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modulation of neuronal signaling in the frontal cortex, midbrain, and striatum is essential for processing and integrating diverse external sensory stimuli and attaching salience to environmental cues that signal causal relationships, thereby guiding goal-directed, adaptable behaviors. At the cellular level, dopamine signaling is mediated through D1-like or D2-like receptors. Although a role for D1-like receptors in a variety of goal-directed behaviors has been identified, an explicit involvement of D2 receptors has not been clearly established. To determine whether dopamine D2 receptor-mediated signaling contributes to associative and reversal learning, we compared C57Bl/6J mice that completely lack functional dopamine D2 receptors to wild-type mice with respect to their ability to attach appropriate salience to external stimuli (stimulus discrimination) and disengage from inappropriate behavioral strategies when reinforcement contingencies change (e.g. reversal learning)."}

{"project":"craft-ca-core-ex-dev","denotations":[{"id":"T149","span":{"begin":11,"end":19},"obj":"CHEBI:18243"},{"id":"T150","span":{"begin":20,"end":30},"obj":"GO:0065007"},{"id":"T151","span":{"begin":34,"end":42},"obj":"CL:0000540"},{"id":"T152","span":{"begin":43,"end":52},"obj":"GO_EXT:cell_communication_or_signaling_or_signal_transduction"},{"id":"T153","span":{"begin":60,"end":74},"obj":"UBERON:0001870"},{"id":"T154","span":{"begin":76,"end":84},"obj":"UBERON:0001891"},{"id":"T155","span":{"begin":90,"end":98},"obj":"UBERON:0002435"},{"id":"T156","span":{"begin":160,"end":167},"obj":"GO_EXT:detection_or_sensing_of_stimulus"},{"id":"T157","span":{"begin":263,"end":270},"obj":"GO_EXT:biological_direction_or_guidance"},{"id":"T158","span":{"begin":276,"end":284},"obj":"GO_EXT:biological_direction_or_guidance"},{"id":"T159","span":{"begin":286,"end":305},"obj":"GO:0051867"},{"id":"T160","span":{"begin":314,"end":322},"obj":"CL_GO_EXT:cell"},{"id":"T161","span":{"begin":330,"end":338},"obj":"CHEBI:18243"},{"id":"T162","span":{"begin":330,"end":348},"obj":"GO:0007212"},{"id":"T163","span":{"begin":369,"end":376},"obj":"_FRAGMENT"},{"id":"T164","span":{"begin":388,"end":397},"obj":"PR_EXT:000001107"},{"id":"T165","span":{"begin":380,"end":397},"obj":"PR_EXT:000001108"},{"id":"T166","span":{"begin":388,"end":397},"obj":"GO_EXT:0004872"},{"id":"T167","span":{"begin":419,"end":436},"obj":"PR_EXT:000001107"},{"id":"T168","span":{"begin":427,"end":436},"obj":"GO_EXT:0004872"},{"id":"T169","span":{"begin":458,"end":466},"obj":"GO_EXT:biological_direction_or_guidance"},{"id":"T170","span":{"begin":467,"end":476},"obj":"GO_PATO_EXT:biological_behavior"},{"id":"T171","span":{"begin":525,"end":537},"obj":"PR_EXT:000001177"},{"id":"T172","span":{"begin":528,"end":537},"obj":"GO_EXT:0004872"},{"id":"T173","span":{"begin":593,"end":601},"obj":"CHEBI:18243"},{"id":"T174","span":{"begin":593,"end":613},"obj":"PR_EXT:000001177"},{"id":"T175","span":{"begin":605,"end":613},"obj":"GO_EXT:0004872"},{"id":"T176","span":{"begin":623,"end":632},"obj":"GO_EXT:cell_communication_or_signaling_or_signal_transduction"},{"id":"T177","span":{"begin":648,"end":659},"obj":"_FRAGMENT"},{"id":"T178","span":{"begin":673,"end":681},"obj":"GO:0008306"},{"id":"T179","span":{"begin":704,"end":708},"obj":"NCBITaxon:10088"},{"id":"T180","span":{"begin":741,"end":749},"obj":"CHEBI:18243"},{"id":"T181","span":{"begin":741,"end":762},"obj":"PR_EXT:000001177"},{"id":"T182","span":{"begin":753,"end":762},"obj":"GO_EXT:0004872"},{"id":"T183","span":{"begin":766,"end":775},"obj":"SO_EXT:wild_type_entity_or_quality"},{"id":"T184","span":{"begin":776,"end":780},"obj":"NCBITaxon:10088"},{"id":"T185","span":{"begin":921,"end":931},"obj":"GO_PATO_EXT:biological_behavior"},{"id":"T186","span":{"begin":998,"end":1006},"obj":"GO:0007612"}],"relations":[{"id":"R4","pred":"_lexicallyChainedTo","subj":"T164","obj":"T163"},{"id":"R5","pred":"_lexicallyChainedTo","subj":"T178","obj":"T177"}],"text":"Background\nDopamine modulation of neuronal signaling in the frontal cortex, midbrain, and striatum is essential for processing and integrating diverse external sensory stimuli and attaching salience to environmental cues that signal causal relationships, thereby guiding goal-directed, adaptable behaviors. At the cellular level, dopamine signaling is mediated through D1-like or D2-like receptors. Although a role for D1-like receptors in a variety of goal-directed behaviors has been identified, an explicit involvement of D2 receptors has not been clearly established. To determine whether dopamine D2 receptor-mediated signaling contributes to associative and reversal learning, we compared C57Bl/6J mice that completely lack functional dopamine D2 receptors to wild-type mice with respect to their ability to attach appropriate salience to external stimuli (stimulus discrimination) and disengage from inappropriate behavioral strategies when reinforcement contingencies change (e.g. reversal learning)."}

{"project":"craft-ca-core-dev","denotations":[{"id":"T91","span":{"begin":11,"end":19},"obj":"CHEBI:18243"},{"id":"T92","span":{"begin":20,"end":30},"obj":"GO:0065007"},{"id":"T93","span":{"begin":34,"end":42},"obj":"CL:0000540"},{"id":"T94","span":{"begin":60,"end":74},"obj":"UBERON:0001870"},{"id":"T95","span":{"begin":76,"end":84},"obj":"UBERON:0001891"},{"id":"T96","span":{"begin":90,"end":98},"obj":"UBERON:0002435"},{"id":"T97","span":{"begin":286,"end":305},"obj":"GO:0051867"},{"id":"T98","span":{"begin":330,"end":338},"obj":"CHEBI:18243"},{"id":"T99","span":{"begin":330,"end":348},"obj":"GO:0007212"},{"id":"T100","span":{"begin":369,"end":376},"obj":"_FRAGMENT"},{"id":"T101","span":{"begin":388,"end":397},"obj":"PR:000001107"},{"id":"T102","span":{"begin":380,"end":397},"obj":"PR:000001108"},{"id":"T103","span":{"begin":419,"end":436},"obj":"PR:000001107"},{"id":"T104","span":{"begin":525,"end":537},"obj":"PR:000001177"},{"id":"T105","span":{"begin":593,"end":601},"obj":"CHEBI:18243"},{"id":"T106","span":{"begin":593,"end":613},"obj":"PR:000001177"},{"id":"T107","span":{"begin":648,"end":659},"obj":"_FRAGMENT"},{"id":"T108","span":{"begin":673,"end":681},"obj":"GO:0008306"},{"id":"T109","span":{"begin":704,"end":708},"obj":"NCBITaxon:10088"},{"id":"T110","span":{"begin":741,"end":749},"obj":"CHEBI:18243"},{"id":"T111","span":{"begin":741,"end":762},"obj":"PR:000001177"},{"id":"T112","span":{"begin":776,"end":780},"obj":"NCBITaxon:10088"},{"id":"T113","span":{"begin":998,"end":1006},"obj":"GO:0007612"}],"relations":[{"id":"R1","pred":"_lexicallyChainedTo","subj":"T101","obj":"T100"},{"id":"R2","pred":"_lexicallyChainedTo","subj":"T108","obj":"T107"}],"text":"Background\nDopamine modulation of neuronal signaling in the frontal cortex, midbrain, and striatum is essential for processing and integrating diverse external sensory stimuli and attaching salience to environmental cues that signal causal relationships, thereby guiding goal-directed, adaptable behaviors. At the cellular level, dopamine signaling is mediated through D1-like or D2-like receptors. Although a role for D1-like receptors in a variety of goal-directed behaviors has been identified, an explicit involvement of D2 receptors has not been clearly established. To determine whether dopamine D2 receptor-mediated signaling contributes to associative and reversal learning, we compared C57Bl/6J mice that completely lack functional dopamine D2 receptors to wild-type mice with respect to their ability to attach appropriate salience to external stimuli (stimulus discrimination) and disengage from inappropriate behavioral strategies when reinforcement contingencies change (e.g. reversal learning)."}