LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7781431 / 3029-13723 JSONTXT 3 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T19 0-48 Sentence denotes Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs)
T20 49-321 Sentence denotes Inflammation is an extremely important, self-limiting immune response; however, uncontrolled or unresolved inflammation has been established as a pathophysiological mechanism for various diseases including viral infections, and a cause for prolonged homeostasis imbalance.
T21 322-563 Sentence denotes Resolution of inflammation occurs in an overlapping stage dominated by the spatial and temporal biosynthesis of pro-resolved mediators (Headland and Norling 2015), SPMs, from essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) during inflammation.
T22 564-892 Sentence denotes The SPMs initiate the process of resolution which include restriction or cessation of neutrophil infiltration, counter-regulation of chemokines and cytokines, induction of the neutrophils apoptosis and subsequent efferocytosis (the process by which apoptotic cells are removed by phagocytic cells) by macrophages (Reville et al.
T23 893-1150 Sentence denotes 2006), the conversion of macrophages from classically activated (M1) to alternatively activated cells (M2), return of non-apoptotic cells to the vascular system or lymphatic vessels, and the start of the healing process (Fig. 1) (Headland and Norling 2015).
T24 1151-1234 Sentence denotes These events facilitate proper return homeostasis balance (Serhan and Savill 2005).
T25 1235-1330 Sentence denotes For a comprehensive review, including structural explanations of SPMs, see reviews (Park et al.
T26 1331-1371 Sentence denotes 2020; Chiang and Serhan 2017; Lee 2012).
T27 1373-1387 Sentence denotes Lipoxins (LXs)
T28 1388-1623 Sentence denotes Lipoxin A4 (LXA4; 5S, 6R, 15S-trihydroxy-7E, 9E, 11Z, 13E-eicosatetraenoic acid) and lipoxin B4 (LXB4; 5S, 14R, 15S-trihydroxy-6E, 8Z, 10E, 12E-eicosatetraenoic acid) were the first lipid SPMs to be discovered (Chiang and Serhan 2017).
T29 1624-1783 Sentence denotes They are produced from the conversion of omega-6 (ω-6) arachidonic acid (AA) by lipoxygenase (LOX) through unicellular and transcellular biosynthesis pathways.
T30 1784-2021 Sentence denotes In transcellular biosynthesis, LXs are synthesized by12-LOX derived through platelet-leukocyte interaction while unicellular biosynthesis pathways involve a series of LOXs-15-lipoxygenase, 5-lipoxygenase, and epoxide hydrolase reactions.
T31 2022-2190 Sentence denotes In addition to the lipoxygenase-initiated biosynthesis, two distinct lipoxins biosynthesis pathways have been elucidated; aspirin-triggered and statin-triggered routes.
T32 2191-2442 Sentence denotes Aspirin induces the production of a lipoxin named “aspirin-triggered " (AT) 15-epi-LX through acetylation of serine residue of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), acetylated COX-2 transforms AA into 15R-HETE, which serves as a substrate for 5-LOX (Chiang et al.
T33 2443-2449 Sentence denotes 2005).
T34 2450-2603 Sentence denotes Statins, widely used as potent cholesterol-lowering agents, have also been found to enhance the conversion of arachidonate to 15-epi-LX (Planaguma et al.
T35 2604-2610 Sentence denotes 2010).
T36 2611-2770 Sentence denotes Epi-lipoxins, trihydroxy metabolites of arachidonic acid, are 15R-epimers of their respective lipoxins, 15-epi-LXA4, LXA4, and 15-epi-LXB4, LXB4 (Romano et al.
T37 2771-2777 Sentence denotes 2015).
T38 2778-3025 Sentence denotes In vivo biosynthesis of LXA4 is triggered in an acute inflammatory process in which Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)’s interaction with PGE2 and PGD2 activates 15-lipoxygenase subsequently facilitating LXA4 biosynthesis (Claria and Serhan 1995).
T39 3026-3179 Sentence denotes In a murine peritonitis model, the maximum level of LXA4 was achieved within 2 hours and gradually decreased during the first 24 hours (Bannenberg et al.
T40 3180-3186 Sentence denotes 2005).
T41 3187-3292 Sentence denotes The formation of LXs is preserved across a wide range of animal species, from fish to humans (Levy 2005).
T42 3293-3344 Sentence denotes This indicates the physiological importance of LXs.
T43 3346-3382 Sentence denotes E-, D-, and T-series resolvins (Rvs)
T44 3383-3621 Sentence denotes Resolvin (Rv) is a pro-resolving mediator that is derived from omega-3 fatty acids, primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and clupanodonic acid (Duvall and Levy 2016; Serhan et al.
T45 3622-3628 Sentence denotes 2014).
T46 3629-3775 Sentence denotes Rvs are divided into several subclasses based on the unique aspects of their structure and/or the straight-chain PUFAs from which they are formed.
T47 3776-3834 Sentence denotes Resolvin Ds (RvDs) are metabolites of 22-carbon PUFA, DHA.
T48 3835-4185 Sentence denotes Resolvin Es (RvE) are metabolites of 20 carbons PUFA, EPA; Resolvin Dn-6DPA (RvDn-6DPA) is a DPA isomer, a metabolite of osbond acids; Resolvin Dn-3DPA (RvDn-3DPA) is a DPA isomer, a metabolite of clupanodonic acid; Resolvin Ts (RvT) is a metabolite of clupanodonic acid with 17R-hydroxyl residues, unlike RvDsn-3DPA (all have 17S-hydroxyl residues).
T49 4186-4331 Sentence denotes AT-RvDs, RvD isomers are synthesized by the aspirin-modified COX-2 enzyme to form 17 (R)-hydroxyl rather than the 17 (S)-hydroxyl residue of RvE.
T50 4332-4483 Sentence denotes Cytochrome P450 enzymes that have not yet been characterized may also form this 17 (R)-hydroxy intermediate and contribute to the production of AT-RvE.
T51 4484-4573 Sentence denotes All mentioned Rvs except RvDsn-6DPA are metabolites of omega-3 fatty acids (Serhan et al.
T52 4574-4602 Sentence denotes 2014; Duvall and Levy 2016).
T53 4604-4622 Sentence denotes E-series resolvins
T54 4623-4670 Sentence denotes RvE is a di- or tri-hydroxyl metabolite of EPA.
T55 4671-4744 Sentence denotes To date, four RvEs (RvE1, 18S-RvE1, RvE2, and RvE3) have been discovered.
T56 4745-4886 Sentence denotes COX-2, acetylated by aspirin in hypoxic endothelial cells, introduces oxygen groups into 18R-hydro (peroxy)-eicosapentaenoic acid (18R-HEPE).
T57 4887-5008 Sentence denotes Activated PMN uses 5-LOX to convert 18R-HEPE to 5S (6)-epoxy-18R-HEPE, which is further hydrolyzed to RvE1 (Serhan et al.
T58 5009-5015 Sentence denotes 2000).
T59 5016-5135 Sentence denotes RvE2 is produced by reduction of 18R HEPE products by 5-LOX to 5S-hydroperoxy, 18-hydroxy-EPE in whole blood (Oh et al.
T60 5136-5142 Sentence denotes 2012).
T61 5143-5256 Sentence denotes Unlike RvE1, RvE2 and RvE3 are biosynthesized from 18-HEPE via the 12/15-LOX pathway in eosinophils (Isobe et al.
T62 5257-5264 Sentence denotes 2012b).
T63 5265-5397 Sentence denotes Endogenous RvE1 has been shown to accumulate for between 48 and 72 hours, which is a delayed time point of inflammation (Hong et al.
T64 5398-5404 Sentence denotes 2008).
T65 5405-5572 Sentence denotes RvE2 appeared at the time point corresponding to initial PMN infiltration in rat peritoneal exudate stimulated by zymosan A and decreased within 24 hours (Isobe et al.
T66 5573-5580 Sentence denotes 2012a).
T67 5581-5670 Sentence denotes 18S-RvE1 is produced by 5-LOX and LTA4 hydrolase using 18S-HEPE as a substrate (Oh et al.
T68 5671-5677 Sentence denotes 2011).
T69 5679-5697 Sentence denotes D-series resolvins
T70 5698-5737 Sentence denotes RvD is a polyhydroxy metabolite of DHA.
T71 5738-5895 Sentence denotes To date, six RvDs with different positions of cis-trans isomers, as well as the number, position and chirality of the hydroxyl residues have been discovered.
T72 5896-5997 Sentence denotes D-series Rvs (RvD1-RvD6) are biosynthesized from DHA by the LOX in PMN and macrophages (Serhan et al.
T73 5998-6004 Sentence denotes 2002).
T74 6005-6094 Sentence denotes Hydrolysis of peroxide intermediates derived from two LOXs in DHA produces RvD1 and RvD2.
T75 6095-6186 Sentence denotes On the other hand, the reduction of the peroxide intermediates produces RvD5 (Serhan et al.
T76 6187-6193 Sentence denotes 2002).
T77 6194-6394 Sentence denotes In hypoxic endothelial cells in the presence of aspirin, COX-2 converts DHA to 13-hydroxy-DHA or 17R-hydroxy-DHA and activated PMN converts these products to AT-RvD1, AT-RvD2, and other AT-RvD-series.
T78 6395-6555 Sentence denotes RvD3 and RvD4 are produced through hydrolysis of 4S-hydroperoxy-17S-hydroxy-docosahexaenoic acid, whereas RvD6 is derived from peroxidase of the same precursor.
T79 6556-6816 Sentence denotes In a peritonitis model, the in vivo RvD3 levels after zymosan A challenge increases significantly up to 48 hours after inflammation initiation, while RvD1, RvD2, and RvD5 peak at the early stages of the inflammation termination phase (6–24 hours) (Dalli et al.
T80 6817-6824 Sentence denotes 2013b).
T81 6825-6926 Sentence denotes RvD3 appears to be produced by a subpopulation of macrophages with high 15-LOX activity (Dalli et al.
T82 6927-6934 Sentence denotes 2013b).
T83 6935-7196 Sentence denotes In vivo production of RvD4 in an Staphylococcus aureus injected the dorsal pouch infection model continues for more than 72 hours after sustained release, suggesting that RvD is produced continuously and is under different control from other Rvs (Winkler et al.
T84 7197-7203 Sentence denotes 2016).
T85 7204-7245 Sentence denotes RvD6 kinetics have not been reported yet.
T86 7247-7265 Sentence denotes Resolvin Ts (RvTs)
T87 7266-7416 Sentence denotes In human platelets, COX-2 pre-treated with aspirin or atorvastatin metabolizes omega-3s, DPA and clupanodonic acid (DPAn-3), to 13S-hydroperoxy forms.
T88 7417-7523 Sentence denotes Aspirin and atorvastatin change the activity of COX-2 from cyclooxygenase to hydroperoxide-forming enzyme.
T89 7524-7700 Sentence denotes The intermediates formed are transported to the nearby human neutrophils and perhaps by the activity of the ALOX5 enzyme they are metabolized into four polyhydroxy metabolites:
T90 7701-7860 Sentence denotes RvT1 (7,13R, 20-trihydroxy-DPAn-3); RvT2 (7, 8,13R-trihydroxy-DPAn-3); RvT3 (7,12,13R-trihydroxy-8Z, 10E, 14E, 16Z, 19Z-DPAn-3); RvT4 (7,13R-dihydroxy-DPAn-3).
T91 7861-8010 Sentence denotes These four RvTs are formed by human neutrophils and vascular endothelial cells and are also found in rodents and human infected tissues (Dalli et al.
T92 8011-8024 Sentence denotes 2013a, 2015).
T93 8025-8161 Sentence denotes Recently, the total synthesis of RvT1, RvT2, and its 13R-epimer RvT2, and RvT4 were successfully achieved (Rodriguez and Spur 2020a, b).
T94 8162-8277 Sentence denotes Therefore, it is expected that there will be many physiological and pharmacological research on RvTs in the future.
T95 8279-8287 Sentence denotes Maresins
T96 8288-8492 Sentence denotes Maresins (MaRs) are biosynthesized from DHA by macrophages through the action of 12-LOX, which catalyzes the oxygenation of DHA to 14-hydroperoxidocosahexaenoic acid (14-HpDHA) (Rodriguez and Spur 2020a).
T97 8493-8625 Sentence denotes This is followed by reduction to 13S, 14S-epoxy-maresin, which is further modified in human macrophages to produce MaR1 (Deng et al.
T98 8626-8730 Sentence denotes 2014) and conversion of 13S, 14S-epoxy-maresin by soluble epoxide hydrolase to produce MaR2 (Deng et al.
T99 8731-8737 Sentence denotes 2014).
T100 8738-8859 Sentence denotes Maresins, like the many other SPM members mentioned, have anti-inflammatory, protective and healing-promoting properties.
T101 8860-9108 Sentence denotes In a study using a murine model of respiratory distress syndrome, and initial in vivo production of MaR1was detected during platelet-neutrophil interactions, and its levels increased significantly within 2 hours and peaked at 24 hours (Dalli et al.
T102 9109-9116 Sentence denotes 2013c).
T103 9117-9240 Sentence denotes Measurement of 17-HDHA in tissue is used as a marker for the level of activation of the MaR production pathway (Wang et al.
T104 9241-9247 Sentence denotes 2015).
T105 9248-9425 Sentence denotes Maresin-like lipid mediators MaR-L1 and MaR-L2 are produced by white blood cells and platelets and rescue the reparative function of macrophages damaged by diabetes (Hong et al.
T106 9426-9432 Sentence denotes 2014).
T107 9433-9483 Sentence denotes Total synthesis of MaRs has not yet been reported.
T108 9485-9501 Sentence denotes Protectins (PDs)
T109 9502-9582 Sentence denotes Protectin D1 (PD1), also known as neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1), is derived from DHA.
T110 9583-9650 Sentence denotes DHA is a component of fish oil and the most important omega-3 PUFA.
T111 9651-9838 Sentence denotes Like other members of PUFA metabolites specialized pro-resolving mediators class, PD1 exerts potent anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic/neuroprotective biological activities (Hong et al.
T112 9839-9857 Sentence denotes 2003; Bazan 2007).
T113 9858-10007 Sentence denotes PD1 accumulates in the ipsilateral hemisphere of the brain after focal ischemia and has been shown to take part in wound healing and neuroprotection.
T114 10008-10127 Sentence denotes 15-LOX can acts 17S-HpDHA to produce the isomers of PD1, 10S, 17S-diHDHA (PDx), which also have pro-resolving activity.
T115 10128-10224 Sentence denotes PD1 production peaks at 12 hours in a zymosan A-induced rat peritonitis model (Bannenberg et al.
T116 10225-10231 Sentence denotes 2005).
T117 10232-10325 Sentence denotes Other PDs with similar activity include PDX; 20-hydroxy-PD1; and 10-epi-PD1 (Shinohara et al.
T118 10326-10355 Sentence denotes 2012; Balas and Durand 2016).
T119 10356-10429 Sentence denotes The activity of 17-epi-PD1, a PD1-like metabolite, has not been reported.
T120 10430-10573 Sentence denotes It should be noted that Neuroprotectin A and B, the bicyclohexapeptides, are structurally and mechanically different from PDs (Kobayashi et al.
T121 10574-10580 Sentence denotes 2001).
T122 10581-10666 Sentence denotes The total synthesis of PDX and PD1 methyl ester epimer was successful (Dayaker et al.
T123 10667-10687 Sentence denotes 2014; Sanceau et al.
T124 10688-10694 Sentence denotes 2019).