LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7736111 / 55001-60580 JSONTXT 3 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T317 0-15 Sentence denotes T Cell Response
T318 16-229 Sentence denotes Generation of early adaptive immune response is critical for the selective elimination of virus-infected cells and neutralization of viral antigens, thereby preventing the damage to the underlying lung parenchyma.
T319 230-435 Sentence denotes Cytokines, chemokines, PAMPs, and DAMPs released by infected ATII and activated AMs in the lung are adequate to mount a well-coordinated and regulated adaptive immune response by priming lung resident DCs.
T320 436-554 Sentence denotes After encountering the antigen-presenting DCs, naive CD4+ T cells differentiate into effector and memory CD4+ T cells.
T321 555-777 Sentence denotes At least five different CD4+ T cell lineages are known (TH1, TH2, TH17, TFH, and TREG cells) with prominent roles of TH1 and TFH cells in mounting antiviral response during SARS-CoV infection (Channappanavar et al., 2014).
T322 778-887 Sentence denotes Additionally, some studies have also shown a functional TH2 response in PBMCs derived from COVID-19 patients.
T323 888-1021 Sentence denotes Release of TH2 specific cytokines like IL-4 and IL-5 was observed in vitro after these cells were stimulated (Weiskopf et al., 2020).
T324 1022-1169 Sentence denotes Similarly, these patients show enhanced production of IL-17 along with other TH17 cell-specific cytokines (Liu J. et al., 2020; Wu and Yang, 2020).
T325 1170-1376 Sentence denotes These findings suggest that the TH cell response in COVID-19 patients is complex concerning other infections, and this complexity may partly depend upon the prevailing pathophysiological state of a patient.
T326 1377-1541 Sentence denotes During viral infections like SARS-CoV, TH1 differentiation is influenced by IL-12 and IFN-γ secreted by DCs along with co-stimulatory signaling via B7-1/2 and CD28.
T327 1542-1679 Sentence denotes Whereas IL-6 secreted by DCs influence TFH differentiation to aid in antibody secretion by B cells (Tang et al., 2008; Lau et al., 2012).
T328 1680-1937 Sentence denotes Under the influence of chemokines (CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL8), TH1 cells are recruited to the site of infection and are distinguished by the secretion of IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-12, and TNF-α as the main effector cytokines during SARS-CoV infections (Li et al., 2008).
T329 1938-2109 Sentence denotes Similarly, naive CD8+ T cells are activated by DCs by engaging MHC-I and TCR receptors, along with CD28-B7 co-stimulatory signaling and cytokines released by CD4+ T cells.
T330 2110-2258 Sentence denotes IL-2 secreted chiefly by CD4+ T cells is also implicated in their long-term maintenance and proliferation (Eickhoff et al., 2015; Hor et al., 2015).
T331 2259-2435 Sentence denotes Notably, CD8+ T cells could also be activated independently of help from CD4+ T cells under conditions where a robust IFN Type I response is present (Wiesel and Oxenius, 2012).
T332 2436-2652 Sentence denotes These activated CD8+ T cells [also referred to as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)] get subsequently recruited to the effector organ under the influence of chemokines (CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL10) (Nolz, 2015).
T333 2653-2852 Sentence denotes At the infected site, CTLs mount an antiviral response by directly killing the infected cells via secretion of cytotoxic molecules like granzymes, perforins, granulysin, and other cytotoxic granules.
T334 2853-3100 Sentence denotes Very recently, a study shows that CTLs secrete the granzymes and perforins as supramolecular attack particles (SMAPs) in a glycoprotein complex along with over 283 other proteins (including cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α) (Bálint et al., 2020).
T335 3101-3202 Sentence denotes It will be interesting to know whether infection by CoVs also influences the release of SMAP by CTLs.
T336 3203-3344 Sentence denotes Animal studies have revealed the critical molecular insights of CD4+ cells in SARS-CoV clearance and attenuation of a pathological condition.
T337 3345-3484 Sentence denotes The depletion of CD4+ cells was associated with reduced virus clearance and interstitial pneumonitis (Jin et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2006).
T338 3485-3610 Sentence denotes In comparison, the adoptive transfer of virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells resulted in viral clearance (Zhao et al., 2010).
T339 3611-3827 Sentence denotes Similarly, clinical data has consistently shown the presence of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the recovered patients, akin to what was found in immunized animals, reviewed in Channappanavar et al. (2014).
T340 3828-3964 Sentence denotes On the other hand, severe cases of SARS-CoV infection were associated with a decline in T cells, as will be discussed in later sections.
T341 3965-4138 Sentence denotes Thus, based on these animal and clinical data, CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells were central to the antiviral response during SARS-CoV infection (Peng et al., 2006; Oh et al., 2012).
T342 4139-4254 Sentence denotes A subset of primed CD4+ and CD8+ T cells differentiates into long-acting memory cells after the infection subsides.
T343 4255-4428 Sentence denotes TCR-p: MHCII signaling helps in CD4+ T memory cell formation along with presence of cytokines like IL-2, IL-21 and interaction via CD40R-CD40L (Jaigirdar and MacLeod, 2015).
T344 4429-4576 Sentence denotes Similarly, This CD8+ T cell transition to memory cells take place under the influence of CD8+ TREG cells via secreted IL-10 (Laidlaw et al., 2015).
T345 4577-4714 Sentence denotes Long lasting CD4+ and CD8+ T memory cells were detected in the recovered SARS-CoV infected patients (Peng et al., 2006; Li et al., 2008).
T346 4715-4875 Sentence denotes Besides, other T cells subsets which are involved in antiviral response include unconventional NKT cells (CD56+) and MAIT (mucosa-associated invariant T) cells.
T347 4876-5045 Sentence denotes NKT cells act at the interface between innate and adaptive immune response and traffic to the site of infection under the influence of cytokines (Tsay and Zouali, 2018).
T348 5046-5154 Sentence denotes MAIT cells reside in the mucosal lining, such as in the lungs where they serve an immunoregulatory function.
T349 5155-5297 Sentence denotes Both these cell types play an essential role in the early clearance of the SARS-CoV-2, along with other T cell subsets (Grifoni et al., 2020).
T350 5298-5408 Sentence denotes Strategies to enhance their function are proposed to enhance the virial clearance during COVID-19 (Cao, 2020).
T351 5409-5579 Sentence denotes Role of these cells will be further discussed under the dysfunctional immune response in section “T and B Cell Response in Mild/Moderate and Recovered COVID-19 Patients.”