craft-sa-dev Home  

PMC:1626108 / 22726-23852 JSONTXT 4 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T13139 10-28 NN denotes Haploinsufficiency
T13141 29-31 IN denotes of
T13142 32-38 NN denotes RanBP2
T13140 39-45 VBZ denotes Causes
T13143 46-47 DT denotes a
T13144 48-56 NN denotes Decrease
T13145 57-59 IN denotes in
T13146 60-63 NN denotes HKI
T13147 64-71 NN denotes Protein
T13148 72-75 CC denotes and
T13149 76-79 NN denotes ATP
T13150 80-86 NNS denotes Levels
T13151 86-235 sentence denotes (A) Quantitative analysis of NPCs in dissociated hippocampal neurons of wild-type (+/+) and heterozygote (+/−) mice upon immunostaining with mAb414.
T13152 87-88 -LRB- denotes (
T13153 88-89 LS denotes A
T13155 89-90 -RRB- denotes )
T13156 91-103 JJ denotes Quantitative
T13154 104-112 NN denotes analysis
T13157 113-115 IN denotes of
T13158 116-120 NNS denotes NPCs
T13159 121-123 IN denotes in
T13160 124-135 VBN denotes dissociated
T13162 136-147 JJ denotes hippocampal
T13161 148-155 NNS denotes neurons
T13163 156-158 IN denotes of
T13164 159-163 JJ denotes wild
T13166 163-164 HYPH denotes -
T13165 164-168 NN denotes type
T13168 169-170 -LRB- denotes (
T13170 170-171 SYM denotes +
T13171 171-172 HYPH denotes /
T13169 172-173 SYM denotes +
T13172 173-174 -RRB- denotes )
T13173 175-178 CC denotes and
T13174 179-191 NN denotes heterozygote
T13175 192-193 -LRB- denotes (
T13177 193-194 SYM denotes +
T13178 194-195 HYPH denotes /
T13176 195-196 SYM denotes −
T13179 196-197 -RRB- denotes )
T13167 198-202 NNS denotes mice
T13180 203-207 IN denotes upon
T13181 208-222 NN denotes immunostaining
T13182 223-227 IN denotes with
T13183 228-234 NN denotes mAb414
T13184 234-235 . denotes .
T13185 235-358 sentence denotes No difference in the density of NPCs (3–4 NPC/μm2) at the nuclear envelope was found between RanBP2+/+ and RanBP2+/− mice.
T13186 236-238 DT denotes No
T13187 239-249 NN denotes difference
T13189 250-252 IN denotes in
T13190 253-256 DT denotes the
T13191 257-264 NN denotes density
T13192 265-267 IN denotes of
T13193 268-272 NNS denotes NPCs
T13194 273-274 -LRB- denotes (
T13195 274-275 CD denotes 3
T13197 275-276 SYM denotes –
T13196 276-277 CD denotes 4
T13198 278-281 NN denotes NPC
T13199 281-282 SYM denotes /
T13200 282-285 NN denotes μm2
T13201 285-286 -RRB- denotes )
T13202 287-289 IN denotes at
T13203 290-293 DT denotes the
T13205 294-301 JJ denotes nuclear
T13204 302-310 NN denotes envelope
T13206 311-314 VBD denotes was
T13188 315-320 VBN denotes found
T13207 321-328 IN denotes between
T13208 329-335 NN denotes RanBP2
T13210 335-336 SYM denotes +
T13211 336-337 HYPH denotes /
T13212 337-338 SYM denotes +
T13213 339-342 CC denotes and
T13214 343-349 NN denotes RanBP2
T13215 349-350 SYM denotes +
T13216 350-351 HYPH denotes /
T13217 351-352 SYM denotes −
T13209 353-357 NNS denotes mice
T13218 357-358 . denotes .
T13219 358-523 sentence denotes (B) Immunoblots with anti-RanBP2/Nup153/Nup62 (mAb414), −HKI, −mHsp70, and −Cox11 antibodies of retinal (top panel) and hippocampal homogenates of +/+ and +/− mice.
T13220 359-360 -LRB- denotes (
T13221 360-361 LS denotes B
T13223 361-362 -RRB- denotes )
T13222 363-374 NNS denotes Immunoblots
T13224 375-379 IN denotes with
T13225 380-391 NN denotes anti-RanBP2
T13227 391-392 HYPH denotes /
T13228 392-398 NN denotes Nup153
T13229 398-399 HYPH denotes /
T13226 399-404 NN denotes Nup62
T13231 405-406 -LRB- denotes (
T13232 406-412 NN denotes mAb414
T13233 412-413 -RRB- denotes )
T13234 413-415 , denotes ,
T13235 415-416 SYM denotes −
T13236 416-419 NN denotes HKI
T13237 419-421 , denotes ,
T13238 421-422 SYM denotes −
T13239 422-428 NN denotes mHsp70
T13240 428-430 , denotes ,
T13241 430-433 CC denotes and
T13242 434-435 SYM denotes −
T13243 435-440 NN denotes Cox11
T13230 441-451 NNS denotes antibodies
T13244 452-454 IN denotes of
T13245 455-462 JJ denotes retinal
T13247 463-464 -LRB- denotes (
T13249 464-467 JJ denotes top
T13248 468-473 NN denotes panel
T13250 473-474 -RRB- denotes )
T13251 475-478 CC denotes and
T13252 479-490 JJ denotes hippocampal
T13246 491-502 NNS denotes homogenates
T13253 503-505 IN denotes of
T13254 506-507 SYM denotes +
T13256 507-508 HYPH denotes /
T13255 508-509 SYM denotes +
T13258 510-513 CC denotes and
T13259 514-515 SYM denotes +
T13261 515-516 HYPH denotes /
T13260 516-517 SYM denotes −
T13257 518-522 NNS denotes mice
T13262 522-523 . denotes .
T13263 523-656 sentence denotes In comparison to RanBP2+/+, RanBP2+/− mice exhibit a reduction in the expression levels of RanBP2 and HKI but not of other proteins.
T13264 524-526 IN denotes In
T13266 527-537 NN denotes comparison
T13267 538-540 IN denotes to
T13268 541-547 NN denotes RanBP2
T13269 547-548 SYM denotes +
T13270 548-549 HYPH denotes /
T13271 549-550 SYM denotes +
T13272 550-552 , denotes ,
T13273 552-558 NN denotes RanBP2
T13275 558-559 SYM denotes +
T13276 559-560 HYPH denotes /
T13277 560-561 SYM denotes −
T13274 562-566 NNS denotes mice
T13265 567-574 VBP denotes exhibit
T13278 575-576 DT denotes a
T13279 577-586 NN denotes reduction
T13280 587-589 IN denotes in
T13281 590-593 DT denotes the
T13283 594-604 NN denotes expression
T13282 605-611 NNS denotes levels
T13284 612-614 IN denotes of
T13285 615-621 NN denotes RanBP2
T13286 622-625 CC denotes and
T13287 626-629 NN denotes HKI
T13288 630-633 CC denotes but
T13289 634-637 RB denotes not
T13290 638-640 IN denotes of
T13291 641-646 JJ denotes other
T13292 647-655 NN denotes proteins
T13293 655-656 . denotes .
T13294 656-805 sentence denotes (C) Quantitative analysis of relative protein expression levels of RanBP2, Cox11, HKI, and mHsp70 in the hippocampus of RanBP2+/+ and RanBP2+/−mice.
T13295 657-658 -LRB- denotes (
T13296 658-659 LS denotes C
T13298 659-660 -RRB- denotes )
T13299 661-673 JJ denotes Quantitative
T13297 674-682 NN denotes analysis
T13300 683-685 IN denotes of
T13301 686-694 JJ denotes relative
T13303 695-702 NN denotes protein
T13304 703-713 NN denotes expression
T13302 714-720 NNS denotes levels
T13305 721-723 IN denotes of
T13306 724-730 NN denotes RanBP2
T13307 730-732 , denotes ,
T13308 732-737 NN denotes Cox11
T13309 737-739 , denotes ,
T13310 739-742 NN denotes HKI
T13311 742-744 , denotes ,
T13312 744-747 CC denotes and
T13313 748-754 NN denotes mHsp70
T13314 755-757 IN denotes in
T13315 758-761 DT denotes the
T13316 762-773 NN denotes hippocampus
T13317 774-776 IN denotes of
T13318 777-783 NN denotes RanBP2
T13320 783-784 SYM denotes +
T13321 784-785 HYPH denotes /
T13322 785-786 SYM denotes +
T13323 787-790 CC denotes and
T13324 791-797 NN denotes RanBP2
T13325 797-798 SYM denotes +
T13326 798-799 HYPH denotes /
T13327 799-800 SYM denotes −
T13319 800-804 NNS denotes mice
T13328 804-805 . denotes .
T13329 805-879 sentence denotes There is ~2- and 4-fold reduction of RanBP2 and HKI in heterozygote mice.
T13330 806-811 EX denotes There
T13331 812-814 VBZ denotes is
T13332 815-816 SYM denotes ~
T13333 816-817 CD denotes 2
T13335 817-818 HYPH denotes -
T13336 819-822 CC denotes and
T13337 823-829 RB denotes 4-fold
T13334 830-839 NN denotes reduction
T13338 840-842 IN denotes of
T13339 843-849 NN denotes RanBP2
T13340 850-853 CC denotes and
T13341 854-857 NN denotes HKI
T13342 858-860 IN denotes in
T13343 861-873 NN denotes heterozygote
T13344 874-878 NNS denotes mice
T13345 878-879 . denotes .
T13346 879-998 sentence denotes (D) The level of HKI is reduced in the brain but not in other non-neuronal tissues tested (muscle, spleen, and liver).
T13347 880-881 -LRB- denotes (
T13348 881-882 LS denotes D
T13350 882-883 -RRB- denotes )
T13351 884-887 DT denotes The
T13352 888-893 NN denotes level
T13353 894-896 IN denotes of
T13354 897-900 NN denotes HKI
T13355 901-903 VBZ denotes is
T13349 904-911 VBN denotes reduced
T13356 912-914 IN denotes in
T13357 915-918 DT denotes the
T13358 919-924 NN denotes brain
T13359 925-928 CC denotes but
T13360 929-932 RB denotes not
T13361 933-935 IN denotes in
T13362 936-941 JJ denotes other
T13364 942-954 JJ denotes non-neuronal
T13363 955-962 NNS denotes tissues
T13365 963-969 VBN denotes tested
T13366 970-971 -LRB- denotes (
T13367 971-977 NN denotes muscle
T13368 977-979 , denotes ,
T13369 979-985 NN denotes spleen
T13370 985-987 , denotes ,
T13371 987-990 CC denotes and
T13372 991-996 NN denotes liver
T13373 996-997 -RRB- denotes )
T13374 997-998 . denotes .
T13375 998-1126 sentence denotes (E) The total ATP level is reduced in the CNS tissues (brain and retina) but not in non-neuronal tissues tested (e.g., spleen).
T13376 999-1000 -LRB- denotes (
T13377 1000-1001 LS denotes E
T13379 1001-1002 -RRB- denotes )
T13380 1003-1006 DT denotes The
T13382 1007-1012 JJ denotes total
T13383 1013-1016 NN denotes ATP
T13381 1017-1022 NN denotes level
T13384 1023-1025 VBZ denotes is
T13378 1026-1033 VBN denotes reduced
T13385 1034-1036 IN denotes in
T13386 1037-1040 DT denotes the
T13388 1041-1044 NN denotes CNS
T13387 1045-1052 NNS denotes tissues
T13389 1053-1054 -LRB- denotes (
T13390 1054-1059 NN denotes brain
T13391 1060-1063 CC denotes and
T13392 1064-1070 NN denotes retina
T13393 1070-1071 -RRB- denotes )
T13394 1072-1075 CC denotes but
T13395 1076-1079 RB denotes not
T13396 1080-1082 IN denotes in
T13397 1083-1095 JJ denotes non-neuronal
T13398 1096-1103 NNS denotes tissues
T13399 1104-1110 VBN denotes tested
T13400 1111-1112 -LRB- denotes (
T13401 1112-1116 FW denotes e.g.
T13403 1116-1118 , denotes ,
T13402 1118-1124 NN denotes spleen
T13404 1124-1125 -RRB- denotes )
T13405 1125-1126 . denotes .
R8661 T13139 T13140 nsubj Haploinsufficiency,Causes
R8662 T13141 T13139 prep of,Haploinsufficiency
R8663 T13142 T13141 pobj RanBP2,of
R8664 T13143 T13144 det a,Decrease
R8665 T13144 T13140 dobj Decrease,Causes
R8666 T13145 T13144 prep in,Decrease
R8667 T13146 T13147 compound HKI,Protein
R8668 T13147 T13145 pobj Protein,in
R8669 T13148 T13147 cc and,Protein
R8670 T13149 T13150 compound ATP,Levels
R8671 T13150 T13147 conj Levels,Protein
R8672 T13152 T13153 punct (,A
R8673 T13153 T13154 meta A,analysis
R8674 T13155 T13153 punct ),A
R8675 T13156 T13154 amod Quantitative,analysis
R8676 T13157 T13154 prep of,analysis
R8677 T13158 T13157 pobj NPCs,of
R8678 T13159 T13154 prep in,analysis
R8679 T13160 T13161 amod dissociated,neurons
R8680 T13161 T13159 pobj neurons,in
R8681 T13162 T13161 amod hippocampal,neurons
R8682 T13163 T13161 prep of,neurons
R8683 T13164 T13165 amod wild,type
R8684 T13165 T13167 nmod type,mice
R8685 T13166 T13165 punct -,type
R8686 T13167 T13163 pobj mice,of
R8687 T13168 T13169 punct (,+
R8688 T13169 T13165 punct +,type
R8689 T13170 T13169 punct +,+
R8690 T13171 T13169 punct /,+
R8691 T13172 T13169 punct ),+
R8692 T13173 T13165 cc and,type
R8693 T13174 T13165 conj heterozygote,type
R8694 T13175 T13176 punct (,−
R8695 T13176 T13174 punct −,heterozygote
R8696 T13177 T13176 punct +,−
R8697 T13178 T13176 punct /,−
R8698 T13179 T13176 punct ),−
R8699 T13180 T13154 prep upon,analysis
R8700 T13181 T13180 pobj immunostaining,upon
R8701 T13182 T13181 prep with,immunostaining
R8702 T13183 T13182 pobj mAb414,with
R8703 T13184 T13154 punct .,analysis
R8704 T13186 T13187 det No,difference
R8705 T13187 T13188 nsubjpass difference,found
R8706 T13189 T13187 prep in,difference
R8707 T13190 T13191 det the,density
R8708 T13191 T13189 pobj density,in
R8709 T13192 T13191 prep of,density
R8710 T13193 T13192 pobj NPCs,of
R8711 T13194 T13191 punct (,density
R8712 T13195 T13196 quantmod 3,4
R8713 T13196 T13198 nummod 4,NPC
R8714 T13197 T13196 punct –,4
R8715 T13198 T13191 appos NPC,density
R8716 T13199 T13200 punct /,μm2
R8717 T13200 T13198 prep μm2,NPC
R8718 T13201 T13191 punct ),density
R8719 T13202 T13191 prep at,density
R8720 T13203 T13204 det the,envelope
R8721 T13204 T13202 pobj envelope,at
R8722 T13205 T13204 amod nuclear,envelope
R8723 T13206 T13188 auxpass was,found
R8724 T13207 T13188 prep between,found
R8725 T13208 T13209 nmod RanBP2,mice
R8726 T13209 T13207 pobj mice,between
R8727 T13210 T13208 punct +,RanBP2
R8728 T13211 T13208 punct /,RanBP2
R8729 T13212 T13208 punct +,RanBP2
R8730 T13213 T13208 cc and,RanBP2
R8731 T13214 T13208 conj RanBP2,RanBP2
R8732 T13215 T13214 punct +,RanBP2
R8733 T13216 T13214 punct /,RanBP2
R8734 T13217 T13214 punct −,RanBP2
R8735 T13218 T13188 punct .,found
R8736 T13220 T13221 punct (,B
R8737 T13221 T13222 meta B,Immunoblots
R8738 T13223 T13221 punct ),B
R8739 T13224 T13222 prep with,Immunoblots
R8740 T13225 T13226 nmod anti-RanBP2,Nup62
R8741 T13226 T13230 nmod Nup62,antibodies
R8742 T13227 T13226 punct /,Nup62
R8743 T13228 T13226 nmod Nup153,Nup62
R8744 T13229 T13226 punct /,Nup62
R8745 T13230 T13224 pobj antibodies,with
R8746 T13231 T13226 punct (,Nup62
R8747 T13232 T13226 appos mAb414,Nup62
R8748 T13233 T13226 punct ),Nup62
R8749 T13234 T13226 punct ", ",Nup62
R8750 T13235 T13236 punct −,HKI
R8751 T13236 T13226 conj HKI,Nup62
R8752 T13237 T13236 punct ", ",HKI
R8753 T13238 T13239 punct −,mHsp70
R8754 T13239 T13236 conj mHsp70,HKI
R8755 T13240 T13239 punct ", ",mHsp70
R8756 T13241 T13239 cc and,mHsp70
R8757 T13242 T13243 punct −,Cox11
R8758 T13243 T13239 conj Cox11,mHsp70
R8759 T13244 T13230 prep of,antibodies
R8760 T13245 T13246 amod retinal,homogenates
R8761 T13246 T13244 pobj homogenates,of
R8762 T13247 T13248 punct (,panel
R8763 T13248 T13245 parataxis panel,retinal
R8764 T13249 T13248 amod top,panel
R8765 T13250 T13248 punct ),panel
R8766 T13251 T13245 cc and,retinal
R8767 T13252 T13245 conj hippocampal,retinal
R8768 T13253 T13246 prep of,homogenates
R8769 T13254 T13255 punct +,+
R8770 T13255 T13257 punct +,mice
R8771 T13256 T13255 punct /,+
R8772 T13257 T13253 pobj mice,of
R8773 T13258 T13255 cc and,+
R8774 T13259 T13260 punct +,−
R8775 T13260 T13255 conj −,+
R8776 T13261 T13260 punct /,−
R8777 T13262 T13222 punct .,Immunoblots
R8778 T13264 T13265 prep In,exhibit
R8779 T13266 T13264 pobj comparison,In
R8780 T13267 T13266 prep to,comparison
R8781 T13268 T13267 pobj RanBP2,to
R8782 T13269 T13268 punct +,RanBP2
R8783 T13270 T13268 punct /,RanBP2
R8784 T13271 T13268 punct +,RanBP2
R8785 T13272 T13265 punct ", ",exhibit
R8786 T13273 T13274 nmod RanBP2,mice
R8787 T13274 T13265 nsubj mice,exhibit
R8788 T13275 T13273 punct +,RanBP2
R8789 T13276 T13273 punct /,RanBP2
R8790 T13277 T13273 punct −,RanBP2
R8791 T13278 T13279 det a,reduction
R8792 T13279 T13265 dobj reduction,exhibit
R8793 T13280 T13279 prep in,reduction
R8794 T13281 T13282 det the,levels
R8795 T13282 T13280 pobj levels,in
R8796 T13283 T13282 compound expression,levels
R8797 T13284 T13282 prep of,levels
R8798 T13285 T13284 pobj RanBP2,of
R8799 T13286 T13285 cc and,RanBP2
R8800 T13287 T13285 conj HKI,RanBP2
R8801 T13288 T13284 cc but,of
R8802 T13289 T13288 neg not,but
R8803 T13290 T13284 conj of,of
R8804 T13291 T13292 amod other,proteins
R8805 T13292 T13290 pobj proteins,of
R8806 T13293 T13265 punct .,exhibit
R8807 T13295 T13296 punct (,C
R8808 T13296 T13297 meta C,analysis
R8809 T13298 T13296 punct ),C
R8810 T13299 T13297 amod Quantitative,analysis
R8811 T13300 T13297 prep of,analysis
R8812 T13301 T13302 amod relative,levels
R8813 T13302 T13300 pobj levels,of
R8814 T13303 T13304 compound protein,expression
R8815 T13304 T13302 compound expression,levels
R8816 T13305 T13302 prep of,levels
R8817 T13306 T13305 pobj RanBP2,of
R8818 T13307 T13306 punct ", ",RanBP2
R8819 T13308 T13306 conj Cox11,RanBP2
R8820 T13309 T13308 punct ", ",Cox11
R8821 T13310 T13308 conj HKI,Cox11
R8822 T13311 T13310 punct ", ",HKI
R8823 T13312 T13310 cc and,HKI
R8824 T13313 T13310 conj mHsp70,HKI
R8825 T13314 T13297 prep in,analysis
R8826 T13315 T13316 det the,hippocampus
R8827 T13316 T13314 pobj hippocampus,in
R8828 T13317 T13316 prep of,hippocampus
R8829 T13318 T13319 nmod RanBP2,mice
R8830 T13319 T13317 pobj mice,of
R8831 T13320 T13318 punct +,RanBP2
R8832 T13321 T13318 punct /,RanBP2
R8833 T13322 T13318 punct +,RanBP2
R8834 T13323 T13318 cc and,RanBP2
R8835 T13324 T13318 conj RanBP2,RanBP2
R8836 T13325 T13324 punct +,RanBP2
R8837 T13326 T13324 punct /,RanBP2
R8838 T13327 T13324 punct −,RanBP2
R8839 T13328 T13297 punct .,analysis
R8840 T13330 T13331 expl There,is
R8841 T13332 T13333 punct ~,2
R8842 T13333 T13334 nummod 2,reduction
R8843 T13334 T13331 attr reduction,is
R8844 T13335 T13333 punct -,2
R8845 T13336 T13333 cc and,2
R8846 T13337 T13333 conj 4-fold,2
R8847 T13338 T13334 prep of,reduction
R8848 T13339 T13338 pobj RanBP2,of
R8849 T13340 T13339 cc and,RanBP2
R8850 T13341 T13339 conj HKI,RanBP2
R8851 T13342 T13331 prep in,is
R8852 T13343 T13344 compound heterozygote,mice
R8853 T13344 T13342 pobj mice,in
R8854 T13345 T13331 punct .,is
R8855 T13347 T13348 punct (,D
R8856 T13348 T13349 meta D,reduced
R8857 T13350 T13348 punct ),D
R8858 T13351 T13352 det The,level
R8859 T13352 T13349 nsubjpass level,reduced
R8860 T13353 T13352 prep of,level
R8861 T13354 T13353 pobj HKI,of
R8862 T13355 T13349 auxpass is,reduced
R8863 T13356 T13349 prep in,reduced
R8864 T13357 T13358 det the,brain
R8865 T13358 T13356 pobj brain,in
R8866 T13359 T13356 cc but,in
R8867 T13360 T13359 neg not,but
R8868 T13361 T13356 conj in,in
R8869 T13362 T13363 amod other,tissues
R8870 T13363 T13361 pobj tissues,in
R8871 T13364 T13363 amod non-neuronal,tissues
R8872 T13365 T13363 acl tested,tissues
R8873 T13366 T13363 punct (,tissues
R8874 T13367 T13363 appos muscle,tissues
R8875 T13368 T13367 punct ", ",muscle
R8876 T13369 T13367 conj spleen,muscle
R8877 T13370 T13369 punct ", ",spleen
R8878 T13371 T13369 cc and,spleen
R8879 T13372 T13369 conj liver,spleen
R8880 T13373 T13349 punct ),reduced
R8881 T13374 T13349 punct .,reduced
R8882 T13376 T13377 punct (,E
R8883 T13377 T13378 meta E,reduced
R8884 T13379 T13377 punct ),E
R8885 T13380 T13381 det The,level
R8886 T13381 T13378 nsubjpass level,reduced
R8887 T13382 T13381 amod total,level
R8888 T13383 T13381 compound ATP,level
R8889 T13384 T13378 auxpass is,reduced
R8890 T13385 T13378 prep in,reduced
R8891 T13386 T13387 det the,tissues
R8892 T13387 T13385 pobj tissues,in
R8893 T13388 T13387 compound CNS,tissues
R8894 T13389 T13387 punct (,tissues
R8895 T13390 T13387 appos brain,tissues
R8896 T13391 T13390 cc and,brain
R8897 T13392 T13390 conj retina,brain
R8898 T13393 T13385 punct ),in
R8899 T13394 T13385 cc but,in
R8900 T13395 T13394 neg not,but
R8901 T13396 T13385 conj in,in
R8902 T13397 T13398 amod non-neuronal,tissues
R8903 T13398 T13396 pobj tissues,in
R8904 T13399 T13398 acl tested,tissues
R8905 T13400 T13398 punct (,tissues
R8906 T13401 T13402 advmod e.g.,spleen
R8907 T13402 T13398 appos spleen,tissues
R8908 T13403 T13402 punct ", ",spleen
R8909 T13404 T13378 punct ),reduced
R8910 T13405 T13378 punct .,reduced