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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T63 0-71 Sentence denotes Activation of TLR4-Mediated NFκB Signaling in Hemorrhagic Brain in Rats
T1 0-71 Sentence denotes Activation of TLR4-Mediated NFκB Signaling in Hemorrhagic Brain in Rats
T2 73-81 Sentence denotes Abstract
T64 82-182 Sentence denotes Inflammation and immunity play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).
T3 82-182 Sentence denotes Inflammation and immunity play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).
T65 183-359 Sentence denotes Toll-like receptor 4- (TLR4-) mediated nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB) signaling plays critical roles in the activation and regulation of inflammatory responses in injured brain.
T4 183-359 Sentence denotes Toll-like receptor 4- (TLR4-) mediated nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB) signaling plays critical roles in the activation and regulation of inflammatory responses in injured brain.
T66 360-460 Sentence denotes However, the involvement of TLR4-mediated NFκB signaling in the pathogenesis of ICH remains unknown.
T5 360-460 Sentence denotes However, the involvement of TLR4-mediated NFκB signaling in the pathogenesis of ICH remains unknown.
T67 461-635 Sentence denotes The present study was to evaluate the temporal profile of the expression of TLR4 and the activation of TLR4-mediated NFκB signaling in brain tissues of Wistar rats after ICH.
T6 461-635 Sentence denotes The present study was to evaluate the temporal profile of the expression of TLR4 and the activation of TLR4-mediated NFκB signaling in brain tissues of Wistar rats after ICH.
T68 636-850 Sentence denotes TLR4 mRNA and protein, the phosphorylation of inhibitors of kappa B (p-IκBα), and the activity of NFκB were examined in hemorrhagic cerebral tissue by Rt-PCR, Western blots, immunohistochemistry staining, and EMSA.
T7 636-850 Sentence denotes TLR4 mRNA and protein, the phosphorylation of inhibitors of kappa B (p-IκBα), and the activity of NFκB were examined in hemorrhagic cerebral tissue by Rt-PCR, Western blots, immunohistochemistry staining, and EMSA.
T69 851-1088 Sentence denotes Compared with saline control, the TLR4 mRNA and protein significantly increased starting at 6 hours after ICH, peaked on the 3rd day after ICH, and then decreased but still maintained at a higher level on the 7th day after ICH (P < .05).
T8 851-1088 Sentence denotes Compared with saline control, the TLR4 mRNA and protein significantly increased starting at 6 hours after ICH, peaked on the 3rd day after ICH, and then decreased but still maintained at a higher level on the 7th day after ICH (P < .05).
T70 1089-1201 Sentence denotes The level of p-IκBα and the activity of NFκB also increased in the brain after ICH compared with saline control.
T9 1089-1201 Sentence denotes The level of p-IκBα and the activity of NFκB also increased in the brain after ICH compared with saline control.
T71 1202-1379 Sentence denotes The present study firstly suggests that TLR4-mediated NFκB signaling participates in the pathogenesis of ICH, which may become a therapeutic target for ICH-induced brain damage.
T10 1202-1379 Sentence denotes The present study firstly suggests that TLR4-mediated NFκB signaling participates in the pathogenesis of ICH, which may become a therapeutic target for ICH-induced brain damage.
T11 1381-1383 Sentence denotes 1.
T12 1384-1396 Sentence denotes Introduction
T838 1397-1649 Sentence denotes Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) represents 10%–15% of all strokes and occurs with increasing frequency as a complication of the thrombolytic treatment of ischemic stroke, which is associated with high mortality and severe disability in survivors [1, 2].
T13 1397-1649 Sentence denotes Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) represents 10%–15% of all strokes and occurs with increasing frequency as a complication of the thrombolytic treatment of ischemic stroke, which is associated with high mortality and severe disability in survivors [1, 2].
T839 1650-1869 Sentence denotes Local brain tissue deformation induces primary brain damage after ICH; more importantly, the excitotoxicity and inflammatory responses in the brain tissue induced by ICH result in further brain damage following ICH [3].
T14 1650-1869 Sentence denotes Local brain tissue deformation induces primary brain damage after ICH; more importantly, the excitotoxicity and inflammatory responses in the brain tissue induced by ICH result in further brain damage following ICH [3].
T840 1870-2029 Sentence denotes Both innate and adaptive immunological/inflammatory mechanisms have been clearly shown to participate in the progression of brain injury after ischemic stroke.
T15 1870-2029 Sentence denotes Both innate and adaptive immunological/inflammatory mechanisms have been clearly shown to participate in the progression of brain injury after ischemic stroke.
T841 2030-2135 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, how the inflammatory responses in ICH are triggered and regulated remains to be elucidated.
T16 2030-2135 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, how the inflammatory responses in ICH are triggered and regulated remains to be elucidated.
T842 2136-2225 Sentence denotes TLRs are a family of transmembrane proteins and act as signal transduction molecules [4].
T17 2136-2225 Sentence denotes TLRs are a family of transmembrane proteins and act as signal transduction molecules [4].
T843 2226-2386 Sentence denotes Activation of TLRs recruits downstream signaling proteins and results in transcription of genes encoding inflammation-associated molecules and cytokines [5, 6].
T18 2226-2386 Sentence denotes Activation of TLRs recruits downstream signaling proteins and results in transcription of genes encoding inflammation-associated molecules and cytokines [5, 6].
T844 2387-2555 Sentence denotes For example, combined with specific ligand, the activation of TLR4 induces the phosphorylation of inhibitor of kappa-B (IκB) and dissociates IκB from NF-kappa-B (NFκB).
T19 2387-2555 Sentence denotes For example, combined with specific ligand, the activation of TLR4 induces the phosphorylation of inhibitor of kappa-B (IκB) and dissociates IκB from NF-kappa-B (NFκB).
T845 2556-2694 Sentence denotes Then, NFκB trans-locates into the nucleus and activates and regulates the transcription of genes related to inflammatory responses [5, 6].
T20 2556-2694 Sentence denotes Then, NFκB trans-locates into the nucleus and activates and regulates the transcription of genes related to inflammatory responses [5, 6].
T846 2695-2903 Sentence denotes TLRs play a critical role in the induction of immunological/inflammatory responses and are implicated in several CNS diseases, such as infectious disease, autoimmune disease, and ischemic brain injury [7, 8].
T21 2695-2903 Sentence denotes TLRs play a critical role in the induction of immunological/inflammatory responses and are implicated in several CNS diseases, such as infectious disease, autoimmune disease, and ischemic brain injury [7, 8].
T847 2904-3136 Sentence denotes Accumulating evidences demonstrate that TLR4, the first mammalian TLR recognized, contributes to the neuronal death, blood brain barrier damage, brain edema, and inflammatory responses in the brain injury induced by ischemia [8, 9].
T22 2904-3136 Sentence denotes Accumulating evidences demonstrate that TLR4, the first mammalian TLR recognized, contributes to the neuronal death, blood brain barrier damage, brain edema, and inflammatory responses in the brain injury induced by ischemia [8, 9].
T848 3137-3196 Sentence denotes However, little is known about TLR4 in the brain after ICH.
T23 3137-3196 Sentence denotes However, little is known about TLR4 in the brain after ICH.
T849 3197-3356 Sentence denotes In the present study, we detected the transcription of TLR4 gene and the activation of TLR4-mediated signaling in the rat brains subjected to experimental ICH.
T24 3197-3356 Sentence denotes In the present study, we detected the transcription of TLR4 gene and the activation of TLR4-mediated signaling in the rat brains subjected to experimental ICH.
T850 3357-3528 Sentence denotes Our data firstly provided the knowledge about the distribution of TLR4 and the temporal profile of the activation of TLR4-mediated signaling in rat brain tissue after ICH.
T25 3357-3528 Sentence denotes Our data firstly provided the knowledge about the distribution of TLR4 and the temporal profile of the activation of TLR4-mediated signaling in rat brain tissue after ICH.
T26 3530-3532 Sentence denotes 2.
T27 3533-3540 Sentence denotes Methods
T1765 3542-3546 Sentence denotes 2.1.
T28 3542-3546 Sentence denotes 2.1.
T1766 3547-3554 Sentence denotes Animals
T29 3547-3554 Sentence denotes Animals
T1767 3555-3593 Sentence denotes Ninety Wister rats (male, body weight:
T30 3555-3593 Sentence denotes Ninety Wister rats (male, body weight:
T31 3594-3680 Sentence denotes 250 g to 300 g) were provided by Experimental Animal Center, China Medical University.
T1768 3594-3917 Sentence denotes 250 g to 300 g) were provided by Experimental Animal Center, China Medical University. The rats were assigned randomly to three groups: normal group (N, n = 10, without any treatment), normal saline control (S, n = 40, intra-cerebral injection of normal saline as control) and intra-cerebral hemorrhage group (ICH, n = 40).
T32 3681-3917 Sentence denotes The rats were assigned randomly to three groups: normal group (N, n = 10, without any treatment), normal saline control (S, n = 40, intra-cerebral injection of normal saline as control) and intra-cerebral hemorrhage group (ICH, n = 40).
T33 3918-4037 Sentence denotes The experimental protocol used for animals was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee, China Medical University.
T1769 3918-4224 Sentence denotes The experimental protocol used for animals was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee, China Medical University. The rats were subjected to intra-cerebral injection of normal saline or autologous whole blood and were sacrificed on 6 hours, 1 day, 3 days and 7 days after the injection, respectively.
T34 4038-4224 Sentence denotes The rats were subjected to intra-cerebral injection of normal saline or autologous whole blood and were sacrificed on 6 hours, 1 day, 3 days and 7 days after the injection, respectively.
T1770 4225-4382 Sentence denotes Five rats in each group at each time point were sacrificed by transcardially perfusion of normal saline followed by 4% buffered Para formaldehyde (pH = 7.4).
T35 4225-4382 Sentence denotes Five rats in each group at each time point were sacrificed by transcardially perfusion of normal saline followed by 4% buffered Para formaldehyde (pH = 7.4).
T1771 4383-4498 Sentence denotes The brains were removed, postfixed, embedded in paraffin, and cut into sections (7 μm) as described previously [8].
T36 4383-4498 Sentence denotes The brains were removed, postfixed, embedded in paraffin, and cut into sections (7 μm) as described previously [8].
T37 4499-4593 Sentence denotes Five rats in each group at each time point were sacrificed by over dose injection of Ketamine.
T1772 4499-4672 Sentence denotes Five rats in each group at each time point were sacrificed by over dose injection of Ketamine. The brains were removed and stored at minus 80°C for RT-PCR and Western Blots.
T38 4594-4672 Sentence denotes The brains were removed and stored at minus 80°C for RT-PCR and Western Blots.
T2237 4674-4678 Sentence denotes 2.2.
T39 4674-4678 Sentence denotes 2.2.
T2238 4679-4716 Sentence denotes Induction of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
T40 4679-4716 Sentence denotes Induction of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
T2239 4717-4866 Sentence denotes Since most intracerebral hemorrhages occur in the basal ganglia clinically, in the present study, rat model of ICH was induced in left basal ganglia.
T41 4717-4866 Sentence denotes Since most intracerebral hemorrhages occur in the basal ganglia clinically, in the present study, rat model of ICH was induced in left basal ganglia.
T2240 4867-4944 Sentence denotes Rats were anesthetized with intra-peritoneal sodium pentobarbital (60 mg/kg).
T42 4867-4944 Sentence denotes Rats were anesthetized with intra-peritoneal sodium pentobarbital (60 mg/kg).
T2241 4945-5060 Sentence denotes The body (rectal) temperature was maintained at 37°C during the surgery using a feedback-controlled heating system.
T43 4945-5060 Sentence denotes The body (rectal) temperature was maintained at 37°C during the surgery using a feedback-controlled heating system.
T2242 5061-5155 Sentence denotes The rats were positioned in a stereotactic frame, and the scalp was incised along the midline.
T44 5061-5155 Sentence denotes The rats were positioned in a stereotactic frame, and the scalp was incised along the midline.
T2243 5156-5279 Sentence denotes Using a sterile technique, a 1 mm burr hole was opened in the skull on the left coronal suture 3 mm lateral to the midline.
T45 5156-5279 Sentence denotes Using a sterile technique, a 1 mm burr hole was opened in the skull on the left coronal suture 3 mm lateral to the midline.
T2244 5280-5386 Sentence denotes A blunt 26-gauge needle was inserted into the left basal ganglia under stereotactic guidance (coordinates:
T46 5280-5386 Sentence denotes A blunt 26-gauge needle was inserted into the left basal ganglia under stereotactic guidance (coordinates:
T2245 5387-5455 Sentence denotes 0.2 mm anterior, 6.0 mm ventral, and 3.0 mm lateral to the midline).
T47 5387-5455 Sentence denotes 0.2 mm anterior, 6.0 mm ventral, and 3.0 mm lateral to the midline).
T2246 5456-5568 Sentence denotes Then, a 75 μL of autologous whole blood was infused at a rate of 20 μL/min with the use of a microinfusion pump.
T48 5456-5568 Sentence denotes Then, a 75 μL of autologous whole blood was infused at a rate of 20 μL/min with the use of a microinfusion pump.
T2247 5569-5739 Sentence denotes After the completion of the infusion, the needle was withdrawn quickly, cyanoacrylate glue was placed around the burr hole, and the skin incision was closed with sutures.
T49 5569-5739 Sentence denotes After the completion of the infusion, the needle was withdrawn quickly, cyanoacrylate glue was placed around the burr hole, and the skin incision was closed with sutures.
T2248 5740-5814 Sentence denotes For the normal saline control rats, only 75 μL normal saline was injected.
T50 5740-5814 Sentence denotes For the normal saline control rats, only 75 μL normal saline was injected.
T2729 5816-5820 Sentence denotes 2.3.
T51 5816-5820 Sentence denotes 2.3.
T2730 5821-5867 Sentence denotes Detection of TLR4 mRNA by the Method of RT-PCR
T52 5821-5867 Sentence denotes Detection of TLR4 mRNA by the Method of RT-PCR
T2731 5868-6065 Sentence denotes Briefly, total RNA samples were isolated from peri-hemorrhage regions in left basal ganglia using Simply P Total RNA isolation Kit (BioFlux, HZ, China) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
T53 5868-6065 Sentence denotes Briefly, total RNA samples were isolated from peri-hemorrhage regions in left basal ganglia using Simply P Total RNA isolation Kit (BioFlux, HZ, China) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
T2732 6066-6209 Sentence denotes The quantity of total RNA was determined on a Nanodrop (ND-1000 Spectrophotometer) by measuring optical density at A260 and A280 nm wavelength.
T54 6066-6209 Sentence denotes The quantity of total RNA was determined on a Nanodrop (ND-1000 Spectrophotometer) by measuring optical density at A260 and A280 nm wavelength.
T2733 6210-6269 Sentence denotes Then, the concentrations of mRNA were adjusted to 1.0 g/mL.
T55 6210-6269 Sentence denotes Then, the concentrations of mRNA were adjusted to 1.0 g/mL.
T2734 6270-6446 Sentence denotes RNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA in 20 μL reaction system using Superscript First-Strand Synthesis Kit for RT-PCR (promega Inc) under conditions described by the supplier.
T56 6270-6446 Sentence denotes RNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA in 20 μL reaction system using Superscript First-Strand Synthesis Kit for RT-PCR (promega Inc) under conditions described by the supplier.
T2735 6447-6613 Sentence denotes One microliter of cDNA was used to amplify the TLR4 gene fragment with 1× PCR buffer, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 200 μM of each dNTP, 200 μM of primers, and 2u Taq DNA polymerase.
T57 6447-6613 Sentence denotes One microliter of cDNA was used to amplify the TLR4 gene fragment with 1× PCR buffer, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 200 μM of each dNTP, 200 μM of primers, and 2u Taq DNA polymerase.
T2736 6614-6676 Sentence denotes The house keep gene (β-actin) was used as an internal control.
T58 6614-6676 Sentence denotes The house keep gene (β-actin) was used as an internal control.
T2737 6677-6785 Sentence denotes The PCR primer sequences were designed according to the TLR4 and β-actin gene sequences reported in GenBank.
T59 6677-6785 Sentence denotes The PCR primer sequences were designed according to the TLR4 and β-actin gene sequences reported in GenBank.
T2738 6786-6809 Sentence denotes TLR4 (145 bp): forward:
T60 6786-6809 Sentence denotes TLR4 (145 bp): forward:
T2739 6810-6846 Sentence denotes 5′-AGCTTTGGTCAGTTGGCTCT-3′; reverse:
T61 6810-6846 Sentence denotes 5′-AGCTTTGGTCAGTTGGCTCT-3′; reverse:
T2740 6847-6901 Sentence denotes 5′-CAGGATGACACCATTGAAGC-3′; β-actin (701 bp): forward:
T62 6847-6901 Sentence denotes 5′-CAGGATGACACCATTGAAGC-3′; β-actin (701 bp): forward:
T2741 6902-6937 Sentence denotes 5′-GCCAACCGTGAAAAAGATG-3′; reverse:
T63 6902-6937 Sentence denotes 5′-GCCAACCGTGAAAAAGATG-3′; reverse:
T2742 6938-6964 Sentence denotes 5′-CCAGGATAGAGCCACCAAT-3′.
T64 6938-6964 Sentence denotes 5′-CCAGGATAGAGCCACCAAT-3′.
T2743 6965-7023 Sentence denotes Reaction cycles were performed at the following condition:
T65 6965-7023 Sentence denotes Reaction cycles were performed at the following condition:
T2744 7024-7072 Sentence denotes 94°C 2 min, 94°C 40 s, 55°C 40 s, and 72°C 60 s.
T66 7024-7072 Sentence denotes 94°C 2 min, 94°C 40 s, 55°C 40 s, and 72°C 60 s.
T2745 7073-7114 Sentence denotes The reaction was stopped after 31 cycles.
T67 7073-7114 Sentence denotes The reaction was stopped after 31 cycles.
T2746 7115-7169 Sentence denotes PCR products were electrophoresed through agarose gel.
T68 7115-7169 Sentence denotes PCR products were electrophoresed through agarose gel.
T2747 7170-7248 Sentence denotes Image Acquisition and Analysis software were used to determine band densities.
T69 7170-7248 Sentence denotes Image Acquisition and Analysis software were used to determine band densities.
T2748 7249-7332 Sentence denotes The abundance of TLR4 mRNA was expressed as the ratio of TLR4 mRNA to β-actin mRNA.
T70 7249-7332 Sentence denotes The abundance of TLR4 mRNA was expressed as the ratio of TLR4 mRNA to β-actin mRNA.
T3512 7334-7338 Sentence denotes 2.4.
T71 7334-7338 Sentence denotes 2.4.
T3513 7339-7365 Sentence denotes Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
T72 7339-7365 Sentence denotes Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
T3514 7366-7434 Sentence denotes The IHC staining for TLR4 was performed as described previously [8].
T73 7366-7434 Sentence denotes The IHC staining for TLR4 was performed as described previously [8].
T3515 7435-7502 Sentence denotes The primary antibody employed was rabbit anti-TLR4 (WuHan, BA1717).
T74 7435-7502 Sentence denotes The primary antibody employed was rabbit anti-TLR4 (WuHan, BA1717).
T3516 7503-7676 Sentence denotes The biotinylated secondary antibody and antibody-biotin-avidin-peroxidase complexes (ABC reagent, SC-2018) were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc. (Santa Cruz, CA).
T75 7503-7676 Sentence denotes The biotinylated secondary antibody and antibody-biotin-avidin-peroxidase complexes (ABC reagent, SC-2018) were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc. (Santa Cruz, CA).
T3517 7677-7749 Sentence denotes Slides processed without primary antibodies served as negative controls.
T76 7677-7749 Sentence denotes Slides processed without primary antibodies served as negative controls.
T3716 7751-7755 Sentence denotes 2.5.
T77 7751-7755 Sentence denotes 2.5.
T3717 7756-7769 Sentence denotes Western Blots
T78 7756-7769 Sentence denotes Western Blots
T3718 7770-7956 Sentence denotes Cellular proteins were prepared from ICH cerebral hemispheres, electrophoresed with SDS-polyacrylamide gel and transferred onto Hybond ECL membranes (Amersham Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ).
T79 7770-7956 Sentence denotes Cellular proteins were prepared from ICH cerebral hemispheres, electrophoresed with SDS-polyacrylamide gel and transferred onto Hybond ECL membranes (Amersham Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ).
T3719 7957-8140 Sentence denotes The ECL membranes were incubated with the appropriate primary antibody (WuHan, BA1717) followed by incubation with peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (Golden Bridge, PV-6001).
T80 7957-8140 Sentence denotes The ECL membranes were incubated with the appropriate primary antibody (WuHan, BA1717) followed by incubation with peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (Golden Bridge, PV-6001).
T3720 8141-8208 Sentence denotes The signals were detected with the ECL system (Amersham Pharmacia).
T81 8141-8208 Sentence denotes The signals were detected with the ECL system (Amersham Pharmacia).
T3721 8209-8364 Sentence denotes The same membranes were probed with anti-GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, Biodesign, Saco, Maine) after being washed with stripping buffer.
T82 8209-8364 Sentence denotes The same membranes were probed with anti-GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, Biodesign, Saco, Maine) after being washed with stripping buffer.
T3722 8365-8455 Sentence denotes The signals were quantified by scanning densitometry and computer-assisted image analysis.
T83 8365-8455 Sentence denotes The signals were quantified by scanning densitometry and computer-assisted image analysis.
T4006 8457-8461 Sentence denotes 2.6.
T84 8457-8461 Sentence denotes 2.6.
T4007 8462-8505 Sentence denotes Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA)
T85 8462-8505 Sentence denotes Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA)
T4008 8506-8555 Sentence denotes Nuclear proteins were isolated from brain tissue.
T86 8506-8555 Sentence denotes Nuclear proteins were isolated from brain tissue.
T4009 8556-8676 Sentence denotes Briefly, after removal of supernatant (cytoplasmic extract), the pellets were resuspended in nuclear extraction reagent.
T87 8556-8676 Sentence denotes Briefly, after removal of supernatant (cytoplasmic extract), the pellets were resuspended in nuclear extraction reagent.
T4010 8677-8784 Sentence denotes The tubes containing pellets were put on vortex for 15 seconds every 10 minutes, for a total of 40 minutes.
T88 8677-8784 Sentence denotes The tubes containing pellets were put on vortex for 15 seconds every 10 minutes, for a total of 40 minutes.
T4011 8785-8880 Sentence denotes The tubes were centrifuged at maximum speed (~16,000 × g) in a micro centrifuge for 10 minutes.
T89 8785-8880 Sentence denotes The tubes were centrifuged at maximum speed (~16,000 × g) in a micro centrifuge for 10 minutes.
T4012 8881-8990 Sentence denotes The supernatants (nuclear extract) were transferred to a clean prechilled tube and stored at −80°C until use.
T90 8881-8990 Sentence denotes The supernatants (nuclear extract) were transferred to a clean prechilled tube and stored at −80°C until use.
T4013 8991-9038 Sentence denotes EMSA was performed as described previously [8].
T91 8991-9038 Sentence denotes EMSA was performed as described previously [8].
T4014 9039-9222 Sentence denotes NFκB binding activity was examined in a 15 μL binding reaction mixture containing 15 μg of nuclear proteins and 35 fmol [γ-32P] labeled double-stranded NFκB consensus oligonucleotide.
T92 9039-9222 Sentence denotes NFκB binding activity was examined in a 15 μL binding reaction mixture containing 15 μg of nuclear proteins and 35 fmol [γ-32P] labeled double-stranded NFκB consensus oligonucleotide.
T4015 9223-9349 Sentence denotes A super shift assay using antibodies to P65 and P50 was performed to confirm NFκB binding specificity as previously described.
T93 9223-9349 Sentence denotes A super shift assay using antibodies to P65 and P50 was performed to confirm NFκB binding specificity as previously described.
T4380 9351-9355 Sentence denotes 2.7.
T94 9351-9355 Sentence denotes 2.7.
T4381 9356-9376 Sentence denotes Statistical Analysis
T95 9356-9376 Sentence denotes Statistical Analysis
T4382 9377-9415 Sentence denotes All data were presented as mean ± SEM.
T96 9377-9415 Sentence denotes All data were presented as mean ± SEM.
T4383 9416-9507 Sentence denotes The measurements were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Student's t-test.
T97 9416-9507 Sentence denotes The measurements were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Student's t-test.
T4384 9508-9582 Sentence denotes The P < .05 level of probability was used as the criteria of significance.
T98 9508-9582 Sentence denotes The P < .05 level of probability was used as the criteria of significance.
T99 9584-9586 Sentence denotes 3.
T100 9587-9594 Sentence denotes Results
T4505 9596-9600 Sentence denotes 3.1.
T101 9596-9600 Sentence denotes 3.1.
T4506 9601-9646 Sentence denotes TLR4 mRNA Increased in Brain Tissue after ICH
T102 9601-9646 Sentence denotes TLR4 mRNA Increased in Brain Tissue after ICH
T4507 9647-9688 Sentence denotes TLR4 mRNA levels were detected by Rt-PCR.
T103 9647-9688 Sentence denotes TLR4 mRNA levels were detected by Rt-PCR.
T4508 9689-9756 Sentence denotes The low level of TLR4 mRNA was observed in normal rat brain tissue.
T104 9689-9756 Sentence denotes The low level of TLR4 mRNA was observed in normal rat brain tissue.
T4509 9757-9874 Sentence denotes In the saline control group, the TLR4 mRNA slightly increased, but was not significantly different from normal group.
T105 9757-9874 Sentence denotes In the saline control group, the TLR4 mRNA slightly increased, but was not significantly different from normal group.
T4510 9875-10148 Sentence denotes However, the TLR4 mRNA after ICH significantly increased starting from 6 hours after ICH (P < .05), peaked on the 3rd day after ICH, and then decreased on the 7th day after ICH (P < .05), but still maintained a higher level compared with saline control (P < .05, Figure 1).
T106 9875-10148 Sentence denotes However, the TLR4 mRNA after ICH significantly increased starting from 6 hours after ICH (P < .05), peaked on the 3rd day after ICH, and then decreased on the 7th day after ICH (P < .05), but still maintained a higher level compared with saline control (P < .05, Figure 1).
T4899 10150-10154 Sentence denotes 3.2.
T107 10150-10154 Sentence denotes 3.2.
T4900 10155-10217 Sentence denotes Expression of TLR4 Protein Increased in Brain Tissue after ICH
T108 10155-10217 Sentence denotes Expression of TLR4 Protein Increased in Brain Tissue after ICH
T4901 10218-10400 Sentence denotes To investigate the increased TLR4 at the protein level, the expression of TLR4 protein was measured in brain tissue by the method of Western Blots using specific antibodies for TLR4.
T109 10218-10400 Sentence denotes To investigate the increased TLR4 at the protein level, the expression of TLR4 protein was measured in brain tissue by the method of Western Blots using specific antibodies for TLR4.
T4902 10401-10496 Sentence denotes Our results showed that a low level of TLR4 protein was detectable in the saline control group.
T110 10401-10496 Sentence denotes Our results showed that a low level of TLR4 protein was detectable in the saline control group.
T4903 10497-10721 Sentence denotes The expression of TLR4 significantly increased starting from 6 hours after ICH (P < .05), peaked on the 3rd day after ICH, and then decreased but still maintained at a high level on the 7th day after ICH (P < .05, Figure 2).
T111 10497-10721 Sentence denotes The expression of TLR4 significantly increased starting from 6 hours after ICH (P < .05), peaked on the 3rd day after ICH, and then decreased but still maintained at a high level on the 7th day after ICH (P < .05, Figure 2).
T4904 10722-10823 Sentence denotes This observation of TLR4 protein was consistent with the temporal profile of the TLR4 mRNA after ICH.
T112 10722-10823 Sentence denotes This observation of TLR4 protein was consistent with the temporal profile of the TLR4 mRNA after ICH.
T5362 10825-10829 Sentence denotes 3.3.
T113 10825-10829 Sentence denotes 3.3.
T5363 10830-10876 Sentence denotes Distribution of TLR4 in Brain Subjected to ICH
T114 10830-10876 Sentence denotes Distribution of TLR4 in Brain Subjected to ICH
T5364 10877-10974 Sentence denotes To explore the distribution of TLR4 protein, the TLR4 was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC).
T115 10877-10974 Sentence denotes To explore the distribution of TLR4 protein, the TLR4 was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC).
T5365 10975-11081 Sentence denotes Results showed that TLR4 immunoreactivity was not detectable in brain tissue from normal and sham control.
T116 10975-11081 Sentence denotes Results showed that TLR4 immunoreactivity was not detectable in brain tissue from normal and sham control.
T5366 11082-11255 Sentence denotes However, immunoreactivity for TLR4 was consistently demonstrated in peri-hemorrhage areas, the hippocampus, cortex, thalamic nuclei, and some white matter tracts (Figure 3).
T117 11082-11255 Sentence denotes However, immunoreactivity for TLR4 was consistently demonstrated in peri-hemorrhage areas, the hippocampus, cortex, thalamic nuclei, and some white matter tracts (Figure 3).
T5607 11257-11261 Sentence denotes 3.4.
T118 11257-11261 Sentence denotes 3.4.
T5608 11262-11310 Sentence denotes Activation of TLR4-Mediated NF-Kappa-B Signaling
T119 11262-11310 Sentence denotes Activation of TLR4-Mediated NF-Kappa-B Signaling
T5609 11311-11434 Sentence denotes Activation of TLR4 induces the phosphorylation of inhibitor of kappa-B (IκB), which dissociates IκB with NF-kappa-B (NFκB).
T120 11311-11434 Sentence denotes Activation of TLR4 induces the phosphorylation of inhibitor of kappa-B (IκB), which dissociates IκB with NF-kappa-B (NFκB).
T5610 11435-11565 Sentence denotes Then, NFκB translocates into the nucleus and activates and regulates the transcription of genes related to inflammatory responses.
T121 11435-11565 Sentence denotes Then, NFκB translocates into the nucleus and activates and regulates the transcription of genes related to inflammatory responses.
T5611 11566-11749 Sentence denotes To detectd the activation of TLR4-mediated NFκB signaling, the phosphorylation of inhibitor of kappa-B (p-IκB) and activity of NFκB were measured by methods of Western Blots and EMSA.
T122 11566-11749 Sentence denotes To detectd the activation of TLR4-mediated NFκB signaling, the phosphorylation of inhibitor of kappa-B (p-IκB) and activity of NFκB were measured by methods of Western Blots and EMSA.
T5612 11750-11918 Sentence denotes Results showed that the p-IκB increased at 6 hours after ICH (P < .05), peaked on 3 days after ICH, and maintained a high level on 7 days after ICH (P < .05, Figure 5).
T123 11750-11918 Sentence denotes Results showed that the p-IκB increased at 6 hours after ICH (P < .05), peaked on 3 days after ICH, and maintained a high level on 7 days after ICH (P < .05, Figure 5).
T5613 11919-12023 Sentence denotes As expected, the activity of NFκB was also increased in the same manner as that of the p-IκB (Figure 4).
T124 11919-12023 Sentence denotes As expected, the activity of NFκB was also increased in the same manner as that of the p-IκB (Figure 4).
T125 12025-12027 Sentence denotes 4.
T126 12028-12038 Sentence denotes Discussion
T6193 12039-12213 Sentence denotes Intra-cerebral hemorrhage (ICH) represents 10–15% of all strokes, and occurs with increasing frequency as a complication of the thrombolytic treatment of ischemic stroke [1].
T127 12039-12213 Sentence denotes Intra-cerebral hemorrhage (ICH) represents 10–15% of all strokes, and occurs with increasing frequency as a complication of the thrombolytic treatment of ischemic stroke [1].
T6194 12214-12274 Sentence denotes The mortality of ICH is higher than that of ischemic stroke.
T128 12214-12274 Sentence denotes The mortality of ICH is higher than that of ischemic stroke.
T6195 12275-12325 Sentence denotes Only 31% are functionally independent at 3 months.
T129 12275-12325 Sentence denotes Only 31% are functionally independent at 3 months.
T6196 12326-12377 Sentence denotes Only 38% of the patients survive the 1st year [10].
T130 12326-12377 Sentence denotes Only 38% of the patients survive the 1st year [10].
T6197 12378-12497 Sentence denotes Unfortunately, the method for treatment of this disease and protection of the brain tissue after ICH are not effective.
T131 12378-12497 Sentence denotes Unfortunately, the method for treatment of this disease and protection of the brain tissue after ICH are not effective.
T6198 12498-12591 Sentence denotes Mass effect, ischemia, and toxicity of blood components after ICH induce brain tissue damage.
T132 12498-12591 Sentence denotes Mass effect, ischemia, and toxicity of blood components after ICH induce brain tissue damage.
T6199 12592-12701 Sentence denotes In addition, there is increasing evidence that inflammatory processes are involved in cerebrovascular events.
T133 12592-12701 Sentence denotes In addition, there is increasing evidence that inflammatory processes are involved in cerebrovascular events.
T6200 12702-12895 Sentence denotes After ICH, inflammatory mediators from the blood might enter to the brain and induce an inflammatory reaction and the brain cells itself are also capable of producing many of these agents [11].
T134 12702-12895 Sentence denotes After ICH, inflammatory mediators from the blood might enter to the brain and induce an inflammatory reaction and the brain cells itself are also capable of producing many of these agents [11].
T6201 12896-13025 Sentence denotes The inflammatory responses are responsible for the ICH induced brain injury, which could provide new therapeutic targets for ICH.
T135 12896-13025 Sentence denotes The inflammatory responses are responsible for the ICH induced brain injury, which could provide new therapeutic targets for ICH.
T6202 13026-13207 Sentence denotes Various constituents of the inflammatory response, including adhesion molecules, cytokines, leukocytes, immunoglobulins, and complement, may be important in the pathogenesis of ICH.
T136 13026-13207 Sentence denotes Various constituents of the inflammatory response, including adhesion molecules, cytokines, leukocytes, immunoglobulins, and complement, may be important in the pathogenesis of ICH.
T6203 13208-13316 Sentence denotes However, how the inflammatory responses is activated and regulated in the brain tissue after ICH is unclear.
T137 13208-13316 Sentence denotes However, how the inflammatory responses is activated and regulated in the brain tissue after ICH is unclear.
T6204 13317-13586 Sentence denotes Transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa-B (NFκB) is an important nuclear transcription factor, which initiates transcription of genes associated with immune responses and inflammation [12, 13] and also plays a key role in regulating inflammation in brain pathologies.
T138 13317-13586 Sentence denotes Transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa-B (NFκB) is an important nuclear transcription factor, which initiates transcription of genes associated with immune responses and inflammation [12, 13] and also plays a key role in regulating inflammation in brain pathologies.
T6205 13587-13673 Sentence denotes It has been reported that NFκB increased in the region of perihematoma after ICH [14].
T139 13587-13673 Sentence denotes It has been reported that NFκB increased in the region of perihematoma after ICH [14].
T6206 13674-13835 Sentence denotes NFκB activation occurs within minutes and persists for at least a week in response to ICH, which is associated with the expression of selected target genes [15].
T140 13674-13835 Sentence denotes NFκB activation occurs within minutes and persists for at least a week in response to ICH, which is associated with the expression of selected target genes [15].
T6207 13836-13966 Sentence denotes Activation of NFκB initiates inflammatory responses and contributes to the pathobiology of perilesional cell death after ICH [16].
T141 13836-13966 Sentence denotes Activation of NFκB initiates inflammatory responses and contributes to the pathobiology of perilesional cell death after ICH [16].
T6208 13967-14154 Sentence denotes Inhibition of NFκB activity has been shown to have a therapeutic effect on experimental ICH, such as reduce inflammation, behavioral dysfunction, and neuronal damage produced by ICH [17].
T142 13967-14154 Sentence denotes Inhibition of NFκB activity has been shown to have a therapeutic effect on experimental ICH, such as reduce inflammation, behavioral dysfunction, and neuronal damage produced by ICH [17].
T6209 14155-14288 Sentence denotes The knowledge about how NFκB is activated in the brain subjected to ICH is critical for seeking a new neuroprotective method for ICH.
T143 14155-14288 Sentence denotes The knowledge about how NFκB is activated in the brain subjected to ICH is critical for seeking a new neuroprotective method for ICH.
T6210 14289-14440 Sentence denotes Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of signal transduction molecules and play a critical role in the induction of innate and adaptive immunity [4].
T144 14289-14440 Sentence denotes Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of signal transduction molecules and play a critical role in the induction of innate and adaptive immunity [4].
T6211 14441-14522 Sentence denotes TLR-mediated signaling pathways mainly stimulate the activation of NFκB [12, 13].
T145 14441-14522 Sentence denotes TLR-mediated signaling pathways mainly stimulate the activation of NFκB [12, 13].
T6212 14523-14732 Sentence denotes TLR4, the first mammalian TLR recognized, has been reported to be involved in several central nervous (CNS) system diseases, such as inflammatory or autoimmune CNS diseases and cerebral ischemic injury [7, 8].
T146 14523-14732 Sentence denotes TLR4, the first mammalian TLR recognized, has been reported to be involved in several central nervous (CNS) system diseases, such as inflammatory or autoimmune CNS diseases and cerebral ischemic injury [7, 8].
T6213 14733-15055 Sentence denotes Although previous reports indicated that the activation of NFκB was attributed to the oxidative stress or glutamate receptor activation induced by red blood cells and/or plasma constituents [17], very few studies have been directed to investigate the role and the relationship between TLR4-mediated NFκB signaling and ICH.
T147 14733-15055 Sentence denotes Although previous reports indicated that the activation of NFκB was attributed to the oxidative stress or glutamate receptor activation induced by red blood cells and/or plasma constituents [17], very few studies have been directed to investigate the role and the relationship between TLR4-mediated NFκB signaling and ICH.
T6214 15056-15166 Sentence denotes In the present study, we established the rat model of experimental ICH and detected the TLR4 mRNA and protein.
T148 15056-15166 Sentence denotes In the present study, we established the rat model of experimental ICH and detected the TLR4 mRNA and protein.
T6215 15167-15301 Sentence denotes Our data showed that transcription of TLR4 as well as the expression of TLR4 protein after ICH significantly elevated in brain tissue.
T149 15167-15301 Sentence denotes Our data showed that transcription of TLR4 as well as the expression of TLR4 protein after ICH significantly elevated in brain tissue.
T6216 15302-15417 Sentence denotes These changes started as early as 6 hours after the ICH insult and maintained at a high level for 7 days afterward.
T150 15302-15417 Sentence denotes These changes started as early as 6 hours after the ICH insult and maintained at a high level for 7 days afterward.
T6217 15418-15596 Sentence denotes The TLR4 protein, detected by immunohistochemistry, was consistently distributed in peri-hemorrhage areas, the hippocampus, cortex, thalamic nuclei, and some white matter tracts.
T151 15418-15596 Sentence denotes The TLR4 protein, detected by immunohistochemistry, was consistently distributed in peri-hemorrhage areas, the hippocampus, cortex, thalamic nuclei, and some white matter tracts.
T6218 15597-15745 Sentence denotes These data indicated that increased expression of TLR4 may be related to the triggering of the inflammatory responses in the brain tissue after ICH.
T152 15597-15745 Sentence denotes These data indicated that increased expression of TLR4 may be related to the triggering of the inflammatory responses in the brain tissue after ICH.
T6219 15746-15894 Sentence denotes Recent studies demonstrated that ICH initiates inflammatory responses, which are associated with secondary growth of hemorrhage and cell death [18].
T153 15746-15894 Sentence denotes Recent studies demonstrated that ICH initiates inflammatory responses, which are associated with secondary growth of hemorrhage and cell death [18].
T6220 15895-16011 Sentence denotes It is now believed that TLR4-mediated-NFκB pathway activates and regulates immunological and inflammatory responses.
T154 15895-16011 Sentence denotes It is now believed that TLR4-mediated-NFκB pathway activates and regulates immunological and inflammatory responses.
T6221 16012-16266 Sentence denotes To investigate the mechanisms underlying the increased inflammatory responses in the brain after ICH, in the present study, we evaluated the activation of TLR4-mediated NFκB signaling by detecting the p-IκB and the activity of NFκB in hemorrhagic brains.
T155 16012-16266 Sentence denotes To investigate the mechanisms underlying the increased inflammatory responses in the brain after ICH, in the present study, we evaluated the activation of TLR4-mediated NFκB signaling by detecting the p-IκB and the activity of NFκB in hemorrhagic brains.
T6222 16267-16359 Sentence denotes NFκB is an important transcription factor downstream in the TLR4-mediated signaling pathway.
T156 16267-16359 Sentence denotes NFκB is an important transcription factor downstream in the TLR4-mediated signaling pathway.
T6223 16360-16575 Sentence denotes Activation of TLR4 stimulates IκBα phosphorylation and degradation, resulting in nuclear translocation of NFκB, which initiates transcription of genes associated with innate immune responses and inflammation [5, 6].
T157 16360-16575 Sentence denotes Activation of TLR4 stimulates IκBα phosphorylation and degradation, resulting in nuclear translocation of NFκB, which initiates transcription of genes associated with innate immune responses and inflammation [5, 6].
T6224 16576-16710 Sentence denotes We observed that the levels of phosphorylation of IκB and the activity of NFκB were significantly increased in brain tissue after ICH.
T158 16576-16710 Sentence denotes We observed that the levels of phosphorylation of IκB and the activity of NFκB were significantly increased in brain tissue after ICH.
T6225 16711-16832 Sentence denotes The temporal profile of the expression of p-IκB and the activation of NFκB was similar to that of the expression of TLR4.
T159 16711-16832 Sentence denotes The temporal profile of the expression of p-IκB and the activation of NFκB was similar to that of the expression of TLR4.
T6226 16833-17040 Sentence denotes Our data suggest that ICH stimulates activation of the TLR4/NFκB signaling pathway, which is consistent with previous reports that activation of NFκB is regulated through the TLR4-mediated signaling pathway.
T160 16833-17040 Sentence denotes Our data suggest that ICH stimulates activation of the TLR4/NFκB signaling pathway, which is consistent with previous reports that activation of NFκB is regulated through the TLR4-mediated signaling pathway.
T6227 17041-17353 Sentence denotes TLR4 plays an important role in the recognition of microbial components [19, 20] and can also recognize endogenous molecules such as the degradation products of macromolecules, products of proteolytic cascades, intracellular components of ruptured cells, and products of genes that are activated by inflammation.
T161 17041-17353 Sentence denotes TLR4 plays an important role in the recognition of microbial components [19, 20] and can also recognize endogenous molecules such as the degradation products of macromolecules, products of proteolytic cascades, intracellular components of ruptured cells, and products of genes that are activated by inflammation.
T6228 17354-17550 Sentence denotes For instance, HSP70, HSP32, HSP27, and enzymes involved in oxidative stress are found to be upregulated in the brain after ICH, which may be produced by injured neuronal cells or blood cells [21].
T162 17354-17550 Sentence denotes For instance, HSP70, HSP32, HSP27, and enzymes involved in oxidative stress are found to be upregulated in the brain after ICH, which may be produced by injured neuronal cells or blood cells [21].
T6229 17551-17798 Sentence denotes It may be speculated that these molecules produced in damaged brain or came from blood cells and constituents of plasma server as endogenous TLR4 ligands, activate TLR4-mediated NFκB signaling, and initiate the inflammatory responses in IHC brain.
T163 17551-17798 Sentence denotes It may be speculated that these molecules produced in damaged brain or came from blood cells and constituents of plasma server as endogenous TLR4 ligands, activate TLR4-mediated NFκB signaling, and initiate the inflammatory responses in IHC brain.
T6230 17799-17946 Sentence denotes However, the specific endogenous ligands for TLR4 in hemorrhagic brain have not been determined and need to be identified through further research.
T164 17799-17946 Sentence denotes However, the specific endogenous ligands for TLR4 in hemorrhagic brain have not been determined and need to be identified through further research.
T6231 17947-18287 Sentence denotes In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the temporal profile of the activation of TLR4-mediated NFκB signaling in brain tissue in a rat model of experimental ICH, which suggests that TLR4-mediated NFκB signaling participates in the pathogenesis of ICH, which may be a therapeutic target for the prevention of ICH-induced brain damage.
T165 17947-18287 Sentence denotes In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the temporal profile of the activation of TLR4-mediated NFκB signaling in brain tissue in a rat model of experimental ICH, which suggests that TLR4-mediated NFκB signaling participates in the pathogenesis of ICH, which may be a therapeutic target for the prevention of ICH-induced brain damage.
T166 18289-18360 Sentence denotes Figure 1 The temporal changes of TLR4 mRNA in brain tissue after ICH.
T167 18361-18402 Sentence denotes TLR4 mRNA levels were detected by Rt-PCR.
T168 18403-18486 Sentence denotes The abundance of TLR4 mRNA was expressed as the ratio of TLR4 mRNA to β-actin mRNA.
T169 18487-18576 Sentence denotes As shown in Figure 1, the low level of TLR4 mRNA was observed in normal rat brain tissue.
T170 18577-18692 Sentence denotes In the saline control group, the TLR4 mRNA slightly increased but was no significantly different from normal group.
T171 18693-19035 Sentence denotes However, the TLR4 mRNA after ICH significantly increased starting from 6 hours after ICH (P <.05), peaked on 3 days after ICH (P < .05), and then decreased on 7 days after ICH, but still maintained at a higher level compared with saline control (P < .05). #: compared with saline control, P < .05; *: compared with 6 hours after ICH, P < .05.
T172 19036-19110 Sentence denotes Figure 2 The temporal changes of TLR4 protein in brain tissue after ICH.
T173 19111-19235 Sentence denotes The expression of TLR4 protein was measured in brain tissue by the method of Western Blots using specific antibody for TLR4.
T174 19236-19378 Sentence denotes The signals were quantified by scanning densitometry and computer-assisted image analysis and expressed as the ratio of TLR4 protein to GAPDH.
T175 19379-19472 Sentence denotes The results showed that low level of TLR4 protein was detectable in the saline control group.
T176 19473-19764 Sentence denotes The expression of TLR4 significantly increased starting from 6 hours after ICH (P < .05), peaked on 3 days after ICH, and then decreased but still maintained at a high level on 7 days after ICH (P < .05). #: compared with saline control, P < .05; *: compared with 6 hours after ICH, P < .05.
T177 19765-19834 Sentence denotes Figure 3 The distribution of TLR4 protein in brain tissue after ICH.
T178 19835-19906 Sentence denotes Immunohistochemistry staining for TLR4 was performed on brain sections.
T179 19907-19964 Sentence denotes Figure 3(a) showed the brain section of the model of ICH.
T180 19965-20124 Sentence denotes Results from the immunohistochemistry staining showed that TLR4 immunoreactivity was not detectable in brain tissue from normal and sham control (Figure 3(b)).
T181 20125-20311 Sentence denotes However, immunoreactivity for TLR4 was consistently demonstrated in peri-hemorrhage areas, the hippocampus, cortex, thalamic nuclei, and some white matter tracts (Figures 3(c) and 3(d)).
T182 20312-20410 Sentence denotes Figure 5 The increased phosphorylation of inhibitor of kappa-B α (p-I κ B α)in brain after ICH.
T183 20411-20541 Sentence denotes The expression of p-IκB in brain tissue was measured by the method of Western Blots using specific antibodies for p-IκBα and IκBα.
T184 20542-20677 Sentence denotes The signals were quantified by scanning densitometry and computer-assisted image analysis and expressed as the ratio of p-IκBα to IκBα.
T185 20678-20881 Sentence denotes The results showed that the p-IκB increased at 6 hours after ICH (P < .05), peaked on 3 days after ICH and maintained a high level on 7 days after ICH (P < .05). #: compared with saline control, P < .05.
T186 20882-20951 Sentence denotes Figure 4 NFκB activation in the brain in the rats subjected to ICH.
T187 20952-21067 Sentence denotes Nuclear proteins were isolated from brain tissues and the NFκB binding activity was examined by the method of EMSA.
T188 21068-21158 Sentence denotes The signals were quantified by scanning densitometry and computer-assisted image analysis.
T189 21159-21279 Sentence denotes The results were expressed as the ratio of the integrated density volume (IDV) of NFκB to the average IDV of background.
T190 21280-21495 Sentence denotes The results showed that the activity of NFκB increased at 6 hours after ICH (P < .05), peaked on 3 days after ICH and maintained a high level on 7 days after ICH (P < .05). #: compared with saline control, P < .05).