LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7647877 / 57673-66602 JSONTXT 10 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T353 0-144 Sentence denotes As discussed, vitamins E, C, D, zinc and selenium are important examples of nutrients that play a key role in supporting the immune system [65].
T354 145-186 Sentence denotes They can work individually or in synergy.
T355 187-308 Sentence denotes Furthermore, other dietary components are likely to play a role in modulating immunity, but have not yet been identified.
T356 309-385 Sentence denotes It is clear how nutritional deficiencies can compromise the immune response.
T357 386-562 Sentence denotes In addition, inflammation related to unhealthy eating habits has reached alarming proportions, particularly concerning chronic non-communicable diseases [100] (Tables 1 and 2).
T358 563-625 Sentence denotes Table 1 Dietary sources and immune function roles of nutrients
T359 626-677 Sentence denotes Nutrient Good dietary sources Immune function roles
T360 678-1102 Sentence denotes Vitamin A Milk and cheese, eggs, liver, oily fish, fortified cereals, dark orange or green vegetables (e.g., carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin, squash, kale, spinach, broccoli), orange fruits (e.g., apricots, peaches, papaya, mango, cantaloupe melon), tomato juice Normal differentiation of epithelial tissue; retinoic acid ↑ T and B cells with gut-homing specificity and array T cells and IgA + cells into intestinal tissues
T361 1103-1268 Sentence denotes Supporting the gut barrier; carotenoids; ↑immunoregulatory actions including ↓ toxic effects of ROS and regulating membrane fluidity and gap-junctional communication
T362 1269-1370 Sentence denotes Regulates number and function of NK cells,↑ to phagocytic and oxidative burst activity of macrophages
T363 1371-1399 Sentence denotes Downregulates IFN production
T364 1400-1604 Sentence denotes Helps to regulate the production of IL-2 and the pro-inflammatory TNF-γ, ↑ microbial action of macrophages; involved in phagocytic and oxidative burst activity of macrophages activated during inflammation
T365 1605-1804 Sentence denotes Development and differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells; ↑ TGF- β-dependent conversion of naïve T cells into regulatory T cells; plays a role in acquisition of mucosal-homing properties by T and B cells
T366 1805-1970 Sentence denotes Development and differentiation of Th 1 and Th2 cells; maintains normal antibody-mediated Th2 response by suppressing IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ production of Th1 cells
T367 1971-2173 Sentence denotes Normal functioning of B cells, necessary for generation of antibody responses to antigen; required for B cell-mediated IgA antibody responses to bacterial polysaccharide antigens [62, 79–82, 85, 92, 95]
T368 2174-2482 Sentence denotes Vitamin C Oranges and orange juice, red and green peppers, strawberries, blackcurrants, kiwi, broccoli, brussels sprouts, potatoes ↑ collagen synthesis and protects cell membranes from damage caused by free radicals; ↑ keratinocyte differentiation; ↑ lipid synthesis; ↑ fibroblast proliferation and migration
T369 2483-2598 Sentence denotes Proliferation, function, and movement of neutrophils, monocytes and phagocytes; ↑ NK cell activities and chemotaxis
T370 2599-2653 Sentence denotes ↑ Phagocytosis and ROS generation; ↑ microbial killing
T371 2654-2739 Sentence denotes ↑ Apoptosis and clearance of spent neutrophils from sites of infection by macrophages
T372 2740-2793 Sentence denotes ↓ Extracellular trap (NET) formation, ↓ tissue damage
T373 2794-2856 Sentence denotes ↑ Antimicrobial effects; ↑ serum levels of complement proteins
T374 2857-3107 Sentence denotes Maintains redox homeostasis within cells and protects against ROS and RNS during oxidative burst; regenerates other important antioxidants, such as glutathione and vitamin E, to their active state; modulates cytokine production and ↓ histamine levels
T375 3108-3288 Sentence denotes Roles in production, differentiation, and proliferation of T cells, particularly cytotoxic T cells; ↑ proliferation of lymphocytes, ↑ generation of antibodies [79, 85, 92, 95, 120]
T376 3289-3733 Sentence denotes Vitamin D Oily fish, liver, eggs, fortified foods (spreads and some breakfast cereals) Regulates antimicrobial proteins (cathelicidin and β-defensin), modifying intestinal microbiota to a healthier composition and supporting the gut, as well as protecting the lungs against infection; ↑ tight junction protein expression, E-cadherin and connexion 43 in the gut; maintains renal epithelial barrier function; ↑ corneal epithelial barrier function
T377 3734-3908 Sentence denotes Vitamin D receptor found in, e.g., monocytes, macrophages, and DCs; ↑ differentiation of monocytes to macrophages; calcitriol ↑ movement and phagocytic ability of macrophages
T378 3909-4051 Sentence denotes Regulates antimicrobial protein expression (cathelicidin and defensin), which directly kill pathogens, especially bacteria; ↓ IFN-γ production
T379 4052-4259 Sentence denotes ↑ The oxidative burst potential of macrophages; increases superoxide synthesis; reduces the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increases the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages
T380 4260-4644 Sentence denotes Homing of T cells to the skin; ↓ T-cell proliferation; inhibitory effects mainly in adaptive immunity (e.g., Th1-cell activity); stimulatory effects in innate immunity; ↓ the effector functions of T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells; ↑ the production of Tregs; inhibitory effect on the differentiation and maturation of the antigen-presenting DCs, and helps program DCs for tolerance
T381 4645-4677 Sentence denotes ↓ Antibody production by B cells
T382 4678-4784 Sentence denotes ↑ Antigen processing; role in the down-regulation of MHC-II) [64, 71, 79–81, 85, 95, 99, 104–106, 151–153]
T383 4785-4964 Sentence denotes Vitamin E Many vegetable oils, nuts and seeds, wheat germ (e.g., in cereals) Protects cell membranes from damage caused by free radicals and ↑ the integrity of epithelial barriers
T384 4965-5072 Sentence denotes ↑ NK cell cytotoxic activity; ↓ PGE2 production by macrophages (thus indirectly protecting T-cell function)
T385 5073-5300 Sentence denotes Important fat-soluble antioxidant that hinders the chain reaction induced by free radicals (chain-breaking effect) and protects cells against them; ↑ IL-2 production; ↓ production of PGE2 (indirectly protecting T-cell function)
T386 5301-5518 Sentence denotes ↑ Lymphocyte proliferation and T-cell-mediated functions; ↑ Th1 response; ↓ Th2 response; helps to form effective immune synapses between Th cells; ↑ proportion of antigen-experienced memory [64, 79, 82, 95, 112, 113]
T387 5519-5732 Sentence denotes Zinc Shellfish, meat, cheese, some grains and seeds, cereals, seeded or whole grain breads Helps maintain integrity of skin and mucosal membrane (e.g., cofactor for metalloenzymesrequired for cell membrane repair)
T388 5733-5913 Sentence denotes ↑ NK cell cytotoxic activity; central role in cellular growth and differentiation of immune cells that have a rapid differentiation and turnover; ↑ phagocytic capacity of monocytes
T389 5914-5971 Sentence denotes Involved in complement activity; role in IFN-γ production
T390 5972-6296 Sentence denotes Anti-inflammatory agent; helps to modulate cytokine release by dampening the development of pro-inflammatory Th17 and Th9 cells and influencing the generation of cytokines such as IL-2, IL-6, and TNF; has antioxidant effects that protect against ROS and reactive nitrogen species; influences activity of antioxidant proteins
T391 6297-6626 Sentence denotes ↑ Proliferation of cytotoxic T cells; involved in Th1 cytokine production and thus supports Th1 response; essential for intracellular binding of tyrosine kinase to T cell receptors, required for T cell development, differentiation, and activation; ↑ development of Treg cells and is thus important in maintaining immune tolerance
T392 6627-6833 Sentence denotes Involved in antibody production, particularly IgG; involved in antibody response; important in maintaining immune tolerance (i.e., the ability to recognize “self” from “non-self”) [64, 82, 95, 116, 118–121]
T393 6834-6922 Sentence denotes Selenium Fish, shellfish, meat, eggs, some nuts especially brazil nuts ↑ IFN-γproduction
T394 6923-7025 Sentence denotes Selenoproteins important for antioxidant host defense system, affecting leukocyte and NK cell function
T395 7026-7185 Sentence denotes Essential for function of selenoproteins that act as redox regulators and cellular antioxidants, potentially counteracting ROS produced during oxidative stress
T396 7186-7239 Sentence denotes Roles in differentiation and proliferation of T cells
T397 7240-7305 Sentence denotes ↑ Th cell counts and to maintain antibody levels [82, 85, 92, 95]
T398 7306-7528 Sentence denotes Iron Meat, liver, beans, nuts, dried fruit (e.g., apricots), wholegrains (e.g., brown rice), fortified cereals, most dark green leafy vegetables (spinach, kale) Essential for differentiation and growth of epithelial tissue
T399 7529-7884 Sentence denotes Forms highly-toxic hydroxyl radicals, thus involved in killing of bacteria by neutrophils; component of enzymes critical for functioning of immune cells (e.g., ribonucleotide reductase involved in DNA synthesis); involved in regulation of cytokine production and action; ↑ M2-like macrophage phenotype and negatively regulates M1 pro-inflammatory response
T400 7885-7909 Sentence denotes Role in IFN-γ production
T401 7910-8053 Sentence denotes Involved in regulation of cytokine production and action; required for generation of pathogen-killing ROS by neutrophils during oxidative burst
T402 8054-8195 Sentence denotes Important in differentiation and proliferation of T cells; helps to regulate ratio between T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells [85, 95, 138]
T403 8196-8414 Sentence denotes Long chain omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) Oilyfish Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties when enzymatically converted to specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) known as resolvins, protectins, and maresins
T404 8415-8492 Sentence denotes ↑ Immune system, by helping to resolve the inflammatory response [63, 66, 67]
T405 8493-8574 Sentence denotes Table 2 Nutrient’s supplementation suggested in support of respiratory infections
T406 8575-8658 Sentence denotes Nutrient Recommended supplementation suggested in support of respiratory infections
T407 8659-8693 Sentence denotes Omega 3 fatty acids 2–4 g/day [68]
T408 8694-8726 Sentence denotes Vitamin D 20,000–50,000 IU [154]
T409 8727-8753 Sentence denotes Vitamin E 135 mg/day [114]
T410 8754-8776 Sentence denotes Zinc 30–50 mg/day [98]
T411 8777-8805 Sentence denotes Selenium 25–100 μg/day [130]
T412 8806-8851 Sentence denotes Arginine and glutamine 25–35 g/day [142, 146]
T413 8852-8876 Sentence denotes Vitamin C 1–2 g/day [98]
T414 8877-8906 Sentence denotes Vitamin A 900–700 µg/day [91]
T415 8907-8929 Sentence denotes Iron 8–18 mg/day [138]