LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7796291 / 6066-12301 JSONTXT 3 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T36 0-2 Sentence denotes 2.
T37 3-24 Sentence denotes Materials and Methods
T38 26-30 Sentence denotes 2.1.
T39 31-42 Sentence denotes Respirators
T40 43-105 Sentence denotes A commercial respirator certified by N95 grade (coded as Resp.
T41 106-206 Sentence denotes A) and the one certified by the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) for KF94 grade (Resp.
T42 207-242 Sentence denotes B) were used as sample respirators.
T43 243-438 Sentence denotes N95 and KF94 grades refer to the particle capture efficiency of not less than 95% during 200 mg of NaCl particle loading [34] and 94% after 3 min NaCl and paraffin oil loading [35], respectively.
T44 439-464 Sentence denotes The surface area of Resp.
T45 465-476 Sentence denotes A and Resp.
T46 477-518 Sentence denotes B were 249 cm2 and 208 cm2, respectively.
T47 520-524 Sentence denotes 2.2.
T48 525-548 Sentence denotes Disinfection Treatments
T49 550-556 Sentence denotes 2.2.1.
T50 557-578 Sentence denotes Microwave Irradiation
T51 579-867 Sentence denotes Metal nose clips of respirators were eliminated, and the respirators were exposed to microwave irradiation with 750 W power (MR-280M, LG Electronics, Seoul, Korea); for 1 min, the outer side was directed to the irradiation, then, for 1 min, the inner side was directed to the irradiation.
T52 868-962 Sentence denotes All treated samples were stored for 12 h under ambient temperature before the filtration test.
T53 964-970 Sentence denotes 2.2.2.
T54 971-979 Sentence denotes Oven-Dry
T55 980-1077 Sentence denotes Respirators were dried at 90 °C for 1 h in a drying oven (Withlab Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi-do, Korea).
T56 1079-1085 Sentence denotes 2.2.3.
T57 1086-1100 Sentence denotes UV Irradiation
T58 1101-1213 Sentence denotes UV rays were radiated from 16.5 cm away from the tray using a UV sterilizer (KRS-A1, KARIS, Gyeonggi-do, Korea).
T59 1214-1329 Sentence denotes The wavelength of 253.7 nm UV ray was irradiated through the inner area of the sterilizer in 42 cm × 32 cm × 32 cm.
T60 1330-1481 Sentence denotes The power consumption of UV light bulb was 10 W and the irradiation was conducted for 1 h for inner side and another 1 h for outer side of respirators.
T61 1483-1489 Sentence denotes 2.2.4.
T62 1490-1524 Sentence denotes Chlorinated Disinfectant Immersion
T63 1525-1711 Sentence denotes Chlorine-based disinfectant (Yuhan Corporation, Seoul, Korea), formulated with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) (5.5%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (0.3%), and water, was used for this treatment.
T64 1712-1854 Sentence denotes The chlorine disinfectant was diluted in tap water to 5% (v/v), which makes the final sodium hypochlorite concentration in water to be 0.275%.
T65 1855-2010 Sentence denotes The respirator samples were soaked in the solution for 10 min, then rinsed in tap water for 3 min two times, and dried for 24 h under an ambient condition.
T66 2012-2018 Sentence denotes 2.2.5.
T67 2019-2036 Sentence denotes Ethanol Immersion
T68 2037-2162 Sentence denotes The respirator samples were immersed in an aq. ethanol (EtOH) solution of 70% (v/v) for 10 min, then dried for at least 24 h.
T69 2164-2170 Sentence denotes 2.2.6.
T70 2171-2192 Sentence denotes Isopropanol Immersion
T71 2193-2276 Sentence denotes Isopropanol (IPA) is commonly known as a discharging agent for electret media [36].
T72 2277-2348 Sentence denotes Respirators were immersed in IPA liquid (≥99.9%) for 10 min, and dried.
T73 2350-2356 Sentence denotes 2.2.7.
T74 2357-2367 Sentence denotes Laundering
T75 2368-2430 Sentence denotes Laundering of respirators was done with and without detergent.
T76 2431-2601 Sentence denotes For water-laundering without detergent, each respirator was put in a stainless can of Terg-O-Tometer (T-O-T, Yasuda Seiki Seisakusho, Tokyo, Japan) with 1 L of tap water.
T77 2602-2748 Sentence denotes The laundering with water (without detergent) was conducted with agitation speed of 90 rpm at 24 °C for 10 min, and then 3 min for two more times.
T78 2749-2866 Sentence denotes For detergent-laundering, a detergent (Actz power gel, Pigeon, Seoul, Korea) composed of anionic surfactant was used.
T79 2867-3098 Sentence denotes Respirators were laundered in T-O-T with 1 L of 0.1 wt% aq. detergent solution at 24 °C and 90 rpm for 10 min, then the samples were rinsed with 1 L of tap water for 3 min four times to thoroughly remove the detergent residue [37].
T80 3100-3104 Sentence denotes 2.3.
T81 3105-3136 Sentence denotes Electrostatic Force Measurement
T82 3137-3299 Sentence denotes The surface potential of filter media was measured using an electrostatic voltmeter (Model 542A, Trek, Lockport, NY, USA), by holding the filter media in the air.
T83 3300-3435 Sentence denotes A charge-monitoring probe was placed 4 cm above the web surface, and the surface potential was measured by line-scanning over the area.
T84 3437-3441 Sentence denotes 2.4.
T85 3442-3457 Sentence denotes Filtration Test
T86 3458-3720 Sentence denotes The filtration performance of respirators was evaluated using an automated filter tester (TSI 8130, TSI Inc., Shoreview, MN, USA), using NaCl particles (mass median diameter, MMD ~0.6 µm) and paraffin oil aerosol (MMD ~0.4 µm), based on the Korean MFDS standard.
T87 3721-3909 Sentence denotes NaCl aerosol with a mass concentration of 8 ± 4 mg/m3 or paraffin oil aerosol with a mass concentration of 20 ± 5 mg/m3 was passed through the respirator sample at the flow rate of 95 LPM.
T88 3910-4038 Sentence denotes The aerosol penetration after 3 min of challenged aerosol mass and the initial resistance were recorded as performance criteria.
T89 4040-4044 Sentence denotes 2.5.
T90 4045-4061 Sentence denotes Characterization
T91 4062-4294 Sentence denotes For a non-destructive 3D visualizations of an internal structure of materials, X-ray computed tomography (Xµ-CT) was performed using Zeiss X-Radia 510 Versa (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) (Figure S1, see Supplementary Materials) [38].
T92 4295-4369 Sentence denotes The X-ray source was operated at a voltage of 60 kV with a power of 5.0 W.
T93 4370-4489 Sentence denotes The fields of view used were 800, 1200, 2000 µm, and the corresponding pixel sizes were 0.8, 1.2, 2.0 µm, respectively.
T94 4490-4702 Sentence denotes FE-SEM images of filter samples were observed by Supra 55 VP (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany), with prior coating with Pt at 20 mA for 120 s, using a 108auto sputter coater (Cressington Scientific Inc., Watford, UK).
T95 4703-4803 Sentence denotes The thickness of respirator layers was measured using a thickness gauge under the pressure of 2.4 N.
T96 4804-5084 Sentence denotes Porosity and solidity of webs were calculated based on Equations (1) and (2), where m is mass of the material, A is area of the material, t is thickness, and ρ is the material density (0.95 g/cm3 for PP was used):Porosity (%) = (1 − solidity) × 100 (%)(1) Solidity = m/(A⋅t⋅ρ)(2)
T97 5085-5241 Sentence denotes The static contact angle (CA) of liquid was gauged as wetting property using a contact angle analyzer (SmartDrop Lab, FemtoBiomed Inc., Gyeonggi-do, Korea).
T98 5242-5499 Sentence denotes A droplet of 3.0 ± 0.3 μL liquid, including distilled water (WA), ethanol (EtOH), isopropanol (IPA), chlorinated disinfectant (ClO−), and 0.1% detergent solution was dispensed on a surface of web, and CA was measured in 60 s after the droplets were settled.
T99 5500-5585 Sentence denotes The chemistry of sample surface was analyzed by FTIR-ATR (TENSOR27, Bruker, Germany).
T100 5587-5591 Sentence denotes 2.6.
T101 5592-5611 Sentence denotes Bactericidal Effect
T102 5612-5769 Sentence denotes The E. coli strain of KCTC 1039 was used as the test bacteria, cultivated in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 2 h at 250 rpm.
T103 5770-6026 Sentence denotes For application of E. coli to respirator layers, 10 μL of bacterial culture, corresponding to ~5 × 106 CFU of E. coli (concentration; 5 × 108 CFU/mL), was injected into the center area of 2.5 cm × 2.5 cm of front side of a respirator, using a micropipette.
T104 6027-6177 Sentence denotes The bacteria-loaded samples were subject to different disinfection treatments, and the CFUs of cells were quantified, using a staining method [39,40].
T105 6178-6235 Sentence denotes The quantification procedure is illustrated in Figure S2.