PMC:7796148 / 17808-22506 JSONTXT

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Results\n\n3.1. Somatic Symptoms\nCorrelations for all the variables included in Models 1 and 2 are shown in Table 1. The PHQ-15 subscales and the total score were positively and significantly correlated with COVID-19 anxiety, as well as with GAD-7 total score. These correlations are in line with results from the first wave of the UK study [20]. Figure 1 shows the relationship between COVID-19 anxiety and somatic symptoms.\nTable 2 shows the estimates from the regression models. In Model 1, considering COVID-19 first quintile as no-anxiety, we can observe significant differences between the baseline and the other quantiles both in PHQ-15 subscales and in its total score. In the sample, the aggravation of the somatic symptoms between quintiles seems to be characterized by a more linear increase than in the UK data, with a similar wider effect over the 5th quintile.\nIn Model 2, the control variables were taken into account. The effect of COVID-19 anxiety on somatic symptoms was weaker but similar to Model 1, especially referred to the total scale score. The presence of pre-existing health problems and high scores on GAD-7 significantly worsen specific and general somatic symptoms, confirming UK’s findings. Mourning for COVID-19 losses also has a detrimental effect on psychological health. No effect of household income was found. In terms of regions, Campania showed higher scores of somatic symptoms than the other regions. Campania scores were high in the PHQ-15 pain subscale and in the gastrointestinal subscale, but also overall.\n\n3.2. Anxiety, Depression, and Traumatic Stress\nWe focused on anxiety, depression, traumatic stress and COVID-19 related anxiety, following Shevlin et al. (2020). In order to be consistent with the original study, traumatic stress and COVID-19 related anxiety where treated independently, whereas a new variable was computed to describe participants with anxiety, depression, or both. Sample size, percentages and adjusted odds ratio are summarized in Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5.\nThe rate of anxiety (GAD-7) in the overall sample was 21.59% (95% CI: 15.93%–20.72%), with no differences between regions (χ2(3) = 4.07, p = 0.25) and with more women above the anxiety cut-off (11.75%, men: 6.45%; χ2(1) = 15.94, p \u003c 0.001). Depression (PHQ-9), with a rate of 21.4% (95% CI: 18.95%–24.03%), showed no differences between regions (χ2(3) = 0.29, p = 0.96) but was significantly higher among women (12.52%), compared to men (8.86%; χ2(1) = 5.82, p = 0.016).\nThe rate of anxiety and/or depression was 26.11 (95% CI: 23.48%–28.91%). No significant differences between regions were detected (χ2(3) = 1.78 p = 0.61), whereas the gender difference was confirmed (women: 15.90%, men: 10.21%; χ2(1) = 13.37, p \u003c 0.001).\nUsing the ITQ scale, 25.92% of the sample was above the traumatic stress cut-off score (95% CI: 23.34%–28.77%). No difference was found between regions (χ2(3) = 4.30, p = 0.23), while the gender effect was again significant (women: 15.11%, men: 10.88%; χ2(1) = 7.16, p = 0.007). Finally, COVID-19 related anxiety was 18.30% overall (95% CI: 16.02%–20.82%). Regions showed a similar rate (χ2(3) = 2.66, p = 0.44) whereas a gender difference was found (women: 12.14%, men: 6.17%; χ2(1) = 20–65, p \u003c 0.001).\nWe considered anxiety and/or depression, traumatic stress, and COVID-19-related Anxiety as dependent variables in three separate multiple logistic regressions (respectively, Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5). Figure 2 shows the plot of the odds ratio for the model of traumatic stress.\nThe age effect, observed by Shevlin and colleagues, was confirmed for anxiety/depression (Adj OR = 0.96, CI = 0.95–0.97, p \u003c 0.001), and traumatic stress (Adj OR = 0.97, CI = 0.96–0.98, p \u003c 0.001), showing more moderate cases in younger participants. A gender difference was observed only in COVID-19 anxiety, with men less anxious than women about the new virus (Adj OR = 0.33, CI = −0.03–0.69, p \u003c 0.001). No differences were observed between regions.\nThe presence of minors in the house had a detrimental effect on anxiety/depression (Adj OR = 1.55, CI = 1.20–1.90, p = 0.002) and traumatic stress (Adj OR = 1.52, CI = 1.17–1.87, p = 0.004), as did the presence of pre-existing health conditions in others (anxiety/depression; Adj OR = 1.53, CI = 1.14–1.91, p = 0.006) and themselves (traumatic stress; Adj OR = 1.59, CI = 1.15–2.02; p = 0.008).\nInterestingly, an increase in perceived risk to contract COVID-19 in the following four weeks had an effect on depression/anxiety (LR χ2(3) = 54.24, p \u003c 0.001), traumatic stress (LR χ2(3) = 66.14, p \u003c 0.001), and COVID-19 anxiety (LR χ2(3) = 84.74, p \u003c 0.001), mostly in the third and fourth quartile."}

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Results\n\n3.1. Somatic Symptoms\nCorrelations for all the variables included in Models 1 and 2 are shown in Table 1. The PHQ-15 subscales and the total score were positively and significantly correlated with COVID-19 anxiety, as well as with GAD-7 total score. These correlations are in line with results from the first wave of the UK study [20]. Figure 1 shows the relationship between COVID-19 anxiety and somatic symptoms.\nTable 2 shows the estimates from the regression models. In Model 1, considering COVID-19 first quintile as no-anxiety, we can observe significant differences between the baseline and the other quantiles both in PHQ-15 subscales and in its total score. In the sample, the aggravation of the somatic symptoms between quintiles seems to be characterized by a more linear increase than in the UK data, with a similar wider effect over the 5th quintile.\nIn Model 2, the control variables were taken into account. The effect of COVID-19 anxiety on somatic symptoms was weaker but similar to Model 1, especially referred to the total scale score. The presence of pre-existing health problems and high scores on GAD-7 significantly worsen specific and general somatic symptoms, confirming UK’s findings. Mourning for COVID-19 losses also has a detrimental effect on psychological health. No effect of household income was found. In terms of regions, Campania showed higher scores of somatic symptoms than the other regions. Campania scores were high in the PHQ-15 pain subscale and in the gastrointestinal subscale, but also overall.\n\n3.2. Anxiety, Depression, and Traumatic Stress\nWe focused on anxiety, depression, traumatic stress and COVID-19 related anxiety, following Shevlin et al. (2020). In order to be consistent with the original study, traumatic stress and COVID-19 related anxiety where treated independently, whereas a new variable was computed to describe participants with anxiety, depression, or both. Sample size, percentages and adjusted odds ratio are summarized in Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5.\nThe rate of anxiety (GAD-7) in the overall sample was 21.59% (95% CI: 15.93%–20.72%), with no differences between regions (χ2(3) = 4.07, p = 0.25) and with more women above the anxiety cut-off (11.75%, men: 6.45%; χ2(1) = 15.94, p \u003c 0.001). Depression (PHQ-9), with a rate of 21.4% (95% CI: 18.95%–24.03%), showed no differences between regions (χ2(3) = 0.29, p = 0.96) but was significantly higher among women (12.52%), compared to men (8.86%; χ2(1) = 5.82, p = 0.016).\nThe rate of anxiety and/or depression was 26.11 (95% CI: 23.48%–28.91%). No significant differences between regions were detected (χ2(3) = 1.78 p = 0.61), whereas the gender difference was confirmed (women: 15.90%, men: 10.21%; χ2(1) = 13.37, p \u003c 0.001).\nUsing the ITQ scale, 25.92% of the sample was above the traumatic stress cut-off score (95% CI: 23.34%–28.77%). No difference was found between regions (χ2(3) = 4.30, p = 0.23), while the gender effect was again significant (women: 15.11%, men: 10.88%; χ2(1) = 7.16, p = 0.007). Finally, COVID-19 related anxiety was 18.30% overall (95% CI: 16.02%–20.82%). Regions showed a similar rate (χ2(3) = 2.66, p = 0.44) whereas a gender difference was found (women: 12.14%, men: 6.17%; χ2(1) = 20–65, p \u003c 0.001).\nWe considered anxiety and/or depression, traumatic stress, and COVID-19-related Anxiety as dependent variables in three separate multiple logistic regressions (respectively, Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5). Figure 2 shows the plot of the odds ratio for the model of traumatic stress.\nThe age effect, observed by Shevlin and colleagues, was confirmed for anxiety/depression (Adj OR = 0.96, CI = 0.95–0.97, p \u003c 0.001), and traumatic stress (Adj OR = 0.97, CI = 0.96–0.98, p \u003c 0.001), showing more moderate cases in younger participants. A gender difference was observed only in COVID-19 anxiety, with men less anxious than women about the new virus (Adj OR = 0.33, CI = −0.03–0.69, p \u003c 0.001). No differences were observed between regions.\nThe presence of minors in the house had a detrimental effect on anxiety/depression (Adj OR = 1.55, CI = 1.20–1.90, p = 0.002) and traumatic stress (Adj OR = 1.52, CI = 1.17–1.87, p = 0.004), as did the presence of pre-existing health conditions in others (anxiety/depression; Adj OR = 1.53, CI = 1.14–1.91, p = 0.006) and themselves (traumatic stress; Adj OR = 1.59, CI = 1.15–2.02; p = 0.008).\nInterestingly, an increase in perceived risk to contract COVID-19 in the following four weeks had an effect on depression/anxiety (LR χ2(3) = 54.24, p \u003c 0.001), traumatic stress (LR χ2(3) = 66.14, p \u003c 0.001), and COVID-19 anxiety (LR χ2(3) = 84.74, p \u003c 0.001), mostly in the third and fourth quartile."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T151","span":{"begin":0,"end":2},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T152","span":{"begin":3,"end":10},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T153","span":{"begin":12,"end":16},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T154","span":{"begin":17,"end":33},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T155","span":{"begin":34,"end":117},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T156","span":{"begin":118,"end":261},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T157","span":{"begin":262,"end":347},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T158","span":{"begin":348,"end":426},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T159","span":{"begin":427,"end":482},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T160","span":{"begin":483,"end":678},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T161","span":{"begin":679,"end":875},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T162","span":{"begin":876,"end":934},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T163","span":{"begin":935,"end":1066},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T164","span":{"begin":1067,"end":1222},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T165","span":{"begin":1223,"end":1306},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T166","span":{"begin":1307,"end":1347},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T167","span":{"begin":1348,"end":1442},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T168","span":{"begin":1443,"end":1552},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T169","span":{"begin":1554,"end":1558},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T170","span":{"begin":1559,"end":1600},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T171","span":{"begin":1601,"end":1715},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T172","span":{"begin":1716,"end":1937},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T173","span":{"begin":1938,"end":2034},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T174","span":{"begin":2035,"end":2104},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T175","span":{"begin":2105,"end":2241},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T176","span":{"begin":2242,"end":2275},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T177","span":{"begin":2276,"end":2325},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T178","span":{"begin":2326,"end":2505},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T179","span":{"begin":2506,"end":2562},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T180","span":{"begin":2563,"end":2578},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T181","span":{"begin":2579,"end":2712},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T182","span":{"begin":2713,"end":2725},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T183","span":{"begin":2726,"end":2760},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T184","span":{"begin":2761,"end":2856},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T185","span":{"begin":2857,"end":2872},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T186","span":{"begin":2873,"end":2992},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T187","span":{"begin":2993,"end":3005},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T188","span":{"begin":3006,"end":3039},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T189","span":{"begin":3040,"end":3101},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T190","span":{"begin":3102,"end":3117},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T191","span":{"begin":3118,"end":3218},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T192","span":{"begin":3219,"end":3231},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T193","span":{"begin":3232,"end":3265},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T194","span":{"begin":3266,"end":3470},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T195","span":{"begin":3471,"end":3547},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T196","span":{"begin":3548,"end":3798},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T197","span":{"begin":3799,"end":3955},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T198","span":{"begin":3956,"end":4001},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T199","span":{"begin":4002,"end":4396},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T200","span":{"begin":4397,"end":4698},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"3. Results\n\n3.1. Somatic Symptoms\nCorrelations for all the variables included in Models 1 and 2 are shown in Table 1. The PHQ-15 subscales and the total score were positively and significantly correlated with COVID-19 anxiety, as well as with GAD-7 total score. These correlations are in line with results from the first wave of the UK study [20]. Figure 1 shows the relationship between COVID-19 anxiety and somatic symptoms.\nTable 2 shows the estimates from the regression models. In Model 1, considering COVID-19 first quintile as no-anxiety, we can observe significant differences between the baseline and the other quantiles both in PHQ-15 subscales and in its total score. In the sample, the aggravation of the somatic symptoms between quintiles seems to be characterized by a more linear increase than in the UK data, with a similar wider effect over the 5th quintile.\nIn Model 2, the control variables were taken into account. The effect of COVID-19 anxiety on somatic symptoms was weaker but similar to Model 1, especially referred to the total scale score. The presence of pre-existing health problems and high scores on GAD-7 significantly worsen specific and general somatic symptoms, confirming UK’s findings. Mourning for COVID-19 losses also has a detrimental effect on psychological health. No effect of household income was found. In terms of regions, Campania showed higher scores of somatic symptoms than the other regions. Campania scores were high in the PHQ-15 pain subscale and in the gastrointestinal subscale, but also overall.\n\n3.2. Anxiety, Depression, and Traumatic Stress\nWe focused on anxiety, depression, traumatic stress and COVID-19 related anxiety, following Shevlin et al. (2020). In order to be consistent with the original study, traumatic stress and COVID-19 related anxiety where treated independently, whereas a new variable was computed to describe participants with anxiety, depression, or both. Sample size, percentages and adjusted odds ratio are summarized in Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5.\nThe rate of anxiety (GAD-7) in the overall sample was 21.59% (95% CI: 15.93%–20.72%), with no differences between regions (χ2(3) = 4.07, p = 0.25) and with more women above the anxiety cut-off (11.75%, men: 6.45%; χ2(1) = 15.94, p \u003c 0.001). Depression (PHQ-9), with a rate of 21.4% (95% CI: 18.95%–24.03%), showed no differences between regions (χ2(3) = 0.29, p = 0.96) but was significantly higher among women (12.52%), compared to men (8.86%; χ2(1) = 5.82, p = 0.016).\nThe rate of anxiety and/or depression was 26.11 (95% CI: 23.48%–28.91%). No significant differences between regions were detected (χ2(3) = 1.78 p = 0.61), whereas the gender difference was confirmed (women: 15.90%, men: 10.21%; χ2(1) = 13.37, p \u003c 0.001).\nUsing the ITQ scale, 25.92% of the sample was above the traumatic stress cut-off score (95% CI: 23.34%–28.77%). No difference was found between regions (χ2(3) = 4.30, p = 0.23), while the gender effect was again significant (women: 15.11%, men: 10.88%; χ2(1) = 7.16, p = 0.007). Finally, COVID-19 related anxiety was 18.30% overall (95% CI: 16.02%–20.82%). Regions showed a similar rate (χ2(3) = 2.66, p = 0.44) whereas a gender difference was found (women: 12.14%, men: 6.17%; χ2(1) = 20–65, p \u003c 0.001).\nWe considered anxiety and/or depression, traumatic stress, and COVID-19-related Anxiety as dependent variables in three separate multiple logistic regressions (respectively, Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5). Figure 2 shows the plot of the odds ratio for the model of traumatic stress.\nThe age effect, observed by Shevlin and colleagues, was confirmed for anxiety/depression (Adj OR = 0.96, CI = 0.95–0.97, p \u003c 0.001), and traumatic stress (Adj OR = 0.97, CI = 0.96–0.98, p \u003c 0.001), showing more moderate cases in younger participants. A gender difference was observed only in COVID-19 anxiety, with men less anxious than women about the new virus (Adj OR = 0.33, CI = −0.03–0.69, p \u003c 0.001). No differences were observed between regions.\nThe presence of minors in the house had a detrimental effect on anxiety/depression (Adj OR = 1.55, CI = 1.20–1.90, p = 0.002) and traumatic stress (Adj OR = 1.52, CI = 1.17–1.87, p = 0.004), as did the presence of pre-existing health conditions in others (anxiety/depression; Adj OR = 1.53, CI = 1.14–1.91, p = 0.006) and themselves (traumatic stress; Adj OR = 1.59, CI = 1.15–2.02; p = 0.008).\nInterestingly, an increase in perceived risk to contract COVID-19 in the following four weeks had an effect on depression/anxiety (LR χ2(3) = 54.24, p \u003c 0.001), traumatic stress (LR χ2(3) = 66.14, p \u003c 0.001), and COVID-19 anxiety (LR χ2(3) = 84.74, p \u003c 0.001), mostly in the third and fourth quartile."}