LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7795931 / 1481-11937 JSONTXT 3 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T9 0-2 Sentence denotes 1.
T10 3-15 Sentence denotes Introduction
T11 16-92 Sentence denotes The COVID-19 pandemic has attacked the whole world over the past few months.
T12 93-301 Sentence denotes The key features of the Novel Coronavirus, such as long incubation period, high infectiousness, and asymptomatic transmission, were not perceived at the beginning until they were gradually unveiled [1,2,3,4].
T13 302-553 Sentence denotes The WHO and governments keep disclosing epidemic information, but the disclosure is based on their own endowments, preferences, and perceptions, resulting in misleading information at least in the early stage of COVID-19 outbreak, such as “Masks work?
T14 554-647 Sentence denotes NO” (quoted from Scott Atlas, the White House coronavirus task force member), “This is a flu.
T15 648-846 Sentence denotes This is like a flu” (quoted from Donald Trump, the president of the US), and “There is some immune system variation with Asian people”(quoted form Taro Aso, the Deputy Prime Minister of Japan), etc.
T16 847-925 Sentence denotes This information failed to alert the public but let their guards down instead.
T17 926-1060 Sentence denotes Then, the high mortality rate and emergency announcements subsequently incited widespread fear and exacerbated the epidemic situation.
T18 1061-1186 Sentence denotes Theoretically, a systematic provision of timely and effective information from the government can mitigate the downsides [5].
T19 1187-1336 Sentence denotes However, in the real world, speed entails inaccuracy and cognitive uncertainty that keep government away from accomplishing such a tough mission [6].
T20 1337-1587 Sentence denotes Thus, in the early stage of an epidemic with strong externalities like COVID-19, the government’s choice between timeliness and effectiveness of intervention strategies raises a theoretical challenge for the management of urgent public health crisis.
T21 1588-1833 Sentence denotes The key to successfully contain the spread of an unexpected disease like COVID-19 is to understand the complicated two-way interaction between the dynamics of disease and those of information (and the human behavior response to information) [7].
T22 1834-2017 Sentence denotes Information might either amplify or diminish the public’s response to a risk event, depending on the transmission of risk information and public’s reactions at the time it occurs [8].
T23 2018-2235 Sentence denotes At the micro-level, one’s behavior depends on the epidemiological status of the disease, the individual’s knowledge about it (information accessed), misinformation, and the individual’s education and income level [9].
T24 2236-2469 Sentence denotes Along with the spread of disease in social life (physical level), information spreads in a virtual network, which brings the awareness of crisis for people [10,11,12], leading them to take preventive measures to stay healthy [13,14].
T25 2470-2595 Sentence denotes Therefore, the spread of disease facilitates the spread of information, which in turn inhibits the spread of disease [15,16].
T26 2596-2744 Sentence denotes However, on the other hand, people usually get illogical, fail to discern falsity, and disregard the truth during information dissemination [17,18].
T27 2745-2902 Sentence denotes Misleading information seems to have a natural disposition to resonate with public opinions, which causes spontaneous misrepresentation in transmission [19].
T28 2903-3057 Sentence denotes In addition, discussions on epidemic bring panic [20] and aggravate the harm of the epidemic [21], which will be further exaggerated by social media [22].
T29 3058-3228 Sentence denotes Meanwhile, increasing uncertainty about the disease makes people feel loss of control and boost people’s anxiety [23], usually accompanied by psychological distress [24].
T30 3229-3394 Sentence denotes Therefore, information is critical to fighting against the COVID-19-crisis [25,26], and improper information management strategy may lead to systematic failure [27].
T31 3395-3586 Sentence denotes The government, as the main governing body, is the most critical (information) node in the entire network, since it can intervene in information by “blocking” [28,29] and “disclosing” [5,30].
T32 3587-3829 Sentence denotes The minimal blocking implies a free and open information environment, which stimulates information to be widely diffused and induces more people to take self-protective measures [31], but “rumors” might also proliferate at the mean time [24].
T33 3830-3965 Sentence denotes Even if (under certain premises) some “rumors” are accurate [7,32,33], it might still interrupt the prevention efforts to the epidemic.
T34 3966-4247 Sentence denotes It is always believed that government should perform as a central node to disclose accurate and up-to-date information to the entire society, so as to keep the public away from untruthful information and prompt the public to make informed decisions about health protection [30,34].
T35 4248-4467 Sentence denotes However, in the real world, governments do face time constraints and the trade-off between being accurate and being up-to-date in terms of information disclosing, which is not considered in classical information theory.
T36 4468-4776 Sentence denotes Because a highly infectious disease caused by unknown viruses with great externality, such as COVID-19, spreads together with information of varying qualities (truthfulness, accuracy, etc.), it is highly probable that the disease has already contaminated the society before low-quality information is purged.
T37 4777-5029 Sentence denotes In this case, the government has no way to disclose accurate information in time, resulting in the loss of public trust and raising the doubt of the public on the governing capacity of the government, which will accelerate epidemic outbreak [35,36,37].
T38 5030-5251 Sentence denotes Therefore, governments need to not only decide when to inject information into the network, but also whether to follow the tenet that governments do not and should not block information spreading at any circumstance [38].
T39 5252-5403 Sentence denotes For information blocking, studies have been conducted in theoretical [39,40,41], in empirical [42,43], in case studies [43,44], and other perspectives.
T40 5404-5594 Sentence denotes These studies argued that, even if governments have the power to control information [45], they should not do that because free spread of information is essential to welfare-maximizing [38].
T41 5595-5783 Sentence denotes This argument is based on two underlying assumptions: (1) publishers are completely competitive to reach an equilibrium of disclosing accurate information; (2) there is no time constraint.
T42 5784-5938 Sentence denotes These two assumptions do not apply for COVID-19 because, in the age of Internet media, people are not incentive compatible to spread accurate information.
T43 5939-6250 Sentence denotes Moreover, such highly externalized infectious diseases caused by unknown viruses might have already infected a considerable amount of people before low-quality information is purified, so the government should not simply adhere to the tenet of not blocking information when facing an unknown health crisis [38].
T44 6251-6380 Sentence denotes As a result, we will discuss the complexity and diversity in information blocking and broaden current information control theory.
T45 6381-6601 Sentence denotes By the discussion so far, we notice that the successful containment of epidemic outbreak relies on the successful management on the information dissemination process, which, however, is hard to achieve in the real world.
T46 6602-6856 Sentence denotes To better understand the failure in containing the COVID-19 pandemic, we here construct an information-behavior bi-layer model by adding a parallel layer of information transmission to the classical SI (Susceptible-Infected) model of infectious diseases.
T47 6857-7009 Sentence denotes We intend to describe the effect of heterogeneous virtual information (at information layer) on heterogeneous nodes’ behaviors (at physical layer) [46].
T48 7010-7143 Sentence denotes The government, as the key node in information network, can influence the entire network through information disclosing and blocking.
T49 7144-7357 Sentence denotes Based on this, we assign values to key variables such as the medical awareness level of the virus and the public’s health awareness level and then conduct computer simulation experiments under different scenarios.
T50 7358-7451 Sentence denotes We reveal the pattern of government information intervention based on the simulation results.
T51 7452-7744 Sentence denotes In addition, we only focus on the emergence stage of the infectious disease, during which the recovery from the infected status, such as self-healing and cure of the disease, is omitted [47]; therefore, the base model is the SI model rather than the SIR (Susceptible-Infected-Recovery) model.
T52 7745-7930 Sentence denotes Based on the bi-layered network model, we explore two main themes: how disease spreads affect information spreads and how information affects the efficiency of controlling the epidemic.
T53 7931-8181 Sentence denotes We introduce the non-dualism of information and the heterogeneity of nodes’ behaviors into the epidemic model and conduct a simulation to reveal the information intervention dilemma faced by the government between information disclosing and blocking.
T54 8182-8363 Sentence denotes We find that governments face a trade-off between speed and accuracy in information disclosing; and the optimal strategy is contingent on varying conditions in information blocking.
T55 8364-8492 Sentence denotes The optimal combination of disclosing and blocking is highly sensitive to the government preference and its governance capacity.
T56 8493-8887 Sentence denotes Governments that are only responsible for the outcome of intervention will focus unilaterally on the accuracy at the expense of speed; a risk-averse government that intends to minimize the maximum infection rate under uncertain scenarios will impose a more restrictive blocking; and the most restrictive blocking strategy might be the best for governments with lower capability and credibility.
T57 8888-8967 Sentence denotes In summary, this paper makes several important contributions to the literature.
T58 8968-9131 Sentence denotes First, existing studies did not pay sufficient attention to the spread and evolution of rumors during a public crisis [48,49,50], which is considered in our study.
T59 9132-9394 Sentence denotes We expounded the impacts of information dissemination on epidemic evolution in scenarios with different levels of medical awareness of the virus, public health awareness, and government preferences and credibilities, which complements the research in this field.
T60 9395-9701 Sentence denotes Second, most current studies regard information and disease transmissions as simultaneously happened and jointly induced by the physical movement of an agent [46], while this is not the case during COVID-19 pandemic as the internet obviates the needs for physical contact in information transmissions [51].
T61 9702-9881 Sentence denotes Thus, in our paper, we separate the information and disease transmissions and investigate the impact of heterogeneous information on the individual behaviors and disease dynamics.
T62 9882-10051 Sentence denotes Third, unlike previous research on government information interventions with known risk [5,28,29,30], ours are on government information interventions with unknown risk.
T63 10052-10323 Sentence denotes The lack of prior knowledge on the Corona-SARS-2 is the most striking feature of the COVID-19 pandemic, which weakens the usefulness of government action and calls for a reassessment of government information intervention under a crisis environment with high uncertainty.
T64 10324-10456 Sentence denotes To this end, this paper demonstrates a couple of intervention dilemmas faced by government, which complements the existing theories.