LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7647877 / 17294-28592 JSONTXT 10 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T104 0-27 Sentence denotes Immunonutrition and obesity
T105 28-307 Sentence denotes According to the World Health Organization (WHO), obesity is defined as a condition in which percentage of body fat (PBF) is increased to an extent in which health and well-being are impaired, and, due to the alarming prevalence increase, declared it as a “global epidemic” [35].
T106 308-453 Sentence denotes It is characterized by a state of low-grade, chronic inflammation, in addition to altered levels of circulating nutrients and metabolic hormones.
T107 454-643 Sentence denotes The condition of obesity is a multifactorial pathology that can be related to an altered nutritional behaviour or secondary to genetic, hypothalamic, iatrogenic or endocrine disorders [36].
T108 644-745 Sentence denotes Underlining the importance of nutritional behaviour, it depends directly on food nutritional quality.
T109 746-831 Sentence denotes Obesity is considered as a malnutritional status due to the poor quality of the diet.
T110 832-913 Sentence denotes The chance to get healthy foods is largely determined by one’s own profitability.
T111 914-1055 Sentence denotes Nowadays, the most vulnerable communities fight disadvantage conditions because of socioeconomic, educational, and environmental disparities.
T112 1056-1161 Sentence denotes People, who follow a poor quality of diet combined with economic disparity, are at major risk of obesity.
T113 1162-1283 Sentence denotes The expansion of fat mass, in turn, is linked to various chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
T114 1284-1462 Sentence denotes In the context of Covid-19 pandemic, these conditions affect severe outcomes from SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as contribute to increasing the risk of mortality in general [37].
T115 1463-1540 Sentence denotes Adiposopathy, also known as “sick fat”, is at the basis of obesity condition.
T116 1541-1639 Sentence denotes It is defined as pathological dysfunction of both anatomical and functional within adipose tissue.
T117 1640-1778 Sentence denotes It is promoted by an excess of caloric energy intake and a sedentary lifestyle in genetically and environmentally susceptible individuals.
T118 1779-1870 Sentence denotes This latter may cause or worsen metabolic disease in adverse endocrine and immune response.
T119 1871-2040 Sentence denotes Modifiable lifestyle choices play a role in fat function and dysfunction, but the strong genetic component has a real chance on predisposition to dysfunctional fat [38].
T120 2041-2357 Sentence denotes The disruption of adipose tissue processes, as occurs in adipocyte hypertrophy and visceral fat accumulation, results in the production of pro-inflammatory components (like the plethora of cytokines) and adipocyte factors dysregulation, which may be both genesis and/or main contributors to metabolic disorders [39].
T121 2358-2453 Sentence denotes Adipose tissue is not only part of the endocrine system, but it is an active immune organ [40].
T122 2454-2730 Sentence denotes As an organ suitable to manage the adaptive and innate immune responses, in healthy lean individuals, its immune cells have the main role in the formation of extracellular matrix modelling, insulin sensitivity, adipogenesis, angiogenesis and clearance of apoptotic adipocytes.
T123 2731-2898 Sentence denotes On the contrary, during the expansion of adipose tissue like in obesity, inflammation results in adipocyte hypertrophy, cell death, fibrosis and metabolic dysfunction.
T124 2899-3026 Sentence denotes The inflammatory process, involving both innate and adaptive immune cells, plays an important role in adipose immunometabolism.
T125 3027-3159 Sentence denotes Among those, macrophages are fundamental for adipose tissue homeostasis and are most thoroughly studied in response to obesity [41].
T126 3160-3281 Sentence denotes As a result of the augmentation of the PBF in obesity, there is the proportional increment of adipose tissue macrophages.
T127 3282-3567 Sentence denotes Consequently, the system undergoes to a massive pro-inflammatory response resulting by adipose tissue secretion of pro-inflammatory factors, the adipocytes stimulation of inflammation-inducing factors in other tissues and the reduction of anti-inflammatory and protective factors [42].
T128 3568-3962 Sentence denotes Understanding the relationship between the adipose tissue, classified as an endocrine organ, and its immune function, the development of new therapeutic and immunonutritional strategies for obesity in COVID-19, may have important implications especially because it may act as a reservoir for more severe viral spread, with increased shedding, immune activation, and cytokine amplification [43].
T129 3963-4076 Sentence denotes In the cytokine storm milieu in obesity and COVID-19, over 50 adipokines with diverse roles have been identified.
T130 4077-4222 Sentence denotes Leptin, adiponectin, IL-6 and TNF-α mainly act in adipocyte metabolism, insulin sensitivity and metabolic disorders associated with obesity [44].
T131 4223-4398 Sentence denotes Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone with an important role in the central control of energy metabolism and with many pleiotropic effects in different physiological systems.
T132 4399-4538 Sentence denotes One of these is the regulatory role between energy metabolism and the immune system, being a pillar in the new concept of immunometabolism.
T133 4539-4649 Sentence denotes Leptin receptor, expressed overall in the immune system, acts in both innate and adaptive immune system cells.
T134 4650-4739 Sentence denotes As an adipokine, leptin is responsible for the inflammatory state found in overnutrition.
T135 4740-4836 Sentence denotes Moreover, in undernutrition status, it plays as crucial mediator of the immunosuppressive state.
T136 4837-5034 Sentence denotes New research frontiers for immunometabolic pathophysiology are considering leptin and leptin receptor as markers of inflammation and immune activation in the context of innate-adaptive system [45].
T137 5035-5142 Sentence denotes In the light of above mentioned, leptin represents a connection between metabolism and the immune response.
T138 5143-5254 Sentence denotes Its dysregulatory activity would have serious consequences during an eventual infection, such as COVID-19 [46].
T139 5255-5425 Sentence denotes By altering the metabolic setting, hyperleptinemia and insulin resistance in obesity disrupt T-cell function, resulting in a suppressed T-cell response to infection [47].
T140 5426-5615 Sentence denotes This metabolic condition compromises the immune response and leads patients to morbidity and mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection, coupled with the lack of containing viral replication [46].
T141 5616-5744 Sentence denotes The pivotal role of IL-6 in mediating the acute phase response seems to interest the strategical treatment in COVID-19 patients.
T142 5745-5995 Sentence denotes Researches are still in progress and it would be intriguing to investigate whether people with obesity and higher circulating IL-6 levels, compared with lean controls, respond more favourably to IL-6 inhibition strategies in SARS-CoV-2 pandemic [43].
T143 5996-6100 Sentence denotes TNF-α is a pyrogen cytokine released in the acute phase of inflammation by macrophages and immune cells.
T144 6101-6222 Sentence denotes It is well known that during influenzae and viral infections, the expression of TNF-α in lung epithelial cells is higher.
T145 6223-6338 Sentence denotes In patients with COVID-19 and obesity, the IL-6 and TNF-α high serum levels are negatively associated with T-cells.
T146 6339-6433 Sentence denotes On the contrary, T cell levels are restored by reducing concentrations of both IL-6 and TNF-α.
T147 6434-6546 Sentence denotes These findings suggested that these cytokines could represent important targets of anti-COVID-19 therapies [48].
T148 6547-6643 Sentence denotes Infectious diseases, like COVID-19, are characterized by an increased production of adiponectin.
T149 6644-6945 Sentence denotes In fact, it seems that adiponectin can reduce innate and adaptive immune cell proliferation and polarization on two fronts: acting on the production blockage of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-6, and enhancing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 [49, 50].
T150 6946-7046 Sentence denotes It seems interesting the possibility to improve the action of adiponectin through diet intervention.
T151 7047-7185 Sentence denotes A healthy lifestyle and a Mediterranean diet seem to ameliorate adiponectin levels in human, working on omega-3 biochemical pathways [51].
T152 7186-7314 Sentence denotes Finally, in light of the above, a possible COVID-19 therapy would combine drug therapy with a personalized immunonutrition [48].
T153 7315-7496 Sentence denotes Whereas healthy adipose tissue is essential to achieve a metabolic health status, sick inflamed fat leads to metabolic pathways dysregulation and different chronic pathologies [52].
T154 7497-7853 Sentence denotes According to what mentioned above and considering the endocrine and inflammatory role of the adipose tissue, it is necessary to classify obesity on the basis of body fat composition and distribution [53], rather than simply anthropometric measurements, e.g. Body Mass Index (BMI) classification, that could lead to a large error and misclassification [54].
T155 7854-8135 Sentence denotes As different phenotypes of obesity can be diagnosed according to percentage of total bodyfat mass (PBF), associated with an early inflammatory status, and high oxidative stress level [55], to identify obese subjects at risk of COVID-19 it is necessary to evaluate body composition.
T156 8136-8282 Sentence denotes Moreover, obesity and adiposopathy contribute to the pathways related to appetite regulation, fat storage and alteration of intestinal microbiota.
T157 8283-8389 Sentence denotes Dysbiosis of gut microbiota can influence the onset and progression of chronic degenerative diseases [56].
T158 8390-8491 Sentence denotes The impact of these metabolic abnormalities has undergone intense investigation over the past decade.
T159 8492-8650 Sentence denotes Although that, it is still not clear how the immune system and host defense are influenced by the pro-inflammatory and excess energy milieu of the obese [57].
T160 8651-8825 Sentence denotes There is strong evidence in literature indicating that abundant adiposity negatively impacts on immune system functionality and host defense in individuals with obesity [57].
T161 8826-8960 Sentence denotes In people with obesity, the caloric balance surplus is not directly proportional to the high nutritional food components quality [53].
T162 8961-9137 Sentence denotes Hence, the overfed malnourished patient may be compared to the underfed malnourishment, because malnutrition is considered the primary cause of immunodeficiency worldwide [58].
T163 9138-9235 Sentence denotes Chronic diseases, such as obesity, have been recognized as virulence factors for severe COVID-19.
T164 9236-9361 Sentence denotes These morbidities are usually coupled to protein-energy malnutrition, which is demonstrated to impair immune cell activation.
T165 9362-9462 Sentence denotes This process allows longer viral persistence and increased dealing of pro-inflammatory factors [59].
T166 9463-9573 Sentence denotes This will allow you to make a personalized emergency intervention, in all the subjects suffering from obesity.
T167 9574-9706 Sentence denotes In the onset of COVID-19 era, the nutritional approach might be managed in two different strategies, considering the disease status.
T168 9707-9938 Sentence denotes In a severe phase of COVID-19 in a patient with obesity, immunonutrition would be fundamental to support the immune response and protein synthesis, and, at the same time, to reduce inflammation caused by the pathological condition.
T169 9939-10094 Sentence denotes The organism fights both the acute inflammatory state triggered by COVID-19 and, in addition, the latent chronic inflammation due to the obesity condition.
T170 10095-10299 Sentence denotes This latter is employed in the case of malnourished surgical patients, where immunonutrition significantly reduced the risk of acquired infections, wound complications, and length of stay at the hospital.
T171 10300-10443 Sentence denotes In this context, immunomodulating diets (IMDs) have been demonstrated to improve immune system response and modulate inflammation cascade [60].
T172 10444-10672 Sentence denotes Furthermore, the nutritional approach should be firstly preventive to reduce the large number of complications linked to obesity condition; and, secondly, could be predictive to act on the etiopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 disease.
T173 10673-10786 Sentence denotes In the current pandemic panorama, the connection between nutrition science and virology takes a predictable turn.
T174 10787-10886 Sentence denotes It is worth that nutritional innovation must correlate all the previously treated clinical aspects.
T175 10887-11178 Sentence denotes By referring to WHO guidelines, it is fundamental to follow healthy eating habits and lifestyle to achieve an optimal health status supporting immune cells system, and to switch from an unhealthy condition of dysbiosis to a healthy condition of eubiosis and modulating systemic inflammation.
T176 11179-11298 Sentence denotes This is essentially possible pursuing a balanced diet based on the Mediterranean concept and staying physically active.