LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7796111 / 5834-18702 JSONTXT 3 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T32 0-2 Sentence denotes 2.
T33 3-10 Sentence denotes Methods
T34 11-132 Sentence denotes This was a mixed methods study to evaluate the deployment of a pilot COVID-19 weekly asymptomatic testing service (P-ATS:
T35 133-239 Sentence denotes Figure 1) offered to students and staff who had face-to-face teaching responsibilities during this period.
T36 240-466 Sentence denotes The study explored the uptake, adherence, acceptability and experiences of the P-ATS in students as well as assessing students’ anxiety and risk perceptions and the perceptions of university staff towards P-ATS implementation.
T37 467-769 Sentence denotes The study comprised of (i) a structured online survey for students administered at the end of deployment, (ii) a qualitative study involving interviews and focus groups with university students and staff conducted at the programme mid-point (students) and at the end of deployment (students and staff).
T38 770-959 Sentence denotes The study design adheres to the standards for reporting qualitative research [7] and the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research guidelines [8] (see Supplementary File S1).
T39 960-1111 Sentence denotes A total pool of 215 undergraduate students (150 in their first year and 65 in their final year) and 70 staff were eligible to participate in the P-ATS.
T40 1113-1117 Sentence denotes 2.1.
T41 1118-1160 Sentence denotes Pilot Asymptomatic Testing Service (P-ATS)
T42 1161-1316 Sentence denotes The P-ATS was a pilot programme for SARS2 surveillance conducted in the early phases of the SARS2 pandemic at a semirural campus of a university in the UK.
T43 1317-1524 Sentence denotes The objective of the programme was to define the baseline SARS-Coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection rate and seroprevalence in a cohort of university students and staff and to measure changes over time.
T44 1525-1663 Sentence denotes Participation in P-ATS was on a voluntary basis and aimed to be complementary to the national testing strategy in the United Kingdom (UK).
T45 1664-1800 Sentence denotes P-ATS was a completely independent initiative within the University to explore the value of SARS-Cov-2 testing in asymptomatic students.
T46 1801-1894 Sentence denotes National guidelines for actions to be taken by symptomatic students were followed throughout.
T47 1895-2205 Sentence denotes Any asymptomatic students testing positive in this pilot were advised to undertake a “Pillar 2” test, the results of which would be paramount (the University laboratory testing was a research test only), and hence would feed into the UK National Health Service (NHS) Test and Trace [9] mechanisms, if positive.
T48 2206-2387 Sentence denotes The P-ATS was offered to all 150 students in their first year (new arrivals in 2020 Cohort 1) as well as 65 final-year students going out into practice rotations in the Autumn term.
T49 2388-2586 Sentence denotes A select group of 70 university staff who had face-to-face contact with students during the study period were offered the opportunity to join P-ATS if they wished, at any point during the programme.
T50 2587-2715 Sentence denotes The P-ATS was primarily targeted to students in their first year of study who were living in university accommodation on campus.
T51 2716-3012 Sentence denotes All first-year students who had arrived in 2020 Cohort 1 were therefore eligible for the P-ATS and were offered the full programme which included a total of 12 PCR tests to be completed weekly over 12 weeks (10 swab tests, and 2 saliva tests) and up to 6 antibody tests from July to October 2020.
T52 3013-3116 Sentence denotes In addition, a number of students in their final year were invited to join the P-ATS in September 2020.
T53 3117-3278 Sentence denotes Eligible final-year students were those who were due to start certain 2-week rotation placements that required them to undertake PCR testing prior to attendance.
T54 3279-3393 Sentence denotes A select number of final year participants therefore participated in the P-ATS between September and October 2020.
T55 3394-3632 Sentence denotes Newly arriving first-year students from 2020 Cohort 1 were accommodated on campus in cluster flats treated as a “household” and attended teaching sessions in “bubbles” through the study period to avoid exposure to larger groups of people.
T56 3633-3762 Sentence denotes Final-year students mostly lived off campus and attended clinical rotation placements in the community during this year of study.
T57 3763-3939 Sentence denotes The P-ATS start for eligible final-year students was staggered since they joined at different times according to academic timetabling and the start date of relevant placements.
T58 3940-4158 Sentence denotes Final-year students joined the programme at different times, had fewer tests offered in total, with some students taking only one test, and others taking more if they changed rotation placement during the study period.
T59 4159-4327 Sentence denotes Therefore, the total number of tests offered varied between students, although the testing offers and start date were consistent for those who were in their first year.
T60 4328-4533 Sentence denotes The first- and final-year students who accessed P-ATS, therefore, had a different experience of both the service (with only first years offered the complete programme), and of university life more broadly.
T61 4534-4793 Sentence denotes For all P-ATS participants, swab, saliva and antibody test kits were collected by P-ATS participants, tests were self-administered and participants deposited samples at dedicated collection points on the university campus with social distancing rules applied.
T62 4794-4919 Sentence denotes The complete programme consisted of:(a) SARS2-PCR tests offered weekly for the 12-week study period (10× swab and 2× saliva);
T63 4920-5020 Sentence denotes (b) SARS2-antibody tests offered alternate weeks (6 x self-sampled finger-prick dried blood sample).
T64 5021-5160 Sentence denotes Individuals testing negative were informed by email correspondence to their cohort (indicating that all positive cases had been contacted).
T65 5161-5345 Sentence denotes Individuals testing positive were personally advised of their result by a clinical virologist, and a central university team was notified so that the student could be safely cared for.
T66 5346-5466 Sentence denotes This process included notification of Public Health England so that official test, track and trace could take place [9].
T67 5468-5472 Sentence denotes 2.2.
T68 5473-5511 Sentence denotes Participants, Recruitment and Sampling
T69 5512-5637 Sentence denotes All students who were eligible to take part in the P-ATS were invited to fill out the post-P-ATS evaluation survey (n = 215).
T70 5638-5884 Sentence denotes Participants for the mid-point and post-P-ATS interviews and focus groups were recruited from the total pool of 285 individuals (first-year students: n = 150; final-year students: n = 65; staff: n = 70) who had been invited to take part in P-ATS.
T71 5885-5979 Sentence denotes All students were invited to complete the survey, whether or not they had taken part in P-ATS.
T72 5980-6082 Sentence denotes All students and staff who had taken part in P-ATS were invited to attend an interview or focus group.
T73 6083-6175 Sentence denotes Recruitment to the mid-deployment group interview with students took place in weeks 6 and 9.
T74 6176-6333 Sentence denotes Recruitment to the post-deployment survey and student interviews and focus group commenced in mid-October 2020 and continued for 16 days through weeks 12–14.
T75 6334-6409 Sentence denotes Recruitment to the staff focus group took place post-deployment in week 13.
T76 6410-6654 Sentence denotes The staff focus group included participants in clinical or non-clinical teaching or research roles, senior leadership, support staff (e.g., technicians) and staff with pastoral or welfare roles (e.g., tutors, student experience administrators).
T77 6655-6827 Sentence denotes Students who were invited to interviews and focus groups included individuals of any gender, those living on or off campus, and those in their first or final year of study.
T78 6828-7090 Sentence denotes Ninety-nine students returned the post-P-ATS evaluation survey (46% response rate), 52 students and staff consented for the qualitative study via an online form and 41 subsequently took part in interviews or focus groups during the 16-day data collection window.
T79 7091-7162 Sentence denotes Table 1 shows basic demographic information for interview participants.
T80 7164-7168 Sentence denotes 2.3.
T81 7169-7182 Sentence denotes Online Survey
T82 7183-7352 Sentence denotes All students who were eligible to take part in the P-ATS were invited to fill out the post-P-ATS evaluation survey using Jisc Online Surveys (see Supplementary File S2).
T83 7353-7628 Sentence denotes The survey contained a mixture of closed and open-ended free-text questions exploring participants’ reasons for participating in the P-ATS (or not), experiences and engagement with the testing, perceived barriers and benefits of the programme and suggestions for improvement.
T84 7629-7809 Sentence denotes Items explored students’ experiences of self-isolation and social distancing, COVID-19 risk perceptions and anxiety measured by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) [10].
T85 7810-7987 Sentence denotes Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders, and the GAD-7 has demonstrated strong psychometric properties in population-based samples [10,11].
T86 7988-8185 Sentence denotes The measure has a range of 0 to 21, and a score of 10 or greater on the GAD-7 represents a reasonable cut point for identifying cases of GAD, with high sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%) [10].
T87 8187-8191 Sentence denotes 2.4.
T88 8192-8231 Sentence denotes Qualitative Interviews and Focus Groups
T89 8232-8348 Sentence denotes The study explored the perceptions and experiences of staff and students who were invited to take part in the P-ATS.
T90 8349-8468 Sentence denotes Qualitative data were collected from interviews and focus groups as well as free-text questions from the online survey.
T91 8469-8743 Sentence denotes Thirty-one student participants (21 first year, 10 final year) took part in six individual interviews (n = 6), eight small group interviews with 2–3 participants (n = 20), and one focus group with 4–5 participants (n = 5) all held online using video-conferencing facilities.
T92 8744-8915 Sentence denotes Two student group interviews took place at the programme mid-point (in weeks 6 and 9, respectively), all other interviews took place at the end of the P-ATS (weeks 12–14).
T93 8916-9005 Sentence denotes A single focus group was held with 10 staff participants after programme end, at week 13.
T94 9006-9175 Sentence denotes Interviews and focus groups were facilitated/moderated by a psychologist experienced in running focus groups (HB), and a study researcher who was a medical trainee (CC).
T95 9176-9250 Sentence denotes Both had undertaken training in qualitative research and interview skills.
T96 9251-9350 Sentence denotes Focus groups were conducted according to recommendations from NHS England’s focus group guide [12].
T97 9351-9493 Sentence denotes All interviews and focus groups followed the same questioning route (see Supplementary File S3), were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim.
T98 9495-9499 Sentence denotes 2.5.
T99 9500-9521 Sentence denotes Reflexivity Statement
T100 9522-9650 Sentence denotes The research team members reflected on the impact of their background, training, beliefs and relationship to the research topic.
T101 9651-9885 Sentence denotes Eleven of the authors conceptualised or were involved in operationalising the P-ATS being evaluated (JB, WI, JC, MB, JD, LF, PM, AF, JCh, AT, PT), although these researchers were not involved in evaluation data collection or analysis.
T102 9886-10011 Sentence denotes Survey data were analysed by a researcher who was not involved in recruitment, intervention delivery or data collection (JH).
T103 10012-10126 Sentence denotes Of the researchers who collected qualitative data, one had medical training (CC), and one was a psychologist (HB).
T104 10127-10374 Sentence denotes Of the researchers who conducted thematic analysis, one was a nurse who had not collected data (LB), the other had moderated focus groups and conducted interviews (CC) which may have influenced interpretation but was mitigated by team reflexivity.
T105 10376-10380 Sentence denotes 2.6.
T106 10381-10394 Sentence denotes Data Analysis
T107 10395-10501 Sentence denotes Survey data were analysed using IBM PASW SPSS Version 25.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) (Supplementary File S6).
T108 10502-10770 Sentence denotes Data cleaning procedures (e.g., identification outliers and missing data analysis) and key statistical assumptions underpinning t-tests, correlation, and linear regression (normality, linearity, homoscedasticity, and independence) were examined prior to data analysis.
T109 10771-11007 Sentence denotes Qualitative data from interviews, focus groups and open-ended survey questions were analysed using inductive thematic analysis, which benefits from theoretical flexibility and simplicity in the identification of qualitative themes [13].
T110 11008-11264 Sentence denotes This process included the in-depth familiarisation and coding of data using NVivo 12 software, before sorting data in broader thematic concepts which represented sections of the data, later refined into the development of five key themes, and 13 subthemes.
T111 11265-11345 Sentence denotes Two researchers (LB/CC) analysed qualitative data, using thematic analysis [13].
T112 11346-11576 Sentence denotes As this was an evaluation of a pilot uncontrolled complex intervention in a real-world setting, intended to directly inform ensuing mass SARS-Cov-2 testing approaches, a pragmatic and time-sensitive approach was taken to analysis.
T113 11577-11650 Sentence denotes Three researchers were involved in the qualitative analysis (LB, CC, HB).
T114 11651-11920 Sentence denotes One researcher coded all the interview data and generated the initial themes (LB), a second researcher (who had conducted interviews) then independently coded a subsample of four randomly selected transcripts, in order to compare and agree on themes through discussion.
T115 11921-12107 Sentence denotes A third researcher (who had conducted interviews) then reviewed all the transcriptions to crosscheck against themes, confirm the themes and resolve any discrepancies between coders (HB).
T116 12108-12188 Sentence denotes Consensus on the themes was achieved through discussion between all researchers.
T117 12189-12339 Sentence denotes Combining qualitative data from different data sources and using two researchers for coding and analysis, enabled data and investigator triangulation.
T118 12341-12345 Sentence denotes 2.7.
T119 12346-12376 Sentence denotes Patient and Public Involvement
T120 12377-12558 Sentence denotes Student and staff views informed the study design and interview questioning guide at the point of study conception, via a Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement (PPIE) group.
T121 12559-12722 Sentence denotes Students expressed a preference to be able to choose between individual or small group interview, and staff preferred to participate in a single large focus group.
T122 12723-12868 Sentence denotes Study findings will be disseminated to all participants through this publication and lay summaries disseminated via the participating university.