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PMC:7696151 / 42913-47447 JSONTXT 3 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T278 0-6 Sentence denotes 2.3.1.
T279 7-27 Sentence denotes Rheumatoid Arthritis
T280 28-146 Sentence denotes Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disease, characterized by chronic inflammation and damage to the joints.
T281 147-377 Sentence denotes Immune dysregulation underlies the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, leading to uncontrolled production of antibodies, mainly rheumatoid factor and citrullinate, involved in the autoreactivity against cartilage and bone [117].
T282 378-474 Sentence denotes It is estimated that the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis is around 1%, mainly in women [118].
T283 475-650 Sentence denotes The immunosuppressive effects of HCQ are due to the ability to modulate T-cell and B-cell hyperactivity, resulting in a reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression.
T284 651-887 Sentence denotes As the involvement of neutrophils in this disease, Jancinova, Pazourekova, Lucova, Perecko, Mihalova, Bauerova, Nosal and Drabikova [75] investigated the impact of oral HCQ administration on these cells, in rats with adjuvant arthritis.
T285 888-1099 Sentence denotes At doses of 40 mg/kg daily, per oral administration (p.o.), it strongly decreased the blood concentration of neutrophil-derived oxidants, involved in the tissue damage and the onset of chronic inflammation [75].
T286 1100-1309 Sentence denotes A 36-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial has evaluated the effect of the administration of HCQ in a dose of up to 7 mg/kg per day (maximum 400 mg/day) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
T287 1310-1501 Sentence denotes Within 36 weeks and during the study, HCQ showed statistically significant benefits on physical function, mainly on synovitis and joint pain, without side effects with respect to the control.
T288 1502-1577 Sentence denotes Moreover, HCQ was associated with a decrement of corticosteroid injections.
T289 1578-1661 Sentence denotes By contrast, no improvements in psychological function have been demonstrated [76].
T290 1662-1912 Sentence denotes Two comparative double-blind, randomized trials, involving 60 patients each, with sulfasalazine and HCQ have demonstrated that HCQ showed no significant differences among overall clinical effects respect to sulfasalazine, but presented a later onset.
T291 1913-2343 Sentence denotes In the first study, patients treated with HCQ (400 mg/day for 6 months and 200 mg/day for the next 6 months) experienced time-dependent statistically significant improvements in morning stiffness, pain, swollen joints, together with a decrease in blood levels of immunoglobulin M and erythrocyte sedimentation rate [77], while, in the second study, the same treatment was associated to no erosions in the 12% of the patients [78].
T292 2344-2464 Sentence denotes In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the cardiovascular risk is more than doubled, compared to the healthy population.
T293 2465-2639 Sentence denotes Chronic inflammatory status leads to an intensification of the atherosclerotic process, resulting in a higher susceptibility to hypertension, obesity, and metabolic syndrome.
T294 2640-2760 Sentence denotes The overproduction of IL-6 is strictly related to lipid profile alterations, given its role in adipose tissue lipolysis.
T295 2761-2838 Sentence denotes The inflammation and endothelial damage are exacerbated by leptin production.
T296 2839-2976 Sentence denotes Batun-Garrido, Salas-Magana and Juarez-Rojop [79] found a significant correlation between HCQ treatment and lower IL-6 and leptin levels.
T297 2977-3342 Sentence denotes The positive effect of HCQ on dyslipidemia was also confirmed by Morris, Wasko, Antohe, Sartorius, Kirchner, Dancea and Bili [80] in a cohort study involving 706 rheumatoid arthritis diagnosed patients, finding a significant and stable cholesterol-lowering, mainly Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride decrease associated with HCQ intake (6.5 mg/kg/day).
T298 3343-3573 Sentence denotes A small but statistically significant amelioration in total cholesterol and LDL under HCQ treatment at the same dosage was also highlighted by a randomized, double-blind cross-over trial on patients with rheumatoid arthritis [81].
T299 3574-3731 Sentence denotes The correlation between HCQ and cardiovascular risk was also assessed in a cross-sectional observational study involving 177 women with rheumatoid arthritis.
T300 3732-3868 Sentence denotes At doses of 200 mg/kg/day, HCQ usage led to lower fasting glucose in women, arising as a valuable tool to enhance glycemic control [82].
T301 3869-4084 Sentence denotes However, apparent different outcomes were derived from a randomized double-blind crossover trial, recruiting 23 non-diabetic subjects with stable rheumatoid arthritis to receive 6.5 mg/kg/day of HCQ for eight weeks.
T302 4085-4171 Sentence denotes For these patients, no significant changes in insulin resistance were observable [81].
T303 4172-4304 Sentence denotes This study evaluated only insulin sensitivity, by Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA) index, without considering insulin metabolism.
T304 4305-4407 Sentence denotes Thus, inconsistency should be explained by this factor, together with the short duration of treatment.
T305 4408-4534 Sentence denotes The anti-diabetic properties of HCQ have been also assessed in patients without arthritis, as reported in the next paragraphs.