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PMC:7796329 / 25460-33662 JSONTXT

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LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
112 316-322 Species denotes people Tax:9606
113 685-691 Species denotes people Tax:9606
117 974-980 Species denotes people Tax:9606
118 1157-1163 Species denotes people Tax:9606
119 1233-1240 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
121 1376-1383 Disease denotes Anxiety MESH:D001007
130 1629-1634 Species denotes human Tax:9606
131 2008-2014 Species denotes people Tax:9606
132 2090-2102 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
133 1418-1425 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
134 1515-1522 Disease denotes Anxiety MESH:D001007
135 1910-1922 Disease denotes High-anxiety MESH:D001007
136 2179-2186 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
137 2292-2299 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
139 2408-2415 Disease denotes Anxiety MESH:D001007
141 3654-3660 Species denotes people Tax:9606
149 4304-4310 Species denotes people Tax:9606
150 4474-4480 Species denotes people Tax:9606
160 5929-5934 Species denotes human Tax:9606
161 6134-6146 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
162 6328-6340 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
163 6522-6528 Species denotes people Tax:9606

LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T7 1233-1240 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T8 1376-1383 Phenotype denotes Anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T9 1418-1425 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T10 1515-1522 Phenotype denotes Anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T11 1915-1922 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T12 2179-2186 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T13 2292-2299 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T14 2408-2415 Phenotype denotes Anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T204 0-4 Sentence denotes 2.3.
T205 5-26 Sentence denotes Psychological Factors
T206 28-34 Sentence denotes 2.3.1.
T207 35-49 Sentence denotes Perceived Risk
T208 50-211 Sentence denotes In conspiracy theory research, beliefs in conspiracy theories are occurred under uncertainty and randomness which are related to social crises and risks [45,46].
T209 212-520 Sentence denotes Societal crisis situations increase beliefs in conspiracy theories because the unpleasant feelings that people experience when in crisis—fear, uncertainty, and a lack of control—motivate them to make sense of the situation, increasing the likelihood that they perceive conspiracies in social situations [41].
T210 521-613 Sentence denotes Uncontrollable danger from a personal perspective reinforces beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T211 614-784 Sentence denotes Based on a dangerous worldview scale, Hart and Graether [29] show that people who report greater beliefs in conspiracy theories tend to hold more dangerous world beliefs.
T212 785-879 Sentence denotes Believing a conspiracy theory gives an individual a sense of security by lowering uncertainty.
T213 880-1145 Sentence denotes Earnshaw et al. [2] explain that conspiracy theories satisfy an existential motive by helping people feel safe in their environments; individuals are more likely to believe conspiracy theories when they feel anxious, powerless, and unable to control their outcomes.
T214 1146-1274 Sentence denotes Similarly, people who view the world as dangerous and uncontrollable may assuage their anxiety through conspiracy theories [29].
T215 1275-1293 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 6 (H6).
T216 1296-1367 Sentence denotes Perceived risk is positively related to beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T217 1369-1375 Sentence denotes 2.3.2.
T218 1376-1383 Sentence denotes Anxiety
T219 1384-1455 Sentence denotes From a psychological perspective, anxiety and stress should be lowered.
T220 1456-1514 Sentence denotes Believing a conspiracy theory is one way of lowering them.
T221 1515-1678 Sentence denotes Anxiety may be particularly acute if it is caused by a major external event, which may be a natural disaster or a human-caused event, such as a terror attack [30].
T222 1679-1775 Sentence denotes Conspiracy theories functionally provide very simple causal explanations for distressful events.
T223 1776-1909 Sentence denotes In other words, they help to control the level of acute stress and, thus, instill order, a sense of control, and predictability [47].
T224 1910-2040 Sentence denotes High-anxiety situations are therefore positively correlated with conspiracy theories about Jewish people, Germans, and Arabs [48].
T225 2041-2234 Sentence denotes Moreover, based on experimental studies in which participants were exposed to mock news articles, Radnitz and Underwood [49] show that an anxiety prime increases beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T226 2235-2386 Sentence denotes However, according to Swami et al. [47], state and trait anxiety and episodic tension are not significant predictors of beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T227 2387-2405 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 7 (H7).
T228 2408-2472 Sentence denotes Anxiety is positively related to beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T229 2474-2480 Sentence denotes 2.3.3.
T230 2481-2498 Sentence denotes Negative Emotions
T231 2499-2536 Sentence denotes According to Whitson et al. ([50], p.
T232 2537-2859 Sentence denotes 89), emotions that reflect uncertainty about the world (e.g., worry, surprise, fear, or hope) activate the need to imbue the world with order and structure across a wide range of compensatory measures, such as believing conspiracy theories, more so than other emotions (e.g., anger, happiness, disgust, or contentment) do.
T233 2860-3011 Sentence denotes Van Prooijen et al. [51] propose that conspiracy theories are emotional; negative emotions rather than rational deliberations cause conspiracy beliefs.
T234 3012-3127 Sentence denotes This insight is based on the argument that unpleasant emotional experiences increase sense-making motivations [52].
T235 3128-3221 Sentence denotes Several empirical studies support the emotional attributes of beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T236 3222-3456 Sentence denotes Butler et al. [53] examine the emotional effects of viewing the film JFK on moviegoing audiences and find that it impacts viewers’ emotions, beliefs, and judgments, particularly regarding the themes and persuasive message of the film.
T237 3457-3577 Sentence denotes However, the film does not influence viewers’ general political judgments or perceptions of conspiracies in their lives.
T238 3578-3685 Sentence denotes Whitson et al. [54] demonstrate that experiencing uncertain emotions causes people to embrace conspiracies.
T239 3686-3704 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 8 (H8).
T240 3707-3782 Sentence denotes Negative emotions are positively related to beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T241 3784-3790 Sentence denotes 2.3.4.
T242 3791-3808 Sentence denotes Perceived Control
T243 3809-3944 Sentence denotes Perceived control refers to an individual’s perception of his or her ability to control events and the extent of external objects [54].
T244 3945-4013 Sentence denotes Believing conspiracy theories is a way to create a sense of control.
T245 4014-4119 Sentence denotes Beliefs in conspiracy theories are widely considered to be a product of a perceived lack of control [55].
T246 4120-4270 Sentence denotes Miller et al. [3] argue that those with strong beliefs in conspiracy theories are able to see how endorsing the conspiracy can serve their own stakes.
T247 4271-4527 Sentence denotes Douglas et al. [10] explain that people who lack control may seek a sense of control by believing conspiracy theories because such theories provide an opportunity to refuse official narratives and allow people to feel that they have a better understanding.
T248 4528-4775 Sentence denotes High levels of powerlessness, along with low levels of self-esteem, are related to beliefs in specific conspiracies, whereas high external locus of control levels, along with low trust levels, are associated with endorsements of conspiracies [24].
T249 4776-4854 Sentence denotes A sense of lacking control may cause people to adopt conspiracy-like thinking.
T250 4855-5020 Sentence denotes Sullivan et al. [56] use an experiment to demonstrate that participants with no control over given topics increase their endorsement of specific conspiracy theories.
T251 5021-5124 Sentence denotes The result shows that the feeling of control over COVID-19 is very low, leading to conspiracy theories.
T252 5125-5304 Sentence denotes Earnshaw et al. [2] argue that the COVID-19 pandemic provides a powerful context for people to utilize conspiracy theories in an attempt to restore feelings of safety and control.
T253 5305-5477 Sentence denotes However, based on six studies conducted online using MTurk samples, Stojanov et al. [55] show that changes in levels of control have no effect on conspiracy theory beliefs.
T254 5478-5556 Sentence denotes Thus, conspiracy beliefs are not suitable compensation for threats to control.
T255 5557-5697 Sentence denotes Similarly, Hart and Graether [29] find no effects of situational threats (i.e., a sense of powerlessness) on beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T256 5698-5716 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 9 (H9).
T257 5719-5798 Sentence denotes Perceived control is negatively associated with beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T258 5800-5806 Sentence denotes 2.3.5.
T259 5807-5824 Sentence denotes Analytic Thinking
T260 5825-5944 Sentence denotes Thinking style plays an important role in this context because beliefs in conspiracy theories depend on human judgment.
T261 5945-6061 Sentence denotes Many studies investigate the connections between analytic and heuristic thinking and beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T262 6062-6306 Sentence denotes For example, Leman and Cinnirella [57] conducted an experiment in which participants are asked to read stories about the president’s assassination and then rate the likelihood of different explanations to measure analytic or heuristic thinking.
T263 6307-6508 Sentence denotes They report that the participants are likely to endorse a conspiracy theory to account for events more when the consequences are major (i.e., the president dies) than when they are comparatively minor.
T264 6509-6663 Sentence denotes In addition, people who are less likely to engage in analytic thinking [37] or more likely to rely on heuristics [58] tend to rely on conspiracy theories.
T265 6664-6766 Sentence denotes Beliefs in conspiracy theories are positively related to intuitive rather than analytic thinking [37].
T266 6767-6787 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 10 (H10).
T267 6790-6869 Sentence denotes Analytic thinking is negatively associated with beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T268 6871-6877 Sentence denotes 2.3.6.
T269 6878-6895 Sentence denotes Blame Attribution
T270 6896-6994 Sentence denotes When socially negative events occur, the responsible targets to be blamed are often up for debate.
T271 6995-7071 Sentence denotes Blame attribution is closely related to conspiracy theory belief structures.
T272 7072-7166 Sentence denotes Clark [59] argues that conspiracy theories are a byproduct of a fundamental attribution error.
T273 7167-7194 Sentence denotes Hart and Graether ([29], p.
T274 7195-7337 Sentence denotes 230) explain that conspiracy worldviews provide consolation for individuals who have difficulty seeing reality through a more benevolent lens.
T275 7338-7489 Sentence denotes For such individuals, the belief that someone is responsible for negative events may be preferable to concluding that the universe is cruel and unjust.
T276 7490-7620 Sentence denotes Thus, conspiracy theories are associated with aspects of justice and responsibility, one of which is related to blame attribution.
T277 7621-7799 Sentence denotes In an empirical study, Crocker et al. [19] demonstrate that beliefs in conspiracy theories are related to blaming the problems of Black Americans on prejudice and discrimination.
T278 7800-7936 Sentence denotes Moreover, this race effect is partially mediated by a measure of system blame but not by the greater externality of attributional style.
T279 7937-8095 Sentence denotes Schulzke [60] shows that attributional uncertainty facilitates the assignment of blame to familiar enemies, which ultimately promotes conspiratorial thinking.
T280 8096-8116 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 11 (H11).
T281 8119-8202 Sentence denotes External blame attribution is positively related to beliefs in conspiracy theories.