| Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
| T338 |
0-187 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The biological activities of this nutrient are also associated with the reduced cellular potential of oxygen, which mainly depends on the ratio between reduced/oxidized glutathione [143]. |
| T339 |
188-375 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In addition, glutamine is an essential nutrient for lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production, macrophage phagocytes plus secretory activities and bacterial killing of neutrophils. |
| T340 |
376-602 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In immune cells, glucose is mainly converted into lactate (glycolysis), while glutamine is converted into glutamate, aspartate and alanine undergoing a partial oxidation in carbon dioxide, in a process of glutaminolysis [142]. |
| T341 |
603-688 |
Sentence |
denotes |
This unique conversion plays a crucial role in the effective functioning of immunity. |
| T342 |
689-1027 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Glutamine is necessary for the expression of a variety of immune system genes [144], in particular through the activation of proteins, such as the ERK and JNK kinases which are involved in the activation of transcription factors, including JNK and AP-1, finally promoting the transcription of genes that participate in cell proliferation. |
| T343 |
1028-1217 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Besides, a sufficient level of glutamine is important to express the key markers of the cell surface of the lymphocytes and also various cytokines, for example, IL-6, IFN and TNF [143–145]. |
| T344 |
1218-1544 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In healthy subjects with a balanced diet, glutamine supplementation does not increase the effectiveness of immune surveillance or prevent disease episodes, as reported by some reviews, but in some catabolic situations or in a low glutamine intake obtained from the diet, the amino acid supplementation could be required [142]. |
