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PMC:2889865 / 16307-25133 JSONTXT 19 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T119 0-10 Sentence denotes Discussion
T6844 11-233 Sentence denotes NF-κB and AP-1 are critical regulators of inflammatory responses, proliferation and differentiation of T-cells [28-30], however, the signal transduction and subsequent cytokine/chemokine expression is not fully understood.
T120 11-233 Sentence denotes NF-κB and AP-1 are critical regulators of inflammatory responses, proliferation and differentiation of T-cells [28-30], however, the signal transduction and subsequent cytokine/chemokine expression is not fully understood.
T6845 234-344 Sentence denotes The aim of the present study was to investigate IL-6 and CXCL8 regulation by NF-κB and AP-1 in Jurkat T-cells.
T121 234-344 Sentence denotes The aim of the present study was to investigate IL-6 and CXCL8 regulation by NF-κB and AP-1 in Jurkat T-cells.
T6846 345-457 Sentence denotes Our results demonstrated that PMA induced AP-1 activation, indicating a specific activation of the MAPK pathway.
T122 345-457 Sentence denotes Our results demonstrated that PMA induced AP-1 activation, indicating a specific activation of the MAPK pathway.
T6847 458-596 Sentence denotes Furthermore, we demonstrated that PMA dependent AP-1 activation in T-cells was delayed (>2 h) and increased following long-term treatment.
T123 458-596 Sentence denotes Furthermore, we demonstrated that PMA dependent AP-1 activation in T-cells was delayed (>2 h) and increased following long-term treatment.
T6848 597-711 Sentence denotes MAPK is one of the main signalling pathways in T-cells that regulate cell- and transcriptional activation [31,32].
T124 597-711 Sentence denotes MAPK is one of the main signalling pathways in T-cells that regulate cell- and transcriptional activation [31,32].
T6849 712-892 Sentence denotes Several studies [20,33,34] have indicated the importance of AP-1 in T-cell activation and the induction of inflammatory responses [35], including pro-inflammatory cytokine release.
T125 712-892 Sentence denotes Several studies [20,33,34] have indicated the importance of AP-1 in T-cell activation and the induction of inflammatory responses [35], including pro-inflammatory cytokine release.
T6850 893-1033 Sentence denotes In contrast to AP-1, NF-κB activity rapidly increased (1 min) during PMA exposure followed by a down-regulation to the lowest levels at 6 h.
T126 893-1033 Sentence denotes In contrast to AP-1, NF-κB activity rapidly increased (1 min) during PMA exposure followed by a down-regulation to the lowest levels at 6 h.
T6851 1034-1244 Sentence denotes This is in line with Park and colleagues [36] who demonstrated a rapid increase in NF-κB activity following short-term stimulation with PMA, but prolonged challenge resulted in a persistent inhibition of NF-κB.
T127 1034-1244 Sentence denotes This is in line with Park and colleagues [36] who demonstrated a rapid increase in NF-κB activity following short-term stimulation with PMA, but prolonged challenge resulted in a persistent inhibition of NF-κB.
T6852 1245-1364 Sentence denotes They showed that the inhibition of NF-κB was due to PKC-dependent degradation of IκB kinase β and γ in response to PMA.
T128 1245-1364 Sentence denotes They showed that the inhibition of NF-κB was due to PKC-dependent degradation of IκB kinase β and γ in response to PMA.
T6853 1365-1461 Sentence denotes Interestingly, the HK E. coli exposure induced NF-κB activation without affecting AP-1 activity.
T129 1365-1461 Sentence denotes Interestingly, the HK E. coli exposure induced NF-κB activation without affecting AP-1 activity.
T6854 1462-1613 Sentence denotes Wang and colleagues [37] reported an elevated inflammatory response by obtaining expression of IL-6 following the exposure of T-cells to peptidoglycan.
T130 1462-1613 Sentence denotes Wang and colleagues [37] reported an elevated inflammatory response by obtaining expression of IL-6 following the exposure of T-cells to peptidoglycan.
T6855 1614-1814 Sentence denotes Reduction in NF-κB by calcium ionophore following HK E. coli stimulation may be due to the Ca2+ binding protein calmodulin (CaM), which has been shown to negatively regulate c-Rel when activated [38].
T131 1614-1814 Sentence denotes Reduction in NF-κB by calcium ionophore following HK E. coli stimulation may be due to the Ca2+ binding protein calmodulin (CaM), which has been shown to negatively regulate c-Rel when activated [38].
T6856 1815-1916 Sentence denotes The regulation of NF-κB and AP-1 observed in the present study was in agreement with earlier studies.
T132 1815-1916 Sentence denotes The regulation of NF-κB and AP-1 observed in the present study was in agreement with earlier studies.
T6857 1917-2087 Sentence denotes T-cells produce a broad range of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-2, IL-6, CXCL8, TNF and IL-10, in response to infections or other stress factors [39].
T133 1917-2087 Sentence denotes T-cells produce a broad range of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-2, IL-6, CXCL8, TNF and IL-10, in response to infections or other stress factors [39].
T6858 2088-2252 Sentence denotes The assessment of Jurkat T-cell inflammatory responses (Table 1) revealed an enhanced IL-2 expression upon exposure to PMA or HK E. coli due to PKC activation [40].
T134 2088-2252 Sentence denotes The assessment of Jurkat T-cell inflammatory responses (Table 1) revealed an enhanced IL-2 expression upon exposure to PMA or HK E. coli due to PKC activation [40].
T6859 2253-2405 Sentence denotes In addition to the transcription factor NF-κB, AP-1 binding sites have been identified in the IL-6 promoter region, indicating multiple regulation [22].
T135 2253-2405 Sentence denotes In addition to the transcription factor NF-κB, AP-1 binding sites have been identified in the IL-6 promoter region, indicating multiple regulation [22].
T6860 2406-2537 Sentence denotes AP-1 and NF-κB have also been demonstrated to regulate CXCL8 expression during induction of inflammatory responses in T-cells [12].
T136 2406-2537 Sentence denotes AP-1 and NF-κB have also been demonstrated to regulate CXCL8 expression during induction of inflammatory responses in T-cells [12].
T6861 2538-2649 Sentence denotes Furthermore, IL-6 and CXCL8 gene-expression is associated with an early immune response in Jurkat T-cells [41].
T137 2538-2649 Sentence denotes Furthermore, IL-6 and CXCL8 gene-expression is associated with an early immune response in Jurkat T-cells [41].
T6862 2650-2791 Sentence denotes In the present study, both PMA and HK E. coli resulted in comparable increases in IL-6 while PMA was more potent at activating CXCL8 release.
T138 2650-2791 Sentence denotes In the present study, both PMA and HK E. coli resulted in comparable increases in IL-6 while PMA was more potent at activating CXCL8 release.
T6863 2792-2849 Sentence denotes PMA and HK E. coli treatment also induced TNF expression.
T139 2792-2849 Sentence denotes PMA and HK E. coli treatment also induced TNF expression.
T6864 2850-2980 Sentence denotes TNF is one of the first cytokines induced by T-cells [42] and its expression is regulated by calcineurin, NFAT and ATF-2/Jun [20].
T140 2850-2980 Sentence denotes TNF is one of the first cytokines induced by T-cells [42] and its expression is regulated by calcineurin, NFAT and ATF-2/Jun [20].
T6865 2981-3105 Sentence denotes However, PMA-stimulated Jurkat T-cells showed no difference in IL-10 expression indicating an induced inflammatory response.
T141 2981-3105 Sentence denotes However, PMA-stimulated Jurkat T-cells showed no difference in IL-10 expression indicating an induced inflammatory response.
T6866 3106-3183 Sentence denotes HK E. coli treatment resulted in a significant reduction of IL-10 expression.
T142 3106-3183 Sentence denotes HK E. coli treatment resulted in a significant reduction of IL-10 expression.
T6867 3184-3428 Sentence denotes The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 is known to inhibit T-cell activation, proliferation and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-2, IL-5 and INF-γ [39,43] and regulate inflammatory responses by inducing T-cell anergy [44].
T143 3184-3428 Sentence denotes The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 is known to inhibit T-cell activation, proliferation and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-2, IL-5 and INF-γ [39,43] and regulate inflammatory responses by inducing T-cell anergy [44].
T6868 3429-3621 Sentence denotes The time course analysis of cytokine expression showed a correlation between AP-1 and the chemokine CXCL8 where CXCL8 expression was significantly elevated already at 2-6 h after PMA exposure.
T144 3429-3621 Sentence denotes The time course analysis of cytokine expression showed a correlation between AP-1 and the chemokine CXCL8 where CXCL8 expression was significantly elevated already at 2-6 h after PMA exposure.
T6869 3622-3759 Sentence denotes The CXCL8 expression did not correlate with the early NF-κB activation (1 min) or with the down-regulation of NF-κB at 2 h post exposure.
T145 3622-3759 Sentence denotes The CXCL8 expression did not correlate with the early NF-κB activation (1 min) or with the down-regulation of NF-κB at 2 h post exposure.
T6870 3760-3822 Sentence denotes Both IL-6 and TNF expression were up regulated between 6-24 h.
T146 3760-3822 Sentence denotes Both IL-6 and TNF expression were up regulated between 6-24 h.
T6871 3823-3889 Sentence denotes During this period, NF-κB increased from its minimum level at 6 h.
T147 3823-3889 Sentence denotes During this period, NF-κB increased from its minimum level at 6 h.
T6872 3890-4011 Sentence denotes PKC has been shown to be associated with the activation of AP-1, but not with NF-κB activation of the IL-2 promoter [45].
T148 3890-4011 Sentence denotes PKC has been shown to be associated with the activation of AP-1, but not with NF-κB activation of the IL-2 promoter [45].
T6873 4012-4150 Sentence denotes Mutation of the NF-κB site did not affect IL-2 expression, whereas mutation of the AP-1 site or PKC depletion almost revoked IL-2 release.
T149 4012-4150 Sentence denotes Mutation of the NF-κB site did not affect IL-2 expression, whereas mutation of the AP-1 site or PKC depletion almost revoked IL-2 release.
T6874 4151-4330 Sentence denotes These observations indicate that the MAPK pathway and the transcription factor AP-1 play an important role in the induction of inflammatory responses in Jurkat T-cells [12,20,22].
T150 4151-4330 Sentence denotes These observations indicate that the MAPK pathway and the transcription factor AP-1 play an important role in the induction of inflammatory responses in Jurkat T-cells [12,20,22].
T6875 4331-4420 Sentence denotes The obtained results signify that CXCL8 was primarily regulated through the MAPK pathway.
T151 4331-4420 Sentence denotes The obtained results signify that CXCL8 was primarily regulated through the MAPK pathway.
T6876 4421-4621 Sentence denotes The NF-κB activation inhibitor (NAI) showed specificity against NF-κB and resulted in a complete IL-6 inhibition following induction with PMA and significant IL-6 reduction after HK E. coli treatment.
T152 4421-4621 Sentence denotes The NF-κB activation inhibitor (NAI) showed specificity against NF-κB and resulted in a complete IL-6 inhibition following induction with PMA and significant IL-6 reduction after HK E. coli treatment.
T6877 4622-4733 Sentence denotes CXCL8 was highly up regulated by PMA and the addition of NAI resulted in a minor reduction in CXCL8 expression.
T153 4622-4733 Sentence denotes CXCL8 was highly up regulated by PMA and the addition of NAI resulted in a minor reduction in CXCL8 expression.
T6878 4734-4877 Sentence denotes Furthermore, CXCL8 expression was not affected by NAI following HK E. coli treatment, indicating a lack of correlation between CXCL8 and NF-κB.
T154 4734-4877 Sentence denotes Furthermore, CXCL8 expression was not affected by NAI following HK E. coli treatment, indicating a lack of correlation between CXCL8 and NF-κB.
T6879 4878-5035 Sentence denotes Further analysis of CXCL8 expression revealed a down-regulation by PKC- and JNK- inhibitors, suggesting an involvement of AP-1 via PKC and JNK, respectively.
T155 4878-5035 Sentence denotes Further analysis of CXCL8 expression revealed a down-regulation by PKC- and JNK- inhibitors, suggesting an involvement of AP-1 via PKC and JNK, respectively.
T6880 5036-5126 Sentence denotes Analysis of gene expression further confirmed that il-6 and cxcl8 were upregulated by PMA.
T156 5036-5126 Sentence denotes Analysis of gene expression further confirmed that il-6 and cxcl8 were upregulated by PMA.
T6881 5127-5329 Sentence denotes Expression of il-6 dropped below basal levels following inhibition of NF-κB and JNK whereas cxcl8 remained elevated above basal levels (16.5-fold and 7.1-fold respectively) following the same treatment.
T157 5127-5329 Sentence denotes Expression of il-6 dropped below basal levels following inhibition of NF-κB and JNK whereas cxcl8 remained elevated above basal levels (16.5-fold and 7.1-fold respectively) following the same treatment.
T6882 5330-5472 Sentence denotes Furthermore, inhibition of PKC did not result in a significant decrease of il-6 or cxcl8, which is in accordance with protein data (figure 6).
T158 5330-5472 Sentence denotes Furthermore, inhibition of PKC did not result in a significant decrease of il-6 or cxcl8, which is in accordance with protein data (figure 6).
T6883 5473-5620 Sentence denotes These results suggest that NF-κB is involved in IL-6 regulation and release while it is not required for the expression of CXCL8 in Jurkat T cells.
T159 5473-5620 Sentence denotes These results suggest that NF-κB is involved in IL-6 regulation and release while it is not required for the expression of CXCL8 in Jurkat T cells.
T6884 5621-5779 Sentence denotes The transcription factor NF-κB is responsible for a rapid immune response which is followed by an increase in transcription of IκB thus inhibiting NF-κB [46].
T160 5621-5779 Sentence denotes The transcription factor NF-κB is responsible for a rapid immune response which is followed by an increase in transcription of IκB thus inhibiting NF-κB [46].
T6885 5780-5886 Sentence denotes Activation of NF-κB in Jurkat T-cells is dependent on Bcl10 activation, which in turn is regulated by PKC.
T161 5780-5886 Sentence denotes Activation of NF-κB in Jurkat T-cells is dependent on Bcl10 activation, which in turn is regulated by PKC.
T6886 5887-6026 Sentence denotes Recent studies have established the importance of a protein complex consisting of CARMA1, Bcl10 and MALT1 (CBM), in the induction of NF-κB.
T162 5887-6026 Sentence denotes Recent studies have established the importance of a protein complex consisting of CARMA1, Bcl10 and MALT1 (CBM), in the induction of NF-κB.
T6887 6027-6144 Sentence denotes Investigating Bcl10, Scharschmidt and colleagues [47] demonstrated that it is a critical regulator of NF-κB activity.
T163 6027-6144 Sentence denotes Investigating Bcl10, Scharschmidt and colleagues [47] demonstrated that it is a critical regulator of NF-κB activity.
T6888 6145-6270 Sentence denotes Down-regulation of Bcl10 from signals transduced via the TCR/CD28 and PKC resulted in a concomitant down-regulation of NF-κB.
T164 6145-6270 Sentence denotes Down-regulation of Bcl10 from signals transduced via the TCR/CD28 and PKC resulted in a concomitant down-regulation of NF-κB.
T6889 6271-6393 Sentence denotes They suggested that Bcl10 is initially activated by TCR/PKC but that continued activation (>1 h) promotes its degradation.
T165 6271-6393 Sentence denotes They suggested that Bcl10 is initially activated by TCR/PKC but that continued activation (>1 h) promotes its degradation.
T6890 6394-6542 Sentence denotes Narayan and colleagues [27] suggested that deletion in any of the three CBM complex proteins impairs antigen-receptor dependent activation of NF-κB.
T166 6394-6542 Sentence denotes Narayan and colleagues [27] suggested that deletion in any of the three CBM complex proteins impairs antigen-receptor dependent activation of NF-κB.
T6891 6543-6700 Sentence denotes They showed that NF-κB activation via Akt requires CARMA1 and acts in cooperation with PKC following short-term exposure (30 min) of Jurkat T-cells with PMA.
T167 6543-6700 Sentence denotes They showed that NF-κB activation via Akt requires CARMA1 and acts in cooperation with PKC following short-term exposure (30 min) of Jurkat T-cells with PMA.
T6892 6701-6745 Sentence denotes Akt phosphorylates and thus activates Bcl10.
T168 6701-6745 Sentence denotes Akt phosphorylates and thus activates Bcl10.
T6893 6746-6939 Sentence denotes These studies indicate that PKC is crucial for NF-κB activation following short-term treatment through signals via membrane bound receptors such as the TCR and the co-stimulatory receptor CD28.
T169 6746-6939 Sentence denotes These studies indicate that PKC is crucial for NF-κB activation following short-term treatment through signals via membrane bound receptors such as the TCR and the co-stimulatory receptor CD28.
T6894 6940-7014 Sentence denotes Thus, the CBM complex proteins play a key role in this signalling process.
T170 6940-7014 Sentence denotes Thus, the CBM complex proteins play a key role in this signalling process.
T6895 7015-7119 Sentence denotes PMA diffuses into the cytosol and directly activates PKC since it is an analogue to diacylglycerol [48].
T171 7015-7119 Sentence denotes PMA diffuses into the cytosol and directly activates PKC since it is an analogue to diacylglycerol [48].
T6896 7120-7286 Sentence denotes Several studies have demonstrated that inhibition of PKC blocks NF-κB and AP-1 activity, suggesting a direct regulation of these transcription factors by PKC [49,50].
T172 7120-7286 Sentence denotes Several studies have demonstrated that inhibition of PKC blocks NF-κB and AP-1 activity, suggesting a direct regulation of these transcription factors by PKC [49,50].
T6897 7287-7474 Sentence denotes PKC is activated at an early stage following T-cell stimulation and is therefore an important regulator of downstream inflammatory signalling pathways leading to cytokine expression [50].
T173 7287-7474 Sentence denotes PKC is activated at an early stage following T-cell stimulation and is therefore an important regulator of downstream inflammatory signalling pathways leading to cytokine expression [50].
T6898 7475-7647 Sentence denotes We have shown that phosphorylated-PKC is up regulated in response to PMA and HK E. coli, indicating an association between PKC and the transcription factors AP-1 and NF-κB.
T174 7475-7647 Sentence denotes We have shown that phosphorylated-PKC is up regulated in response to PMA and HK E. coli, indicating an association between PKC and the transcription factors AP-1 and NF-κB.
T6899 7648-7737 Sentence denotes Bcl10 levels were down-regulated following extended treatment of Jurkat T-cells with PMA.
T175 7648-7737 Sentence denotes Bcl10 levels were down-regulated following extended treatment of Jurkat T-cells with PMA.
T6900 7738-7900 Sentence denotes In the control groups, a loss of Bcl10 occurred after 6 h, followed by an increase after 24 h, which is in accordance with the observed NF-κB activity (figure 7).
T176 7738-7900 Sentence denotes In the control groups, a loss of Bcl10 occurred after 6 h, followed by an increase after 24 h, which is in accordance with the observed NF-κB activity (figure 7).
T6901 7901-8048 Sentence denotes These results are supported by an earlier study [47], demonstrating that prolonged PKC activation by PMA leads to an inhibition of Bcl10 and NF-κB.
T177 7901-8048 Sentence denotes These results are supported by an earlier study [47], demonstrating that prolonged PKC activation by PMA leads to an inhibition of Bcl10 and NF-κB.
T6902 8049-8269 Sentence denotes It has been shown that NF-κB is an important transcription factor complex involved in almost every aspect of cell regulation including apoptosis, differentiation, proliferation and initiation of immune responses [51-53].
T178 8049-8269 Sentence denotes It has been shown that NF-κB is an important transcription factor complex involved in almost every aspect of cell regulation including apoptosis, differentiation, proliferation and initiation of immune responses [51-53].
T6903 8270-8382 Sentence denotes NF-κB is constitutively active in many human malignancies, which makes it an attractive therapeutic target [54].
T179 8270-8382 Sentence denotes NF-κB is constitutively active in many human malignancies, which makes it an attractive therapeutic target [54].
T6904 8383-8616 Sentence denotes Elevated CXCL8 levels during chronic inflammation result in an enhanced recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection, which may lead to the development of autoimmune diseases following secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
T180 8383-8616 Sentence denotes Elevated CXCL8 levels during chronic inflammation result in an enhanced recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection, which may lead to the development of autoimmune diseases following secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
T6905 8617-8826 Sentence denotes In HIV infected persons, serum CXCL8 levels are elevated and this could recruit more T-cells potentially leading to a more rapid progression of the disease since there will be more T-cells available to infect.
T181 8617-8826 Sentence denotes In HIV infected persons, serum CXCL8 levels are elevated and this could recruit more T-cells potentially leading to a more rapid progression of the disease since there will be more T-cells available to infect.