LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7601109 / 69420-83763 JSONTXT 10 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T415 0-2 Sentence denotes 5.
T416 3-13 Sentence denotes Discussion
T417 14-173 Sentence denotes Age-related deteriorations in skeletal muscle are multifactorial in nature, which contributes to the high failure rates of drugs designed to target sarcopenia.
T418 174-358 Sentence denotes Thus, there is a strong need for new therapeutic agents that express multidimensional effects in order to provide physically frail elders a chance to restore their health and QoL [21].
T419 359-632 Sentence denotes Given the scarcity of human trials using bee products among physically frail and sarcopenic subjects, cell culture and animal studies may provide useful information about the effect of bee products on skeletal muscle and help identifying their probable mechanism of action.
T420 633-850 Sentence denotes Both in vivo and in vitro studies indicate that substances produced by honey bees such as royal jelly, bee pollen, and propolis can positively modulate basic cellular functions of myoblasts as well as mature myocytes.
T421 851-1275 Sentence denotes These products seem to be promising anti-sarcopenic agents because they can promote muscle protein synthesis [36,104], decrease mitochondrial oxidative stress [36,90,106], mitigate inflammation [38,90,101,108,115], improve muscular blood supply [102,110], enhance peripheral motor conduction [113], accelerate the removal of AGEs [38], counteract catabolism, and decrease markers of skeletal muscle atrophy [97,101,102,103].
T422 1276-1428 Sentence denotes One of the major pathologies underlying age-related skeletal muscle failure is insulin resistance, which alters glucose metabolism [3,4,21,118,130,164].
T423 1429-1650 Sentence denotes Numerous studies signify that bee products may protect against muscle wasting by correcting metabolic dysregulations in skeletal muscle via activation of some of the key nutrient sensing molecules [69,96,100,106,109,111].
T424 1651-1828 Sentence denotes In this respect, bee pollen permitted mTORC1 to mitigate anabolic resistance through the regulation of muscle protein and muscle growth in malnourished sarcopenic old rats [36].
T425 1829-1942 Sentence denotes Royal jelly and CAPE restored muscle mass and metabolism through activation of AKT, a substrate of mTOR [96,111].
T426 1943-2070 Sentence denotes Polyphenols in propolis [70], CAPE [111], and 10-HDA [106] activated AMPK resulting in enhanced skeletal muscle glucose uptake.
T427 2071-2182 Sentence denotes In the meantime, royal jelly improved mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle via activation of AMPK [106].
T428 2183-2324 Sentence denotes AMPK and mTOR are master regulators of metabolism and autophagy [2,165]; they keep muscle integrity by stimulating protein synthesis [21,22].
T429 2325-2521 Sentence denotes Accordingly, all these findings denote that bee products represent a promising nutritional strategy that can tackle skeletal muscle wasting in old age by correcting its underling metabolic causes.
T430 2522-2637 Sentence denotes However, the detailed physiological processes involved still need to be deeply unraveled in further investigations.
T431 2638-2797 Sentence denotes The activity of mTOR depends mainly on the bioavailability of essential amino acids in addition to many other molecules in the cellular microenvironment [136].
T432 2798-3108 Sentence denotes Evidence from preclinical and human studies confirms that ingestion of essential amino acids increases their cellular bioavailability, which is associated with upregulation of the activity of the nutrient sensing mTORC1 kinase following its translocation from the cytosol to the surface of lysosomes [135,136].
T433 3109-3348 Sentence denotes Research shows that ingestion of small amounts of essential amino acids (6.8 g) by healthy older adults could stimulate muscle protein synthesis by activating mTORC1 signaling even without involvement in resistance exercise training [137].
T434 3349-3446 Sentence denotes Other factors affect the capacity of essential amino acids to stimulate muscle protein synthesis.
T435 3447-3707 Sentence denotes Amino acid bioavailability depends to a great extent on the bacterial strains of resident gut microbiome, which can either promote amino acid loss by degrading them or substantially contribute to their availability by producing some of them e.g., lysine [152].
T436 3708-3889 Sentence denotes Furthermore, amino acid supplements in old age do not enhance muscle protein metabolism, combat anabolic resistance, or improve muscle condition under sedentary conditions [25,166].
T437 3890-4183 Sentence denotes According to Table 1, different models of skeletal muscle injury (e.g., natural aging [96], sarcopenic obesity [54], AGE-induced muscle wasting [38], malnutrition-related muscle loss [36], exhaustive exercise [90,109], etc.) were used to evaluate the effect of bee products on skeletal muscle.
T438 4184-4491 Sentence denotes The effects of bee products on muscle mass varied considerably: some studies reported that bee products increased muscle mass [36,54,90,96,100,105,113] and improved physical performance [95,96,97,98,99] while others could not or did not depict any significant change in muscle mass [38,102,103,104,110,117].
T439 4492-4982 Sentence denotes However, the latter revealed major beneficial effects related to the biology of skeletal muscle aging such as improved muscle protein deposition [104], enhanced activity of mitochondrial enzymes [106], decreased muscle infiltration by inflammatory cells, decreased muscle proteolysis, lowered lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation [102,103], increased microvascular blood supply, heightened production of antioxidants [110], and increased clearance of AGEs from skeletal muscle [38].
T440 4983-5130 Sentence denotes These findings suggest that bee products may prevent the development of sarcopenia if supplemented earlier before the occurrence of muscle atrophy.
T441 5131-5343 Sentence denotes In this regard, supplementing young football players with royal jelly for two months resulted in a significant increase in muscle and bone mass compared with control players who did not receive royal jelly [167].
T442 5344-5585 Sentence denotes As for the effect of bee products on sarcopenia in humans, we could locate only one randomized control trial (RCT), which examined the effect of pRJ (1.2 g/d or 4.8 g/d over 1 year) on muscle strength among institutionalized aged population.
T443 5586-5778 Sentence denotes This study revealed no significant effect of pRJ on the tested muscular functions: handgrip strength, six-minute walk test, timed up and go test, and standing on one leg with eyes closed [59].
T444 5779-5917 Sentence denotes Nonetheless, such outcome indexes may not be sufficient to evaluate the overall effect of royal jelly on muscular performance and quality.
T445 5918-6186 Sentence denotes In addition, the literature documents gut microbiome alterations-related to muscle loss in institutionalized old adults compared with older adults living in the community, which might affect the efficacy of nutritional therapies in this particular group [164,168,169].
T446 6187-6317 Sentence denotes The relation between muscle mass or strength and physical function in old people is not as direct or clear as originally presumed.
T447 6318-6409 Sentence denotes Existing knowledge indicates that muscle strength may be intact in people with muscle loss.
T448 6410-6502 Sentence denotes Likewise, decreased muscle strength may not necessarily alter physical performance [21,170].
T449 6503-6759 Sentence denotes Research notes that selection of interventions that merely increase muscle mass and/or strength entails ignoring valuable therapies that contribute to various biological processes of muscle recovery by interfering with pathologies conducive to muscle loss.
T450 6760-7057 Sentence denotes More, combining functional measures of muscle performance with different comprehensive biomarkers (e.g., of metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, etc.) in skeletal muscle and the whole body may identify therapies that can positively affect muscle qualities independent of mass increase [21].
T451 7058-7330 Sentence denotes In support of this argument, treating sarcopenic elderly with oral amino acids (which represent only one ingredient of royal jelly or bee pollen) significantly increased whole-body lean mass 6 and 18 months after treatment as indicated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.
T452 7331-7613 Sentence denotes This effect was attributed to enhancement of insulin sensitivity and anabolism as portrayed by significant reductions in fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, HOMA-IR, and serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) as well as increase of serum level of IGF-1 and IGF-1/TNF-α ratio [171].
T453 7614-7667 Sentence denotes Animal studies lend further support to those reports.
T454 7668-7922 Sentence denotes For instance, royal jelly had no effect on muscle differentiation genes (myogenic differentiation 1 (MyoD), myogenein, myostatin) in sarcopenic mice, indicating that royal jelly may not improve age-related deterioration of muscle strength—once it occurs.
T455 7923-8158 Sentence denotes On the other hand, royal jelly significantly reduced the progression of muscle atrophy by decreasing the expression of catabolism genes E3 ubiquitin ligases MuRF1 and atrogin-1 in old mice to levels similar to those in young mice [97].
T456 8159-8322 Sentence denotes Royal jelly also stimulated the differentiation of satellite stem cells both in vivo and in vitro and improved the regenerative capacity of injured muscle [96,97].
T457 8323-8422 Sentence denotes Therefore, royal jelly treatment might reduce the progression of age-related muscular atrophy [59].
T458 8423-8638 Sentence denotes Future RCTs that evaluate the effect of bee products on muscle qualities and motor performance in humans should be properly designed to include biological markers of motor functioning along with behavioral measures.
T459 8639-8732 Sentence denotes Multifactorial conditions such as sarcopenia should be addressed by multimodal interventions.
T460 8733-8888 Sentence denotes Nutrition and physical exercise are key strategies that can preserve muscle mass and function in older adults both in clinical and community settings [21].
T461 8889-9227 Sentence denotes Thus, it might be helpful to compare the effect of combining bee products with other conventional treatments such as other dietary elements and exercise given that factors such as physical activity and diet can interfere with or promote the effect of bee products on muscle qualities and disorders that underlie muscle weakness [105,106].
T462 9228-9403 Sentence denotes Fat mass increases with age, especially after age-related hormonal decline (e.g., after menopause), and it activates inflammatory processes that disturb body physiology [172].
T463 9404-9603 Sentence denotes In this regard, supplementing obese rats with milk naturally enriched with PUFA and polyphenols from propolis increased gastrocnemius muscle mass and tended to increase the mass of the soleus muscle.
T464 9604-9707 Sentence denotes It decreased the diameter of adipocytes and tended to decrease serum levels of low-density lipoprotein.
T465 9708-9850 Sentence denotes These findings suggest a role of propolis-enriched milk in the mitigation of sarcopenic obesity, albeit it had no effect on body weight [105].
T466 9851-9991 Sentence denotes On the other side, many studies show that exercise has significantly improved muscle mass and strength in sarcopenic seniors [4,42,132,173].
T467 9992-10163 Sentence denotes Propolis treatment of undifferentiated L6 myoblast selectively stimulated IL-6 production and inhibited pathological cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β and TNF-α [108].
T468 10164-10319 Sentence denotes This interesting in vitro investigation indicates that propolis can mimic the mechanism through which exercise induces skeletal muscle remodeling [23,114].
T469 10320-10676 Sentence denotes Evidence from preclinical studies shows that concurrent treatment of rats on endurance training with royal jelly enhanced mitochondrial adaptation in muscles that combine both type I and type II fibers such as the soleus muscle whereas neither royal jelly alone nor exercise alone could influence the activity of mitochondrial enzymes in that muscle [106].
T470 10677-10943 Sentence denotes Moreover, bee pollen and propolis treatment of rats on exhaustive exercise increased the production of antioxidant enzymes, blocked the production of free radicals, promoted glycogen use in the skeletal muscle and liver, and restored muscle fiber structure [90,109].
T471 10944-11015 Sentence denotes In most studies, whole royal jelly, bee pollen, and propolis were used.
T472 11016-11241 Sentence denotes However, these products appeared in different forms e.g., neat vs processed bee pollen [90], water [109] vs ethanolic extracts [110] of propolis, lyophilized [98,99] and crude [97] vs enzyme-treated [59,95,96,97] royal jelly.
T473 11242-11356 Sentence denotes Both processed bee pollen [36] and pRJ [97,106] had better effects compared with crude bee pollen and royal jelly.
T474 11357-11620 Sentence denotes In addition, a large group of constituents of royal jelly and propolis were used such as 10-HDA [54,106], CAPE [69,101,102,103], artepillin C, coumaric acid, kaempferide [70], boropinic acid, 4-geranyloxyferulic acid, 7-isopentenyloxycoumarin, and auraptene [69].
T475 11621-11699 Sentence denotes 10-HDA was the only element in royal jelly that was tested in skeletal muscle.
T476 11700-11758 Sentence denotes It enhanced glucose uptake via AMPK phosphorylation [106].
T477 11759-11919 Sentence denotes It also restored body weight, restored skeletal muscle mass (only in males), and reduced fat mass (only in females) in aged rats undergoing chronic stress [54].
T478 11920-12159 Sentence denotes CAPE is one of the most investigated compounds in propolis: it enhanced skeletal muscle glucose uptake [111], inhibited cytokine and ROS production, prevented protein carbonylation, lipid peroxidation, and muscle proteolysis [101,102,103].
T479 12160-12307 Sentence denotes The effects of whole ethanolic extracts of propolis and CAPE on glucose uptake in skeletal muscle were comparable to those of insulin [69,109,111].
T480 12308-12559 Sentence denotes More, investigations of the effect of flavonoids and oxyprenylated phenylpropanoids abundant in ethanolic extracts of propolis on glucose uptake in skeletal muscle revealed superior effects of kaempferide [70], 4-geranyloxyferulic acid, and auraptene.
T481 12560-12734 Sentence denotes Among 5 oxyprenylated phenylpropanoids derived from propolis, auraptene most potently activated GLUT4 translocation and accelerated glucose influx into skeletal muscle cells.
T482 12735-12902 Sentence denotes Measurement of the incorporated amounts of these compounds into myotubes indicated that auraptene had the highest bioavailability among other effective compounds [69].
T483 12903-13043 Sentence denotes Matters concerning dosage and duration of treatment remain issues of concern should these compounds be used to prevent and treat sarcopenia.
T484 13044-13166 Sentence denotes In addition, the effect of other active ingredients of bee products on skeletal muscle pathologies is worth investigation.
T485 13167-13326 Sentence denotes For instance, MRJPs are reported to contribute to most therapeutic properties of royal jelly due to their rich amino acid content (up to 578 amino acids) [47].
T486 13327-13459 Sentence denotes In the meantime, the literature documents a potent regulatory effect of amino acids on skeletal muscle protein turnover [6,131,132].
T487 13460-13539 Sentence denotes Nonetheless, the effect of MRJPs on skeletal muscle were not studied until now.
T488 13540-13621 Sentence denotes Despite the details illustrated in this review, many questions remain unanswered.
T489 13622-13793 Sentence denotes The most important question among all is which bee product or bee component can produce the best benefits against skeletal muscle senescence and under which circumstances?
T490 13794-14086 Sentence denotes Sarcopenia is the result of several interrelated factors such as neuromuscular dysfunction, oxidative stress, metabolic alterations, poor blood supply, hormonal deficiencies (e.g., sex hormones), chronic inflammation, and lifestyle choices (e.g., physical inactivity and unhealthy diet) [21].
T491 14087-14343 Sentence denotes The effect of bee products on some of these factors are underaddressed (e.g., neuromuscular dysfunction, muscle blood supply, and gut microbiome) while some other have not been explored yet (e.g., sex steroids and their association with muscular function).