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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-167 Sentence denotes Functions of transforming growth factor-beta family type I receptors and Smad proteins in the hypertrophic maturation and osteoblastic differentiation of chondrocytes.
T2 168-410 Sentence denotes We investigated the effects of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, on the regulation of the chondrocyte phenotype, and we identified signaling molecules involved in this regulation.
T3 411-513 Sentence denotes BMP-2 triggers three concomitant responses in mouse primary chondrocytes and chondrocytic MC615 cells.
T4 514-582 Sentence denotes First, BMP-2 stimulates expression or synthesis of type II collagen.
T5 583-824 Sentence denotes Second, BMP-2 induces expression of molecular markers characteristic of pre- and hypertrophic chondrocytes, such as Indian hedgehog, parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor, type X collagen, and alkaline phosphatase.
T6 825-902 Sentence denotes Third, BMP-2 induces osteocalcin expression, a specific trait of osteoblasts.
T7 903-1065 Sentence denotes Constitutively active forms of transforming growth factor-beta family type I receptors and Smad proteins were overexpressed to address their role in this process.
T8 1066-1212 Sentence denotes Activin receptor-like kinase (ALK)-1, ALK-2, ALK-3, and ALK-6 were able to reproduce the hypertrophic maturation of chondrocytes induced by BMP-2.
T9 1213-1315 Sentence denotes In addition, ALK-2 mimicked further the osteoblastic differentiation of chondrocytes induced by BMP-2.
T10 1316-1467 Sentence denotes In the presence of BMP-2, Smad1, Smad5, and Smad8 potentiated the hypertrophic maturation of chondrocytes, but failed to induce osteocalcin expression.
T11 1468-1567 Sentence denotes Smad6 and Smad7 impaired chondrocytic expression and osteoblastic differentiation induced by BMP-2.
T12 1568-1807 Sentence denotes Thus, our results indicate that Smad-mediated pathways are essential for the regulation of the different steps of chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation and suggest that additional Smad-independent pathways might be activated by ALK-2.