similar to Europeans, FLG mutations were significant risk factor of AD for East Asian and palmar hyperlinearity was a useful clinical marker in screening carriers of FLG mutation, however, in contrast to European, FLG mutations do not increase the risk of concomitant asthma for East Asian. Conclusion: Genetic diversity of FLG mutation across East Asia is consistent with hypothetical waves of human migration along the costal border of East Asia. And European and Asian of FLG mutation have similarity and differences. Protein and MPL Adsorption Capacities for MCT in Candidate Therapeutic Formulations for Use in Immunotherapy, Compared Against Existing Adjuvants Alan David Bullimore, Murray Skinner, Matthew Heath, Andrew Bell Allergy Therapeutics, UK Correspondence: Alan David Bullimore -Allergy Therapeutics, UK World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A514 The World Health Organisation recommends adsorption of 80% or more of tetanus and diphtheria toxoid antigens by aluminium containing adjuvants. The protein adsorption capacities from aluminium and calcium adjuvants are well documented. Modified Allergen Tyrosine Adsorbed-Monophosphoryl Lipid A (MATA-MPL) formulations have been shown to be effective therapeutics in allergy immunotherapy. The micro crystalline tyrosine (MCT) in these formulations has been shown to consistently adsorb both allergoid and MPL on manufacture. However MCT adsorption capacity factors for proteins and MPL have not been measured for direct comparison to aluminium and calcium adjuvants. Methods Adsorption capacities of MCT for MPL and protein were calculated from quantitative determinations of both in the formulations. A gas chromatography method was used to determine MPL contents and a Bradford method was used to determine protein contents. Adsorption capacities of aluminium and calcium adjuvants were calculated in a similar way for direct comparison to MCT. Results MCT demonstrated greater adsorption capacities for MPL than both aluminium and calcium adjuvants. The ability of MCT to readily adsorb MPL compared to aluminium and calcium adjuvants supports a characteristic association based on both tyrosine's structure and MCT's physical properties. MCT is an effective depot candidate for allergy immunotherapy formulations and vaccines. Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammatory disorder of unknown pathogenesis. Recent studies showed that interleukine-22 plays an important role in inflammatory processes during the disease. The purpose of this case-control study was to explore the association between IL-22 gene polymorphism (rs2227501) and susceptibility to IBD. Methods: 89 patients and 201 healthy individuals referred to the Namazi Hospital of Shiraz, Iran were entered in this study. Blood samples were collected and genomic DNA was extracted. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms polymerase chain reaction (PCR-RFLP) was performed, and data were analyzed using Chi-square and Bonferroni tests. Results: The frequency of the A allele was significantly greater, and the T allele was significantly lower in patients compared to controls (P value = 0.02). In addition, there was a statistically significant relationship between AA genotype and IBD (P value = 0.01). Conclusion: This is the first study of evaluating rs2227501 in Iranian patients with IBD. More studies are required in order to clarify the exact role of IL-22 polymorphisms in pathogenesis and susceptibility of inflammatory bowel disease. Background and Objectives: Several studies have demonstrated that adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) can ameliorate allergic airway inflammation by shifting to a Th1 from a Th2-biased immune response. The ASCs secrete a variety of autocrine/paracrine factors, called secretome, that protect cells from apoptotic cell death and modulate immune system. In this study, we evaluated the effects of ASCs-derived secretome on allergic airway inflammation in ovalbumin (OVA) induced asthmatic mouse model. Materials and Methods: C57BL/6 mice were sensitized to OVA by intraperitoneal injection and challenged intranasally with OVA. To evaluate the effect of ASCs-derived secretome on allergic airway disease, 1 μl/ml of ASCs supernatant were administrated intranasally before OVA challenge. We evaluated airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), the proportion of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), lung histology, serum total and OVA-specific antibody, cytokine profile of BALF and lung draining lymph nodes (LLN), and T cell population of LLN. Results: ASCs-derived secretome significantly inhibited eosinophilic inflammation in the lung. AHR, total immune cell and eosinophils in the BALF, and mucus production were significantly reduced after ASCs-derived secretome administration. ASCsderived secretome significantly decreased the serum total and allergen-specific IgE and IgG1 level. ASCs-derived secretome significantly inhibited Th2 cytokines and enhanced Th1 cytokine (IFN-γ) and regulatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) in the BALF and LLN. In addition, CD25 + Foxp3 + and IL-10 + T cells in LLN were significantly increased after ASCs-derived secretome administration. Conclusions: ASCs-derived secretome ameliorated allergic airway inflammation and improved lung function through the induction of Tregs expansion. Secretome may be a promising candidate for a novel cell-free therapy for allergic airway diseases that has many advantages in overcoming the limitations and risks associated with the cell-based therapeutics. Alveolar hemorrhage with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) is a rare disease in children. ANCA is associated with certain diseases such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EPGA). This group of disease, characterized by necrotizing small-vessel vasculitis show autoantibodies in patients serum, directed against neutrophil cytoplasmic constituents, especially proteinase 3 (PR3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). In these diseases, affected vessels have changed with focal necrosis in pathologic findings and patients suffer from pulmonary, cerebral, gastrointestinal, other hemorrhagic complication and also renal dysfunction represented by crescentic glomerulonephritis. A 8-year-old previous healthy girl presented with acute onset dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis, chest discomfort, fever and hypoxemia. Her chest CT scan showed diffuse consolidation and ground glass opacity in both lungs, hemoglobin was 3.9g/dL, hematocrit 12%, so she was diagnosed as diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Bleeding diatheses were excluded by laboratory testing, and Anti nuclear antibody(ANA) and P-ANCA were positive. Myeloperoxidase-ANCA (MPO-ANCA) was positive but proteinase 3-ANCA was negative. Antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies(Anti-GBM) was negative. urinalysis showed RBC 21-30/HPF, creatinine 0.48mg/mL but there were no RBC casts or protein. This patient had been diagnosed for microscopic hematuria, but her kidney function was normal and other symptoms of ANCA associated vasculitis had never been appeared. The patient's alveolar hemorrhage recovered on immunosuppresive therapy with cyclophopamide and corticosteroids. We report 8-year old girl case, treated for severe alveolar hemorrhage and microscopic hematuria with positive ANCA. Background: The correct severity assessment is important for treatment of Atopic dermatitis (AD) Although the levels of serum Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC)/CCL17 is well known as a proper means for assessing severity of AD, the levels of TARC are different according to the month of age. We examined a correlation of serum TARC level and Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index in patients with AD in early infancy. Methods: Thirty-three (33) patients with atopic dermatitis (19 boys and 14 girls, age 3 to 5 months) were recruited We examined the correlation between SCORAD index and TARC levels as a primary outcome, as well as the correlations between SCORAD index and serum total IgE levels, peripheral eosinophil counts, and serum Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels as secondary outcomes. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were used for each statistic evaluation. Results: The median of the SCORAD index in patients was 14 (range, . Also, the medians of the TARC levels, the peripheral eosinophil counts, and the serum LDH levels were 2213pg/dl (range, 514-21776 pg/dl), 6%(range 0%-18%), and 290IU/ml(range 211-432 IU/ml), respectively. There was significant positive correlation between the SCORAD index and the TARC levels (r=0.623, p < 0.001), as well as between the SCORAD index and the peripheral eosinophil counts, (r=0.638, p < 0.001). On the other hand, there was no significant correlation between the SCORAD index and the serum total IgE levels. Also. the SCORAD index and the serum LDH levels were not correlated significantly. Conclusions: Serum TARC levels and peripheral eosinophil counts may be useful to assess severity of AD in early infancy. Background: Research of the filaggrin(FLG) mutation in various ethnic groups revealed non-overlapping mutation patterns. In addition, Japanese and Chinese atopic patients showed somewhat different mutations. These ethnic differences make the research on Korean patients mandatory; however, no systematic research on Korean atopic dermatitis patients has been performed. Objective: This study aims to investigate the genetic polymorphism of FLG in Korean atopic dermatitis patients. Methods: The study was made up of three groups including 9 IV patients, 111 AD patients and 55 normal controls: the ichthyosis group was incorporated due to the reported association between the FLG mutation and ichthyosis vulgaris. In comparison to other sequencing methods, the overlapping long-range PCR was used. Results: We revealed the genetic polymorphism of FLG in Koreans, and at the same time, we discovered new nonsense mutations, p.Y1767X and c.526delA, while confirmed that the previously reported c.3321delA, c.3222del4, p.K4022X in Korean patients. Conclusion: By using FLG sequencing techniques confirmed in this study, new mutations or genetic polymorphisms with ethnic characteristics would be detected and further larger studies of repeat number polymorphisms could be performed. Background: IgE-mediated wheat allergy affects around 0.5% of the population, the only accepted treatment was complete food avoidance. However, accidental exposure may occur frequently since it is difficult to avoid major foods. Recently, several studies have changed the dilemma of avoidance. We have proposed a new wheat oral immunotherapy (OIT) protocol in anaphylactic patients. Method: Children with history of anaphylaxis, who met the inclusion criteria, were recruited to the study. Patients having uncontrolled asthma, cardiovascular disease, significant systemic disease, and poor compliant patients were excluded. Anaphylaxis was confirmed by DBPCFC in all patients. Then the OFCs (oral food challenges) was performed for all patients with cake to determine the initial dose of OIT. We designed the 3 step build up phase, which contains cake, Bread A and Bread B. According to the OFC results, patients started the protocol. If the reaction threshold was under 1gr of wheat protein, they would start with cake and continue till 25 gr. Beyond the 1 gr, they were asked to take bread A, which was contained 5.28gr protein in 100 gr of flour. The amount of bread was increased twice a week under the medical supervision, when it reached to 30 gr, it was changed to full wheat bread (8.8 gr of proteins in 100 gr flour), and was risen to 60 gr. After finishing build up phase, they were continued to take 60g of bread in a day (maintenance phase) for next 3 months. In addition to clinical measures, some immunological mechanisms of desensitization were measured at the first day, and at the end of buildup and Maintenance phase. Results: 9 patients (2-14years) which were recruited to the study, 8 (88.8%) were finished the protocol. One couldn't accomplished the protocol because of recurrent sever anaphylactic reaction and remained on 10 gr of bread B. SPT wheal was significantly reduced at the end of maintenance phase. Conclusion: We have demonstrated that wheat tolerance could be achieved in a stepwise OIT regimen in anaphylactic patients. Apparently, further investigation will need to confirm safety and effective wheat OIT protocol. Background: Filaggrin is a key protein involved in skin barrier function. Mutations in the gene encoding filaggrin (FLG) have been identified as the cause of ichthyosis vulgaris and have been shown to be major predisposing factors for atopic dermatitis (AD). Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigative the clinical characteristics of AD patients with FLG mutations and determine the differences between AD patients with and without FLGmutation. Methods: We identified the FLGmutations of AD patients by complete sequencing and snapshot methods and then analyzed the data on clinical characteristics from questionnaire responses. Results: We found that earlier age of AD onset (p=0.047), tendency to respiratory atopy (p=0.029), more severe AD clinical characteristics (higher EASI score, p=0.018), and decrease in skin hydration (p=0.04) were associated with FLG-related AD. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that FLG mutations are indicators of a poor prognosis in AD and are predisposing factors that exist in early infancy and persist into adulthood. The aim of the project 'Early diagnosis of asthma and allergies among children attending primary schools in Wroclaw' was to preselect the group of high risk of asthma/allergy development using a questionnaire and then to confirm the diagnosis at the physician's office. The study was carried out in the years 2011-2013 All children attending 3 grade at grammar schools (8-9 ys of age) (Wrocław, Poland) entered the study. Those with prior diagnosis of asthma ana allergy or being under allergists care were excluded. During the first part all parents were educated on the allergy symptoms and prevention. They were given a specially prepared screening questionnaire. The questionnaire included questions concerning family history, early exposure of their children to different allergens etc., children's medical history: infections, symptoms (cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, runny nose, rash), hospitalizations etc. During the second part all children who scored above a fixed level in the questionnaire were subjected to allergist's check-up (including prick-tests and spirometry) to confirm or deny the possible diagnosis of asthma or allergy. The study in its first part involved 2,690 children. After the analysis of the questionnaires 375 children visited the study allergist. In 29% of them the diagnosis of asthma or allergies was confirmed. Especially early symptoms and selected allergen exposures correlated well with the final diagnosis (p < 0.05 was noted between exposure to moisture, mold and diagnosed in a child: of asthma: Phi = 0.093; p = 0,00; of allergic rhinitis: Phi = 0.114 ; p = 0,00; of atopic dermatitis: Phi = 0.052; p = 0.007; food allergy Phi = 0.048 ; p = 0.012). The questionnaire proved to be a fast, cheap and reliable tool in allergy detection. It has been introduced in Wrocław,s schools for standard use. Rationale: Patients who have both food allergies and asthma are at increased risk for anaphylactic reactions and life-threatening asthmatic reaction. The aim of this study is to determine the asthma impact of on characteristics of children with food induced anaphylaxis adrenaline autoinjectors were prescribed. Methods: 90 patients (28female, 62male, range 2-11 year-old) with food allergy adrenaline autoinjector were prescribed between April and October 2013 were recruited. We excluded cases treated by oral immunotherapy. We evaluated causal food, symptom of recent anaphylactic reaction, serum mite-specific IgE, adrenaline treatment for anaphylaxis. Their factors of asthmatic group (n=53, asthma onset 2.7 years, 23 treated with inhaled corticosteroid) were compared with those of Non-asthmatic group (n=37). Results: Number of adrenaline treatment for anaphylactic reaction in asthmatic group was higher than those of Non-asthmatic group significantly (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in mite-specific IgE, symptom of anaphylaxis between asthmatic group and Non-asthmatic group. Forty three (81%) of anaphylactic reactions in asthmatic group induced by milk, wheat and egg were higher than 19(51%) in Non-asthmatic patients (p<0.01). In contrast, peanuts and nuts induced anaphylactic reactions in Non-asthmatic group more frequently than those of asthmatic group (30% vs.9%). Conclusion: In asthmatic children, anaphylactic reactions occurred frequently by accidental ingestion of daily foods, for example, milk, wheat and egg. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness may induce anaphylactic reaction easily by small amount of causal food. Background: Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) are both immune-mediated disorders that can be life-threatening and frequently related to prior drugs consumption. Autoimmune disorders have been suggested to have a predisposing effect on SJS, SJS-TEN, or TEN; however, it is difficult to decide whether the eruption is induced by drugs or a manifestation of lupus itself. Objective: This case report presents cases of SJS and SJS-TEN in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Case 1: A 12 years old female came to hospital with a chief complaint of blisters and scalded skin all over her body, hands, feet, and face which had started 2 days prior to admission after consuming herbal medication for 2 days. Additional symptoms were fever, multiple painless oral ulcers, and painful swelling of joints that made patient unable to walk since 3 months prior to admission. On physical examination, general multiple discrete, round, size AE 0.5 cm-1.2 cm, mostly finely demarcated, some raised, mostly dry, in form of erythema, bullae, erosion, discoid pustules, bullous pustules, and discoid were found. There were ulcerations on oral and genital mucous. Blood examination were performed and hemolytic anemia, positive anti nuclear antibody (ANA) and Anti dsDNA, as well as proteinuria were observed. The patient was diagnosed as suffering from SJS in SLE. Case 2: A 12 years old female came to hospital with a chief complaint of peeling skin on her body, hands, and face for 1 day prior to admission. This patient was referred by another hospital with cefixime and gentamicin treatment history. On physical examination, there were fever, scaly lesions on body, hands, and face with scalded lesion on the back. There was erosion on lips and oral mucous. Laboratory findings were pancytopenia, positive of direct coomb's test, reactive ANA and high titer Anti dsDNA as well as proteinuria. The patient was then diagnosed as suffering from SJS-TEN in SLE. Conclusion: Patients when presented with a SJS or SJS-TEN-like picture with SLE background, it becomes difficult to decide whether the eruption is drug induced or a manifestation of lupus itself. The Effectiveness of Oral Tolerance Induction for Wheat Allergy Using Two Different Intake Levels Yuri Takaoka Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization Osaka Prefectural Medical Center for Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Japan World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A525 Objective: Many reports exist on the effectiveness of oral tolerance induction for food allergies. However, few comprehensive reports exist on its effectiveness for wheat allergy. Subjects: Among subjects who had a positive result in an oral food challenge test for udon (wheat noodles), informed consent was obtained from 49 subjects who were judged to be capable of starting intake at 0.5-5 g dried noodle weight based on the final dose and induced symptoms. Method: Oral tolerance induction was performed after randomly dividing the subjects, with consideration of age, into the following two groups according to intake frequency: the frequent group, intake at six times/week or more; and the intermittent group, intake at two times/week. After six months of tolerance induction, the ability of these patients to ingest the noodles at the target dose was evaluated. Results: Of the 49 subjects, 32 were finally considered in this study, and each group had 16 subjects in whom intake could be totalled based on intake diaries, and who were able to maintain intake at five times/week or more (frequent group) or two times/week (intermittent group). After six months, the proportion of subjects who had a negative result on testing with the target dose (20 g dried noodle weight for subjects ≤3 years of age, and 50 g dried noodle weight for those ≥4 years of age) or who were capable of the target intake within six months was 73% on the whole, and no differerence in both groups. Conclusion: The findings suggest that even when intake frequency in oral tolerance induction for wheat is reduced to twice/week, no clear difference is seen with the target dose after six months of tolerance induction. Background: Aspirin exacerbated respiratory diseases (AERD) are characterized as an acute bronchospasm by ingestion of aspirin and heavy infiltration of eosinophils, which is contributed by altered synthesis of cycteinyl leukotrienes. Although the acquired Th2 response is apparently revealed in IgE -dependent asthma, but not obvious in AERD. Recently, IL-25, TSLP and IL-33 appears as key molecules of the innate Th2 response in allergic inflammation. Thus, we tried to reveal the relation of the innate Th2 molecules with development of AERD. Methods and Materials: The level of IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP were measured in plasma before and after aspirin challenge to the subjects with AERD (n=18) and ATA (n=16) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and then normalized with plasma protein. Results: The plasma level of IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP were comparable before aspirin challenge between AERD and ATA. After aspirin challenge, however, concentrations of IL-25 were robustly increased in AERD compared to those before aspirin challenge while did not change in ATA. The post challenge level of IL-25 was significantly higher in AERD more than that of ATA (0.34 pg/mg vs. 2.31 pg/mg; p=0.03), while those of IL-33 and TSLP were not changed. There was a significant correlation between concentrations of IL-25 and aspirin induced -fall rate of FEV1 in total subjects (r 2 =0.172, p=0.037). Conclusions: Among the innate Th2 cytokines, IL-25, but not IL-33 and TSLP, is related with development of airway spasm after aspirin challenge, which suggest that IL-25 may be play roles in pathogenesis of AERD via modulation of Th2-type immune response. Objectives: Allergic and nonallergic rhinitis are very common disease for children, however, little is known about their natural courses. The purpose is to evaluate the natural course of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis in children. Study Design: Individual cohort study Methods: We analyzed data from Snoring Child Cohort of 208 children. The data encompassed questionnaire about chronic rhinitis, and the result of skin prick test (SPT) for 5 inhalent and specific IgE for 2 allergens. Children were classified into four groups, namely allergic rhinitis (rhinitis plus positive SPT), nonallergic rhinitis (rhinitis plus negative SPT), sensitization only (no rhinitis plus positive SPT), and control (no rhinitis plus negative SPT). Results: Finally, the data of 124 children were analyzed. Among 18 children with allergic rhinitis at 7 year, 13 (72.2%) became sensitization only after 2 years and only 5 (27.8%) were remained as allergic rhinitis. Five (26.3%) out of 19 with children nonallergic rhinitis at 7 year turned into allergic rhinitis at 9 year and 7 (36.8%) into control. Twenty six (86.7%) out of 30 children with sensitization only at 7 year were remained as same at 9 year. Among 59 control children at 7 year, 2 (3.3%) became those with allergic rhinitis, 7 (11.9%) with nonallergic rhinitis, and 16 (27.1%) with sensitization only at 9 year. Conclusion: The status of chronic rhinitis and allergen sensitization is very changeable in children. Background: Psoriasis juvenile idiopathic arthritis (PsJIA) is an autoimmune disease, which constitutes a small part of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) and classified within the spectrum of JIA and psoriatic lesion. The onset often occurs between the ages 7-13 years, but some of them occurs under 5 years. Its morbidity, such as: leg discrepancy, irreversible joint damage, contracture, visual loss caused by chronic uveitis, and persistent pain can impact the life quality of the patient. It is important to make an early and precise diagnosis, and give the treatment as soon as possible in order to make the quality of life of the patient optimum. Methods: A six months longitudinal case report about a 3-year-oldboy with early onset psoriasis JIA and the result of the treatment. Results: A 3-year-old-boy presented with a year history of right knee swelling accompanied by inflamation sign, joint stiffness, dactylitis, skin redness, and also white scales that generalized over his body. At first he was diagnosed with Ichtyosis vulgaris, because of the persistent arthritis (>6 weeks), he was referred from Dermatology and Venereology Department to Pediatric Immunology-Allergy Department with the highly suspected of JIA. He was born at term, from P 1 A 0 mother by spontaneous vaginal delivery, with a birth weight 3400 grams. There is no history of JIA or psoriasis in his family. From the laboratory examination, there were anaemia, with a small increased of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), but C-reactive protein (CRP), liver and kidney function were within normal limits. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA), rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-ds-DNA were negative. Before the treatment, the patient looked stiff, could not stand up well and could not move his hands, fingers and feet. The fingers bent like claws. After 5 months therapy of methotrexate, NSAIDs, physiotherapy and also topical momethasone furoate 0,1%, he experienced laboratory and clinically remission of arthritis and psoriasis. Conclusions: The goals of therapy are to control pain and inflammation, prevent joint damage, preserve range of motion and muscle strength, strive for normal function, growth, nutrition, physical and psychosocial development and to control systemic manifestations. A multi-disciplinary team approach is essential in optimizing results. Physical and occupational therapy are important for some patients. Methotrexate (MTX) has been recognized as the most effective DMARDs and applicable in almost every countries. Genetic counseling and education about the disease is needed for every parents with affected child. Background: Histamine H2 antagonists are generally welltolerated. Severe hypersensitivity reactions to these are rare. However, an IgE-dependent mechanism has been suggested for hypersensitivity induced by H2-receptor antagonists. In addition, the possible cross-reactivity among H2-receptor antagonists has been existed. Objective: To investigate the clinical features of immediate hypersensitivity induced H2 antagonists and their cross reactivity. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed as immediate hypersensitivity to H2 antagonists at 4 University hospitals in Busan, Korea and analyzed the data from skin test to various H2 antagonists. Results: A total of 12 patients were enrolled in this study. The mean age was 48 ± 4 years (rage 26-68) and 6 patients were female. Most common culprit drug was ranitidine (N=10, 83%) followed by cimetidine (N=1) and nizatidine (N=1). Half of patients had previously allergic reaction to H2 antagonists but were not diagnosed before. The mean latent time was 42.09 + 18.4 minutes (range, immediate~210). Background: Although there have been several studies reporting that rhizosphere cleaning effects of potted indoor plants (RCEIP) could decrease indoor pollutants (VOCs, particulate matter, etc.) and habitants' stress, impacts of RCEIP on allergic rhinitis (AR) have not been fully evaluated. Methods: Total 115 students (male=54, 11.9±0.3 years) from the two newly built elementary schools were included. Their demographic data and skin prick results (for 30 common inhalant allergens) were collected initially. For RCEIP, potted indoor plants of eight plantspecies were introduced to four classrooms (77 students) for three months, and the others were included to the controls. This process was done randomly and the single blinded (investigator) study scheme was kept until the completion. AR symptom-questionnaire (ARIA 2008 based), Korean Daily Hassles Scale for Children, Stress-Arousal Checklist, and Indoor Attractiveness Scale were surveyed before and after introducing indoor plants. Results: Comparisons of the inhalant allergen sensitization rates based on the allergy skin prick test with 30 common inhalant allergens between the two groups (plant introduction vs. control) were all insignificant. In stratified and propensity score matching analyses with AR students (74 suspected, and 45 confirmed), AR symptoms were not changed by RCEIP. Increase in the teachers/school-life related stress was suppressed by RCEIP in subjects, but not in controls (p<0.05). Indoor attractiveness was maintained by RCEIP, but decreased in controls (p<0.05). Conclusions: Three-month-Introduction of indoor plants for RCEIP suppressed school stress and increased indoor attractiveness, but did not aggravate AR symptoms of students in newly built schools. *This work was carried out with the support (PJ010205042015) of Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea (South Korea). Food allergy is defined as an adverse health effect that occurs reproducibly on exposure to a given food. Food allergy is classified into Immunoglubulin E (IgE)-mediated and non-IgE-mediated reactions. Clinical manifestations include gastrointestinal, cutaneous, and respiratory symptoms. IgE mediated food allergies usually manifest as acute gastrointestinal hypersensitivity, pollen-food allergy syndrome, acute urticaria, angioedema, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and acute bronchospasm. A diagnosis can be made by history, skin prick test, or serum food-specific IgE level although oral food challenges confirm the diagnosis. Managements of food allergy are food avoidance and treatment of acute reactions. We report here a case of multiple food allergies with recurrent anaphylaxis successively controlled by omalizumb. A 43-year-old male patient visited allergy department for evaluation of chest tightness, throat swelling and dyspnea 20 minutes after an ingestion of two strawberries. The patient had repeatedly suffered from multiple food allergies to peach, plum, apricot, raspberry, and apple since his childhood, which was presented as acute urticaria. Laboratory test results showed an elevated blood eosinophil count (1800 /mm 3 ) and an elevated serum specific IgE level to strawberry (measured by ImmunoCAP® [ThermoFisher Scientific, Uppsala, Sweden] system, 3.98 KU/L). Spirometry showed normal range. We assessed him as food allergy to strawberry and eosinophilia was thought to be resulted from the food allergy. After using systemic corticosteroid and antihistamines, blood eosinophil count decreased to normal range and the patient's symptoms were resolved. Five months later, he complained of acute urticarial, dizziness, dyspnea after ingestions of pineapple, celery, and sesame. Blood eosinophil count was 900 /mm 3 and serum specific IgE levels to pineapple, celery, and sesame were 0.68 KU/L, 0.93 KU/L, and 0.77 Ku/L, respectively. One month later, the patients visited emergency department for acute urticaria, dyspnea, general weakness, and numbness of legs after an ingestion of almond. Blood eosinophil count was 1,600 /mm 3 and serum specific IgE level to almond was 4.63 KU/L. Recurrent episode of anaphylaxis due to multiple food was occurred with eosinophilia and food avoidance strategy was failed because of allergic reactions to unknown food. Furthermore, sesame was widely used to various Korean food as a spice. Omalizumab was treated monthly to him to control the IgE-mediated food allergy. After the treatment, there was no episode of anaphylaxis to him and the patient performed his daily tasks without disturbances. When complete avoidance of food allergy is impossible, omalizumab can be an alternative treatment to control symptoms. Second-generation antihistamines are widely prescribed for the control of symptoms of allergic inflammation such as itchy hives, coryza, and itchy eyes. In rare circumstances, these drugs can provoke allergic inflammation. Hypersensitivity to bepotastine besilate, a second-generation antihistamine has never been reported. A 17-year-old schoolgirl, whose paroxysmal itchy hives had been controlled with bepotastine, experienced aggravation of the hives. An oral provocation test confirmed her hypersensitivity to bepotastine and cross-reactivity to levocetirizine. She showed no reaction to chlorpheniramine, ketotifen, or olopatadine among the 13 antihistamines tested. While searching for an antihistamine to control her itchy hives, we found that she also exhibited cross-reactivity to various antihistamines with different chemical structures from that of bepotastine, which is not predicted according to the chemical classification of antihistamines. We report on a case of hypersensitivity to bepotastine besilate in a patient with chronic spontaneous urticaria. Background. Optimal asthma symptom control cannot always be achieved in severe cases due to the risk of steroid resistance and lack of response to beta-agonists. Therefore, alternative approaches are needed to achieve reversal of pathological airway remodelling in steroid resistant severe asthma. IL-4 and IL-13 cytokines are critical for asthma pathogenesis as they modulate IgE synthesis, chemokine production, airway eosinophilia, smooth muscle hyperplasia, and mucus production during asthma. During the past decade, several nanoparticles approaches have been developed and tested for efficient drug and anti-inflammatory agents delivery at various body sites during cancer other chronic inflammatory diseases. The current study evaluated the anti-inflammatory responses following intratracheal instillation of functionalized and PEGylated nanocarriers containing blocking anti-IL4Rα antibodies to the inflamed lungs of asthmatic mouse model. Methods. Anti-IL-4Rα loaded nanoparticles were administered intrapulmonary to asthmatic mice. Particles distribution within the lungs were then examined and their targeting of specific IL-4R+ inflammatory cells was investigated using MRI and histological analysis (immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence). Multiple gene expression studies (RT-PCR), flow cytometry, cytokine arrays (Luminex) and histological analyses were performed on treated asthmatic lungs tissue and cells to evaluate the anti-inflammatory responses of these nanocariers. Results. Targeting and localization of nanocarriers with Perl's (iron), PEG (anti-PEG antibodies), immunofluorescence (SPIO nanocarriers with FITC labelled antibody) confirmed their localization with anti-IL-4R+ lung inflammatory cells. Following treatment of asthmatic mice with anti-IL-4R nanocarriers, a significant decrease in BAL levels of IL-1β, IL-10, IL-6, IL-13, GM-CSF, IL-5, IL-2, IL-4, MCP-1, IP-10/CXCL-10, MIG and IFN-γ was observed compared to Ova-sensitized mice. BAL levels of lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils decreased significantly (p<0.01) in mice receiving anti-IL-4Ra loaded nanocarriers. Lung inflammation was significantly decreased as observed in histological analysis as well as gene expression of inflammatory cytokines (genes). In addition, a significant decrease in activation and functionality of lung inflammatory cells was observed suing FACS analysis following treatment with the IL-4R-nanocarrier. Conclusions. Treatment of inflamed lungs with anti-inflammatory IL-4Rα-nanocarriers was safe and efficient in reducing lung inflammation and controlling asthma pathogenesis. This approach could be effective in attaining asthma control in severe cases where alternative approaches for steroids are needed. Background: Allergen specific immunotherapy(SIT) is able to significantly improve symptoms as well as reduce the need for symptomatic medication. The SIT acts on basic immunologic mechanisms, and has the potential to change the pathological allergic immune response. The immunologic changes by treatment are achieved for a certain period of time, usually over 3~5 years. By the way, some patients present reduced allergic responses through immunotherapy in early stage. Immunologic responses to allergen may affect favorable clinical outcome during 1 year treatment. Methods: From 2009 to 2014, the patients with allergic airway diseases who received subcutaneous SIT with house dust mites and both allergen skin prick tests before therapy and after it on time about 1 year period were investigated for retrospective analysis. The main parameters of immunologic changes were skin reactivities(wheal ratio of allergen/histamine in skin prick test) for house dust mites ongoing immunotherapy. The numbers of positive allergen skin responses and some blood tests for eosinophil count, total IgE, ESR were collected as well. Results: Total 58 patients were analysed, the mean ages at initial immunotherapy time were 23.3 year old (5~60), males were 34 (58.6%), allergic rhinitis only were 35 (60.3%), bronchial asthma only were 1 (1.7%), both were 22 (37.9%). The median numbers of strongly sensitized allergens among 45 aeroallergens were two items at initial phage. The mean skin reactivities for target allergens before and after 1 year immunotherapy were 2.44 (0.5~7.75) and 1.19 (0~2.92), respectively. The skin reactivity for target allergen of ongoing immunotherapy were significant reduced in younger age group(<40 years old) (p=0.45 ), the groups who had small numbers of total allergen sensitization (p<0.05), house dust mites(HDM) sensitization only rather than those of mixed with HDM and pollens(p<0.05) and high reactivity(≥2 on A/H ratio) of target allergens (p<0.001) at initial time. But, there were not significant different among initial immunotherapy methods(rush or conventional), underline allergic airway disease, eosinophil count, total IgE and ESR level. Conclusion: This study suggests some clinical factors associated favorable allergen reactivity change may affect good clinical outcomes in early phase of immunotherapy. Background: Acute rejection (AR) in kidney transplantation is one the most important causes of rejection in Iran and the world. Considering the role of inflammatory cytokines in this process and due to this fact that genetic polymorphisms can alter the function of these cytokines, we aimed to evaluate various single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-1β cytokine genes. Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood of 56 patients with acute rejection, and 56 patients with a stable graft function (SGF). A Polymerase chain reaction with the sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP) was performed using related kits. The results were analyzed by statistical software SPSS and Epiinfo. Results: The frequency of A and G alleles related to -308 and -138 positions of TNF-α, and alleles C and G of the -174 position related to IL-6 showed a significant association in patients with a transplanted kidney (Both AR and SGF) compared to controls (P value<0.05). Data related to both TNF-α SNPs, and GG, CG genotypes of -174 position (IL-6) revealed a significant relationship between AR and healthy controls. In addition, results from the comparison of SGF and healthy controls in -238(TNF-α) and -174(IL-6) positions showed a significant correlation. Haplotype analysis among study groups also displayed statistically significant associations. Conclusion: This study found an association between TNF-α and IL-6 gene polymorphisms in kidney graft rejection or survival processes. More studies with greater samples of various populations are needed in order to confirm this finding. Phthalates are widely used in our daily lives, including flooring, toys, food wrapping, plastic ware, emulsifying agent, lotion and shampoo. Several studies reported the association between the exposure to phthalates and allergic disorders. Also, some conflicting results reported whether atopic dermatitis is associated with overweight or obesity. We evaluated the association of phthalate exposure and overweight/obesity in atopic dermatitis (AD) of Korean children and adolescents. The nationwide representative survey was conducted with 1820 children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years in Korea. The information of atopic dermatitis was collected by the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. Urine monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate (MECPP), mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP) and mono- (2ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) were measured. All phthalate metabolites were adjusted with urine creatinine. The subjects, who were overweight or obese, were defined that body mass index was between 85 and 95 percentile or over 95 percentile of age and gender, respectively. The prevalence of AD diagnosis and current AD (diagnosed and presented symptoms during recent 12 months) was 29.4% and 16.4%, respectively. The proportion of subjects who were overweight and obese was 13.3% and 6.7%, respectively. We divided 4 groups according to the urinary phthalate levels (below or over average) and BMI (normal or overweight/obese). The subjects who were overweight or obese and exposured to higher urinary MnBP, MEOHP or MEHHP were the highest odds ratios compared to other groups in diagnosis of atopic dermatitis [OR(95% CI) ) in MEOHP; 1.584 (1.049-2.393 ) in MEHHP)]. The subjects who were overweight/ obese and exposured to higher urinary MnBP or MEHHP were the highest odds ratios compared to other groups in current symptoms of atopic dermatitis [OR(95% CI) 2.091 (1.294-3.378) in MnBP; 1.797(1.101-2.932 ) in MEHHP)]. Overweight or obesity and exposure to higher phthalate, especially to MnBP, MEOHP or MEHHP could be associated with an increased prevalence of diagnosis or current symptoms in atopic dermatitis. This study was supported by the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER). Background: Recent meta-analyses demonstrated a high global epidemiological burden of chronic cough in general populations. However, there is still a lack of nationwide studies on the epidemiology of cough in general Korean populations. Objective: We aimed to calculate the nationwide prevalence of current cough, and to explore the factors underlying the epidemiology in Korean general adult populations. Methods: We analyzed cross-sectionally the Korean National Health And Nutritional Examination Survey (KNHANES) database surveyed during 2010-2012. Presence and duration of current cough was defined by structured questionnaires, and classified as acute (<3 weeks), subacute (3-8 weeks), and chronic (>8 weeks). Demographic and clinical parameters were also examined in relation to cough. Weighted prevalence of cough according to duration was calculated, and risk factors with cough were evaluated by using multivariate logistic regression. Results: Among a total of 18,071 adults, 5.9% (n=1,076) had current cough. Among the subjects with current cough, proportions of acute, subacute, and chronic cough were 43.1%, 13.1%, and 43.8%, respectively. Of those with chronic cough, 65.4% had been coughing longer than 1 years. The epidemiology of cough significantly differed between age groups; acute cough was more prevalent in younger adults (18-45 years old), whereas chronic cough was significantly more prevalent in elderly subjects (≥65 years old). Prevalence of chronic cough increased with aging in both gender (in males, 2.4% in subjects aged 18-45 years, 3.4% in subjects aged 45-65 years, and 5.4% in subjects aged ≥65 years; in females, 1.2%, 1.9% and 3.9%, respectively; both p for trends <0.01). After adjusting for demographic and risk factors, several factors were associated with chronic cough independent of age: current smoking, chest X-ray abnormality, HbA1c and rhinitis or rhinosinusitis (all p<0.05). In female, menopause and estrogen replacement therapy were also related with chronic cough (all p<0.05). Conclusion: The present study indicates a considerable epidemiological burden of cough in Korean general adult populations. The epidemiology of cough significantly differed between age groups. These findings warrant further elucidation for various factors underlying a high burden of chronic cough in older adults. "memory"cells, associated with T cell development, T cell activation and IgE synthesis, were analyzed in BAL from WC and normals. Methods: We evaluated 18 WC with a minimum of 2 episodes of wheezing or prolonged wheezing ≥2 months in a 6 month period with BAL. WC were further sub-divided into children with history of RSV (WC+RSV)(n=10, median age 17.0 months) or without RSV (WC-RSV)(n=8, median age 9.3 months). Comparisons were made with normal controls (Control)(n=5, median age 19.5 mos). BAL cell counts and differentials were determined, and 10 6 cells were fixed in acetone and embedded in glycol methacrylate resin. Cell blocks were cut and immunohistochemically stained for the following T cell surface markers: CD3, CD4, CD8, CD25, and CD45RO. Co-expression of CD25 or CD45RO on CD3, CD4, and CD8 T cells was evaluated by an image analysis program on sequential sections. Comparisons between all the groups were first made using the Kruskal-Wallis test. In case of significant difference, individual groups were compared by using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: The total number of CD3 cells was significantly elevated in the WC+RSV compared with the Control (p=0.008). WC+RSV had significant (p=0.003) elevations in # of CD45RO cells/1000 cells compared to Control and the total number of CD45RO was significantly elevated in the WC+RSV compared with the WC-RSV (p=0.033) and the Control (p=0.001). Although the % of CD4 T cells expressing CD45RO was greater in WC+RSV than WC-RSV, the elevation was only statistically significant compared to Control (p=0.005). Conclusions: These findings suggest that specific T cell profiles exist in WC+RSV which differ from WC-RSV and Control. Furthermore CD45RO cells may play a role in the immune processes of WC+RSV. Background: Obesity and atopic disease are two increasingly important population health issues. Obesity could be a risk factor for atopic disease. To have a full vision of the health condition of the patients with obesity and atopic disease, it is important for the pediatricians to make a Quality of Life (QOL) Questionnaire as part of the patient's follow-up. Few studies suggest that obesity decreases QOL in children with atopic disease such as asthma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the QOL in obese children with or without atopic disease. Methods: A cross-sectional study with an initial sample of 109 children (6-11 years old) recruited from some private elementary schools in Bandung, Indonesia. The subjects were divided into obese children with or without atopic disease and normal weight children with or without atopic disease. The standard definition for obesity and atopic disease in children was based on the World Health Organization. To determine the effect of obesity and atopic disease on QOL, the Pediatrics Quality of Life Inventory™ (PedsQL™) was applied to the subjects and also their parents. Mann-Whitney test was used to test the significance of categorical data and significance was determined by p < 0.05. Results: Out of 109 patients in the study, 54.1% were males and 45.9% females, with a ratio of 1.2:1 and a mean age of 9.4 years ± 1.58 (standard deviation). The results of the four scales evaluated in the questionnaire (physical, emotional, social, school functioning), showed significant differences for the emotional functioning in QOL between obese-atopic disease and obese-non atopic disease groups (p = 0.04), but no significant differences in other scales. Conclusions: This study revealed a significant differences for the emotional functioning in QOL between obese-atopic disease and obese-non atopic disease groups, but no significant differences in other scales. Further studies is needed to understanding the relationship between obesity and atopic disease to the patient's QOL. Background: Exacerbations of asthma are most frequently attributed to upper and lower airway infections by respiratory viruses such as rhinovirus and influenza viruses. Host cells protect against these virus via innate and acquired immune responses. MicroRNAs act as key regulatory molecules in complicated interaction networks between viruses and hosts. However, a few studies have been performed on miRNA related with influenza infection. The aim of this study is to search for candidate miRNAs by in silico analysis, and validate the relation of the miRNAs in sputum with exacerbation of asthma. Methods and Materials: Information on sequences of mature human miRNAs was obtained using miRBase (http://www.mirbase.org) and applied to the whole genome sequence of influenza viruses A (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) by searching complementarity. Viral RNA and miRNA were extracted from sputum of exacerbated asthmatics using Viral Gene-spin¢â kit (iNtRON Biotechnology, Seoul, Korea) and miRNeasy kits (Qiagen, CA, USA), respectively. RT-PCR and Real-time PCR were applied to the discovery of 7 respiratory viruses (adenovirus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus 1/2/3, influenza A/B virus, respiratory syncytial virus A/B and rhinovirus A) and the measurement of miRNAs, respectively. Results: Total 2578 human miRNAs were used for analysis. Among them, miR-23b-3p was predicted to match with 7 nucleotides in one location +1915-+1921 of polymerase basic protein 2 mRNA and to three locations +244-+251, +1446-+1453 and +1470-+1477 of haemagglutinin mRNA of influenza A. Respiratory viruses were identified in 21 patients out of total 37 patients and 5 patients were infected by influenza A virus. The levels of miR-23-3p were much lower in patients infected with influenza A and rhinovirus (n=9) than those of other virus-infected (n=7) or uninfected patients (n=16). The levels of miR-23b-3p in influenza A-infected patients were comparable with those in rhinovirus-infected subjects. Conclusions: Down regulation of miR-23b-3p expression may be associated with infection with influenza A virus and might exert a negative regulatory activity on the influenza A virus replication. Due to the high frequency of allergic diseases and its special growing rate among the world population, in medicine, the 21st century is called the century of allergy. It is known that allergic diseases (pollinosis, bronchial asthma), the highest percentage comes on the allergens-aeropolutants, that are represented in many plants and herbs in the form of dust (ragweed pollen, alder, birch, maple, walnut, mallow, cotton plant etc). Since 2006, Institute is actively working in this direction gradually after the World Allergy Organization (WAO) presented the apparatus -Burkhard Pollen Trap (UK) to the Institute. Research is actively continued in this direction and the results are published periodically in international journals and became public as the reports at scientific congresses. According to the all above-mentioned, the aim of the study at this stage is as follows: identification of specific aeropollutants and elaboration of annual calendar of plants blossoming for the reality of Imereti region. In this study have been involved 69 patients of different ages (among them 34 males and 35 females) with allergic rhinitis and asthma, who applying to the S/R Institute of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology of Academy of Sciences of Georgia (Tskaltubo, Georgia) for allegro-diagnostics, revealed increased levels for Phadiatop in blood, on the existence of atopic allergen only to the inhaled allergen. The study covered the following allegro-diagnostic stages: I stage -For precise verification of the allergen, patient's blood serum was examined on a particular specific-IgE antibodies by modern automated system -"Immuno CAP 100" (PHADIA, Switzerland). II stage -Monitoring of the concentration of aeropoluments was conducted by using aeropolinometer "Burkard Trap" (Great Britain). The analysis of the laboratory results, obtained through the automated system "ImmunoCAP 100"* showed that the studied patients had high titers of specific IgE on the weeds (Wx2) -ambrosia, plantain, absinth, atriplex 47 (68%); tree dust (Tx9) -alder, lactarius piperatus, nuts, oak, willow -21 (30%); cereals (Gx1) -festuca pratensis, lolium temulentum, timoti grass, poa -19 (28%). A specific IgE concentration was detected for each positive panel, to reveal the concrete allergen. The mentioned patients were provided with: the data of aeropolinometer-"Burkard Trap", annual calendar for distribution of aeroallergens reflecting concentrations of blossoming plant-trees and atmospheric aerosols in the air in Imereti region at a given period of time. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used primarily to treat respiratory failure due to acute respiratory distress syndrome that failed to respond to maximal medical therapy. The use of ECMO in status asthmaticus is limited to case reports. We present three cases of patients with near-fatal status asthmaticus not relieved by conventional treatment, in whom early administration of ECMO resulted in a good outcome. In case 1 and 2, ECMO was instituted because of sustained hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis within 2 hours after initiation of mechanical ventilation. Patient 3 was supported by ECMO at 10 hours after intubation because of severe hypotension and hypercapnia. The lung status in these patients was rapidly recovered within days, and they were extubated at 31, 67 hours and 4 days after initiation of ECMO, respectively. Successful weaning of ECMO was complete the next day after extubation in all patients. There was no significant complication related with ECMO in these patients. Mechanical ventilation for the patients with refractory status asthmaticus can have deleterious effects due to worsening dynamic hyperinflation and increase intrathoracic pressure. Early ECMO application is a useful treatment options for these patients failed to conventional therapy. Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex and heterogeneous disease influenced by genetic and environmental factors. In the last decade, previous efforts in finding AD associated loci have identified unprecedented amount of associated loci. However, the previously reported genetic loci explain only a small proportion of the heritability. Thus, further analysis on unrevealed genetic component is required to solve the missing heritability problem. In this context, whole-exome sequencing analysis have gathered much attention to find functional variants with relatively high genetic effects. In the present study, we performed whole-exome sequencing study to identify functional variants responsible for severe AD in Korean childhood. Methods: The case-control samples of 32 severe AD patients and 20 normal individuals were recruited from the Childhood Asthma Atopy Center of Asan Medical Center, diagnosed by physician. The cases and controls were sequenced by Illumina Hi-Seq 2500 with Agilent SureSelectXT Human ALL Exon V4+UTR Kit. Sequence alignment was performed using Burrows-Wheeler Aligner. Variants were called using Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK). We identified 233,254 single nucleotide variants (SNVs), of which 131,321 SNVs passed quality control criteria (HWE p-value<10-3, Missing rate >10%, Minor allele count <2). Of these, 34,991 variants were nonsynonymous SNPs. A Chi-square test was conducted to find disease-associated variants. Results: We identified three missense variants in a 112bp window at ZNF443(p-value<10 -4 ). For p-value<10 -2 , 137 missense variants were discovered. Among them, 2 variants at NLRP10 and CYP24A1 were located nearby previously reported AD associated regions. Functional enrichment analysis showed that 47 SNVs were related with immune related genes such as ZBP1, FBXO38, MTR, TTN. Conclusion: In summary, we identified 137 missense variants susceptible to AD and replicated 2 previously reported loci. To validate the genetic effect of discovered variants, the replication analysis in an independent cohort is required. Most cutaneous molluscum contagiosum (MC) infection occurs in children, but it may be found in adults, especially who have been infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A 37-year-old man presented with multiple pea-sized firm skincolored round papules, which first appeared on the arms and then quickly spread over whole body for last 2 months. He has been treated for severe atopic dermatitis with systemic immunosuppressive therapies for 2 years. Screening test for HIV was negative. The lesions were diagnosed as MC based on histopathologic findings of typical eosinophilic cytoplasmic molluscum inclusion bodies on the acanthotic epidermis as well as dermal inclusion cyst. This is a very unusual case because widespread MC infection in adults was reported in some HIV positive patients. We supposed that our patient's disseminated infection may be related with the combination of perturbed skin barrier and systemic immunosuppressive therapy under severe atopic condition. Backgrounds: Macadamia nut is a tree nut listed as a major allergen to be labelled on pre-packaged foods globally. At least 19 cases of macadamia nut allergy have been reported to date, however, the eliciting allergenic proteins have not been identified and consequently component resolved diagnosis has not been developed. This study aims to identify putative allergenic proteins in macadamia nut by combining patient IgE recognition with an allergenomics approach. The challenge is that macadamia nut genome sequence is only partially complete. Methods: The proteomic profile was studied using a label-free shotgun proteomics approach. As the genome sequence of macadamia nut allergens is not available, homologies to other known allergens and affiliations to protein families were determined. The results from the allergenomic screening method were used to predict potential allergenic proteins and cross-reactivity with other plants particularly. The molecular weight distribution of proteins was determined by gel electrophoresis. Following in-gel digestion with trypsin, proteins were subjected to liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass spectrometry. Based on the shared peptide evidence, the identified proteins were clustered and the allergenic proteins were identified. Immunoreactive proteins were identified by immunoblotting with three patient sera confirmed to exhibit IgE-mediated reaction. Results: Peptides matched to the sequences of 21 allergenic proteins belonging to different protein families such as seed storage proteins (conglutins and vicilins), rubber elongation factor proteins, phosphate binding proteins and detoxifying methylglyoxalases were identified. This included peptide sequence homologies to 5 conglutins, which are known allergens from Lupin angustifolius. Conclusion: Allergenic proteins were confirmed to be seed storage proteins belonging to 11S, 7S and 2S proteins. Significant number of peptide sequence homologies to conglutins from Lupin angustifolius was observed, suggesting that there may be cross-reaction between macadamia and lupin allergens Background: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) triggers multiple inflammatory allergic responses and cytokine release when it binds to high-affinity IgE Fc receptor (FcεRI) on mast cells in atopic dermatitis (AD) and asthma. Anti-FcεRI antibody is a new option for treatment that may block IgE-FcεRI binding and therefore may reduce inflammatory cascade in allergic diseases. However, the potential effects and mechanism of anti-FcεRI antibody remain poorly understood. Objective: We investigated the effect and mechanisms of anti-FcεRI antibody by blocking the combination of IgE-FcεRI antibody in allergic march (AM) mice model. Methods: We developed mice model of AM with three 1-week exposures (separated by 2-weeks interval) to an ovalbumin (OVA) or saline followed by OVA inhalation (challenge). In order to develop a mice model of AM, the day before sacrifice, all mice inhaled 1% OVA as the airway challenge. Anti-FcεRI antibody was administered to the mice intraperitoneally for 4 consecutive days before the end of study. Identification of interleukin (IL)-17 expression was performed by immunohistochemistry and real time PCR on skin and lung specimens. Results: Anti-FcεRI antibody treated AM mice had significantly decreased phenotypes (e.g., clinical score, airway hyperresponsiveness, and pathology) of AD and allergic asthma. In addition, the levels of total IgE, OVA-specific IgG1 and IL-13 in serum were significantly lower in AM mice treated with anti-FcεRI antibody. The level of prostaglandin D2 and the number of mast cells in skin were also decreased in the anti-FcεRI antibody treated with AM mice. Furthermore, the skin and lung expressions of IL-17 were reduced after the treatment of anti-FcεRI antibody. Conclusion: IgE-FcεRI blockade by Anti-FcεRI antibody can suppress the IgE-mediated phenotypes and inflammatory responses in AM. And its mechanism may be the decrease in IL-17 via the suppression of FcεRI-mediated mast cell activation. Background: Anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) is an immunosuppressant derived from horse or rabbit-immunized with human thymus lymphocytes and commonly used for the prevention and treatment of acute rejection in organ transplantation and aplastic anemia. Hypersensitivity to ATG can be life-threatening but there are not many clinical data from the real practice. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of ATG hypersensitivity. Methods: Cases of hypersensitivity reaction to rabbit ATG were retrieved from a database of individual case safety reports in Seoul National University Hospital from 2010 to 2015. Clinical characteristics of hypersensitivity reactions were analyzed according to involved organ system and severity was assessed according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4.03. Results: Among 82 patients, male was 36 (44.4%). The average age was 21.5 ± 19.6. High fever (100%) was the most frequent symptom followed by chill (95%) and cutaneous symptoms (65%) such as itching sense, flushing, urticaria and rash. The following majority of symptoms is gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea. The mean severity was CTCAE grade 2.7 ± 0.9. Although all patients were premedicated with antihistamine and steroid, 51.2% had grade 3 or 4 reactions including cases presented with profound hypotension (36.0%). After the development of ATG hypersensitivity, most patients were able to continue the following ATG infusion by increasing the doses of anti-histamine and steroid (76.5%) or by slowing infusion rate (13.6%), and desensitization (7.4%). Conclusion: ATG hypersensitivity reactions presented as a severe form in half of cases reported. However, most patients with ATG hypersensitivity were able to continue ATG infusion by increasing premedication or modifying infusion protocol. Background: Total serum Immunoglobulin (IgE) is known to be an essential diagnostic tool for atopy and allergic diseases. It is difference according to host factors including sex, age, races. We evaluated the distribution of total IgE levels in Korean children and utility in the diagnosis of atopy and allergic diseases. Methods: In this nationwide cross-sectional study, 3,753 elementary schoolchildren (6-7 yr olds) and 3,930 middle schoolchildren (12-13 yr olds) were enrolled. Total IgE levels were measured and skin prick tests were performed for 18 common inhalant allergens. Children and parents answered the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. We analyzed the diagnostic value of total IgE by using ROC (Receiver operating characteristic) curve and compared total IgE levels according to atopy and allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. Results: The total IgE ranged from 1.5 to 4,523.1 kU/L in elementary schoolchildren and 1.5 to 3,000 kU/L in middle schoolchildren. The median total IgE level was 86.7 kU/L (75th percentile, 292.6 kU/L; 90th percentile, 698.5 kU/L; 95th percentile, 1,200.7 kU/L) in elementary schoolchildren and 94.7 kU/L (75th percentile, 284.3 kU/L; 90th percentile, 625.1 kU/L; 95th percentile, 990.7 kU/L) in middle schoolchildren. The median total IgE level was significantly higher in atopic group defined as any positive SPT (elementary schoolchildren, 246.5 kU/L; P<0.0001, middle schoolchildren, 206.1 kU/L; P<0.0001) and any allergic disease group (elementary schoolchildren, 108.3 kU/L; P<0.0001, middle schoolchildren, 141.2 kU/L; P<0.0001). In ROC analysis of total IgE for diagnosing atopy, AUC was 0.7835 (95% CI, 0.7688-0.7982) in elementary schoolchildren and 0.8165 (95% CI, 0.8032-0.8297) in middle schoolchildren. At the optimal cut-off value of 127.7 kU/L in elementary schoolchildren and 63.0 kU/L in middle schoolchildren, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 67.06%, 75.38%, 65.44%, and 76.70% in elementary schoolchildren and 81.91%, 66.63%, 75.01% and 75.08% in middle schoolchildren respectively. Conclusions: Total serum IgE level was higher in children with atopy or allergic diseases, but the value of total serum IgE as a diagnostic test for atopy is limited due to the low sensitivity and specificity. Severe immediate hypersensitivity reaction (IHR) to contrast media (CM) is one of the legal problems in the hospital. The overall prevalence of IHR was 0.16%-7.7% with nonionic CM. In order to reduce immediate drug adverse reaction and legal problem, prescreening skin testing has been before administration of antibiotics such as penicillin and cephalosporin. It may be important to avoid cross-reactive agent and to select the alternative safe drug. Clinical value of CM prescreening skin testing is controversy. CM prescreening skin testing might be useful for reducing the IHR. We aimed to evaluate the incidence of IHR to nonionic CM in two-step prescreening skin testing group. Method This is a retrospective study. We reviewed CT cases performed between Jan. 2008 and Dec. 2014. All patients were performed skin testing just before their pending nonionic CM-enhanced computed tomogram (CT). Skin testing and CT scan were performed through two-step process. One step; 1 st Skin test was performed with a common nonionic CM. If 1 st skin test negative, nonionic CM-enhanced computed tomogram (CT) was performed. Second step; If 1 st skin test positive, 2 nd skin tests were performed with two other nonionic CM and saline (negative control). If 2 nd skin test negative, 2 nd skin test negative nonionic CM-enhanced CT was performed. If 2 nd skin test positive, clinician gave patients premedication before enhanced CT or exchanged alternative radiologic test without CM. Results IHR were noted in 21 of total 26638 patients (0.08%). 5 of 26638 patients (0.01%) had severe IHR. Symptoms of IHR were nause/vomiting, erythema/urticaria/pruritis,dyspnea, chest tightness, angioedema, hypotension and syncope. Conclusion Nonionic CM prescreening skin testing through two-step process may be useful for reducing IHR and for selecting safe CM. The evaluation of trigger allergen is important for the treatment and prevention of allergic rhinitis (AR). Several nationwide studies revealed that there were regional differences in prevalence of allergy sensitization for individual allergens and allergen types. In this study, using MAST CLA, we evaluate the allergen in AR patients in state level; Gwangju, Jeonnam area. We evaluated the differences in allergic sensitization across the levels of urbanization. Methods A total of 873 patients from Gwangju-Jeonnam region with allergic symptoms underwent MAST. Total nasal score (TNS) and serum total IgE were evaluated. 39 panels were evaluated in MAST and allergens with results greater than class 2(≥0.7 IU/mL) in considered as positive. Prevalence and distributions of allergen-specific IgEs and their correlations to serum total IgE and TNS were analyzed according to levels of urbanization and age. The mean age of study population was 30.3 years. A total of 873 patients enrolled in this study; 513 patients from urban, 327 patients from rural regions. Among study population, 65.8% had positive test results to at least 1 of the 39 allergen and 80.1% of patients had positive test results to multiple allergen. The prevalence of allergic sensitization differed significantly by age. Younger patients tend to had positive test result to perennial allergen. However, older patients tend to had positive test result to seasonal allergen. There was no difference in positive test result between patients from urban and rural areas. Conclusions A large portion of the study population is sensitized to indoor and outdoor allergens. However, the overall prevalence of sensitization and the prevalence of sensitization to individual allergens and allergen type showed no differenced according to the level of urbanization in a state. Background: English walnut (Juglansregia) is one of the most common allergenic foods but the influence of processing on the allergenicity has been scarcely known. This study aims to evaluate the relevant walnut allergens in walnut allergic Korean young children and to examine the influence of different cooking methods on walnut proteins. Methods: Protein extracts from boiled, roasted, and pickled walnuts were compared with that of raw walnut using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Raw walnut protein extracts were immunoblotted with individual sera from 11 children with levels of walnut specific IgE of 0.7kU/L or higher (ImmunoCAP, ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, Mass). Additionally, we produced peanut extract and sera were tested with enzyme linked immunosorbentassay inhibition test. Results: At least 8 or more distinct protein bands (9-108kDa) were visible from raw walnut by SDS-PAGE. The 9-kD (Jug r 3) and 16-kDa (Jug r 1) bands were stable in boiled and roasted walnut. The intensity of9-kD band was even enhanced in roasted and boiled walnut, whereas that of 16-kDa band was slightly decreased in roasted walnut. Meanwhile, the 28-kDa and 60-kDa (Jug r 4) bands profoundly disappeared in roasted walnut. No protein bands were shown in the walnut treated by vinegar for one month. By IgE-immunoblotting with individual sera from walnut-sensitive children, at least 8 protein components were identified. The 60-kDa band corresponding to Jug r 4 wasreacted with 72.5% of patients and the 16-kDa band (Jug r 1) and 9-kDa band (Jug r 3) were reacted with 54.5% of patients. Walnut in the IgE-ELISA was not inhibited by peanut extract. Conclusion: This study indicatesthat IgE-binding bands suspected as Jug r 1, Jug r 3, and Jug r 4 are major problematic allergens in walnut allergic children. Also, the amount of components weighted 28kDa, 47kDa, 60kDawere reduced by heating whereas that of 9kDa and 16kDa were relatively stable. Assessment of Autonomic Nervous Function in Subjects with Cholinergic Urticaria Associated with Acquired Idiopathic Generalized Anhidrosis Midori Fujiwara, Shoko Shindo, Hiroyuki Murota, Mayuko Tahara, Aya Takahashi, Ichiro Katayama Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan Correspondence: Midori Fujiwara -Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A558 Background: Cholinergic urticaria associated with acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis (CU-AIGA) strongly impairs quality of life by tingling of skin surface, increased body temperature, and general fatigue in a warm circumstance. The pathogenesis of this disease remains obscure. Objective: The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between cholinergic urticaria and autonomic function. Methods: Clinical and demographic information of subjects with CU-AIGA consulted to our clinic was summarized retrospectively. Digital blood flow (tissue blood flow, blood volume, and flow velocity) was measured with laser tissue blood flow meter before and after the standing position. Quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART) was used to measure the sweat volume after administration of acethylcholine by iontophoresis. Results: All subjects with CU-AIGA failed to restore the digital blood flow after standing position indicating the impaired autonomic nerve abnormality. Results in QSART showed extremely decreased sweat volume after stimulation with acethylcholine. After therapeutic intervention (e.g. antihistamines, chinese herbal medicine, or steroid pulse therapy), improved these evaluation items was observed in some cases accompanied with urticarial symptom improvement. Conclusion: These results indicated the possible involvement of abnormal autonomic nervous function in cholinergic urticaria. The knowledge of possible causal relationship between CU-AIGA and autonomic nervous function may contribute to formulating the novel therapeutic strategies for this disease. Background: Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), which is produced by inflammasome activation, involves to the various processes of chronic inflammatory diseases. Recently, although inflammsome activation is observed in chronic inflammatory airway diseases, its role in asthma has not yet been studied. The aim of the study was to investigate the relation of sputum IL-1β with inflammatory phenotypes and severity of asthma. Methods: Hypertonic saline induced sputum was obtained from asthma in stable state (n=143) and in exacerbated state (n=48). Differential cell count of induced sputum was done. IL-1β was measured using sandwich ELISA in induced sputum. The levels were analyzed in terms of airway obstruction (FEV1%) and inflammation (neutrophil % and eosinophil % of induced sputum) and exacerbation frequency and lung function over 1 year or longer follow up. Results: IL-1β levels were significantly correlated with the neutrophil cell counts of induced sputum (r=0.186, p=0.010), but not with initial FEV1% in total asthmatics (p>0.05). The correlations of IL-1β levels with neutrophil % (r=0.188, p=0.025) and eosinophil % (r=-0.178, p=0.033) were observed in stable asthmatics. In the exacerbation group, IL-1β levels were inversely correlated with FEV1% (r=-0.326, p=0.024). In long term follow up of stable asthmatics (n=71) over more than 1 year, IL-1β levels were correlated with the follow up FEV1/FVC (r=-0.318 p=0.007). Annual average exacerbation rate was also well correlated with the IL-1β levels in the subjects with neutrophilic inflammation (>70%) in sputum. Conclusion: Sputum IL-1β may be related with neutrophilc inflammation. In exacerbated state and long -term follow up of asthma, sputum IL-1β may also be related with the extent of airway obstruction. These data suggest the IL-1β may participate to airway obsturction and exacerbation frequecy, especially in neutrophilic inflammation. Background: Neutrophilic airway inflammation is often observed in non-atopic adult asthma. Interleukin 8 (IL8) is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine recruiting and activating neutrophils. The relation of IL8 has been revealed with exacerbation of asthma, however its role has not been revealed in terms of prognosis in asthma. The aim of the study was to investigate the relation of sputum IL-8with inflammatory phenotypes, severity and long -term prognosis of asthma. Materials and Methods: Hypertonic saline induced sputum was obtained from asthma in stable state (n=88) and in exacerbation (n=55). Differential cell count was done. IL-8 was measured using sandwich ELISA. The levels were analyzed in terms of airway obstruction (FEV1) and inflammation (neutrophil and eosinophil % of the airway) and exacerbation frequency and lung functions over 1 year or longer follow up. Results: IL-8 levels were significantly correlated with the percentages of neutrophils (r=207, p=0.012) and neutrophils count (r=0.277, p=0.001) in sputum, and inversely with the levels of FEV1% (r=-0.277, p=0.028) in total asthmatics. The correlations of IL-8 levels with percentages of neutrophils (r=0.312, p=0.003) and FEV1% (r=-0.252, p=0.018) were also observed in stable asthmatics. In the exacerbation group, IL-8 levels were inversely correlated with FEV1% predicted values (r=-0.272, p=0.045). In long term follow up over more than 1 year, IL-8levels were positively correlated with annual number of exacerbation (n=109, r=0.227, p=0.017). Conclusion: sputum IL-8 is related with neutrophilc inflammation rather than eosinophilc inflammation of asthma. In long -term follow up of asthma, increase of sputum IL-8 may be one of susceptible factors for frequenct exacerbation. Background: To know the major soluble factors responsible for immunomodulatory effects of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) in an asthmatic mouse, we evaluated the effects of ASCs on allergic inflammation in the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase knockout (IDO-KO) mice and mice treated with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) inhibitor and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) specific neutralizing antibodies. Methods: ASCs were injected intravenously in wild-type (WT) and IDO-KO asthmatic mice. PGE2 inhibitor and TGF-β neutralizing antibodies were injected intraperitoneally on four consecutive days at the approximate time of ASCs injection. We investigated the immunomodulatory effects of ASCs between WT and IDO-KO mice, WT mice treated with and without PGE2 inhibitor, and WT mice treated with and without anti-TGF-β antibodies respectively. Results: In WT and IDO-KO asthmatic mice, ASCs significantly reduced airway hyperresponsiveness, total inflammatory cells and eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), eosinophilic inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, and serum total and allergenspecific IgE and IgG1. ASCs significantly inhibited Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) and enhanced Th1 cytokine (IFN-γ) and regulatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) in the BALF and lung draining lymph nodes (LLNs). Furthermore, ASCs engraftment caused significant increases the regulatory T cells (Tregs) and IL-10 + T cells populations in LLNs. However, when treating mice with PGE2 inhibitor and TGF-β neutralizing antibodies, blocking PGE2 and TGF-β, but not IDO-KO mice, eliminated the immunosuppressive effect of ASCs in allergic airway inflammation. Conclusion: ASCs themselves are capable of secreting PGE2 and TGF-β, which may play a role in inducing Tregs expansion. Furthermore, PGE2 inhibitor and TGF-β neutralizing antibodies eliminated the beneficial effect of ASCs treatment in asthmatic mice, suggesting that PGE2 and TGF-β are the major soluble factors in suppressing the allergic airway inflammation. Recently, the number of patients suffering from allergic diseases such as asthma or rhinitis has increased especially in developed countries. The reason is unclear, but many study have demonstrated that particle pollutants such as diesel exhaust and sand dust may exacerbate allergic responses. Furthermore, several nanometer-to micrometer-sized tiny particulates, such as particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) that is less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter, could enter into the respiratory tract and settle deep in lungs, causing pulmonary chronic inflammation such as asthma. Most particulates including particle pollutants are considered to function as immune adjuvants to enhance allergen-specific type 2 responses. However, the basis for the adjuvanticity of these particulates and the mechanisms by which they elicit type 2 responses remain poorly understood. Here, we show that particulate induce inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) in the lung as a consequence of cell death of alveolar macrophages and IL-1α release. Particulate, alum or silica, was administered by intratracheal (i.t.) instillation and then we analyzed the particulate-induced lung inflammation. A histological analysis showed that, in addition to the infiltration of inflammatory cells, many lymphoid clusters, with the size of 100-300 mm in diameter, were induced in the lung. These clusters were mainly composed of B cells, and were characterized by area of B220 + and CD21 + cells, that is inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT). These clusters contained germinal center (GC) B cell area and T cell areas and generated CD138 + cells (plasmablasts), indicating that alum-induced iBALT structures function as tertiary lymphoid organ in the lung. I.t. alum instillation induced IL-1α released in the lung by alveolar macrophage (AM) cell death, and the number of iBALT formation was clearly reduced in IL-1R-deficient mice. Interestingly, IgE responses were also attenuated in IL-1Rdeficient mice, coincident with decreased number of iBALT structure. Our findings suggest that particulates induce unique immune responses in the lung through AM cell death and tertiary lymphoid organ formation, and that AM-IL-1α-iBALT axis may be a unique therapeutic target of particulate-induced allergic inflammation. Background: The present study sought to investigate the association between smoking and allergic diseases including atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis in the Korean adult general population. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed using data from 33,943 subjects aged 19 years or more who participated in the fourth and fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey performed in 2007-2012, which represents the Korean general population. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the odds ratios of each allergic condition according to the smoking status with adjustment for potential confounding factors including age, sex, region of residence, level of education, income, and alcohol consumption. Results: After adjusting for potential confounders, neither atopic dermatitis nor asthma was associated with the smoking status (p=0.385 and 0.340, respectively). In contrast, compared to never-smokers, the odds of allergic rhinitis was significantly lower in current smokers (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] 0.76 [0.66-0.87], p < 0.001), and higher in ex-smokers (1.16 [1.02-1.32 ], p = 0.028) after adjusting for confounders. Conclusions: The present results may suggest the complex relationship between smoking and allergic conditions. Backgrounds: We previously reported elevation of S100A9 protein in sputum of neutrophilic severe uncontrolled asthmatics compared with stable asthmatics [Annals of allergy, asthma, immunology on 2013 Oct;111(4):268-275] suggesting possible role of S100A9 in neutrophilic severe asthma. IL-1beta(IL-1β) and IL-18, which are released by activated inflammasome, exert neutrophil -activating activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the temporal relationship of S100A9 with inflammasome activation in neutrophilicmurine C57BL/6 mice model using CFA/OVA-sensitization/challenge. Methods: Expression of S100A9, S100A8 mRNA and protein levels and activated caspase-1 were measured in the lung tissues of the CFA/OVA modelusing a RT-PCR, real-time PCR and western blot. Spatial expression of S100A9 protein and inflammasome -related proteins were visualized by immune fluorescent stain. To evaluate the relation of S100A9 on activation of inflammsome, temporal changes of neutrophil infiltration and activation of caspase-1 were analyzed after intra-tracheal administration of 10ug S100A9 protein. Results: S100A9 and P20 -activated caspase-1 started to increase from day 14 and peaked at day 23,earlier than the number of total cells, macrophage and neutrophils significantly increased with concomitant increase of airway resistance at day 23. Neutrophil elastase, S100A9 and activated caspase-1 co-localized on peri-bronchially infiltrating cells and apical portion of bronchial epitheliumusing confocal microscopy. Intra-tracheal instillation of S100A9 protein induced rapid increase of activated caspase-1 in the lung tissue from 2 hr, peaked at 8 hr, then progressively decreased till 80 hr with concomitantincrease of neutrophilsin BAL fluids. Conclusions: S100A9 may induces neutrophilic inflammation via direct activation of inflammsome in the airway. Asthma is a heterogeneous disease and has been classified into several phenotypes on the basis of allergic, inflammatory and clinical manifestations, such as atopic or non-atopic, eosinophilic or neutrophilic, and severe or non-severe subtypes. Cluster analysis is the task of grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group are more similar to each other than to those in other groups. Cluster analysis is applied to development of asthma sub-phenotypes and demonstrated the differences in clinical response to treatment, distinct phenotypes of severe asthma, clustering in extended populations including both asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and clusters using additional parameters such as inflammatory biomarkers and obesity. In the present study, we investigated clusters reflecting the prognosis of asthma in terms of exacerbation over one or more years. Clinical and demographic data on 1843 asthmatics registered in an asthma cohort in Korea were analyzed retrospectively. They were ethnic Koreans. Asthma was diagnosed by physicians on the basis of the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) guidelines. Among them, 632 subjects, who were regularly followed up for longer than 1 year, were included for the analysis after excluding current smokers and exsmokers of 10 pack year or more. At the baseline visit, demographic information such as enrollment age, sex, BMI, asthma onset age, asthma duration, and smoking amount was collected. Uniform cluster analysis method was applied to each population using two-tiered approach, including hierarchical cluster analysis and K-mean cluster analysis. The subjects were classified into 4 major clusters using Ward's method. Age, age of onset, duration of asthma, BMI, atopic status, FEV1%, and ΔFEV1 were robustly different among 4 clusters. Clinical characteristics of 4 clusters are as below: Cluster 1, early-onset with high frequency of atopy and relatively well preserved FEV1; Cluster 2, early-onset with long duration and moderately impaired FEV1; Cluster 3, middle age onset with short duration and severely impaired FEV1; Cluster 4, old age onset with high BMI, but well preserved FEV1. The annual average frequency of exacerbation was significantly different between the clusters (p=0.019), and markedly higher in the cluster 3 (0.46/year). Conclusion Exacerbation-prone asthma phenotype is found by using cluster analysis and clinical characteristics of the phenotype are middle-age onset, short duration, and severely impaired FEV1. Noticing this asthma phenotype can be useful in clinical practice to predict asthma exacerbation. Objective To investigate the expression of Th17 cells and Tregs in the mouse model of Neutrophilic Asthma effects of STAT3 inhibition AG490 Methods 36 female C57BL mice were equally randomly divided into three groups:NA group, NA treated with AG490(NAAG)group, and normal control(NC) group. The above mice were treated as fowllow: Mice in NA group or NAAG group were sensitized by a mixture consists 100ug of ovalbumin(OVA,Grade V) and 0.1ug of lipopolysaccharide(LPS) via airway delivery on the experiment days 0,6,13. Besides, NAAG mice were injected intraperitoneally with AG490 in the dose of 500ug three times a week. In the case of intervention of AG490 encountering sentisization with OVA and LPS, we injected the mice with AG490 30 minutes before they were sensitised through airway dilivery. Once the sensitization stage were finished, mice in NA group and NAAG group were challenged consecutively by exposure to a 1% OVA aerosol produced by an inhalation delivery system for one hour once a day, from day 21 to 22. At the time of 24 hours after the last challenge, all mice were disposed and relative index were measured in time. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) was collected and total white blood cell count was determined on blood cell counting plate, and classification of proportion was determined under the optical microscope with Diff-Quick staining. Lung tissue was separated and HE and PAS stain were done to obseve pathologic changes and goblet cell hyperplasia under the optical microscope. BALF IL-17A cytokine concentration was determined by means of enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent serologic assay(ELISA). Percentages of Th17 cells and Treg cells in the lung tissue were determined by means of Flow cytometry(FCM). Results BALF total cell count, neutrophil percentages and eosinophil percentages count in the NAAG group were lower than that of the NA group (P<0.05), but were still higher than that of the NC group(each P<0.05); Lung tissue pathologic changes and goblet cell hyperplasia were markedly improved in NAAG group compared with that of the NA group,but there were still significant change compared with that of the NC group;BALF IL-17 cytokine concentrations in the NAAG group was lower than that of the NA group, but was still higher than that of the NC group(each P<0.05);Th17 cell percentage in the lung of the NAAG group was lower than that of the NA group, but was still higher than that of the NC group(each P<0.05). Treg cell percentage in the lung of the NA group was higher than that of the NAAG group (each P<0.05). Conclusions Airway inflammation in the mouse model of neutrophilic asthma was improved by early treatment of AG490,which probably via down-regulating the espression of Th17 cells and upregulating the espression of Tregs. Background: The purpose of this study was to characterize the clinical presentation of virus-induced wheezing in bronchiolitis patients younger than 2 years of age. We also aimed to verify whether the clinical index have a good association with the disease severity. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of hospitalized children younger than 2 years old with acute bronchiolitis, which caused by respiratory virus between April 1, 2012 and April 1, 2015 in Severance children's hospital. Specific viral etiologies were detected in nasopharyngeal aspirates by multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction at the time of admission. Clinical severity score, based on the age, respiratory rate, wheezing, chest wall retraction, and percutaneous oxygen saturation at admission; duration of fever, use of oxygen therapy and inhaled corticosteroid within 24 hours after admission were investigated. According to the scores, all patients were divided into a mild to moderate and severe bronchiolitis group. Host factors and type of respiratory viruses, were compared among the severity groups. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to verify the risk factors for severe bronchiolitis. Results: A total of 780 children were studied. A single virus was identified in 530(68%) and multiple viruses in 250(32%). Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RV), RSV+RV, influenza viruses (Flu), human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and parainfluenza virus were detected in 34, 27, 14, 12, 7 and 6 % of samples respectively. RSV and rhinovirus were the viruses most frequently identified in mixed infections. There were no differences in age and severity scores between patients with prevalent viruses (RSV and RV) and those with less common infections. Patients with coinfections were 2.25 times (95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 8.02) more at risk for severe bronchiolitis than those with a single viral infection. Host factors associated with severe bronchiolitis included younger age, prematurity and chronic cardiopulmonary diseases. Type of viruses, personal and family history of allergic diseases was not significantly associated with bronchiolitis severity. Conclusions: We compared the clinical characteristics of respiratory viral infections in wheezy bronchiolitis patients younger than 2 years old. Viral coinfections and host factors, including younger age, prematurity, and chronic cardiopulmonary diseases are risk factors for severe bronchiolitis. Background: Among the patients with serum total immunoglobulin E (TIgE) higher than 1000ku/L, who suffered from respiratory diseases, we could found the majority of them were sensitized to house dust mite (HDM) and Aspergillosis. We aimed to find out if there any correlation with TIgE among serum specific immunoglobulin--E (sIgE) against house dust mite along with Aspergillosis in the patients. Methods: 64 subjects with high level of TIgE were tested for serum sIgE-derp1 and sIgE-Af by using ImmunoCAP 100. Result: 68.8% (44/64) patients were sensitive to HDM while 40.6% (29/64) were sensitive to aspergillosis. What's more, 37.5% (24/64) patients could be detected sIgE (derp1,Af) while 15/64(23.4%) patients were found sIgE(derp1, Af)-free. 20/64 (31.3%) patients were merely sensitive to HDM while 5/64 (7.8%) were sensitive to Aspergillosis. Among the patients with TIgE higher than 1000ku/L, those patients sensitive to HDM was significantly more than those sensitive to Aspergillosis (ka=9.00, t= P<0.01). sIgE-Af (r=0.410) was correlated more with TIgE than sIgE-derp1 (r=0.228) was (P<0.05). Conclusion: Most of the patients with high level of TIgE, complicated with respiratory diseases, were more likely sensitive to HDM rather than Aspergillosis. Compared to sIgE against HDM, sIgE-Af contributed more to the level of TIgE. The detection of sIgE against HDM and Aspergillosis was important for the patients complicated with respiratory and high level of TIgE. The During the last decades, the prevalence of metal contact allergy has been high. Among Danish female patients as well as North American patients, the occurrence of metal sensitization has increased. The importance of metal exposure from fixed orthodontic appliance is under discussion as fixed orthodontic appliance contain metals including nickel, chromium, cobalt and mercury. As our knowledge, it would be the first report about relationship between metal allergy and orthodontics. We investigated the association with prevalence of metals including nickel, chromium, cobalt, and mercury by patch test and orthodontic appliance. Additionally we investigated the coincidence of resin and colophonium sensitization which is adhesive materials of orthodontic appliance with the patients with orthodontic appliance. In total, 150 patients were included and performed patch test. The patients characteristics including orthodontic appliance history were collected with a questionnaire and clinical investigation. The incidence of metal allergy was significantly high in the patients with experience of orthodontic appliance. Especially nickel and cobalt allergy were more significantly correlated with orthodontics history. In metal allergy, orthodontics could be an important role. The atopic triad of allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis are reaching epidemic proportions. Epidemiological studies show that 20-40% of the world population is afflicted with allergies. In local setting, more than 10 million Filipinos are reported to suffer from allergic diseases. Allergies are multifactorial immunological disorders that involve genetic and environmental factors in its development, chronicity and severity. The pathogenesis of allergic diseases involves complex interactions between well-characterized environmental allergens and poorlyunderstood genetic factors. In addition, the decline in the number of infectious stimuli during the development of the immune system may contribute to allergy pathogenesis, a paradigm called "Hygiene Hypothesis" that supports the steep rise of allergies in developed populations. In contrast to the effect of environmental allergens, pathogenic and non-pathogenic microoganisms or their structural components can exert pressure on the immune system to modulate the development of allergic responses. Furthermore, the effect of different polymorphisms may play important role in an individual's predisposition to allergic diseases. In recent years, findings on the combined effect of environmental allergens, genetic polymorphisms, the absence of infections and other environmental factors are starting to converge, producing fascinating results on gene-environment interactions that may explain the development of allergies. Understanding the biochemical nature of allergens and the identification of genetic polymorphisms implicated in allergies has advanced our knowledge on the disease prevalence, healthcare burden and pathogenesis of allergies. Elucidating the mechanisms of interactions between the genes and the allergens involved in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases will help enhance the present medical armamentarium for the diagnosis and therapy of allergies. Background Peanut (PN) and tree nuts (TNs) are well-recognized as major causes of anaphylaxis in Western countries but no information is available in Korea. The purpose of this study was to feature clinical characteristics of anaphylaxis caused by PN, TNs and seeds in Korean children and adolescents. Methods A retrospective medical record review was performed on patients (0~18 years old) diagnosed with anaphylaxis from PN, TNs (walnut, almond, hazelnut, pine nut, cashew nut, pistachio, pecan and macadamia) and seeds (sunflower, sesame and perilla) between 2009 and 2013 in fourteen university hospitals in Korea. One hundred and twenty-six cases of anaphylaxis from PN, TNs and seeds were identified (64.3% in male patients) and the mean age was 4.9 years (0.8-18.9 years), with 81.7% of subjects under seven years old. The number of patients increased from 9 cases in 2009 to 57 cases in 2013. PN accounted for 32.5%, walnut (WN) accounted for 41.3%, pine nut accounted for 7.1%, and other TNs and seeds accounted for 19.1%. The most common system involved was cutaneous (96.0%), followed by respiratory (87.3%) and gastrointestinal (26.2%). The proportion of patients with cardiovascular symptoms was significantly higher in older patients than in younger children (p = 0.001). The time intervals between ingestion of triggering food and onset of symptoms were immediate in 19.0% and less than two hours in 42.9%. Among 104 cases (82.5%) in which serum levels of specific IgE (sIgE) to corresponding allergens were measured, the median values of sIgE to PN, WN and pine nut were 10.50 (0.39-100.00) kU A /L, 8.74 (0.04-100.00) kU A /L and 4.61 (0.60-4.61) kU A /L, respectively. Among 50 cases managed in the emergency department, patients were treated with intramuscular epinephrine in 52.0%, with systemic steroid in 66.0%, with antihistamine in 94.0%, with oxygen in 36.0%, and with bronchodilator in 48.0%. The overall percentage of patients prescribed an epinephrine auto-injector was 48.4%, with no significant differences between age groups. Conclusions Among anaphylaxis caused by PN, TNs and seeds in Korea, WN, PN and pine nut were the 3 most common triggers in order, and 9 other kinds of TNs and seeds were also identified as triggers. About 82% of cases were in children under the age of seven. The median levels of sIgE to PN and WN were 10.50 kU A /L and 8.74 kU A /L, respectively, and some of cases showed remarkably low sIgE levels, and < 0.35 kU A /L in three subjects. * This study was done by Food Allergy and Atopic Dermatitis Study Group in the Korean Academy of Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Diseases. Perilla (Perilla frutescens) seed, also known as wild sesame seed is one of the popular spices in Asia but serious allergic reactions to perilla seed have been rarely reported. Herein we report two cases of anaphylaxis caused by perilla seed in children. A 25-month-old boy presented to the outpatient clinic at Ajou University Hospital with previous experiences of urticaria and facial angioedema immediately after ingestion of soup containing perilla seed powder at ages of 13 months and 21 months. He had past history of asthma and previous experience of lip angioedema after ingesting kiwi for the first time at 9 months old. As the specific IgE (sIgE) test to perilla seed is not commercially available, the sIgE to sesame seed, which belongs to Lamiales like perilla, was measured instead. The sIgE level to sesame seed was 2.98 kU A /L at 25 months, and was 3.37 kU A /L at 4 years of age. The sIgE level to kiwi was 1.42 kU A /L and multiple allergosorbent test chemiluminescent assay (MAST CLA) revealed no remarkable sensitization to inhalant allergens. To confirm the causal relationship, an open oral food challenge (OFC) with perilla seed powder was performed when he was 4 years old. Immediately after the contact of extremely small amount of perilla seed powder around his lips, he developed urticaria, facial angioedema, cough and rhinorrhea. He was treated with intramuscular epinephrine, after which his symptoms resolved completely. The second patient, a 5-year-old boy, presented to the outpatient clinic with a previous history of urticaria, lip angioedema, pruritis of tongue and hoarseness immediately after ingestion of seaweed soup containing perilla seed a few months before. He had past history of asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis and was previously diagnosed as allergic to egg white and peanut. He also had oral allergy syndrome to kiwi fruit. Moderate sensitization to alder, birch and white oak was noted in MAST CLA and sIgE levels to sesame seed, egg white, peanut and kiwi were 1.01 kU A /L, 1.47 kU A /L, 2.82 kU A /L and 3.19 kU A /L, respectively. The OFC test with perilla seed was not performed in this patient because his initial symptoms were compatible with anaphylaxis. For the etiologic confirmation, Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) and IgE western blot with crude extract of perilla seed produced in our own laboratory are in progress for both patients. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of anaphylaxis caused by perilla seed in children. Background: Particulate matter (PM) associated with more wheezing episodes, increased risk of asthma symptoms and respiratory tract infection in children. However, the impact of prenatal exposure to indoor PM on the health of children is poorly understood yet. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a critical role in responses induced by air pollution. Objective: To investigate whether prenatal exposure to indoor fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) affects susceptibility to wheezing in children, and to determine whether genetic factor modify this environmental effect. Methods: The study population consisted of the 323 children with indoor PM 2.5 data in a birth cohort. Recurrent wheezing was determined as 2 or more wheezing episodes diagnosed by physicians in the first 2 years of age. Indoor PM 2.5 was measured during pregnancy. Genotyping for TLR4 (rs1927911) was performed by TaqMan. Results: Prenatal indoor PM 2.5 exposure increased the risk of recurrent wheezing in 2 years of age (aOR 3.52; 95% CI 1.50-8.30). TLR4 CC increased the effect of prenatal indoor PM 2.5 exposure on recurrent wheezing (aOR 7.00; 95% CI 1.41-34.73; p for interaction 0.153). Conclusion: Indoor PM 2.5 exposure during the prenatal period increased susceptibility to recurrent wheezing. This effect was modified by polymorphisms in TLR4. Reducing PM 2.5 exposure from the prenatal period may prevent wheezing in susceptible children. Background B-lymphocytes (BL) play a critical role in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). BL depletion therapy still remains an attractive option, despite the disappointing results of RCTs. Methods Twelve SLE patients [2 males, mean age 43.8 yrs (29-54)] with polyarthralgia and multiorgan involvement including class IV or III/V (ISN/RPS) glomerulonephritis (9 cases), skin lesions (9 cases, with necrotizing ulcers in3), polyneuropathy (7cases, with CNS involvement in 2), lymphoadenopathy (6) e polysierositis (5) have been treated withan IBLD protocol for intolerance to conventional immunosuppressive therapy (6 cases) or as a front line therapy (6 cases). Protocol: Rituximab 375 mg/sm on days 1, 8, 15, 22 , and 2 more doses after one and two months, associated with 2 IV administrations of 10 mg/kg of cyclofosfamide, and 3 infusions of methylprednisolone (15 mg/kg) followed by oral prednisone (0.8 mg/die, rapidly tapered to 5 mg/day in 10 weeks). No further immunosuppressive maintenance therapy has been given. Results IBLD obtained a complete depletion of CD20+ BL for 12-18 months. Patients had been followed-up for 48.9 (25-93) months. A significant decreases (p<0.05) were found in the levels of ESR (baseline mean value: 54.2 mm; 3 months: 33; end of follow-up: 14.9), anti-dsDNA antibodies (baseline: 192 U; 3 months: 112; end of follow-up: 17) and proteinuria (baseline: 4.9 g/24 hours; 3 months: 0.97; end of followup: 0.22). Conversely, C4 values (baseline 11 mg/dl) significantly increased (p<0.05) after 3 months (22 mg/dl) and at the end of the follow-up (20 mg/dl). Three patients relapsed after 36, 41 and 72 months, respectively. They showed again a complete remission after retreatment over 13-48 months of observation. These data confirm the opportunity to reconsider the regimens of BL depletion in the treatment of the most severe forms of SLE despite the disappointing results of RCTs. A promising role of Rituximab in protocols of "intensified induction therapy" in selected patients for whom avoiding immunosuppressive maintenance therapy is particularly appealing can be envisaged. Objective: To explore the role of Th17 cells in neutrophilic airway inflammation in childhood neutrophilic asthma. Methods: Twenty-eight children with exacerbated asthmatics without using any corticosteroids were divided into three groups: eosinophilic asthma group (EA group) (n = 12), neutrophilic asthma group (NA group) (n = 10) and paucigranulocytic asthma (PGA group) (n = 6) according to induced sputum cytology.Ten healthy children were recruited as healthy control group (HC group) (n =10). Th17, Th2 cells in peripheral blood and Ki-67, STAT5, BCL-2 expressed in Th17 cells were detected by flow cytometry. Expression of RORγt-mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction .Concentrations of IL-17, IL-8 and IL-5 in induced sputum supernatant, as well as concentrations of IL-17 in plasma and in the culture supernatant from PMA-stimulated PBMC were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The percentage of Th17, Ki-67+Th17, STAT5+Th17, BCL-2+Th17 cells in peripheral blood and expression level of RORγt-mRNA in PBMC were significantly higher in NA group than in EA group, PGA group and HC group (both P<0.01). The level of IL-17 and IL-8 in sputum and level of IL-17 in culture supernatant from PMA-stimulated PBMC were significantly higher in NA group than in EA group, PGA group and HC group (both P<0.01). The percentage of Th2 cells in peripheral blood and level of IL-5 in sputum supernatant were significantly higher in EA group than in NA group, PGA group and HC group (both P<0.01). The percentage of Th17 cells in peripheral blood, the levels of IL-17 in sputum and PBMC culture supernatant, and the level of IL-8 in sputum supernatant were all correlated positively with the percentage of neutrophils in sputum. Conclusions Both Th17 cells and Th2 cells are involved in the pathogenesis of asthma in children. Th17 cells and IL-17 may mediate neutrophilic airway inflammation in asthma, indicating an important role for Th17 cells in childhood neutrophilic asthma. Th17 cells may be maintain their survival through activation of the JAK/STAT5 signaling pathway. Determination of the values of specific physiologic tests has not been well studied in long-term asthma management in preschool children. We sought to determine the utility of impulse oscillometry in a long-term management in preschool children after asthma exacerbation. Methods 40 outpatients, aged 3 to 5 years old, with mild-to-moderate asthma exacerbation from Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University were enrolled. The impulse oscillometry was performed immediately after enrollment (T 0 ). And then during 24 weeks of therapy with inhaled corticosteroid, which were adjusted according to GINA report, impulse oscillometry was performed at 4 (T 1 ), 12 (T 2 ) and 24 (T 3 ) weeks separately for every children. The differences of resistance at 5Hz (R5), resistance at 20Hz (R20), R5-R20, resonant frequency (Fres) and low frequency integrated reactance from 5Hz to Fres (AX), among four visits were measured by repeated-measures analysis. For the 40 children, 26 were boys, the average age was 3.68±0.58 years old, the weight was 17.74±3.17 kg and the height was 103.95±6.49 cm. R5 was 1.27±0.33, 1.12±0.26, 1.01±0.26 and 0.89±0.24 kPa/L/s at T 0 , T 1 , T 2 and T 3 separately and the differences were significant when compared in pairs. R20 was 0.77±0.19, 0.67±0.16, 0.66±0.16 and 0.59±0.15 kPa/L/s separately, and the differences were significant except between T 1 and T 2 . R5-R20 was 0.50±0.24, 0.45±0.18, 0.35±0.19 and 0.30±0.20 kPa/L/s separately, and the differences were significant except between T 0 and T 1 . The Fres was 25. 38±6.91, 22.70±3.19, 21.41±2.40 and 20.13±2.69 Hz separately, and the differences were significant. The AX was 4.29±1.91, 3.23±1.33, 2.48±1.28 and 1.81±0.90 kPa/L separately, and the differences were significant. In preschool children, with the management of asthma after exacerbation, lung function assessed by impulse oscillometry improved in different degrees. R5, Fres and AX may reflect the ongoing improvements. Assessment of respiratory mechanics over time with oscillometry might offer useful insights into the response of asthmatic preschool children to therapy. Further studies should focus on longer term of management and the relationship between impulse oscillometry and airway inflammations. Sulfites are in widespread use as preservatives or antioxidants even in cosmetic products. It was published that sodium metabisulfite could be a marker for sulfite allergy in cometics. However contact allergy to sodium sulfite is less well recognized. The relationship with sodium sulfite and cosmetic contact dermatitis is rarely known. We sought to establish the prevalence of positive patch test reactions to sodium sulfite in our patient population with facial cosmetic contact dermatitis. 130 patients with facial contact dermatitis were included and performed Korean standard patch tests, some of cosmetic patch tests and sodium sulfite patch test. In result, positive allergic reactions occurred to sodium sulfite in 3.5% of the tested patients. Clinically the patients with sodium sulfite positive reaction showed aggravation of facial symptoms after using cosmetic products including sulfites. Interestingly these patients experienced aggravation after eating sulfite containing food including dried fruit, fried potato and canned food, etc. Effect of Exposure to Air Pollution on Asthma and Lung Function Development Hyung Young Kim 10 , Byoung-Ju Kim 1 , Ji-Won Kwon 2 , Ju-Hee Seo 3 , Eun Lee 4 , So-Yeon Lee 5 , Song-I Yang 6 , Young-Ho Jung 7 , Hyo-Bin Kim 8 , Ho-Jang Kwon 9 , Hee Ju Park 10 Conclusions: RCM skin testing for screening shows no efficacy to predict adverse reactions. The incidence of adverse reactions was relatively higher in ICM than gadolinium contrast. Among ICMs, iobitridol may develop adverse reactions more frequently, and more serious ones. Oral food challenge (OFC) is the gold standard for the diagnosis of food allergy, but in many cases, we would reduce the OFC if we can predict the outcome of OFC. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between clinical characteristics and the outcome of cow's milk (CM) OFC. Medical records of 44 children who underwent CM OFC, from January 2013 to March 2015 at Ajou University Hospital, were reviewed. Data were analyzed to determine the relationship between OFC outcome and clinical parameters, including specific IgE (sIgE) levels to milk and casein measured before OFC. Twenty-nine of 44 patients (65.9%) were male, and the mean age was 3.3 years (6-177.6 months) with 95.5% aged 12 months or over. Thirteen had no history of CM ingestion and 31 had previous history of immediate reactions after CM ingestion (OFC performed for detection of clinical tolerance). Among them, 64.5% reported acute urticaria and 32.3% experienced anaphylaxis at initial CM ingestion. The number of subjects who passed OFC (successfully ingested cumulative dose of 200 mL of CM without allergic reactions, Group P) was 30 out of 44 (68.2%). Among the 14 children who failed OFC (Group F), cutaneous symptoms were reported in 100%, while upper respiratory, lower respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms were noted in 35.7%, 7.1% and 14.3%, respectively. Seven patients experienced anaphylaxis (three of them with anaphylaxis history on initial CM ingestion) but none of them had cardiovascular or nervous symptoms during OFC. The median cumulative dose of CM at symptom onset during OFC was 22.0 mL. The median level of milk-sIgE in Group F was higher than that in Group P (5.04 kU A /L vs 1.42 kU A /L, p = 0.003), and the median level of casein-sIgE in Group F was also higher than that in Group P (7.56 kU A /L vs 0.53 kU A /L, p=0.003). Using receiver operating characteristic curves, the optimal cutoff points for milk-sIgE and casein-sIgE in children aged 12 months or over, were 1.71 kU A /L and 7.00 kU A /L, respectively. The number of subjects younger than 12 months was only two, so the optimal cutoff points in this group were not obtained. Initial levels of milk-sIgE and casein-sIgE, age at OFC, and anaphylaxis at initial CM ingestion were not significantly related with the outcome of OFC. Past history of asthma was a significant factor associated with increased risk of OFC failure (p=0.045) in crude analysis, but the relation was not significant after adjustment with confounding factors. The levels of sIgE to milk and casein were significantly higher in patients who failed CM OFC compared to those in cases who passed OFC. The cutaneous symptoms occurred in all patients who failed OFC, and 7 patients experienced anaphylaxis during OFC. The comorbidity of asthma was the only significant factor associated with increased risk of OFC failure in crude analysis. Background: Spatial and temporal variability in seasonal pollen concentrations can confound the results of field studies for new allergy medications. Allergen exposure facilities such as the Red Maple Trials Allergen Challenge Theatre™ (ACT) provide stable, controlled pollen concentrations year round and offer an alternative to field studies. A full scale validation of the ACT for ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) pollen challenge was performed. Methods: The ACT is a 4-zone facility holding up to 100 seats in a series of elevated rows. Pollen was injected into the air supply and blown into the facility through ducts located across the top of the front wall. Pollen concentrations in the ACT were measured using laser particle counters (LPC) and impact samplers (IS). For the technical validation, LPC were used to assess the long-term stability of pollen levels; IS were used to determine pollen uniformity at 15 locations in the room. For the clinical validation, thirty ragweed allergic subjects were exposed to ragweed for 4 hours on two separate days to assess the reproducibility of rhinitis symptoms. Pollen was monitored at 30 min intervals by 3 IS located in the patient seating area. Results: Three-hour stability results were comparable for LPC (5107 ± 244 g/m 3 ) and IS (4858 ± 414 g/m 3 ). Uniformity testing gave an average ragweed concentration of 4,622 g/m 3 ; with a front-to-back SD of ± 544 g/m 3 and a side-to-side SD of ±333 g/m 3 . For the subject challenges, the mean 4-hour pollen concentration was 3,929 g/m 3 for Day 1 and 4,099 g/m 3 for Day 2. Plateau (2-4 hour) nasal symptom scores were 6.28 ± 1.49 and 6.19 ± 2.14, p=0.74, respectively. Ocular symptom scores were 2.82 ± 1.4 and 2.93 ± 1.82, p=0.59, respectively. Conclusion: The validation studies showed that ragweed pollen levels in the ACT could be maintained stable over long periods. Subjects responded to the allergen challenge with reproducible rhinitis symptoms on different days. Facilities such as the ACT can provide a suitable means to test new allergy medications. Rationale: Allergen challenge chambers expose allergen-sensitive subjects to a predetermined concentration of allergen in a closed, controlled environment and provide a mechanism to induce clinical symptoms and measure the effect of medication. Methods: The Red Maple Trials (RMT) Allergen Challenge Theatre (ACT) is a 4-zone facility holding up to 100 seats in a series of elevated rows. Grass pollen (Phleum pratense) was injected into the air supply and blown into the facility through ducts located across the top of the front wall. A technical validation was performed to determine stability and uniformity of pollen concentrations in the room. Pollen counts were measured by a laser particle counter (LPC) positioned 5 ft above floor level and by impact samplers (IS) set at face level. IS were installed in 5 sections of a T-shaped quadrant and measurements taken every 30 minutes for 180 minutes. To evaluate the clinical response to grass pollen exposure, subjects with a history of grass allergy and positive skin prick test underwent two 3-hour challenges to grass pollen. Nasal and ocular symptom scores were recorded at baseline and every 30 min during the challenge. Results: For the technical validation, pollen counts measured by LPC were stable for 3 hours at 4,800 ± 500 g/m 3 . LPC pollen counts correlated well with IS counts over a range from 1,500 to 7,500 g/m 3 (LPC =0.849IS -269.0, r 2 =0.85). Mean pollen counts in each of the 5 sections of the quadrant ranged from 2,821 ±303 to 5,726 ±249. For the clinical validation, 17/32 patients had at least one Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS) ≥5 at challenge 1. In these subjects, mean change from baseline TNSS was 4.35±2.32 for challenge 1 and 4.94±2.41 at challenge 2, p=0.48. Total ocular symptom scores (TOSS) were 1.29±1.31 and 2.29±2.17, p=0.029, respectively. The Red Maple Trials ACT demonstrated the capacity to achieve and maintain a stable grass pollen concentration associated with the ability to induce nasal and ocular symptoms of appropriate intensity upon a three-hour allergen challenge. The Association Between Tobacco and the Risk of Asthma in Urban and Rural Children in San Francisco, Argentina Hector Badellino 4 , Alvaro Teijeiro 1 , Mabel Cuello 1 , Marilyn Urrutia Pereira 2 , Gustavo Egues 3 1 Pediatric Hospital, Argentina; 2 Brazilian Sociaty, Brazil; 3 Hospital Santa Caterina, Spain; 4 Clínica Regional Del Este, Argentina Correspondence: Hector Badellino -Clínica Regional Del Este, Argentina World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A584 Background Exposure to parental smoking is associated with wheeze in early childhood. There are plenty of papers showing the relationship between parental smoking in urban settings but very few in rural settings. Aim To examine the association between maternal and paternal smoking and prevalence of asthma. Following ISAAC Study procedures, parents of children aged 6-7 years, living in San Francisco, Argentina , and surrounding rural areas were asked about symptoms of asthma, maternal smoking in the child's first year of life and current maternal and paternal smoking Results A total of 1315 urban and 572 rural children were studied Maternal and paternal smoking was associated with an increased risk of asthma, although the magnitude of the ORs is higher in the rural setting There was a strong interaction between maternal and paternal smoking. This study has confirmed the importance of parental smoking, mainly in the rural setting. The Prevalence of Allergic Rhinitis in University Students in Manisa Ayse Aktas Celal Bayar University School of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A585 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Allergic rhinitis (AR) is the most common chronic and allergic disease in adults. Prevalence ranges from 11.7% to 21.2% in adults in Turkey. AR leads to substantial socioeconomic costs and loss in quality of life. It typically begins in childhood or adolescence. Hereditary factors and gender plays an important role in the development. The prevalence of self-reported and physician-diagnosed AR exhibits significant variability across the seven geographical regions in Turkey. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of AR in the Turkish adult population. METHODS An epidemiological study was planned among the students of Celal Bayar University from various regions of Turkey to find the prevalence of allergic rhinitis and search for geographical differences in Turkey. A questionnaire was designed to collect data on sociodemographic features, symptoms of allergic rhinitis, and any prior diagnosis of allergic rhinitis made by a physician. A questionnaire related with allergic rhinitis and asthma was asked to 1086 students (454 males, 632 females). The current prevalences of the seasonal and perennial rhinoconjunctivitis, urticaria and eczema, drug intolerances, pollen and pet animal hypersensitivities were 20.7%, 22.5%, 4.6%, 16.3% and 0.2% respectively. All of hypersensitivities reaction rates were distinctively more common in the females. Seasonal rhinitis and pollen allergy were more prevalent in west (22.1%) region than northern region (12.0%). No significant geographical difference was observed regarding the drug and pet hypersensitivities. Our study has shown the importance of asthma and allergic diseases as a public health problem. Explanation of the observed geographical differences needs further studies. Allergen Sensitization in Zimbabwean Children with Atopic Dermatitis Jin-Kyong Chun 1 , Hilda Angela Mujuru 1 , Elopy N Sibanda 2 1 University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe; 2 Asthma Allergy and Immune Dysfunction Clinic Correspondence: Jin-Kyong Chun -University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A586 Background: The identification of food allergens implicated in the manifestation of atopic dermatitis is central to the prevention of serious hypersensitivity reactions and avoiding unnecessary and costly elimination diets. We investigated the profile of allergens sensitized in Zimbabwean children presenting with atopic dermatitis. Methods: Total 111 pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis attending an allergy clinic of Zimbabwe were evaluated with Euroimmun®immunoblotting assays from Jan. 2010 to Dec. 2014. The median age of subjects was 5 years of age (range: 0-16 years of age). Total of 14 allergens were tested in each patient. Results: 56.8% (63/111) were sensitized to at least one food allergen. Potato-specific IgE was detected with highest frequency as 32/111 (28%). Two-thirds 64.5% (40/62), of the tested children under 7 years of age were food allergen sensitized. Approximately half, 47% (23/49) of children older than 7 years were sensitized. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (relative risk: 1.39, 95%CI: 0.96-1.99). In terms of egg allergy, there was a statistically significant difference between the under and over 7 years of age groups (relative risk: 1.89, 95%CI: 1.47-2.50, P < 0.001). Among 63 patients who showed positive result, 40 patients (63%) showed multiple sensitizations to more than 3 allergens. 89% of patients who have wheat allergy also showed sensitization against rice as well. There was no concordance between milk allergy and soy allergy. Peanut sensitization was found in 27% of enrolled patients, 2/3 of patients with peanut allergy showed cross-reactivity with hazelnut. The most serious adverse effect of peanut allergy in this population was the oral allergy syndrome. There was no serious anaphylactic reaction in patients with peanut or potato allergy. Conclusions: Food allergen sensitization is common amongst children with atopic dermatitis. The highest sensitogens, potato and peanut were not associated with severe allergic reactions. Egg allergy is predominantly seen in children under 7 years of age. Background Vitamin D has important functions in the immune system. In recent years, several studies have reported an association between vitamin D levels, atopy, asthma and respiratory tract infections. Objective We aimed to investigate whether vitamin D insufficiency in asthmatic adults associates with atopy, poor asthma control, and more frequent respiratory tract infections, and whether these patients can benefit from vitamin D supplementation. The study included 62 adult patients diagnosed with asthma. At the first visit, patients underwent pulmonary function testing, skin prick testing with panel of aeroallergens, and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels were measured. Asthma Control Test (ACT) questionnaires were administered and records were obtained regarding number of visits to a medical centre for respiratory tract infections for the previous year. Subsequently, patients with vitamin D deficiency received 2000 I.U. vitamin D3 daily for 6 months (from October to March). At the end of that period, all patients were reassessed. Seventeen patients (27%) were found to have vitamin D levels lower than 30 ng/ml, considered to be insufficient. These patients had poorer asthma control as indicated by ACT scores, and had a significantly higher rate of allergic sensitization, compared to the vitamin D sufficient asthmatics. Patients with vitamin D insufficiency had an average number of medical visits for respiratory infections the previous year of 3.94, while after vitamin D supplementation the average was 2.17. ACT scores increased significantly at the end of the 6 month period, while spirometric values did not change significantly. We found that vitamin D insufficiency in patients with asthma correlates with allergic sensitization. Vitamin D supplementation in these patients resulted in better asthma control, possibly due to fewer episodes or respiratory tract infections. Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHR) are a common public health problem. Recent studies have confirmed that the frequency of drug allergy is overestimated by both patients and physicians. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and characteristics of DHR in university students. Data about the epidemiology of DHR in outpatient populations is relatively scarce. This study is designed to determine the prevalence of self-reported drug hypersensitivity and related factors among young adults. METHODS A structured questionnaire was administered to the university students. A total of 1085 students (mean age:21.16+1.90 years, F/M:631/454) from all grades responded to the survey. The mean prevalence of self-reported drug hypersensitivity was 4.6% (49/1085). The most frequently involved drugs were antibiotics 28 (68.3%), followed by analgesisc (26.8%). The most common allergic reactions were rash 53.2%, and cardiovascular reactions 12.8%, respiratory reactions 4.3%, aforementioned two systems involvement were 22.3%, anaphylaxis 7.4%. Personal history of allergic diseases 11%, family history of drug hypersensitivity 22.4%. There was no differences in the prevalence of drug allergy in female patients compared with male patients. The mean age of first drug allergy reaction year was 13±7.2. Five hundred fifty five (57.4%) students had antibiotics and 641(65.7%) students had analgesics in case of need. The mean prevalence of self-reported drug hypersensitivity was 4.6% in this study. Antibiotics and analgesics are the two drug families most frequently suspected. Among the self-reported drug hypersensitivity reactions, the most common manifestations are cutaneous symptoms. Drug provocation tests need to be included in diagnostic protocols in order to evaluate suspected DHR. This study showed that self-reported hypersensitivity reactions to drugs is highly prevalent and the education of both patients and physicians on the management of drug hypersensitivity seems to be necessary. Sublingual Immunotherapy Among Problematic Patients, Suffering from Allergic Rhinitis Nataly Tataurshchikova Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Russia World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A589 One of the key strategic ways of allergic diseases treatment is the update of methodology and creation of new immunothropic drugs for sublingual immunotherapy or SLIT, that determine mucosal tolerance development process. Combination of allergic rhinitis and palindromic herpetic infection (HSV and/or ÑMV) is usually characterized by rapid mucosal immunity barrier function violation, mucosal barrier permeability change and inevitable progress of allergic disease. Taking in consideration high prevalence of herpetic infection spread among patients, suffering from allergic diseases, search of optimal SLIT treatment schemes is becoming significantly important. Purpose of the current study is to evaluate SLIT effectiveness among immunocompromised patients, suffering from allergic rhinitis, using up-to-date tableted allergen extract (produced in Kazakhstan). Within open prospective research effectiveness and tolerance of SLIT course, maintained using up-to-date tableted allergen extract, produced in Kazakhstan was analyzed among 30 patients aged 18 to 40, suffering from allergic rhinitis (3 to 10 years) and herpetic infection (HSV and/or ÑMV). Among SLIT effectiveness criteria: VASvisual analog scale, SMS -symptom medication score, patients' adherence to treatment continuation. Laboratory effectiveness evaluation was conducted using profile cytokine evaluation (immunoenzyme method, proinflammatory -α-TNFtumor necrosis factor, IL-8, γ -INF, antiphlogistic -IL-4 of serum and local fractions. Material for studyblood serum, taken fasting from ulnar vein and nasal lavage. Assessment result -excellent and good effect was stated among 73% (21) patients. Among them, 20 patients (68,9%) noted the decrease in pharmaco-medicine need when contacting corresponding allergen., overall health status improvement -21 patients (73%). None of the patients claimed main disease flow worsening. Cytokine profile research after treatment showed IL-4 and ϒ -INF content level normalization both in local and serum fractions. Among 5 patients (16,6%) rapid increase of IL-8 è TNF -α in local fractions was stated before treatment, and it was the key reason to change SLIT mode and to add immunomodulating therapy. 27 patients (93%) agreed to continue treatment next year. Conclusions Full SLIT course was successfully implemented to all patients using modern tableted allergen extract (produced in Kazakhstan), despite violations in virus defense system and mucosal immunity system. Stated change in α-TNF and IL-8 content level among a group of patients allowed to change SLIT mode and complete the course successfully. SLIT using modern tableted medicine among immunocompromised (problematic) patients, suffering from allergic diseases is a successful and high effective method and complies with all criteria of rational pharmacotherapy. A Novel Biomarker for Wheezing and Atopy in Early Infancy Eishika Dissanayake 1 , Yuzaburo Inoue 1 , Naoki Shimojo 1 , Taiji Nakano 2 1 Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; 2 Chiba University Correspondence: Eishika Dissanayake -Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A590 Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases including atopy and asthma. We investigated whether we could identify serum microRNAs in early childhood that could be used to predict the development of wheezing in children. The study protocol was approved by the Committee on Human Research of Chiba University. Preliminary microarray analysis revealed the dysregulation of several miRNAs including hsa-miR-185-5p. The samples used in this study were from the birth cohort samples consisting of cord blood, 1-year and 2-year samples. The samples were categorized according to wheezing status and allergen-specific IgE levels at 2 years. Children with more than 3 episodes of wheezing during the preceding 12 months were considered "wheezers", while those without were "non-wheezers". MiRNAs were extracted from the serum of birth cohort samples using a commercial column-based kit. The hsa-miR-185-5p levels were quantified using real-time PCR. Ce_miR-39_1 was used as the spike-in-control and the difference in expression level of the hsa-miR-185-5p and Ce_miR-39_1 was used as the cycle threshold (ΔCt). The data was analyzed using nonparametric tests on GraphPad Prism version 6.0. The hsa-miR-185-5p levels were significantly elevated between the ages of 1 and 2 years in non-wheezers at the age of 2 years, while the levels were consistent in wheezers. This suggests that increase of hsa-miR-185-5p levels may be a negative indicator of recurrent wheezing and potentially asthma in later childhood. We did not see any correlation between allergen-specific igE levels and hsa-miR-185-5p. Hsa-miR-185-5p may be a useful to identify potential wheezing during the first years of life. The target genes and the regulators of this miRNA are being verified. Background. The incidence of atopic dermatitis has markedly increased in this recents recent years. Atopic dermatitis develops due to interacting genetic and environmental factors. There is a lack of information on predictors of atopic dermatitis in vaginally born babies in low-income populations. Objective. To describe risk markers of atopic dermatitis for the occurrence of atopic dermatitis in low-income population in Indonesia. Methods. Prospective survival analysis study was done in babies born vaginally in Kemayoran Community Health Centre in Central Jakarta over a 10 months period. Occurrence of atopic dermatitis until the age of 10 months was diagnosed based on Hanifin-Rajka criteria. Prognostic factors for the development of atopic dermatitis were analyzed by SPSS Statistic 20 using Kaplan-Meier test and Cox regression model with a level of significance < 0.05. Results. Some 400 healthy term infant were enrolled into this study. Male-to-female ratio was 1.04:1. The mean age at of the onset of atopic dermatitis was 5.4 months (ranging from 1 until 10 months). Family income varied from only 15 to 769 US$/ month with a mean income of 150 US$. Atopic dermatitis occurred in 53 (13.3%). Smoking, number of people in the house and number of siblings in the family were not associated with the occurrence of atopic dermatitis in bivariate analysis. Atopic family history, higher degree of mother's education and not being exclusively breastfed predicted occurrence of atopic dermatitis. In multivariate analysis only atopic family history (HR 5.0, 95% CI 2.3-10.9) and lower mother's education (HR 0.5, 95% CI 0.2;0.9) were identified as prognostic factors. Conclusion. Atopic family history and higher mother's education are independent prognostic factors for the occurrence of atopic dermatitis in infants from low income population in Indonesia. The introduction of monoclonal antibodies into clinical oncology yielded survival benefits for cancer patients by selectively targeting tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Current research aims at making these immunotherapies even more effective. One promising approach is to use antibody classes other than IgG such as IgE. This study thus investigates the potential of specific anti-HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor-2) IgE antibodies in a vaccination approach comparing wildtype (wt) with transgenic hyper-or hypo-IgE mice. Methods Three different mice strains were employed: wt BALB/c mice, KN1 mice displaying 4-to 6-fold elevated mean serum IgE levels (1), and DM1M2 transgenic mice that lack the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of membrane-bound IgE resulting in reduced serum IgE levels down to 5% of wt mice (2) . Each strain was divided into groups 1-4 (n=8): Groups 1. were immunized against HER-2 prior to tumor grafting, 2. against irrelevant antigen BSA, 3. passively received the anti-HER-2 IgG mouse monoclonal antibody 4D5, 4. remained naïve. Then, all mice were grafted with D2F2E2 tumor cells overexpressing HER-2 and monitored for tumor growth and survival. When remaining naïve, all KN1 hyper-IgE mice showed significantly slower tumor growth and longer survival compared to the wt BALB/c controls and DM1M2 hypo-IgE mice. In all strains of mice passive immunotherapy with 4D5 rendered significant survival benefits compared to the untreated groups. Vaccination against HER-2 resulted in the overall longest survivals and lead to significant survival benefits compared to naïve as well as passively 4D5 antibody treated groups. Most importantly, all KN1 hyper-IgE mice showed a significant survival benefit independent of any of the treatments. Active vaccination surmounts the effects of passive antibody therapy in the mouse model, but the presence of IgE tops the antigenspecific experiments. This study therefore suggests that IgE antibodies may play a significant role in innate cancer surveillance as well as during active anti-cancer immune responses. Results: After excluding subjects with insufficient test compound intake, 29 in placebo and 34 in FOS groups were analyzed. There were no differences of the characteristics between 2 groups. The concentrations of IL-27 in colostrum samples were significantly higher in the FOS group (range: <0.156-46.6 ng/ml; median: 2.4 ng/ml) than in the placebo group (range: <0.156-95.8 ng/ml; median: 0.2 ng/ml) (P<0.05). Fecal numbers of Bifidobacterium were significantly increased in the FOS group but not the in the placebo group and were significantly higher in the FOS group (range: 8.9-11.0 log 10 cfu/g; median: 10.4 log 10 cfu/g) than in the placebo group (range: 8.8-10.72 log 10 cfu/g; median: 10.1 log 10 cfu/g) after the intervention (P<0.05). The concentrations of IL-27 in colostrum showed weak correlation to the Bifidobacteriumnumbers of 36 weeks of gestation. Conclusions: Our data suggest that mother's intake of prebiotics increases IL-27 expression in breast milk by modulating gut microbiota. Objectives: Nintedanib (BIBF1120) is tyrosine kinase inhibitor of VEGFR1/2/3, FGFR1/2/3, PDGFRα/β. Recently, nintedanib showed beneficial effect on patients with IPF. However, little has been known regarding the effect of nintedanib on asthma. Since VEGF and PDGF are well known mediator in the pathogenesis of asthma, we aimed to evaluate effect of nintedanib on asthma in acute and chronic mouse model. Methods: Female BALB/c mice, 8-10 weeks of age, were used. We developed a mouse model of both acute and chronic asthma in which ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice were repeatedly exposed to intranasal OVA administration. Mice were treated with nintedanib during the OVA challenge. Results: Compared with control mice, the mice exposed to OVA developed sustained eosinophilic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Administration of nintedanib significantly decreased total cell and eosinophilic count in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Also the level of IL-4, 5, and 13 in BAL fluid was significantly lower in nintedanib group compared with control. In a histologic analysis, there were fewer inflammatory cell infiltration in nintedanib group. Nintedanib treatment significantly attenuated airway remodeling including fibrosis and smooth muscle thickening. The protein and gene expression level of VEGF, FGF, and PDGF were lower in nintedanib group. In vitro experiment showed that nintedanib significantly decreased fibroblast proliferation. Conclusion: These results suggest that nintedanib administration can attenuate airway inflammation, AHR, and remodeling in mouse model of asthma. The beneficial effect of nintedanib was via blocking of VEGF, FGF, and PDGF pathway. Background: Coronary angiography (CAG) is a standard method for diagnosing coronary artery disease. Iodinated contrast media (ICM) used in CAG can induce both immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions. However, studies on delayed hypersensitivity reactions to ICM are relatively few and the reported incidence varies greatly. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the incidence and clinical features of ICM-induced delayed hypersensitivity reactions following CAG. Methods: We prospectively monitored ICM-induced delayed hypersensitivity in patients who underwent CAG from February 2015 to May 2015 at the Seoul National University Hospital. The ICM agents used were iodixanol and iopamidol. Symptoms were monitored from one hour to three weeks after the completion of CAG. Results: A total of 265 patients received CAG during the study period (mean age 63.6 years, male 70.5%). Delayed hypersensitivity reactions occurred in 35 patients (13.2%). The most common manifestation was skin rash (88.5%), followed by chest discomfort and gastrointestinal symptoms. The majority (87%) of the skin reactions were mild (involving < 25% of the body surface), mostly occurring within 3 days of CAG (within 24 hrs: 40%, between 1-3 days: 42.8%; more than 3 days: 17.1%). Subgroup analysis by ICM agent used, gender, and age did not show any significant differences in the reaction incidence or clinical manifestations. Conclusions: The incidence proportion of delayed hypersensitivity reactions to ICM was 13.2%, which was higher than previously reported. To our knowledge, this is the first study in Korea to investigate the incidence of ICM-induced delayed hypersensitivity following CAG. Background: Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria (CIU) is a relatively common disease which accounts for up to 30% of office visits to allergists. Although designated idiopathic the pathophysiology and mechanism of disease is reported to result from immune activation due to variety of causes. CIU is a manifestation of immune activation with approximately 50% of CIU patients demonstrating autoimmunity as evidenced by presence of IgG antibody to the FceR1 receptor present on mast cells and basophils. Autoantibodies to thyroid tissue and many other cellular and cell surface receptors commonly coexist. Further elucidation is lacking at the genetic and molecular level. Ideally, a better understanding of the underlying biology could improve not only prognostic indicators, but also provide a background for generating predictor models of treatment responders. Methods: We collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC's) from 21 patients with active CIU disease and 10 non-atopic healthy controls. RNA was extracted from PBMC's and prepared for Affymetrix GeneChip® Human Gene U133 plus 2.0 Array hybridization. The raw data were normalized and the gene expression of CIU patients was compared to that of normal controls. Results: We found 149 genes that predicted CIU from normal controls (FDR<5%). The genes in the predictor are differentially expressed (P<0.001) with a minimum 2-fold difference between CIU patients and controls. The predictor was 100% successful in distinguishing patients with CIU from controls, and tested using leave one out cross-validation. Additionally we found that the upregulated genes seen in CIU most strongly correlated with monocytes, identified as cells expressing CD14 cell surface marker (p<0.001, r >0.8). Gene set enrichment analysis of CIU patients further revealed activation of a specific arm of the MAP-Kinase pathway utilized by monocytes (p<0.001, r >0.8). Conclusions: Gene expression profiling can reliably distinguish patients with CIU from healthy controls. Our study findings suggest potential underlying mechanisms of CIU. These findings may provide guidance in developing biomarkers that would help determine subsets of patients who would be more likely to respond to variety of treatment options available. Failure to Recognize Lymphopenia in Newborn Leads to Undetectable Primary Immunodeficiency Endah Citraresmi Harapan Kita Women & Children Hospital, Indonesia World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A597 Background Primary immunodeficiency (PID) has not been well known in Indonesia. Most physicians considered that PID is difficult to diagnose because the laboratory equipment in Indonesia is not complete. However, using simple laboratory tests such as CBC, a lot of data can be retrieved and be used as a clue in diagnosing PID. Case A baby girl, 7 days old, was referred to neonatology unit from other hospital due to thrombocytopenia with mark increased in AST and ALT. She received IVIG for 3 days in previous hospital. Her laboratory tests showed the percentage of lymphocytes ranged between 35.6 % -66 %. Retrospective calculation revealed total lymphocyte count ranged between 2760 -3830/uL (normal value >3400/uL). Neutrophil count within normal limits. Levels of IgM and IgG antibodies to rubella increased, accompanied by increased levels of IgG antibodies to toxoplasma, CMV and HSV1. She received PRC and TC transfusions. She was diagnosed as having rubella infection, discharged in good condition after 24 days of treatment. She then had Hepatitis B and BCG vaccination in outpatient clinic. At age 3 months, she experienced dyspnea, admitted to PICU for pneumonia that needed ventilator support. Her laboratory tests again showed lymphopenia. Further exploration found increased levels of IgM, with normal level of IgG, IgA and IgE, also decreased CD4 and C3 levels. HIV PCR was negative. IgM CMV was positive; she was treated with gancyclovir. She was died after 30 days of hospitalization. Discussion CBC test result does not automatically include the value of total lymphocytes; it included only the percentage of lymphocytes. Because the lymphocytes percentage were always within normal limits, the treating physicians were not concerned with the low value of total lymphocytes, reflecting the low levels of T and/or B lymphocytes. Unfortunately, the patient then underwent severe infection and further tests found low CD4 lymphocyte levels with increased levels of IgM. There should be an opportunity to explore PID, especially in this case the possibility of Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID), in the first hospitalization during newborn period. If we were aware of PID, this patient could be treated and prevented for possible severe infections. Simple tests such as CBC needs to be interpreted in more detailed of the presence of lymphopenia or neutropenia to be indicative of primary immunodeficiency. The Concordance Between Lung Function Test and Indonesian Version of Childhood Asthma Control Test (CACT) Nastiti Kaswandani, Cynthia Utami, Mardjanis Said Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia, Indonesia Correspondence: Nastiti Kaswandani -Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia, Indonesia World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A598 Background. Childhood Asthma Control Test (CACT) is a questionnaire to measure the level of asthma control in children. CACT is commonly known easy and simple to be implemented. Indonesian version of CACT has not been widely used because it is not known its correlation to clinical parameters since physician should consider the linguistic barrier of using it. Aim. To evaluate the concordance of Indonesian version of CACT with spirometry of children with asthma. Methods. A cross-sectional study of children aged 4-11 years-old with asthma. The severe asthma children and those who have mental problems were excluded. The subjects were consecutively recruited to do the lung function test and peak flow meter twice a day for 2 weeks. All children had to fulfill the CACT and data was analyzed by Pearson/Spearman test to see its concordance to spirometry. Results. We included 66 subjects aged 7.89 years-old (5.25-11.83 ). The majority of subjects are boys 62.1%, most of all have good nutritional status and their parents are highly educated. Majority of subjects 60.4% showed uncontrolled asthma (CACT ≤19). Mean of FEV1 was 80% (SD 16.74) and mean of variability was 10.32% (SD4.93). There was no significant correlation between Indonesian version of CACT with FEV1(r =-0,024; p=0,846) and weekly variability (r=-0,218; p=0,079). Conclusion. Indonesian version of CACT showed no significant correlation with FEV1 and variability PFR so that it should not replace the need of regular spirometry in childhood asthma. 18 months (AdjOR 14.29, p=<0 .01) were significantly associated with a positive SPT at 36 months. In conclusion, we found that early onset of atopic dermatitis is a risk factor for allergen sensitization. Sensitization to allergens may occur through the cutaneous route and an impaired skin barrier facilitates this. Overlap of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a rare clinical condition that was first described in 1974 as Rhupus. Rhupus is a rare clinical entity with a prevalence of about 0.09%. The main differential diagnoses include RA with extra-articular manifestations, SLE with rheumatoid-like articular lesions, and mixed collagenous tissue disease. Some Authors consider Rhupus to be an overlap condition of polyarthritis and SLE, since anti-CCP antibodies (which are highly specific for RA) and anti DNA /Sm (which are highly specific for SLE) coexist in Rhupus. Therefore, diagnosis of Rhupus bases on the combination of inflammatory symmetrical erosive polyarthritis and clinical features of SLE. Recognition of these patients is important, since therapy and outcome differ from patients having RA or SLE alone. For patients whose disease is resistant to or dependent on corticosteroids, methotrexate (MTX) and azathioprine (AZA) has been used as steroid-sparing second-line treatment with conflicting results. While MTX seemed to be effective in controlling symptoms, data on AZA remain controversial, while the TNF-blocking agents Infliximab and Etanercept have been shown to be unable to induce and maintain disease remission. IL-6 could play an important role in the pathogenesis of Rhupus. Indeed, IL-6 levels are elevated in active disease. We are reporting on three women 59, 51 and 46 year-old with refractory Rhupus (disease duration of 14, 19 years and 13, respectively) who were at high risk for long lasting high dose of CS, and were successfully treated with humanised anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, Tocilizumab, given monthly at the dose of 8 mg/kg. Examination of Late Pulmonary Toxicity in Children Treated for Malignancies Agnes Nemeth Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Hungary World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A604 The chemotherapeutical drugs and the therapeutic irradiation can demage the lungs during the anticancer therapy of childhood malignancies. The present investigation was based on a survey in 2005, in which the authors found pulmonary function abnormalities in survivors of childhoood cancer who were treated with anticancer therapy. The purpose of the present study was to follow-up childhood cancer survivors and detect late pulmonary toxicity. Lung function test was performed with spirometry in 26 survivors participated in this study (10 felames, 16 males, mean age 19,4 years at the time of second follow-up evaluation). The avarage time periods from treatment until the first and second follow-up evaluation were 4.5 and 10 years, respectively. The authors found 14 patients with pathological pulmonary function test results at the time of the first follow-up evaluation from which 7 patients had obstructive, 5 patients had mixed and 2 patients had restrictive abnormalities. However there were only 6 patients who had abnormal pulmonary function at the time of the second follow-up evaluation (2 patients with obstructive and 4 patients with restrictive pulmonary function test). Restrictive pulmonary disorder was detected in only small part of treated patients. The obstructive pulmonary abnormalities caused by the treatment showed an improving tendency over time. Knowing an individual's natural exposure to HDM is still a challenging task. The approach to solve this issue was to validate the suitability of the personal particle sampler, originally designed to sample pollen and fungal spores, to collect HDM material in its natural appearance and quantify the aeroallergen material. The personal particle sampler is a wearable device sampling ambient air and guiding the air to an adhesive stripe, where particles deposit. The stripe is contained in an exchangeable cartridge. After exposure, the stripe can be removed and analyzed microscopically or biochemically. Two properties of the personal particle sampler were examined: The correlation of sampled HDM allergen to concentration of allergen in the ambient air, and the maximum particle size of HDM material, which could be sampled. To analyze the correlation, several particle samplers were placed in an exposure chamber, which is able to generate a definable and constant HDM particle concentration over a dedicated period of time using grinded HDM material (less than 5um). The sampled material was then analyzed using a standard antigen test (Der p1 and Der f1). To analyze the maximum detectable particle size, different grain sizes where used in trickle tests, using full HDM bodies as the reasonable limit. The particles adhering to the stripe were verified microscopically. In the environmental chamber test, a proportional relation between ambient HDM material concentration and allergen content sampled was proven. The proportional relation was significant considering the variance of the allergen concentration due to the dispersal system as well as the accuracy of the allergen analysis itself. In the maximum particle size test, even whole HDM bodies could be sampled, thus stuck on the stripe. Conclusion: The personal particle sampler is suitable for determining an individual's exposure to HDM material. However, it still has to be proven, that the concentration measured by the personal particle sampler correlates with an allergenic person's recognized symptoms in real life. Introduction: Severe atopic dermatitis (AD), seen in 1-15% of cases may present with rare uncommon complications such as poor weight gain, malnutrition, trace elements (including zinc) deficiency. These were published as case reports only, with on large studies, particularly on children. Objectives: to determine frequency and severity of zinc deficiency in AD children, and find out if there is any association between zinc level and AD severity or body mass index. Methods: retrospective, case control study. Review of records of all children (<14 years) seen at Ped Allergy-Immunology clinics of Hamad General Hospital during Jun 2014-2015 with severe AD who had zinc level tested. In addition to demographic data, lab. tests (CBC with differential, IgE, serum zinc, vitamin D, food allergens tests of SPT or specific IgE), SCORAD and weight and height were collected. Results: 23 children (out of 130 children, 17.7%) were found to have serum zinc-low (ZL). We case-controlled them with a group of 23, age-matched, normal-zinc (ZN) AD children. The 2 groups were similar in age (48 vs. 46 months), sex, co-existing allergies (26.1%) vs 26.1%), and no. of positive food allergens per patient (1.9 vs 2) and type of food allergens. ZL had higher positive family history of allergies (91.3% vs. 69.6%) and parental consanguinity (39.1% vs 26.1%) than ZN. Besides ZL had higher WBC (15,554 vs. 11,223 cells/ul), peripheral blood eosinophils (846 vs 685 cells/ul), and IgE (3,132 vs. 2,086 Ku/L), but lower serum zinc (8.3 vs. 12.3 umol/L) levels, lower BMI (15% vs.18%). Both groups had similar SCORAD (62 vs 63). There was no significant association between zinc level with BMI or SCORAD compared to control group. Conclusions: Zinc deficiency is quite common among children with severe AD. It seems positive family history and parental consanguinity are risk factors for it. AD zinc deficient children have elevated allergic inflammatory makers irrespective of AD severity. Background: The association between HLA-B*5801 and severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions (SCARs) consisting of Stevens -Johnson Syndrome (SJS)/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) and Hyper-Sensitivity Syndrome (HSS)/Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) has been strongly reported in different ethnic populations. The strongest association has been described in Taiwanese study which HLA-B*5801 was found in 51/51 patients with allopurinolinduced SCARs ). In Vietnam, however, this allele has not been yet confirmed or revealed as a relevant pharmacogenetic risk factor for the situation of allopurinolinduced SCARs while its prevalence is as high as 6.5%. Therefore, in this study, we sought to determine the association between HLA-B*5081 with allopurinolinduced SCARs in the large teaching center of allergy and clinical immunology at Bach Mai Hospital. Methodology: Twenty -two cases of SCARs caused by allopurinol and confirmed by using established criteria, were recruited. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole peripheral blood with EDTA using Qiagen kits, as instructed by supplier. Polymerase chain reaction using sequence -specific primers was used to detect HLA-B*5801. Genotyping of the amplified products were determined using agarose gel electrophoresis. A random sample of positive samples was validated using direct DNA sequencing. After comparing results from both methodologies 100% agreement was found. Results: A total of 22 patients comprised 13 SJS/TEN (59.1%), Overlap 1 (4.5%) and 8 HSS/DRESS (36.4%) were genotyped. Out of 22 individuals, 21 (95.9%) patients were positive for HLA-B*5801. Conclusion: Our result suggests a strong association between HLA-B*5801 and allopurinolinduced SCARs in Vietnamese. These finding is the first to be described in the Vietnamese population. Considering that HLA-B*5801 is present in 6.5% of the general Vietnamese population, our study shows that there is a significant risk that someone carrying the HLA-B*5801 allele will suffer from a drug induced SCAR if treated with allopurinol. More individuals suffering from SCAR are also of a burden on the health system and thus needs to be addressed. Future studies will be performed on a larger sample of individuals followed by a case-control study. Successful Rapid Desensitization to Glatiramer Acetate: Report of 2 Cases Fotis Psarros 3 , Ekaterini Syrigou 1 , Ekaterini Politi 2 , Spyridon Chrysoulakis 3 1 "Sotiria" General Hospital; 2 Araiteion Hospital Greece; 3 Athens Naval Hospital Correspondence: Fotis Psarros -Athens Naval Hospital, Greece World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A608 Glatiramer acetate (GA) is a generally safe, effective and well tolerated drug, but discontinuation of treatment may be required in up to 10% of cases due to severe systemic postinjection reactions. Notably, there are only sparse data on desensitization protocols for patients with hypersensitivity to GA. We present 2 cases of successful desensitization to Glatiramer acetate (GA). A 51-year-old female with MS was treated with GA for the last four years without any adverse reaction. Suddenly, after GA injection she developed generalized urticaria. Skin prick (SPT) and intradermal (ID) testing to GA and mannitol (an inactive ingredient of Copaxone R with allergenic potential) was performed. Histamine and NaCl was used as positive and negative control. SPT showed a borderline reaction to GA (wheal diameter=3mm) at a concentration of 20mg/ml, while a positive reaction was shown on intradermal skin testing at a concentration of 0,002mg/ml. SPT and ID testing to mannitol, were negative. A procedure of desensitization to GA was carried out in an outpatient setting under close medical supervision. Increasing dosages of GA were administered subcutaneously every 15 minutes, at a starting dose of 20ng followed by gradual dose escalation up to 20mg. The entire desensitization procedure lasted 3 hours and 15 minutes. The desensitization procedure was well tolerated with no adverse events. The patient was able to resume GA treatment with no recurrence during a follow up period of 12 months. A 39 years old female was treated for MS with GA for 3 months without any adverse reaction until her last injection. Immediately after administration of Copaxone R she experienced, life threatening anaphylaxis with urticaria, angioedema, abdominal cramps, dyspnea, drop in blood pressure and loss of consciousness. The patient was referred to our department for further evaluation. Allergy testing, with the already described procedure, revealed positive ID test at 0,002mg/ml. We used exactly the same protocol of desensitization in an inpatient basis. During the process she experienced anaphylactic reactions were successfully treated. After 2 days the patient was able to tolerate 20mg of GA. The patient receives GA daily after 5 months without any adverse event. These 2 cases illustrates that rapid subcutaneous desensitization may allow continuation of GA treatment in patients with a history of systemic reactions. Background: Asthma exacerbations (AE) are caused for a variety of reasons including unrecognized disease, undertreated or unresponsive to conventional therapy asthma, recent exposure to triggers like viruses, usually rhinovirus or allergens. AE is defined as a worsening of asthma sufficient to require medical intervention and usually administration of oral steroids reflected objectively as a fall of PEF, FEV1 ≥20% or 30%. This study was performed to investigate the epidemics of exacerbations in mites monosensitized asthmatics. Seasonal variability of AE in such patients could be used as a tool for a convenient and preventive management. Non atopic asthmatic patients were used as a control group and this way we could understand how important trigger is the allergen comparing to virus. Methods: We have studied, from 1995 to 2014, AE in patients suffering from these two different phenotypes of asthma. Seasonal variation of AE in each phenotype separately and consequently comparison of them were evaluated by applying the x 2 -test and the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is that there is not difference in the number of AE occurred in each month of the year. Results: Mite monosensitized patients (Month/AE number): Jan / 32, Feb / 41, Mar / 58, Apr / 59, May / 74, Jun / 55, Jul / 37, Aug / 10, Sep / 73, Oct / 67, Nov / 54, Dec / 30. By applying the χ2-test for 11 d.f we obtained χ2=84,319 (P-value<0,0001). Therefore the null hypothesis is not accepted and there is statistical significant difference in the number of AE occurred during the year (higher in spring and autumn months). Non atopic patients (Month/AE): Jan / 249, Feb / 239, Mar / 245, Apr / 237, May / 194, Jun/ 173, Jul / 124, Aug / 69, Sep / 249, Oct / 309, Nov / 283, Dec /. By applying the χ2-test for 11 d.f we obtained χ2=229,940 (P-value<0,0001). Therefore the null hypothesis is not accepted and there is statistical significant difference in the number of AE occurred during the year (higher in spring and winter months). Comparison of both time distributions revealed significant difference between them, χ2=62.042 and P-value<0.0. Conclusions: Our results showed that in Greece during 20 years (from 1995 to 2014) AE are seasonal variable in non atopic and mites monosensitized asthmatics but different between them. The results indicate that atopics react to viruses in a different way comparing to non atopics. Introduction: A large number of farmers work in paddy field around the world, suffering from asthma, allergy and systemic mycosis; however, it appears that adequate information on the fungal aerosols over the paddy field of 24-Parganas (North) and their allerginic effects of farmers are largely lacking. The aim of the study was to assess the concentration of the major airborne pathogenic fungal spore over paddy fields with an object to identify the fungal allergen which are causing respiratory allergy among farmers, by immune-clinical techniques. Method: Volumetric assessment of airborne culturable and nonculturable fungal spores was performed in the experimental site (North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India) for 2 consecutive years (November 2011-October 2013) by using an Andersen Two Stage volumetric sampler and a Burkard Personal Slide Sampler for trapping culturable and non-culturable types of fungal spores. Culturable fungal spores were sub-cultured in medium for isolating and identifying individual species. The fungal antigens were prepared from the prevalent culturable types of selected fungal spores in Y-cell lysis reagent (buffer). The allergenic potential of the antigens were evaluated on atopic farmers by SPT (in vivo) followed by ELISA & IgE-specific Immunoblotting (in vitro). The antigens resolved in 11% SDS PAGE and IgE-reactive allergen were identified by western immunoblotting. Result: A total of 34 types of fungal spore and 24 types of viable colony-forming fungal spores were recorded. The major perennial cultured fungal spore types included Aspergilli group, Fusarium oxysporum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Nigrospora oryzae, Helminthosporium oryzae, Alternaria alternata, Drechslera sp. etc. showed higher sensitivity in SPT. Among these fungal spores Aspergilli group (A.niger, A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. clavatus, Penicillium claviforme) showed highest (23.7%) reactivity followed by Fusarium oxysporum, Helminthosporium oryzae, Alternaria alternate, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Nigrospora sp. in SPT carried out in 214 adult agricultural field workers with respiratory disorders. Total fungal protein of A.niger, A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. clavatus, Penicillium claviforme, Fusarium oxysporum, Helminthosporium oryzae, Alternaria alternate, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Nigrospora sp. resolved into 11, 15, 17, 13, 16, 12, 10, 18, 13 and 12 distinct bands respectively in 11% SDS PAGE and in immunoblotting 5, 6, 4, 6, 7, 3, 4, 4, 5 and 3 IgE reactive allergens were identified respectively. The airborne fungal spores not only cause the pathogenic infection to rice plants but also cause respiratory allergy among the paddy field farmers. Western immunoblotting revealed the major IgE reactive fungal allergens. The finding indicates that occupational allergy to fungal spores is an important health hazards among farmers of West Bengal. Study of Efficacy of Sublingual Immunotherapy (SLIT) in Cases of Severe Persistent Allergic Rhinitis Subir Jain Ent Centre, India World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A611 Title: Study of efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) in cases severe persistent allergic rhinitis. Purpose: To asses efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy [SLIT] in treatment of severe persistent allergic rhinitis in the age group from 7 years to 63 years of either sex. Material & Method: 214 patient of severe persistent allergic rhinitis were included to asses efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy [SLIT] . These patients were regular in treatment for more than 36 months. Symptom score were recorded on regular intervals 1st at the beigning of SLIT, then at completion of 1st maintenance vial i.e. 3rd vial then at every next maintenance vial. All patients follow up done about 4 to 5 times during Sublingual immunotherapy[SLIT] at regular intervals. Rescue medications for exacerbations of symptoms during pollen seasons were also taken in to account. Number of Aeroallergens included ranges from average of 2 to 4 allergens.Glycerinated aqueous allergenic extract from various allergens were taken as per their sensitivity pattern.Different Allergen extracts suspended in extracting fluid [coca solution] containing 50% glycerine i.p. according to w/v ratio. Usual concentrations were Initiation 1:500,build up 1:250,maintainance 1:100, 1:50, 1:20,1:10. Result: In above study results were encouraging. In symptom score scale of 0 to 3.[0 no symptoms, 1 mild, 2 moderate, 3 severe]All patients were having severe symptoms before starting of sublingual immunotherapy. At the completion of 36 months of sublingual immunotherapy. Out of 214 patients 144 patients were on score 1, 54 patients on score 2 and 16 patients on score 0. Number of rescue medications along with SLIT was remarkably reduced even during pollen season. Conclusion: Sublingual immunotherapy showing promising results in cases of chronic allergic rhinitis. Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) came out to attract wide attention and had become one of the hotspots of most diseases' research in decades. But at present, the mechanisms of how MSCs work on chronic asthma remain undefined. Our study aims at verifying whether MSCs play a role in preventing inflammation and airway remodeling via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in the chronic asthma rats model. Methods: First, an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma model was built. MSCs were administered to ovalbumin-induced asthma rats. The total cells in a bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and inflammatory mediators in BALF and serum were measured. Histological examination of lung tissue was performed to estimate the pathological changes. Additionally, the expression of phosphorylated-Akt (p-Akt) in all groups was measured by western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: Compared to normal control group, the degree of airway inflammation and airway remodeling was significantly increased in asthma group. On the contrary, they were obviously inhibited in MSCs transplantation group. Moreover, the expression of p-Akt was increased in lung tissues of asthmatic rats, and suppressed by MSCs transplantation. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that MSCs transplantation could suppress lung inflammation and airway remodeling via PI3K/ Akt signaling pathway in rat asthma model. <Background>Allergic diseases such as asthma, atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis have remarkably increased, and they are caused mainly by allergens such as dust mites, pollen and pet dander. For the measures to prevent and control allergic diseases, it is important to measure allergens in the environment. <Objective>We established a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantify specifically Dermatophagoides mite allergens (Der p 1, Der f 1 and Der 2), Japanese cedar pollen allergens (Cry j 1 and Cry j 2) and cat allergen (Fel d 1). <Methods>Allergen samples were incubated in the wells coated with a primary antibody for 2 hours at 37°C. After washing, a biotinylated secondary antibody against the allergen was incubated for 1 hour at 37°C. The allergens were detected using HRP-conjugated streptavidin and its substrate at 450 nm. <Result>The working range was 500 to 32,000 pg/mL for Der p 1 and Der f 1, 100 to 6,400 pg/mL for Der 2, 250 to 16,000 pg/mL for Cry j 1, 2,500 to 160,000 pg/mL for Cry j 2, and 100 to 6,400 pg/mL for Fel d 1. In all systems, the intra-and inter-assay coefficient of variation was less than 5%. Furthermore, each assay showed no significant cross-reactivity with other allergens. <Conclusion>Our established ELISA systems for these allergens are useful for not only the qualification of allergens in the environment but also the quality control of allergenic products for sublingual immunotherapy and the evaluation of the allergen inactivation effect in industrial products. Background & Objective: Yoga and meditation have proven to be an alternative drug free treatment for smoking cessation. Allergic Rhinitis is common and has a serious impact on the quality of life of tobacco smokers. There have been no scientific studies done to assess the effect of Yoga on the airway resistances of tobacco smokers. The main objective of the study was to see if yoga can improve airway resistances and hence improve the quality of life in tobacco smokers. Methodology: 15 smokers with allergic rhinitis were chosen for the study and they underwent an ENT examination. The subjects were taught specific yogasanas and were asked to practice the same for a period of 2 months and reduce the number of cigarettes. The objective analysis and subjective analysis were done before the yoga training and after 2 months of yoga practice. The Objective analysis for upper airway resistance was measured using a Rhinomanometer and the lower airway resistance was measured using a Spirometer. The quality of life analysis was done using the Short form -12 health survey (SF-12) questionnaire and Sino Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT) questionnaire. The data was analyzed by doing a Paired (2-tailed) T-Test, using the SPSS (Software package for the social sciences) version 16.The mean standard deviation of the nasal airway resistance was found to be 0.36 ± 0.10 Pa/cm3/s before doing yoga and it was 0.30 ± 0.10 Pa/ cm3/s at 150 Pa pressure after doing yoga ('p' value was <0.01). The mean standard deviation of the FEV1/FVC % before doing yoga was 73.6 ± 18.7 and after doing yoga was 81.8 ± 9.9 ('p' value was <0.05). Quality of life questionnaire, SF-12 showed highly significant improvement in both Physical (p<0.05) and Mental (p<0.05) composite score and there was significant reduction in SNOT score (p<0.001) after the practice of yoga. Results indicate there is an improvement in the nasal airway resistance after the practice of yoga. The quality of life improvement was understood with the help of the SF-12 and SNOT questionnaire. A healthy discipline of yoga as a lifestyle modification also helped the smokers to decrease the number of cigarettes and lead a better life. After detailed history. Clinical Examination of ENT, Routine blood counts, absolute Eosionophil count, Serum IgE estimation. Patient were off the antihistaminic for minimum of seven days. Allergy test by modified prick method was performed on upper limbs on palmer aspect of forearms. Glycerinated Histamine acid phosphate as positive control and Glycerinated buffer saline as negative control were used. Each patient was tested for same 140 Allergens. Wheal & flare response recorded. Result: In above study with 810 patients following were the percentage of different Allergens positive in above group. House dust mite 18% with D. Farinae 18%, Pollens 78.5% with Prosopis Juliflora 15.5%, Fungus 13.5% with Aspergillus Flavus 4.5%, Insects 64.5% with Cockroach female 35.5%, Dusts 38.5% with Grain Dust Rice 22%, Danders 21% with Human Dander 6.5%, Fabrics 5% with Silk 2%, Foods 50% with Milk 5%, Miscellaneous 7.5% with Parthenium Leaves 4%. Conclusion: The above study gave us the common Allergen pattern in Central part of India in cases of Severe Persistent Allergic Rhinitis as Pollens 78.5%, Insects 64.5%, Food 50%, Dusts 38.5% were mostly responsible for Chronic Allergic Rhinitis. Background and Objective: Pruritus or itch is defined as a cutaneous sensation that provokes a desire to scratch. Pruritus is one of the major symptoms in atopic dermatitis (AD), and is of great interest. Mechanisms of itch and its neuronal pathways are being investigated using different approaches; still they are not yet fully understood. The aim of this study was to achieve new data on the mechanisms of chronic pruritus by means of innovative neurophysiological methods of itch research. Methods: Short-latency and long-latency pain-related somatosensory electrically evoked potentials (SEP) as well as long-latency evoked potentials to thermal stimulation with the innovative Contact Heat Evoked Potential Stimulator (CHEPS) were studied in 38 AD-patients and 26 healthy volunteers. Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST) of thermal perception thresholds was performed in 22 AD-patients and in 15 healthy volunteers. Results: AD patients showed lowered motor and pain thresholds to electrical stimulation while SEP recordings as compared with healthy individuals (g=0.004). Brain hyperactivity to electrical stimuli, delayed thermal evoked potentials and elevated cold, warm and cold-induced pain thresholds were revealed in AD-group as compared with healthy controls (p=0.007). The data indicate small nerve fibers dysfunction in ADpatients that may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD and chronic itch. This dysfunction may determine a predisposition to atopic dermatitis, the severity of pruritus and the tendency to its chronic course, although further evaluation is required. Overall, the neurophysiological data provide the evidence of an alteration in the central responses to afferent inputs in AD-patients suffering from chronic itch. The study demonstrates objective approaches to assess the function of small nerve fibers in patients with chronic pruritus. OBJECTIVE Is to test the efficacy and safety of a novel oral immunotherapy (OIT) protocol for peanut allergy. In the study concerned, Forty peanut-allergic children (mean age 10 years) had oral allergen preparation. This was administered with serial rising titers and dosing at about 2 weekly to 850 mg peanut protein. There was maintenance of 28 weeks. RESULTS All children had positive challenges. Of the total, 30 had tolerated the rising concentration of the titer. 2 of the total then dropped out, while 4 out of the total had tolerated the rising concentration of the allergenic material containing 250mg -500 mg. Some 30 out of 40 tolerated higher dosing and maintenance at 850 mg protein/day. Two had some severe degree of allergenic reaction mandating the administration of adrenaline, whereas the rest had mild allergic reaction that subsided without resorting to adrenaline solution. Twelve with pre-immunotherapy peanut IgE over 28.3 kU/L required no dose adjustment compared with 7 with pre-immunotherapy peanut IgE level almost 27. kU/L. Eighteen of the 40 mandated a slight dose reduction as the reactions possibly linked to factors, such as exertion, infection and fatigue ability. However after 7 weeks, 25 out of 40 individuals had no reaction to a 2.7 g protein challenge. CONCLUSIONS This study with serial dilution and dose increments has been followed with better outcome than the former trials. A higher fold such as 1000 and over in the amount of peanuts is tolerated with excellent safety profiles. Except a few cases there was no serious adverse effects observed in the rest of individuals. Evaluation of Long-Term Prognosis and Topical Corticosteroid Usage after One Year of Proactive Treatment for Children with Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis Mayako Saito National Center for Child Health and Development, Japan World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A619 Background: Proactive treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) with intermittent application of anti-inflammatory agents after induction of remission has been recommended as a maintenance therapy for the long-term management of AD. Most of the previous studies examined the effect of twice-weekly application of topical corticosteroid (TCS). In our hospital, once remission can be achieved with this dosage, we will attempt to reduce the frequency with the aim of ceasing the usage of TCS. Objective: To investigate the prognosis and topical corticosteroid usage after one year of proactive treatment for children with moderate-to-severe AD. Rationale and Background: Allergic diseases are increasing in Lao children in the recent years. In Lao PDR, no studies have been conducted to study the allergic risk to develop allergic diseases in children. Methodology: Using 3519 questionnaires of main symptoms of asthma, cow milk allergy, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis and secondary symptoms of urticaria, drug allergy, food allergy, allergic conjunctivitis, data was collected from parents and family members of patients. A scoring system of main and secondary symptoms was designed, with a score of 2, or greater than 2, placing them in the high risk category to develop allergic diseases. The survey was conducted from January 4 to May 30, 2015. Results: All patients are between 0-15 years of age, 77% are younger than 5, 52% of patients are male. All family members of patients had the main symptoms of allergic rhinitis 7.1%, asthma 1.8%, atopic dermatitis 1.3% and cow milk allergy 0.3%. The highest percentage of secondary symptoms is 3% with urticaria, drug allergy 1%, food allergy 0.8% and allergic conjunctivitis 0.3%. The survey results indicate that 9.5% of patients had a score of 2 or greater, placing them in the high risk category, the remaining 90.5% had a score of less than 2. Conclusion: The highest main symptom of patients' family members is allergic rhinitis and the highest of secondary symptoms is urticaria. The allergic risk to develop allergic diseases of Lao children is 9.5% in this survey. Background: Child who has asthma usually also has another event of food allergy, aeroinhalant allergy, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis or acute upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). Unfortunately, there were lack evidences support correlations between these factors and the severity of asthma in Indonesian children. The aims of this study is to find correlation between food allergy, aeroinhalant allergy, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis or acute upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), and the severity of asthma in Pediatric Medicine Department Saiful Anwar Hospital Indonesia Method: Cross sectional study was done to all children who diagnosed as asthma and came to Pediatric Outpatient Clinic of Saiful Anwar Hospital Malang since 2014 to 2015. The classification of asthma's severity in these children were based on GINA's criteria: intermitten, mild persistent, moderate or severe persistent. Food allergy or aeroinhalant allergy was based on history of this allergy and positive result of skin prick test. Diagnosis of allergic rhinitis was based on AIRA criteria. The diagnosis of atopic dermatitis was based on history taking and clinical finding. Mann whitney analysis was used to find out the correlation between these risk factors and the severity of asthma. Results: There were 221 participants, the proportion between boys and girls was 3:1. The risk factors who had the highest percentages were aeroinhalant allergy and food allergy, 66.5% and 57% respectively. No risk factors had significant correlation with the severity of asthma (p<0.05). Conclusions: No risk factors had significant correlation with the severity of asthma in Pediatric Medicine Department Saiful Anwar Hospital Indonesia. However, the events of aeroinhalant allergy and food allergy were high in pediatric asthma, and it needs a great concern. Another research is needed to explore correlation between both risk factors and the other component of asthma,such as the severity of asthma attack. Background Airborne pollen is a major cause of allergic disease (pollinosis). Recently sensitization rates for pollens are continuously increased in Korea. Allergenic pollen in Korea has identified 25 species. Oak is known a strong allergen, the cross-reactivity has also reported in birth and alder. Although the pine pollen has been known as "weak allergen", the skin sensibility of pine pollen is getting increased in South Korea recently. The region and seasonal specific pollen data is essential for allergic patients. To provide fundamental airborne pollen data, we present the annual variation of pollen distribution and concentrations during spring in Korea for last four years. We collected the airborne pollen from 10 representative sites in Korea using 7 days-Burkard sampler during 2011-2014 from February to May; Seoul, Guri, Daejeon, Daegu, Busan, Gangneung, Jeonju, Gwangju, and Jeju. Airborne pollen grains were counted and identified by using Light Microscope (x 200, x 400) after stained with Calberla's fuchsin dye. The pollen distribution patterns were similar nationwide, however the calendar and distribution of pollen was different between inland and Jeju Island. Pine, Oak and Ginkgo trees were most frequent airborne pollen in Korea (67%-98%) with highest rate of pine pollen except Jeju Island. Japanese cedar restricted in Jeju and southern area of Korea (Kwangju and Busan) and also was the most common pollen in Jeju Island in spring. Interestingly, the pine pollen was continuously decreased in Jeju. It could be related with outbreak of pine wilt disease from 2010. The other background is the number of oak and ginkgo increased annually. The pine still is the most common pollen in South Korea so far. Otherwise, It is noteworthy that the concentration of ginkgo pollen is continuously increased at 6 sites; western area of Seoul, Jeonju, Busan, Daejeon, Gwangju, and Jeju. The high rate of Ginkgo pollen could be related with urbanization. Actually 41 % of street trees are Ginkgo in Seoul, Ginkgo pollen number at western pollen station of Seoul showed drastically increased from 611 grains/m 3 (2012 year), to 5,527 grains/m 3 (2014 year). Meanwhile the other areas showed oak pollen increased as second highest rate. Our results showed that the concentration of pollen could be affected by various factors like vegetation structure, a kind of street trees, endemic tree diseases, or artificial interference. This study may suggest 1) trees have physiological circadian change tri-or biannually. 2) Some city administration officially decided oak or ginkgo as street trees. 3) leaves of oak and gingko may intercept chasmogamy and breeding. The monitoring of airborne pollen on common and growing the species of trees likes pine, oak, and ginkgo is especially essential to demontrate the relationship between allergic sensitization rate and concentration of these pollen in Korea. Currently there is no consensus on the optimal treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). One of the options, an elimination diet guided by allergy test results, has been shown to be effective to varying degrees with greater efficacy in pediatric cohorts [1] . However, results in adults have been less promising as higher rates of negative allergy tests hinder efforts to guide the diet [2] . This study explores the results of allergy-test directed elimination diets in a group of patients (n = 16) treated at the Allergy & Immunology Clinic in London, Ontario. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed using a database of patients diagnosed with EoE (histology >=15 eo/hpf in esophageal biopsy) and treated at the Allergy & Immunology Clinic at St. Joseph's Hospital, London, ON. Patients were included in the review if they had been prescribed an elimination diet guided by allergy testing (skin-prick test (SPT) and/or atopy patch test (APT)), and had esophageal biopsies taken >=8 weeks after initiation of the diet. Pre-treatment eosinophil counts were recorded from peak eosinophil counts of the most recent biopsy prior to initiation of the elimination diet. The average age of subjects at diet initiation was 43.75 years. On average, each subject eliminated 1.7 foods from their diet. Post-diet biopsies displayed a significantly lower level of peak eosinophils/hpf compared to pre-diet biopsies on average (37.9 vs. 89.8, p = 0.043). Three patients had post-diet biopsies below the histological threshold of diagnosis for EoE (<15 eo/hpf). This chart review shows that patients undergoing elimination diets directed by allergy tests have significant histological improvement after their diets. It must be noted that this review did not control for the effects of confounding treatments such as PPIs and corticosteroids, with the latter being of greater concern to histological results. Half of the subjects examined (8 out of 16) had been, at some time before the post-diet biopsy, prescribed swallowed corticosteroids for EoE. However, only 1/4 of steroid-prescribed subjects reported using the steroids during the 30-day period immediately prior to their post-diet biopsy. Background: Bronchial asthma and other respiratory allergic diseases are not only prevalent in Saudi Arabia and the Middle-East but the published data indicate that such diseases are on the rise. Investigations of extrinsic and intrinsic factors causing such diseases have been undertaken at different places in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. However, studies on the presence of indoor allergens and their clinical relevance still lack a clear understanding in the region. Methods: House dust samples were collected in sterile ALK filters (ALK Laboratory, Denmark) and analyzed for various indoor allergenic factors including Der p 1, Der f 1, Bla g 1, Per a 1 and Fel d 1 using antibodies and ELISA technique. Indoor allergenic fungal flora was also examined by collection of samples and culture using dilution plate technique. The samples were collected through the individual's own vacuum cleaner after the operation on their respective home carpets and mattresses. These samples were extracted individually and allergens were quantitated using specific antibodies from Indoor Biotechnologies (U.S.A) and ALK Laboratories (Denmark) by ELISA procedure. At some selected locations, Skin Prick Tests were conducted on allergic patients with various indoor allergens using both commercial and indigenous species. Results: The data for the two house dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) and Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f) showed a higher concentration in the humid areas of the country particularly in Jeddah with concentration exceeding threshold levels for both sensitization and exacerbation of acute attack asthma. The central region with very low humidity showed negligible presence of both mite species. The data from Jeddah and Abha showed variation in qualitative nature, one species being prevalent in Jeddah while the other being prevalent in Abha. The variation was also noted in the Skin Prick Testing in Taif. Data for Blattella germanica (Bla g 1 and Bla g 2), Periplaneta americana (Per a 1) and Felis domesticus (Fel d 1) showed quantitative regional variation as well. Conclusion: The results obtained for both the prevalent indoor aeroallergens and their IgE Mediated Skin Prick Test reactivities indicate: (1) . There are regional qualitative and quantitative variations in the appearance of these allergens, and (2) . the prevalence of these allergens in the region are significantly relevant in the IgE sensitization of many patients and probably cause of the symptoms. Data from other countries in the Middle-East are either limited or none for any comparison. It is therefore recommended that a regional aeroallergenic profile should be prepared by conducting joint stuides with standardized protocol for better clinical diagnosis and treatment in the region. Recent studies have shown that basophils contribute to the initiation of Th2 cytokine-mediated inflammation. However, the underlying mechanism by which protease allergens triggering basophils to produce Th2 cytokine remains unclear. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the role of the mitogen activated kinase (MAPK) family in mouse bone marrow-derived basophils (BMBs) when treated with cysteine protease allergen Der f 1. Methods BMBs were selected as DX5+FceRI+c-Kit-by flow cytometry of the mouse bone marrow culture. Sorted BMBs were stimulated with proteolytically active recombinant Der f 1 expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris. The expression levels of Th2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13, were examined by real time PCR and ELISA. The activities of various intracellular MAPK signaling components were assessed by FACS. Production of both IL-4 and IL-13 in mouse basophils was induced by the treatment of enzymatically active Der f 1, whereas inactive Der f 1 did not. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) were phosphorylated upon treatment of active Der f 1 on BMBs. Additionally, treatment of pharmacological inhibitors PD098059 (ERK inhibitor) and SP600125 (JNK inhibitor) were able to inhibit IL-4 and IL-13 secretion. However, p38 MAPK was not inhibited by its inhibitor (SB203580). These data suggest involvement of ERK, and JNK MAPKs in signal pathway for the production of Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13 in BMBs when treated with a cysteine protease allergen rDer f 1. There are many kinds of in vitro allergy testing kits to be developed by various manufacturers and widely utilized for diagnosis of allergy. The in vitro testing kit for allergy measures the concentration of IgE in patient's serum or plasma, which binds to allergens coated at the membrane support. Nitrocellulose membrane is usually used to immobilize many kinds of allergen. Since the line blot assay rather than dot blot assay has good repeatability, reproducibility and robustness, many types of in vitro allergy testing kit adopt the technology, so that many kinds of allergens are generally arrayed by 20~30 lines per test strip. However, the traditional line blot assay is difficult to increase the number of testing items because of its long-narrow structure, which is easy to spill-over of solution during the incubation of sample or reagents. Methods If the number of tested allergens should be increased, it can be achieved by 3 different options. One approach is to elongate the length of the strip without changing of gap between the lines. In this case, it must devise the solution to overcome the problem of spillover. Another option is to coat the allergen more compactly in the equal-sized testing strip. But, if the bands in the testing strip go to be thinner, the robustness of assay would be diminished. The other possibility is to arrange the strips of two or more. It is a common way to be adopted by all the allergy testing products, where use two testing strips per single patient. However, we developed a novel technology, Parallel Lines Array (PLA), can test simultaneously up to 64 lines in a single strip. We produced 2 kinds of narrow strips of width of 1.95mm and then assembled the strips side by side in single allergy testing kit. The each strip has 25 or 32 lines to be coated with allergen or our standard, so we can measure 50 or 64 items in a single test. Since the Protia Allergy-Q use only one strip per single patient, rather than two strips per person at traditional allergy testing kits, it can save the testing time and blood volume. Furthermore, its diagnostic performance was compare to ImmunoCAP with 1,799 paired assay, which resulted in good concordance for most allergens (k=0.713-0.898, p<0.001). The Protia Allergy-Q, adopting PLA technology, has comparable diagnostic performance to traditional multiple allergy testing kits. The rapid diagnostic kit such as a pregnancy test is widely used. Samples of urine, serum and plasma are usually diluted with diluent buffer and separated by an immunochromatographic method. The analytes in the test can be immobilized to the nitrocellulose membrane which was coated with specific antibody or antigen and visualized by specific Ag or Ab conjugated with gold nanoparticles. However, their application is limited to the quantitative assay due to the Hook effect, which shows the false negative result in case of high concentrations of analyte in the sample. To overcome the Hook effect, we devised an innovative rapid kit which has a unique competition method as well as a classical sandwich method in a single kit. In this study, test line 1 was prepared with mouse monoclonal anti-human IgG or anti-human IgE like classical rapid kits. Test line 2, a competitive line, which was coated with human IgG or human IgE, was designed to improve the false negative result due to the Hook effect. The control line was prepared with goat anti-mouse IgG. Goat anti-human IgG antibody and mouse IgG conjugated with gold nanoparticles were prepared in our laboratory and placed in the conjugate pad for further test. Immunecheck human IgG (Proteometech Inc, Seoul, Korea) can detect IgG range from 1.2 to 40,000 ug/ml. To know the degree of agreement against other quantitative assay method, we compared our assay results of 30 human sera with an immunoturbidimetric assay using Cobas Integra 800 (Roche, Indianapolis, IN, USA). This comparison showed that Immunecheck human IgG had 74.2 -132.1% of degree of agreement and 0.9243 of coefficient of determination (R 2 ) against an immunoturbidimetric method. The detection limit of Immunecheck human IgE was 80 IU/ml of total IgE and their signals were increased depending on the concentrations of IgE. We developed a novel and innovative rapid immunoassay system which can overcome the hurdle of hook effect and detect the wide range of target molecule. This system will be beneficial to reduce the misleading of test results which cannot be possible with a current conventional immunoassay system. The elevated total IgE, in spite of some well-known limitations, is frequently included as a diagnostic criterion for allergic diseases. There are many kinds of in vitro allergy diagnostic product to measure the concentration of total IgE. Because the multiple allergy screening kits, such as AlleryScreen® (Mediwiss Analytic GmbH and r-biopharm), Euroline (Euroimmun AG), Optigen® (Hitachi Chemical diagnostics, Inc) and Polycheck® (Biocheck GmbH), are low-cost test, their uses in clinic are rapidly growing nowadays. However, there are few comparison studies for total IgE level between multiple allergy screening kits and ImmunoCAP, a well-known quantitative diagnostic kit for allergy. The aim of this study is to compare the total IgE concentration in serum by Protia Allergy-Q, a multiple allergy screening kit, with ImmunoCAP and to evaluate the clinical usability of Protia Allergy-Q. Methods 392 patients who visited the Hospital of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee Medical Center were enrolled in this study. Informed consent was obtained from all patients. After five milliliters of the whole blood was collected in a vacuum tube, serum was separated by centrifugation at 3,000 rpm for 5 min, aliquoted into several round-bottom tubes and frozen at -80°C until use. ImmunoCAP was tested by Green Cross Laboratories (Yongin-si, Korea) and Protia Allergy-Q was performed by us. The correlation between two assays was analyzed by Passing-Bablok regression analysis. The average of total IgE from 392 sera measured by ImmunoCAP and Protia Allergy-Q was 167.1 and 149.4 kU/l, respectively. Passing-Bablok regression analysis demonstrated that ImmunoCAP and Protia Allergy-Q exhibited almost perfect correlation (intercept, 5.6676 [95% confidence interval {CI} 4.3282, 6 .9388] and slope, 0.8676 [95% CI 0.8211, 0.9107]). Conclusions Protia Allergy-Q, a multiple allergy screening kit, is a low-cost screening test for patients with suspected allergy. It provides 60 kinds of specific IgE level but also total IgE level. Even though it is a semi-quantitative assay, total IgE concentration tested by Allergy-Q is nearly equal to that by ImmunoCAP. Therefore, it may be very convenient tool to measure not only specific IgE but total IgE concentration. A) Background: Asthma is considered as a common respiratory disease among farmers in many researches. In 13' International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, farmers showed higher prevalence (8.0%) than all other population (6.7%). But there is no largescale research of the prevalence and current state of asthma among Korean farmers. B) Methods: Structured questionnaire was used to evaluate the demographic characteristics such as age, sex, place of residence, smoking, prevalence of asthma based on doctor diagnosis and possible risk factors like crop types, farming period, pesticide usage, indoor cultivation, respiratory protection usage. From 2013 to 2014, total 951 farmers answered the questionnaire. C) Results: Prevalence of asthma among male farmer was 5.2% and the prevalence among female farmer was 6.0%. Based on 2013 Korean national health and nutrition examination survey, prevalence of asthma among Korean male was 2.7% and the prevalence among female was 4.1%. The odds ratio of asthma for total pesticide use year (more than 20 years) was 2.07 (1.20-3.58 ) and the odds ratio for indoor cultivation was 0.97(0.49-1.90). D) Conclusions: The prevalence of asthma among farmers was higher than other population in Korea. Pesticide usage is considered as a risk factor of asthma. In further research, exposure measures and work-relatedness measures should be needed. Background: Dietary intake can have a positive or negative impact on both actual and perceived general health and immune status. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of dietary intake of a variety of nutrients on perceived immune status in young adult women. Methods: A survey on dietary intake and perceived immune status was held among young Dutch women, aged between 18-30 years old. Perceived current immune status was scored on a scale ranging from 0 (very poor) to 10 (excellent). Subsequently, participants could indicate whether they perceived their immune status as normal or reduced. A food frequency questionnaire was completed recording past week food and beverage intake. From this data, the amount of various nutrients could be estimated, including fibers, sugar, tryptophan, beta-carotene, calcium, niacin, folate, thiamin, carbohydrates, riboflavin, vitamin A (retinol), vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin D, and cholesterol. Non-parametric correlations (Spearman's r) were used to examine the association between perceived heath, immune status and nutritients. Dietary intake of those with normal and reduced perceived immune status was compared using the Mann-Whitney U Test. Results: N=329 young women (mean [SD] age: 20.7 [2.7] ) completed the survey. Significant correlations were found between immune ratings and consumption of tea (r= 0.124, p=0.023), sugar (r= -0.173, p=0.002), and carbohydrates (r= -0.125, p=0.022). N=109 women (33.1%) reported having a reduced perceived immune status. Women with a perceived reduced immune status reported consuming significantly more alcohol (p=0.025), and had significantly higher dietary levels of cholesterol (p=0.022), sugar (p=0.044), and vitamin B12 (p=0.021) when compared to women reporting a normal immune status. Discussion: The findings show that dietary intake is related to perceived immune status. However, some nutrients have a bigger impact on perceived immune status than others. Future studies, including objective measurement of immune biomarkers and nutrients, should confirm these findings. The Effects of Antihistamine Drugs on on-Road Driving Performance Aurora Van De Loo, Johan Garssen, Joris Verster Utrecht University, Netherlands Correspondence: Aurora Van De Loo -Utrecht University, Netherlands World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A637 Background: Antihistamines can cross the blood-brain barrier and thus may cause drowsiness. As a result, daily activities such as driving a car may be impaired. The purpose of this review was to compare the effects of different antihistamines on driving performance. Methods: PubMed and cross references were searched to identify double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trials. Studies were selected that used the standardized 100-km on-road highway driving test in normal traffic to examine driving performance. Patient studies were excluded. Subjects are instructed to maintain a steady lateral position and a constant speed (95 km/h). The Standard Deviation of Lateral Position (SDLP, cm), i.e. the weaving of the car, is the primary outcome measure of the test. The magnitude of driving impairment for antihistamine drugs was compared to SDLP increments seen at Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) 0.05% (ΔSDLP= +2.4 cm) and BAC 0.08% (ΔSDLP= +4.3 cm), i.e. the most common legal limits for driving. Results: Eighteen studies were included. Regarding acute effects, impairment greater than BAC 0.08% was found after single dosages of diphenhydramine, emedastine, and hydroxyzine. Impairment after clemastine, triprolidine, mizolastine, acrivastine, dexchlorpheniramine, and mequitazine was comparable to BAC 0.05%. Results for cetirizine were mixed. No significant impairment was found for terfenadine, loratadine, levocetirizine, desloratadine, ebastine, bilastine, fexofenadine and rupatadine. Regarding sub-chronic effects (4-8 days of daily drug treatment), significant driving impairment was found for emedastine, diphenhydramine, clemastine, triprolidine, ebastine, and hydroxyzine. Mixed results were found for cetirizine, terfenadine and loratadine. No significant driving impairment was found for levocetirizine, acrivastine, fexofenadine, dexchlorpheniramine, bilastine, and mequitazine. Discussion: Antihistamine drugs may significantly impair driving performance. Impairment is often seen with acute use of first-and second-generation antihistamines, and the magnitude of impairment is comparable to that seen at legal BAC limits for driving. Tolerance to the impairing effect after chronic daily use of antihistamines develops slowly. The newer antihistamines levocetirizine, fexofenadine and desloratadine did not significantly impair driving performance. Abstract Anahylactic shock and astmatic status are both serious complications of allergic diseases that might have deadly outcome. As known in the literature, it's very rare to occur together in the same time in one patient. A 29-year-old-male athlete was introduced to our intensive care unit for experiencing anaphylactic shock and asthmatic status after running through grass fields near home. Upon arrival of emergency unit team, he had low blood preassure of 70/50 mmHg, and low oxygen saturation in 82% with altered mental status. After immediate application of epinephrine, prednisolone and salbutamol, his vital functions turned normal. He had mild asthma in childhood, but for the last 10 years, he had been asymptomatic without medication. For the recent 4 yeas, he had hay fever to grass pollen treated with intranasal glucocorticoid occasionaly and urticaria when exposed to almond and pork. Ten days before the reaction, he had an episode of hives while eating cake decorated with almond and after few minutes he had shortness of breathing, which was resolved on antihistamines. While testing sIgE, we found strong sensitization to grass and wheat, but not to insects or food he claimed to be eating. He was prescribed a self-injectable epinephrine and asked to avoid running thrue grass fields. We report a case of a male athlete who suffered from hypotension and asthmatic attack, provoked by grass polen. Keywords: anaphylactic shock, asthmatic status, grass polen Tel: 0038631315042 Background It is known that respiratory viral infection in infancy cause asthma. But the detailed mechanisms underlying the induction of allergic inflammation by virus infection are is not fully understood. Many papers have shown that, not only pathogen-derived factors such as virus DNA and RNA, factors released from dying or stressed cells, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), are recognized by immune cells and contribute to inflammation. Interestingly, host DNA as a DAMP is known to induce type 2 immune responses and exacerbates allergic inflammation. Host DNA is recognized by intracellular DNA sensors and activates cyclic GMA-AMP synthase (cGAS). Then activated cGAS generates cyclic GMP-AMP(cGAMP) as a second messenger. We hypothesized that host DNA release from damaged cells by virus participates in allergic inflammation via the action of cGAMP. In this study, we investigated the effect of cGAMP on the onset of asthma. Methods House dust mite antigen (HDM) was administered intranasally to C57B/6J mice with or without cGAMP as an adjuvant, and then mice were challenged with intranasal administration of house dust mite antigen (HDM) on days 7, 9, 11, and 13. Twenty-four hours after last challenge, we collected blood, BALF, lungs. Serum antibodies were measured by ELISA, and cells in BALF were analyzed by FACS. We performed similar experiment using gene-knockout mice to evaluate the factors involved in this inflammation model. The number of eosinophils in BALF was significantly increased in mice sensitized by HDM with cGAMP. Histological analysis revealed that infiltration of inflammatory cells and mucus-containing goblet cells in the lung were also increased after the sensitization of HDM with cGAMP. Moreover cGAMP-adjuvanted HDM led to airway hyper-responsiveness. These effects were dependent on STING/TBK1, that are downstream factors of cGAMP signaling pathway. Conclusion cGAMP acts an adjuvant and induces allergic inflammation in the lung. These results suggest that cGAMP may be involved in viral infection-induced asthma through the release of DAMPs. Omalizumab, the humanized recombinant monoclonal antibody against IgE, reduces serum free IgE and down-regulaties IgE receptors on mast cells and basophils. It is approved for the treatment of moderate to severe persistent asthma and chronic idiopathic urticarial. Bard et al. reported successful treatment of severe recalcitrant eczematous dermatitis in the setting of HIES with omalizumab. Due to high serum IgE level, recalcitrant dermatitis and prolonged usage of systemic corticosteroids, omalizumab was initiated in our patient with a favorable outcome. A 54 year old man presented with a diffuse pruritic rash for 2 years. Physical examination revealed multiple discrete and confluent erythematous macules and plaques on the trunk, back, and all extremities. Laboratory findings showed extremely elevated IgE levels, 64285 IU/ML, absolute eosinophils 5,400 cells/μl, and a normal tryptase. Multiple skin biopsies showed non-specific dermatitis. Bone marrow biopsy, cytogenetics and imaging studies were unremarkable. The patient was evaluated by Dermatology and Hematology/ Oncology, but no specific diagnosis was given. The patient denied a history of recurrent infections, skin abscesses, hyperextensible joints, bone fracture, or scoliosis. The patient had failed multiple systemic and topical medications, but improved with prednisone. The patient was treated empirically with omalizumab 300 mg every 28 days. One month after initiating omalizumab treatment, his dermatitis and eosinophilia markedly improved. Although omalizumab was effective for our patient's chronic dermatitis in the setting of severely elevated IgE, prospective studies and long term follow-up are required to confirm the efficacy of omalizumab in recalcitrate dermatitis and elevated IgE. Follow-up Study on the Natural History of Prawn Allergy Lydia Wong 1 , Bee Wah Lee 2 , Gaik Chin Yap 2 , Genevieve Llanora 1 , Bernard Thong 3 , Lynette Shek 1 1 National University Health System, Singapore; 2 National University of Singapore; 3 Tan Tock Seng Hospital Corresponding: Lydia Wong -National University Health System, Singapore World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A641 Background: Shrimp is a widely consumed shellfish and the most common cause of anaphylaxis in Southeast Asia. Diagnosis of shrimp allergy using skin prick test(SPT) or specific IgE(sIgE) may be interfered by sensitization to house dust mite(HDM) which is also prevalent in the area. Sensitization to both allergens can occur due to cross reaction by tropomyosin. Objective: In this study we sought to evaluate the roles of SPT to shrimp, sIgE to shrimp or component resolved diagnostic in the diagnosis of shrimp allergy in area with high prevalence of HDM sensitization. Methods: Subjects with sensitization to shrimp and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Derp) determined by SPT were enrolled from the allergy clinic. Shrimp allergy was diagnosed by oral food challenge test or convincing history of repeated allergic symptoms after shrimp ingestion or history of shrimp induced anaphylaxis. Mean wheal size of SPT to shrimp extract, cooked Pacific white shrimp, sIgE to Der p, shrimp and rPen a1 were determined. Results: Fifty-one subjects were enrolled and classified into 2 groups according to shrimp reactions; shrimp allergy (n=22) and shrimp tolerance (n=29). Ages of shrimp allergic subjects ranged from 4 to 66 years, with 45% were male and 55 % were female. One-third of subjects with shrimp allergy had isolated oral itching symptoms while half of subjects had anaphylaxis. Median SPT wheal size to shrimp extract and fresh shrimp were significantly higher in shrimp allergic subjects compared to shrimp tolerance; 6.25 vs 4.25 mm, p=0.022 and 7 vs 4.5 mm, p=0.003 accordingly. SPT to shrimp extract >3.5 mm or positive shrimp sIgE(>0.35 kUA/) provided 90% sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.86. SPT to fresh shrimp provided better sensitivity and NPV (95% and 0.90) than shrimp extract. Using the cut of value of 0.35, sIgE to rPen a1 was found to have low sensitivity (45%) but high specificity (85%) and positive predictive value of 0.71 in identifying patients with shrimp allergy. Size of SPT, levels of shrimp sIgE and sIgE to rPena1 were not significantly difference between anaphylactic and non-anaphylactic subjects. Conclusions: In subjects who demonstrated sensitization to both shrimp and HDM, sIgE to rPen a1 can be helpful in predicting clinical reaction while SPT and sIgE to shrimp are good screening tests. SPT to fresh shrimp had higher sensitivity and NPV than shrimp extract. SIgE to rPen a1 cannot be used to predict severity in our shrimp allergic population. Background: The tree of heaven has spread from a prized ornamental plant to a highly invasive species in some regions worldwide. This tree was introduced in arid and semiarid regions of Iran as an ornamental species over the last two decades. Despite the increasing reports of Ailanthus spp. pollinosis, there have been very few molecular studies on this topic. The aim of this study was to identify potential allergenic proteins in A. altissimapollen using an animal model. Methods: A. altissima pollens were collected from urban green spaces of Tehran, Iran, during the pollination period from Mid-April to Mid-May 2014.The pollen proteins were extracted in phosphatebuffered saline (PBS). The protein content of A. altissima pollen (AP) extract was studied using the Bradford protein assay followed by a 10% SDS-PAGE. Thirty male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into two groups of AP extract sensitized and sham that received PBS. The AP extract was injected intraperitoneally at regular intervals. One week after the last injection, intradermal skin tests (ID) were performed on the abdomen skin of each animal. Specific IgE-binding proteins of AP extract were identified by immunoblotting using pooled sera of sensitized mice. The total protein concentration of AP extract was 4.47 μg per μl. The AP extract SDS-PAGE pattern revealed 17 protein bands ranging from 10 kD to 100 kD. The mean wheal diameter induced by ID was significantly higher in the AP extract sensitized group compared to the sham group (P=0.00). Immunoblotting using pooled sera of AP extract sensitized mice revealed a major IgE-binding component of approximately 42 KD and several minor IgE-binding proteins ranging from 12 to 37 kD. Conclusions: In the present study, several AP extract IgE-binding proteins have been identified as a potential cause of immediate hypersensitivity reactions in sensitized subjects. These findings open up avenues for identification of AP extract allergenic proteins and its allergen-based diagnosis in patients suffering from allergic symptoms during the pollination period of this species. Allergy Immunotherapy Well Tolerated in Children Mahnaz Sadeghi-Shabestari Children Hospital, Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Iran World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A646 Allergy immunotherapy use to treat allergies that was not effectively relieved by medications and recommended for all age .On the other hands, although allergy shots is usually safe but sometimes has side effects from localized swelling and erythema at the place where the shot given to anaphylaxis shock. The aim of this study is comparison of reactions of allergy shots in adults and children. In this study, side effects of allergy shots has compared in patients under and over 19 years. All patients got their shots on standard schedule (every week or every month) and stay at the office for about 20 minutes every time after get shot. In patients with late onset reactions to shots prospectus did by telephone. From all patients (121) who were gotten shot, 32 (26.4%) patients were under 20 years and 18(56%) patients were under 10 years. All patients had allergic rhinitis or allergic asthma isolated or in combination with other types of allergy. In adult group, anaphylactic shock occurred in one patient. Eight attacks of generalized urticarial with wheezing, five attacks of generalized urticarial with abdominal pain and severe cramps observed. In children group, we did not have any systemic reactions, only two cases had flushing, and two cases experienced headache after shot. Sometimes local swelling and erythema occurred in place of shot in two groups of patients. In addition, improvement in symptom control for disease in children was better than in adults. Although it seems that tendency for allergy shot in children is less than adults, but reactions in children is less than adults and children better tolerate allergy immunotherapy. primary and secondary cause of death in DM1 patients. Due to muscle weakness there is an increased susceptibility to mainly respiratory infections, however another factor may be hypogammaglobulinaemia as reported in 40-50% of DM1 patients. Remarkably to date no data can be found about the nature and impact of hypogammaglobulinemia on infection rate in these patients. The immune status was evaluated and retrospective data analysis was performed of 17 DM1 patients. Standard screening comprised a questionnaire about (recurrent) infections, frequent use of antibiotics and hospital stays due to infections. Standard laboratory tests comprised serum IgA, IgM, IgG and IgG subclasses, NK, B and T cell counts, granulocyte, leucocyte and monocyte counts by FACS analysis. Also a vaccination response test was performed. The majority of the patients (71%) had hypogammaglobulinemia (IgG<7 g/L) ranging from 3.9 g/l and 6.5 g/l. Strikingly, IgG1 was selectively below normal range in fifteen out of sixteen patients (94%). None of the patients were on immune suppressive medication. The overall rate of pneumonia was 53%. Nine out of seventeen patients suffered from pneumonia at least once between January 2000 and October 2012, four of those patients had recurrent pneumonia or sinopulmonal infections. Other infections also occurred, e.g. recurrent urinary tract infection, recurrent facial herpes simplex and erysipelas. In the patients with hypoglobulinemia the rate of pneumonia was 58% compared to 40% in patients whose total IgG was normal (p = 0,52). Interestingly three patients with low IgG serum levels also showed insufficient vaccination responses for H. influenzae type B and/or S. pneumoniae. Two of which had recurrent infections, including pneumonia. These patients met the criteria for common variable immune deficiency (CVID). Our statistical data are limited due to the small number of patients included in this pilot study. However, the results are astounding with 94% having an IgG1 deficiency and 71% hypogammaglobulinemia. These results imply that screening for immune deficiency should be part of standard care for patients with DM1, however studies are warranted to investigate if IgG substitution therapy may lead to a decrease in infections and improving the quality of life. The Change of Serous Sige and Three Evaluation before and after Sublingual Immunotherapy with Dermatophagoides Farinae for Persistent Allergic Rhinitis Yongping Liu The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, China World Allergy Organization Journal 2016, 9(Suppl 1):A648 Abstract Objective: To investigate the efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy(SLIT) with dermatophagoides farinae for persistent allergic rhinitis coincidence between the symptoms improvement and the change of serous SIgE and SIgG. Method: Sixty-four patients of allergic rhinitis Who were divided into children group and adult group were treated with SLIT dermatophagoides farinae for 52 weeks, total nasal symptom score nasal sign score and VAS score were evaluated before and afte SLIT. Result: The three scores were descended significantly (P<0.05) after the treatment both two groups, but decline of SIgE and ascent of SIgG were not clear. Conclusion: The efficacy of SLIT with dermatophagoides farinae for persistent allergic rhinitis was prominent according to three scores, but it was not cohere between three scores and serous SIgE and SIgG. It is well-known that proliferation and migration of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) play an important role in airway remodeling in asthma. Inflammation affects cell proliferation and migration, and antagonism of histamine receptors has been shown to be antiinflammatory in asthma. This study was performed to identify whether and how garlic extracts show antagonistic effect on histamine-induced increase in proliferation and migration of human asthmatic bronchial smooth muscle cells (HABSMC). Treatment of HABSMCs with histamine (100 μM) significantly increased cell proliferation and migration compared to control (p < 0.05). Wound healing assays showed that histamine increases cell proliferation and migration in a time-dependent manner. Pretreatment with garlic extracts suppressed histamineinduced proliferation and migration by 50.1±3.7% and 45.8±6.9%, respectively. In addition, histamine-induced increase in proliferation and migration of HABSMCs was inhibited by pretreatment with MAPK inhibitors (PD98059, SB203580, and SP600125). Pretreatment with garlic extracts downregulated histamine-stimulated MAPK activation. These results show that garlic extracts reduce histamine-induced cell migration and proliferation by down-regulation of MAPK pathways and suggest that garlic extracts could be a potential asthma-preventive food. N-acetylcysteine(NAC) is widely used drug as a mucolytic in chronic respiratory diseases, an antidote in acetaminophen overdose and a protective agent for renal function in contrast-induced nephropathy. NAC is considered a well-tolerated and safe medication and no serious adverse reactions have been reported. Here we report a case of contact dermatitis to NAC. A32-year-old woman presented with a symptoms of eczematous skin lesion on exposed area of hands, arms and face for several weeks. She was suffering with symptoms of her rash and itching sensation on the lesion. The patient was diagnosed as allergic rhinitis sensitized to house dust mite, but the symptoms were not bothersome. She had a previous history of drug allergy to non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. She was a nurse working in general ward of a tertiary hospital. Her symptoms had developed since she started working in the ward, mixing NAC and various antibiotics with normal saline. Serum total IgE level was not increased (69KU/L) and skin prick test revealed sensitization to various inhalant allergens including house dust mites. Serum specific IgE and skin prick test to antibiotics were negative. Intradermal test with NAC at 1mg/ml and 10mg/ml showed a positive result, both immediate and late reactions (after 48hours). Patch test using NAC also revealed a positive result after 96 hours. Serum specific IgE, IgG1 and IgG4 to NAChuman albumin conjugate were not detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We report a case of allergic contact dermatitis due to NAC which was exposed in the workplace. (1) Introduction There are pollen, temperature, air pollutants and other occupational factors as representative risk factors of allergic diseases. Among them, Pollen is an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma. Depending on global warming and climate change, recently changes in pollen is appeared. This study purpose is to survey the change of asthma from 2006 to 2010, to evaluate the relation between pollen and asthma attack and to compare the influence between Seong-Dong gu, Seoul as representative urban area, Guri, Gyungggido as suburban area, and Jeju as rural area. (2) Method We utilized a national health insurance data, meteorological data, air pollution data, and the pollen data of the National Weather Service from 2006 to 2010. Target area were Seong-dong gu which is one of 25 districts in Seoul, the capital of Korea, Guri which is similar to seong-dong gu in aspect of latitude and longitude, but is suburban area, and Jeju which is different to two areas of the front in aspect of latitude, is island, and is rural area. We considered The number of asthma attacks as the dependent variable. Asthma attack was defined if the case in that the oral steroid was used to treat asthma attacks was confirmed. In order to distinguish pediatric asthma, we restricted age range from age 18 to 70 years. Independent variables are meteorological variables(Tmax, Tmean, Tmin, precipitation, humidity, DTR(Diurnal Temperature Range), Wind velocity), Pollen data(The count of grass, ragweed, wormwood, Japanese hop, alder, birch, hazelnut and oak) and air pollutants data(atmospheric concentration of NO2, CO, SO2, PM10, O3. Statistical researches including time-series analysis, case-crossover design were performed. (3) Result Tree and ragweed pollen were associated with asthma attack; the largest magnitudes of association was with the 5-day average (RRIQR¼ 1.15, . Grass pollen was only minimally associated with the outcome. The associations with ozone and PM10 were strongest on the same day (lag0) of asthma attack(RRIQR¼ 1.05, 95%CI 1.03-1.07 and RRIQR¼ 1.03, 95%CI 1.01-1.05), respectively, with a decreasing lag effect. The different pollen types showed different associations with the outcome. High levels of tree pollen appear to be an important risk factor in asthma exacerbations. Geographically, there are differences in association between their risk factors and asthma attacks. Background: There have been anecdotal observations that there is a higher incidence of emergency visits and hospitalizations for asthma exacerbations during the lunar months in Singapore. This is postulated to be due increased outdoor air pollution during these months secondary to cultural practices of incense and joss paper burning. Incense burning is known to release particulate matter into the environment. This increases the risk of acute irritative symptoms as well as the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms 1,2 . Methods: Data of emergency visits and hospitalizations for asthma exacerbations between January 2005 and December 2012 was collected from the Singapore National Asthma Programme database. This included data from the seven main government restructured hospitals in Singapore. Linear regression was performed using SPSS 22.0 to compare the significance of asthma exacerbations during the weeks of the lunar month compared to weeks of non-lunar months between 2005 and 2012. Results: Results showed that there was a significant difference between lunar weeks and non-lunar weeks for the years 2005 and 2011. For 2005, the lunar weeks had significantly increased number of emergency visits and hospitalizations for asthma exacerbations (p= 0.028). However, in 2011 it was noted that the incidence was significantly reduced during the lunar weeks (p= 0.03). A combined analysis of all eight years also did not show any significant increase during the lunar weeks. Conclusion: There is no significant increase in the incidence of emergency visits and hospitalizations for asthma exacerbations during the lunar months in Singapore. Drug allergy (DA) is an immunologically mediated response to specific agent in a sensitized person. The clinical manifestations of DA are restricted to certain syndromes that are specifically accepted as allergic in nature, which may present as mild to life threatening reactions. To determine the clinical features of DA. Methods Patient with clinical history of DA referred to Dr. Kariadi Hospital Semarang between January 2012 to May 2015, under the age of 18 years were retrospectively identified from medical records. Drug allergy was defined as one of drug-related cutaneous reaction pattern and systemic symptoms of an immunologically mediated drug hypersensitivity. Statistic analyses was fisher exact test with statistic significance p < 0.05. Results A total of 13 patients, 9 boys (69,2%) and 4 girls (30,8%) were identified. The mean age was 67±SD 54 months. The frequency of severe malnutrition and well-nourished were 3 (23,1%) and 10 (76.9%), respectively. All patients under 60 months of age with DA had neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio (NLCR) below 6 (7 cases, 53,8%). The most common type was Fixed Drug Eruption (FDE) (23,07%). Other type were Steven-Johnson syndrome (SJS), erythema multiforme (EM) and drug-hypersensitive syndrome (DHS). Antibiotics accounted for more than 50% of all drug implicated in DA 8 cases (61,5%). Four (30,8%) had a previously history of allergy manifestation and only 2 (15,4%) patient with family history of allergy. Eosinophilia from blood smear examination was found in 6 cases of DA (46,2%). All patients with FDE showed normal test of liver function 3 (100%), while non FDE were 10 (40%) with p 0.067. There were no correlation between DA with skin exfoliation and anemia, and also with hypoalbuminaemia. Clinical features of skin exfoliation had no correlation with NLCR. All patient of DA except those with FDE received steroid therapy. Mortality in our study was 7,7%. Conclusion Fixed Drug Eruption was the most common type of DA found, with male predominantly affected and antibiotic was the drug most commonly involved. Background: European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) is a common cause of asthma, allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis. Therefore, it is essential to study the period and duration of the flowering in airborne in each region/area. In this research, was to evaluate the relation between ash pollen counts with meteorological and air pollution factors in Tehran for six years. Methods: At the First, the districts of Tehran were classified as northern, southern, eastern, western and central regions and the near of Tehran is the control zone. Pollen samples were collected from F. excelsior trees planted in the areas of Tehran and also in non-polluted area Situated outside the city. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine and compare shapes and structures of non-polluted and polluted pollens. An attempt was made to pollen counts determined by the two methods (volumet-ric7-day spore trap and gravimetric durham method) during six years (the Jan2010 to jun2015). Airborne ash Pollens were collected on a slide for 24 hour period and the slides were stained and examined under microscope. The relationship between the ash pollen counts, and the meteorological parameters including the mean values of high/ low rates of temperature, sunshine hours, high/ low relative humidity, wind speed and raining was investigated. Also air pollution data, such as Co, NO2, SO2, O3, and PM10 and PM2.5 were all obtained from the five study areas in Tehran for finding their relation by grass pollens count. Results: Our microscopic examinations showed that air pollution considerably improved the fragility of pollen exine, causing numerous cracks in its surface and facilitating pollen content liberation. A pollen calendar of ash pollen types was identified in the six years study period areas of Tehran. Pollen production was higher in the south and center area and was lower in the other areas of Tehran. Major pollen seasons were recognized Jan to April. Highest pollen counts were obtained in March and lowest in the Jan. The ash pollen calendar and its association with meteorological and air pollution factors related mainly to daily temperature, sunshine hours, wind speed and Co, NO2 and PM2.5. Conclusions: The ash pollens seasonal variation that is specific for each area in each country can help allergic patients for decision in their life in every day and for physicians to attend allergic disease management. So we hope these data be use full for patients and physicians in Tehran (capital of Iran). Finally, the results showed pollutant can be a cause of extending the period of pollination. Background/Aims: Allergic rhinitis (AR) in the elderly patients is constantly increasing with the extension of life expectancy, but little is known about elderly AR. Immunotherapy in the elderly patients is a controversial issue since no proven evidence in the safety and efficacy of this treatment had been shown. In this study, we were to find the characteristics of elderly AR sensitized to house dust mite (HDM) and evaluate the safety and efficacy of sublingual allergen-specific immunotherapy. Total 21 patients older than 60 years old with AR sensitized to HDM with A/H ratio of >3 on skin prick test and/or >0.35IU/L in Immuno-CAP to D.farinae and D.pteronyssinus were enrolled in this study. The patients were randomized to either medication group with LAIS® Mites Sublingual tablets (2/week) or observation group using a double-blind method in their first visit and their symptoms and adverse reactions were monitored for 3 months. Of 21 patients, 13 (61.9%) patients were in the medication group and 8(38.1%) patients were in the observation group. Regardless of the groups, the mean age was 67.2 years, the ratio of male to female patients was 11(52.4%) to 10 (47.6%). The mean of total IgE was 601.1IU/L and specific IgE to D.farinae and D.pteronyssinus were 4.8IU/L and 11.72IU/L, respectively. The baseline mean value of total rhino-conjunctivitis symptom score, which is a primary endpoint of this study, was 22.09, which tended to decrease during 3 months. Serious adverse events have not been reported, and the patients are well tolerated with LAIS®. Sublingual immunotherapy with tablet form in elderly AR patients sensitized to HDM is worth trying and no safety issue has become a problem, but further investigation results are needed. This study was supported by Lofarma SpA, Milano, Italy. Background: World population, over the age 65 (usually defined as the elderly) has been steadily growing, reflecting general trends of ageing societies. With advancing age, chronic diseases become increasingly prevalent and contribute to the loss of independence, frailty and increased risk of death. Understanding the role of environmental factors, specifically respiratory infections, in the pathogenesis of chronic respiratory diseases in the elderly may help in decreasing morbidity and extending the lifespan of this population. Methods: Healthy Ageing Research Center (HARC) which is a multidisciplinary research platform established at the Medical University of Lodz, involves research groups with various basic biological (immunologists, biochemists, molecular biologists) and clinical (geriatricians, psychiatrists, cardiologists and pulmonologists) interests and devoted to conduct research addressing key issues related to pathogenesis of increased morbidity in the elderly population. Here we present the HARC platform as a vehicle for development of multidisciplinary research related to various aspects of respiratory infections in the elderly. Results: Preliminary study involving elderly subjects (n=157; mean age 68.2) allowed to establish risk factors associated with frequent infections. In a multivariate analysis polytherapy (more than 5 prescription drugs) has been determined as one of the most important risk factors for frequent (defined as more than 3 per year) respiratory infections (OR=1.93 (CI95% 1.11-3.36). The effect of comorbidities as risk factors for respiratory infections, will be further analyzed in crosssectional study involving 3000 subjects randomly selected from the local population of elderly subjects. In collaboration with psychiatrics the prevalence and spectrum of respiratory infections among patients with various psychiatric disorders is being studied. Although viral infections are considered to be important triggers in asthma exacerbation in children and adults, it is difficult to extrapolate infection rates and specific pathogens from these studies to older adults with asthma. The study currently developed with microbiologist is aiming at assessment of the role of viral and bacterial triggers asthma exacerbation in the elderly patients. In parallel, in vitro model to assess the peripheral blood leukocytes immune response to rhinovirus infection and miRNA expression in the elderly patients with and without asthma has been introduced . Conclusions: Collaboration within multidisciplinary research team ( HARC platform) has allowed for development of innovative approaches to study various aspects of respiratory infections in the elderly population. Project is supported by the European Commission RegPot-2012-2013-1. Background: Capture-recapture models allow one to estimate the number of actual cases by assessing the probability of overlap between cases from multiple sources. The Korea Work-Related Asthma Surveillance (KOWAS) is a scheme designed to collect information on WRA cases from multiple reporting sources, which are the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service, occupational physicians, allergy and chest physicians, and regional work-related disease surveillance systems. The purpose of this study is to estimate the number of actual cases of WRA using the capture-recapture analysis. Methods: Capture-recapture analysis was used to obtain a nearly unbiased estimator (NUE) of the total number of WRA cases reported to KOWAS from 2004 to 2006. To do this, the 4 reporting sources were stratified into 2 categories as follows: (1) the workers' compensation scheme (i.e. the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service), and (2) the other 3 reporting sources (i.e. physicians' reports). Capture-recapture analysis was performed on sex, regions and specific industries when the number of overlapping reports was ≥7. Overlapping reports, i.e. duplicate cases, were defined as individuals who had identical names, dates of birth, resident registration numbers, and employers found in both reporting categories. Results: From 2004 to 2006, a total of 172 cases of WRA were reported by 4 reporting sources : 62 (48.8%) by workers' compensation schemes, 31 (24.4%) by occupational physicians, 68 (53.5%) by allergy and chest physicians, and 50 (39.4%) by regional surveillance systems. The number of cases estimated by capture-recapture method was 186 (95% CI: 150.75-221.43). The completeness of worker's compensation and physicians' reports were 0.52 and 0.33 respectively. By industry, the reported cases and estimated cases of the manufacturing sector were 189 and 333 (95% CI : 262.62-404.27). By region, the reported cases and estimated cases in Gyeonggi and Incheon were 75 and 114 (95% CI : 83.75-143.69). Conclusions: Capture-recapture models allow the estimation of the true number of cases and the assessment of the completeness of our surveillance data. And this method can be useful in a various public health areas. Parents' awareness about asthma symptoms and knowledge of the asthma triggers are necessary for every step of diagnosis and treatment. In this study, 85 primary school students' parents leaving in a lowincome district of Ankara were included. A questionnaire prepared 38 questions about symptoms and a trigger of asthma based on ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) was applied to the parents. P value was 0.05. Results Primary school students' mean age was 9.1±0.9 year (min-max 7-11). Wheezing attack was recognized by parents in 10 of 85 children (11.7%). 9of 85 children (10.5%) were diagnosed as asthma by a medical doctor previously. 55 of 85 children (64.7%) had at least one smoker in their house. 14 of 85 parents (16.7%) defined humidity and 15 of them (17.6%) defined mold in their house. Our study showed that, 11.7% of primary school students had wheezing. Indoor triggers such as humidity, mold and cigarette smoke were reported by the students' parents. So especially in low income areas it is very important to educate the parents about indoor triggers. Background: Airway hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation are the characteristic features in bronchial asthma. Airway hyperresponsiveness is usually measured with direct stimuli such as methacholine or histamine. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate, which acts indirectly via the secondary release of mediators, is another stimulus to measure brochial hyperresponsiveness. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among the provocative concentration of methacholine producing a 20% decline in FEV1 (PC20 methacholine), PC20 adenosine and inflammatory markers in newly diagnosed asthmatics and to compare the changes in each after inhaled corticosteroid treatment. Methods: We performed a prospective analysis of data from 20 patients with a diagnosis of persistent bronchial asthma (17-67 years, FEV1>60% predicted). Patients were assigned into two groups according to severity of the disease of either mild (mean FEV1 91.6±4.7%, n=12) or moderate(mean FEV1 62.9±2.9%, n=8). Methacholine and adenosine bronchial provocation test, sputum induction, blood sampling were performed before and after treatment Background: Climate change (CC) is expected to alter allergenic pollen season pollination for trees, weeds and grasses and potentially increase occurrence of allergic airway disease. Objective: We sought to examine the spatiotemporal patterns of change of weeds (ragweed, mugwort), trees (birch, oak), grasses in multiple climate regions, and their relationships with the changing climate in the contiguous US over time from the year 1994 to 2010. Methods: Regional assessments (South-S, Southeast-SE, Southwest-SW, Central-C, West-W, Northeast-NE, Eastnorthcentral-ENC, Westnorthcentral-WNC and Northwest-NW) for land area coverage, pollen season timing, hourly pollen concentrations, due to CC were obtained using statistical analyses and deterministic simulation based on observed and simulated models across the CONUS. The allergenic pollen seasons of representative trees, weeds and grasses during the 2000s across the CONUS have been observed to start 3.0 (95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.1-4.9) days earlier on average than in the 1990s. The average peak value and annual total of daily counted airborne pollen have increased by 42.4% (95% CI, 21.9%-62.9%) and 46.0% (95% CI, 21.5%-70.5%), respectively. Changes of ragweed pollen season timing and levels were identified as functions of latitude, and associated with changes of Growing Degree Days, Frost Free Days and precipitation. Conclusion: These changes are likely due to recent climate change and particularly the enhanced warming and precipitation at higher latitudes in the CONUS. The observed pollen season start date, season length and airborne pollen level could be correctly predicted using Bayesian and machine learning models based on the locally observed meteorological factors. Background Specific subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) with house dust mite (HDM) has been shown to improve clinical symptoms in patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma in China, while less data regarding efficacy, safety and immunological mechanisms of specific sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) in allergic patients. The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy, immunological mechanisms of SLIT HDM compared to SCIT HDM in rhinitis patients with HDM during 1 year of treatment. Method Recruitment took place from November 2009 to September 2010. The study enrolled 67 patients aged 5. '55 years old with moderate-severe HDM induced allergic rhinitis with or without asthma. They were randomized (2:2:1) in three groups (SLIT group, n=27; SCIT group, n=26; Placebo, n=14, following the same schedule as SLIT group). The allergic rhinitis and asthma symptom and medication score collected from patient diary cards (from baseline to 1 year) were used for assessment of efficacy. Visual analogue score (VAS) were collected and skin prick tests, total-specific IgE were performed at baseline and 12 months after treatment. In addition, patients underwent Der p IgG4 and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cells measurements. Results SCIT groups had a significant improvement for the change from baseline in mean total rhinitis symptom score compared with placebo after 1 year therapy (P=0.015), but between SLIT and placebo groups there were no significant difference(P=0.060). Both two groups had a significant improvement in mean rhinitis medication score compared with placebo (P<0.05), and the analysis of rhinitis VAS score change from baseline showed the same results. The mean asthma symptom or medication score did not show significant difference among the three groups. There was a trend toward upregulation in the rate of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cells from baseline to 1 year in both SCIT and SLIT subjects compared with Placebo group(P<0.05). The level of Der p IgG4 showed a significant increase in both SLIT and SCIT compared with placebo (P<0.05), furthermore, the mean level of Der p IgG4 of SCIT group was almost thirty times higher than SLIT group after 1 year therapy (P<0.05). Conclusion Both SCIT and SLIT had the efficacy in patients with moderate-severe HDM sensitized allergic rhinitis after 1 year of treatment, and SCIT also afford significant therapeutic benefits with respect to rhinitis symptom score. Serum Der p IgG4 and CD4+CD25+ FoxP3+ Treg cells may play roles in modulate immunoresponse to specific immunotherapy, but their relationship between clinical efficacy needs further study.