PMC:7601109 / 15107-16729 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7601109","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7601109","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7601109","text":"Propolis is a unique product of a complex composition that comprises more than 420 chemical substances [37,68]. Nonetheless, its composition and biological activities vary considerably depending on its botanical and geographical origins as well as the time of harvesting [38,65,67]. Propolis is rich in oxyprenylated phenylpropanoids—secondary metabolites from plants, fungi, and bacteria [69]—such as 7-isopentenyloxucoumarin, boropinic acid, 4-geranyloxyferulic acid, and auraptene. The last two exist in raw Italian propolis at high concentrations: 107.12 and 145.37 μg/g of dry propolis, respectively. Flavonoids, a large group of phenolic compounds, are abundant in Italian propolis, and they are differentiated into several groups including flavanones (e.g., naringenine, 4.4 mg/g), flavones (e.g., apigenine, 1.7 mg/g), flavonols (e.g., galaning, 0.9 mg/g), tannins (e.g., gallic acid 8.4 mg/g), catechins (expressed as (+)-catechin 0.4 mg/g, and caffeic acid and its esters (expressed as caffeic acid, 9.2 mg/g) [69]. The most profuse flavonoids in ethanolic extracts of Brazilian propolis are artepillin C (38.6 mg/g), coumaric acid (10.6 mg/g), and kaempferide (12.6 mg/g) [70]. Key other constituents of propolis include polyphenol (e.g., phenolic acids and aromatic esters), phenolic aldehydes, terpenoids, ketones, enzymes (e.g., α- and β-amylase), vitamins (e.g., thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), pyridoxine (B6), ascorbic acid (C), tocopherol (E)), minerals (e.g., calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, sodium, barium) essential oils, alcohol, fatty acids, β-steroids, and many other elements 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