| Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
| T1 |
0-164 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha mimic the effects of insulin in human fat cells and augment downstream signaling in insulin resistance. |
| T2 |
165-405 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The ability of the growth factors epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor alpha, and platelet-derived growth factor to exert insulin-like effects on glucose transport and lipolysis were examined in human and rat fat cells. |
| T3 |
406-698 |
Sentence |
denotes |
No effects were found in rat fat cells, whereas EGF (EC(50) for glucose transport approximately 0.02 nm) and transforming growth factor alpha (EC(50) approximately 0.2 nm), but not platelet-derived growth factor, mimicked the effects of insulin (EC(50) approximately 0.2 nm) on both pathways. |
| T4 |
699-808 |
Sentence |
denotes |
EGF receptors, but not EGF, were abundantly expressed in human fat cells as well as in human skeletal muscle. |
| T5 |
809-1265 |
Sentence |
denotes |
EGF increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins (the EGF receptor, insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, IRS-2, and Grb2-associated binder 1), whereas Shc and Gab2 were only weakly and inconsistently phosphorylated. p85, the regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase), was also found to associate with all of these docking molecules, showing that EGF activated PI 3-kinase pools that were additional to those of insulin. |
| T6 |
1266-1462 |
Sentence |
denotes |
EGF and/or insulin increased protein kinase B/Akt serine phosphorylation to a similar extent, whereas mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation was more pronounced for EGF than for insulin. |
| T7 |
1463-1655 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The impaired insulin-stimulated downstream signaling, measured as protein kinase B/Akt serine phosphorylation, in insulin-resistant cells (Type 2 diabetes) was improved by the addition of EGF. |
| T8 |
1656-1754 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Thus, EGF receptors, but not EGF, are abundantly expressed in human fat cells and skeletal muscle. |
| T9 |
1755-1883 |
Sentence |
denotes |
EGF mimics the effects of insulin on both the metabolic and mitogenic pathways but utilize in part different signaling pathways. |
| T10 |
1884-2157 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Both insulin and EGF increase the tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of IRS-1 and IRS-2, whereas EGF is also capable of activating additional PI 3-kinase pools and, thus, can augment the downstream signaling of insulin in insulin-resistant states like Type 2 diabetes. |
