PMC:7219429 / 12084-13415 JSONTXT

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When seen from above, the viral spike has a typical triangle shape, with a ganglioside-binding domain at each apex. Thus, the spike central area is devoted to ACE-2 binding, leaving three peripheric flat surface areas available for ganglioside attachment. Such dual ganglioside/receptor binding is commonly used by pathogenic viruses such as HIV-1 [28], [29], [30] and bacterial neurotoxins [16]. By combining the high affinity for a single protein receptor with multiple low affinity attachment sites, these pathogens have selected a very efficient pathway to gain entry into host 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