PMC:7546716 / 1614-2782 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7546716","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7546716","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7546716","text":" Given the public health emergency, scarcity of effective antiviral therapies, and rapid evolution of lung disease associated with COVID-19, patients who are critically ill with COVID-19 and have exuberant inflammation, life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome, and coagulopathy, are basically treated as if they had secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or virus-associated macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). These treatments are focused on therapies that neutralise key cytokines driving classical MAS, such as interleukin-6 ([IL]-6; eg, tocilizumab) or interferon gamma (IFNγ; eg, emapalumab).1, 2 In fact, some fatal cases of COVID-19 are accompanied not only by severe respiratory disease, but also by increased systemic inflammation as shown by higher ferritin concentrations.2 However, in many aspects, COVID-19 does not resemble typical MAS. We propose that the cytokine storm syndrome seen in COVID-19 is dissimilar to that seen in canonical MAS and should be regarded as a distinct entity and approached in a novel way reflecting its unique qualities.\n\nCellular immunity and T-cell polarisation in COVID-19\nWhereas virus-induced MAS sh","divisions":[{"label":"title","span":{"begin":1086,"end":1139}}],"tracks":[{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":102,"end":106},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":395,"end":405},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":495,"end":504},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T29","span":{"begin":536,"end":549},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T30","span":{"begin":552,"end":554},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T31","span":{"begin":893,"end":901},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T32","span":{"begin":1110,"end":1114},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A26","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T26","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195"},{"id":"A27","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T27","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63261"},{"id":"A28","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T28","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050"},{"id":"A29","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T29","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma264829"},{"id":"A30","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T30","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578"},{"id":"A31","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T31","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050"},{"id":"A32","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T32","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"subj":"T26","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T27","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T28","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T29","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T30","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T31","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T32","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":102,"end":106},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A3","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T3","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048"},{"subj":"T3","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":102,"end":114},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":131,"end":139},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":178,"end":186},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":206,"end":218},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":237,"end":272},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":243,"end":272},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":278,"end":290},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":329,"end":374},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":395,"end":425},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":427,"end":430},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":523,"end":526},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":653,"end":661},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":697,"end":716},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":749,"end":761},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T29","span":{"begin":833,"end":841},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T30","span":{"begin":868,"end":871},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T31","span":{"begin":902,"end":916},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T32","span":{"begin":925,"end":933},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T33","span":{"begin":974,"end":977},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T34","span":{"begin":1131,"end":1139},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T35","span":{"begin":1162,"end":1165},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A15","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T15","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005275"},{"id":"A16","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T16","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A17","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T17","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A18","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T18","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021166"},{"id":"A19","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T19","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0006502"},{"id":"A20","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T20","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0009971"},{"id":"A21","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T21","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0001531"},{"id":"A22","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T22","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015542"},{"id":"A23","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T23","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015545"},{"id":"A24","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T24","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015545"},{"id":"A25","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T25","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015545"},{"id":"A26","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T26","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A27","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T27","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005087"},{"id":"A28","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T28","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021166"},{"id":"A29","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T29","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A30","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T30","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015545"},{"id":"A31","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T31","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0008496"},{"id":"A32","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T32","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A33","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T33","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015545"},{"id":"A34","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T34","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A35","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T35","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015545"},{"subj":"T15","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T16","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T17","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T18","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T19","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T20","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T21","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T22","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T23","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T24","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T25","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T26","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T27","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T28","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T29","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T30","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T31","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T32","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T33","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T34","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T35","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":102,"end":106},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":102,"end":106},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":378,"end":383},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":406,"end":416},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":454,"end":461},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0009985"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":536,"end":549},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001393"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":579,"end":595},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000000017"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":1004,"end":1005},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":1040,"end":1041},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":1108,"end":1114},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000084"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":1148,"end":1153},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"T15","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T16","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T17","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T18","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T19","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T20","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T21","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T22","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T23","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T24","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T25","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":58,"end":67},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":552,"end":554},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":563,"end":574},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":579,"end":589},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":590,"end":595},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A15","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T15","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22587"},{"id":"A16","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T16","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895"},{"id":"A17","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T16","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072"},{"id":"A18","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T18","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_64360"},{"id":"A19","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T19","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52999"},{"id":"A20","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T20","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30212"},{"subj":"T15","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T16","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T18","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T19","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T20","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":102,"end":114},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":243,"end":263},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":278,"end":290},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":893,"end":907},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A3","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T3","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002088"},{"id":"A4","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T4","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002098"},{"id":"A5","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T5","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0003256"},{"id":"A6","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T6","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0033041"},{"subj":"T3","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-HP"},{"subj":"T4","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-HP"},{"subj":"T5","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-HP"},{"subj":"T6","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-HP"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":206,"end":218},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006954"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":395,"end":416},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042116"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":749,"end":761},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006954"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"T2","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP"},{"subj":"T3","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP"},{"subj":"T4","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":1,"end":432},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":433,"end":872},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":873,"end":1084},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":1086,"end":1139},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"T12","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T13","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T14","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T15","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"65","span":{"begin":536,"end":549},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"66","span":{"begin":579,"end":595},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"67","span":{"begin":597,"end":601},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"68","span":{"begin":603,"end":605},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"69","span":{"begin":559,"end":561},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"72","span":{"begin":141,"end":149},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"74","span":{"begin":102,"end":114},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"75","span":{"begin":131,"end":139},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"76","span":{"begin":158,"end":172},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"77","span":{"begin":178,"end":186},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"78","span":{"begin":206,"end":218},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"79","span":{"begin":237,"end":272},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"80","span":{"begin":278,"end":290},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"81","span":{"begin":329,"end":374},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"82","span":{"begin":395,"end":425},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"83","span":{"begin":653,"end":661},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"84","span":{"begin":697,"end":716},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"85","span":{"begin":749,"end":761},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"86","span":{"begin":833,"end":841},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"87","span":{"begin":925,"end":933},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"89","span":{"begin":1131,"end":1139},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A65","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"65","obj":"Gene:3569"},{"id":"A66","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"66","obj":"Gene:3458"},{"id":"A67","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"67","obj":"Gene:3458"},{"id":"A68","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"68","obj":"Gene:50512"},{"id":"A69","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"69","obj":"Gene:50512"},{"id":"A72","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"72","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A74","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"74","obj":"MESH:D008171"},{"id":"A75","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"75","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A76","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"76","obj":"MESH:D016638"},{"id":"A77","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"77","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A78","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"78","obj":"MESH:D007249"},{"id":"A79","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"79","obj":"MESH:D012128"},{"id":"A80","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"80","obj":"MESH:D001778"},{"id":"A81","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"81","obj":"MESH:D060085"},{"id":"A82","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"82","obj":"MESH:D055501"},{"id":"A83","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"83","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A84","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"84","obj":"MESH:D012140"},{"id":"A85","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"85","obj":"MESH:D007249"},{"id":"A86","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"86","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A87","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"87","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A89","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"89","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"subj":"65","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"66","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"67","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"68","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"69","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"72","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"74","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"75","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"76","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"77","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"78","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"79","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"80","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"81","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"82","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"83","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"84","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"85","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"86","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"87","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"89","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}]},{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"33073244-30774631-66244503","span":{"begin":619,"end":620},"obj":"30774631"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"33073244-30774631-66244503","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"}]}],"config":{"attribute types":[{"pred":"source","value type":"selection","values":[{"id":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","color":"#ec9b93","default":true},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","color":"#93a5ec"},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","color":"#bfec93"},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","color":"#ec93d9"},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","color":"#93ece5"},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-HP","color":"#eccb93"},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","color":"#b193ec"},{"id":"LitCovid-sentences","color":"#93ec97"},{"id":"LitCovid-PubTator","color":"#ec93a8"},{"id":"2_test","color":"#93c2ec"}]}]}}