LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7796329 / 33664-41501 JSONTXT 3 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T282 0-4 Sentence denotes 2.4.
T283 5-23 Sentence denotes Structural Factors
T284 25-31 Sentence denotes 2.4.1.
T285 32-44 Sentence denotes Social Class
T286 45-231 Sentence denotes Uscinski and Parent [20] argue that conspiracy theories exist for “losers.” Thus, socially underprivileged individuals and members of the lower class tend to believe conspiracy theories.
T287 232-426 Sentence denotes Mao et al. [61] show that social class can significantly negatively predict individuals’ beliefs in conspiracy theories and explain the likely link between social class and individuals’ beliefs.
T288 427-616 Sentence denotes Because individuals from lower social classes receive less education, live in harsher environments, and often face external threats, they feel less control over their external environments.
T289 617-726 Sentence denotes Generally, when perceived control is threatened by external factors, beliefs in conspiracy theories increase.
T290 727-848 Sentence denotes Van Prooijen [62] finds that social class is correlated with the extent to which individuals believe conspiracy theories.
T291 849-902 Sentence denotes A representative indicator of social class is income.
T292 903-1022 Sentence denotes In empirical studies, Golec de Zavala and Federico [63] show that higher income reduces beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T293 1023-1207 Sentence denotes Furthermore, Uscinski and Parent [20] demonstrate that people who work in the financial industry or for the government or the military exhibit the lowest levels of conspiracy thinking.
T294 1208-1301 Sentence denotes However, the causal relationship between conspiracy beliefs and income is indeterminate [10].
T295 1302-1322 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 12 (H12).
T296 1325-1461 Sentence denotes Belonging to a higher social class (i.e., having a higher income in this study) is negatively related to beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T297 1463-1469 Sentence denotes 2.4.2.
T298 1470-1479 Sentence denotes Knowledge
T299 1480-1554 Sentence denotes Knowledge plays critical roles in reducing beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T300 1555-1688 Sentence denotes Miller et al. [3] show that those who are highly knowledgeable about politics tend to be the most susceptible to conspiracy theories.
T301 1689-1889 Sentence denotes Moreover, this knowledge mediates the effect of ideology on the endorsement of conspiracy theories; knowledge increases ideologically motivated endorsements of conspiracy theories among conservatives.
T302 1890-2046 Sentence denotes Moreover, Berinsky [31] shows that more knowledgeable people are less likely to believe in political conspiracies than their low-knowledge counterparts are.
T303 2047-2187 Sentence denotes Goldberg and Richey [26] demonstrate that three different beliefs in conspiracy theories are positively correlated with political knowledge.
T304 2188-2208 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 13 (H13).
T305 2211-2275 Sentence denotes Knowledge has negative impact on beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T306 2277-2283 Sentence denotes 2.4.3.
T307 2284-2293 Sentence denotes Education
T308 2294-2374 Sentence denotes Many studies examine the relationship between education and conspiracy theories.
T309 2375-2459 Sentence denotes Generally, lower education levels increase beliefs in conspiracy theories [7,61,64].
T310 2460-2609 Sentence denotes Van Prooijen [62] suggests that education may give people a set of cognitive and affective attributes that enable them to resist conspiracy theories.
T311 2610-2820 Sentence denotes She describes the causal chain from education to beliefs in conspiracy theories as follows: less education → less analytic thinking → strong beliefs in simple solutions → greater beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T312 2821-2965 Sentence denotes Also, Georgiou et al. [30] show that beliefs in conspiracy theories related to COVID-19 are greater among people with lower levels of education.
T313 2966-2986 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 14 (H14).
T314 2989-3060 Sentence denotes Education is negatively associated with beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T315 3062-3068 Sentence denotes 2.4.4.
T316 3069-3080 Sentence denotes Information
T317 3081-3142 Sentence denotes Information performs a function similar to that of knowledge.
T318 3143-3238 Sentence denotes But both the quantity and quality of information are related to beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T319 3239-3342 Sentence denotes In terms of the quantity, information related to a conspiracy theory reinforces beliefs in that theory.
T320 3343-3489 Sentence denotes For example, Swami et al. [17] show that beliefs in conspiracies about 9/11 are positively related to exposure to the ideas of 9/11 conspiracists.
T321 3490-3572 Sentence denotes In terms of quality, more elaborate information decreases beliefs in conspiracies.
T322 3573-3665 Sentence denotes For example, more news media literacy is shown to reduce conspiracy theory endorsement [65].
T323 3666-3813 Sentence denotes It is not only the quantity and quality of information but also the style of information processing that influences beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T324 3814-3912 Sentence denotes A conspiratorial mentality may partly reflect particular information-processing dispositions [29].
T325 3913-4063 Sentence denotes Thus, individuals’ engagement in seeking or finding meanings or patterns in ambiguous or random information may be related to conspiratorial thinking.
T326 4064-4084 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 15 (H15).
T327 4087-4194 Sentence denotes More qualitative and quantitative information is negatively associated with beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T328 4196-4202 Sentence denotes 2.4.5.
T329 4203-4217 Sentence denotes Social Support
T330 4218-4328 Sentence denotes Social structures that shape citizens’ feelings of vulnerability increase beliefs in conspiracy theories [66].
T331 4329-4432 Sentence denotes As a social structure, a social network or social support acts as a shield against conspiracy theories.
T332 4433-4527 Sentence denotes Conversely, a lack of social resources or support promotes the beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T333 4528-4631 Sentence denotes Freeman and Bentall [67] show that conspiracy believers are more likely to have weaker social networks.
T334 4632-4748 Sentence denotes According to Grohol [68], any societal alienation appears to be connected to greater beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T335 4749-4930 Sentence denotes Those who suffer on the edge of society, because of their unemployment status, minor ethnicity, or even weak relationship status, report stronger beliefs in the conspiracy theories.
T336 4931-5132 Sentence denotes Conversely, Sapountzis and Condor [69] find that conspiracy narratives are as likely to be used by people with large social networks as by those whose social interactions are generally more restricted.
T337 5133-5153 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 16 (H16).
T338 5156-5239 Sentence denotes Individuals with more social support exhibit weaker beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T339 5241-5247 Sentence denotes 2.4.6.
T340 5248-5261 Sentence denotes Health Status
T341 5262-5388 Sentence denotes In the movie Conspiracy Theory, the main character, portrayed by Mel Gibson, is a patient who believes in a conspiracy theory.
T342 5389-5479 Sentence denotes Even in the real world, health has a significant impact on beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T343 5480-5687 Sentence denotes Barron et al. [70] note that the trait of schizotypy, characterized by perceptual, cognitive, and affective abnormalities, has been found to be a strong, positive predictor of beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T344 5688-5969 Sentence denotes Coltheart [71] suggests that false beliefs occur because of neuropsychological impairments that (1) enforce the formation of such beliefs owing to faulty sensory information and (2) make it difficult to reject such beliefs owing to faulty prefrontal systems that evaluate thoughts.
T345 5970-6198 Sentence denotes In addition, March and Springer [72] use a regression model to show that apart from odd beliefs or magical thinking and Machiavellianism, primary psychopathy is a significant positive predictor of beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T346 6199-6377 Sentence denotes Conversely, Chen et al. [73] provide evidence that beliefs in conspiracy theories regarding the COVID-19 virus can predict the mental health and well-being of healthcare workers.
T347 6378-6474 Sentence denotes Good health creates positive emotions and, consequently, weakens beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T348 6475-6525 Sentence denotes Thus, the following hypothesis can be established.
T349 6526-6546 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 17 (H17).
T350 6549-6631 Sentence denotes Better health status is negatively associated with beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T351 6633-6639 Sentence denotes 2.4.7.
T352 6640-6650 Sentence denotes Age/Gender
T353 6651-6762 Sentence denotes Among demographic variables, age and gender have been examined as predictors of beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T354 6763-6893 Sentence denotes According to Radnitz et al. [49] and Swami [25], young people are more likely to believe in conspiracy theories than older people.
T355 6894-7012 Sentence denotes Moreover, in Goreis and Voracek’s [74] metastudies, youth is a positive predictor of a beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T356 7013-7098 Sentence denotes However, Earnshaw et al. [2] find no significant impact of age on conspiracy beliefs.
T357 7099-7212 Sentence denotes Regarding gender, Radnitz et al. [47] show that men have stronger beliefs in conspiracy theories than women have.
T358 7213-7297 Sentence denotes Hart and Graether [29] show that conspiracy believers tend to be younger and female.
T359 7298-7494 Sentence denotes Cassese et al. [75] demonstrate that men believe conspiracy theories more than women do because the former have higher levels of personal uncertainty and learned hopelessness than the latter have.
T360 7495-7639 Sentence denotes In contrast, however, March and Springer [72] find that gender and age do not statistically significantly affect beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T361 7640-7660 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 18 (H18).
T362 7663-7747 Sentence denotes Younger people exhibit stronger beliefs in conspiracy theories than older people do.
T363 7748-7768 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 19 (H19).
T364 7771-7837 Sentence denotes Women exhibit stronger beliefs in conspiracy theories than men do.