LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7601109 / 6144-26669 JSONTXT 10 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T38 0-2 Sentence denotes 2.
T39 3-66 Sentence denotes Apitherapy as a Possible Complementary Treatment for Sarcopenia
T40 67-152 Sentence denotes Rock paintings from the Stone Age portray consumption of bee products by humans [27].
T41 153-331 Sentence denotes The first evidence of human usage of bee products for therapeutic and cosmetic purposes dates back 6000 years in ancient Egypt and later in China, Greece, and Rome [27,28,29,30].
T42 332-496 Sentence denotes Current research interest is directed toward the use of natural substances, including bee products, as potential pharmaceuticals to modify disease progression [31].
T43 497-716 Sentence denotes The term “apitherapy” describes a category of complementary and alternative medicine that comprises therapeutic use of various bee products including apilarnil (atomized drone larva) to prevent and treat illnesses [30].
T44 717-951 Sentence denotes Bee workers of either Apis mellifera or Apis cerana species—the former is common in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America while the latter exists only in southern and southeastern Asia—produce and store multiple bioactive substances [32].
T45 952-1064 Sentence denotes Royal jelly, propolis, bee pollen, honey, bee venom, bee bread, and bee wax are common products of the bee hive.
T46 1065-1242 Sentence denotes They all (to a varying degree) possess multiple health promoting properties due to their high content of natural antioxidants such as flavonoids, phenols, or terpenoids [28,32].
T47 1243-1461 Sentence denotes Research documents variability in contents and effects of every single bee product, mainly due to the influence of bee species, botanical origin, geographic location, season, extraction, and handling procedures [2,28].
T48 1462-1608 Sentence denotes Several lines of evidence describe anti-aging effects of royal jelly, bee pollen, and propolis both in humans and laboratory animals [2,33,34,35].
T49 1609-1683 Sentence denotes These three products are widely used as dietary supplements [36,37,38,39].
T50 1684-1866 Sentence denotes In the meantime, the literature gives examples of numerous dietary supplements that could successfully prevent or alleviate the progression of muscle mass loss in old age [40,41,42].
T51 1867-1929 Sentence denotes Bee products represent a part of this interventional strategy.
T52 1930-2084 Sentence denotes However, the extent to which bee products can affect sarcopenia as well as understanding of their underlying mechanism of action are far from being clear.
T53 2085-2255 Sentence denotes Therefore, we conducted this review with the aim of investigating the anti-aging properties of these products with a focus on skeletal muscle functioning in advanced age.
T54 2256-2452 Sentence denotes In this respect, we reviewed animal and human studies investigating effects of the aforementioned products on skeletal muscle aging and elaborated on different mechanisms underlying these effects.
T55 2453-2787 Sentence denotes Studies included in this review were retrieved by searching PubMed and Google scholar using a combination of terminologies of “sarcopenia, muscle wasting, muscle mass, lean body mass, skeletal muscle, motor” with “royal jelly, honey, bee pollen, propolis, bee venom, bee bread, bee wax, chrysin, apamin, caffeic acid phenethyl ester”.
T56 2788-2874 Sentence denotes Snow ball manual search using reference lists of retrieved studies was also conducted.
T57 2875-3056 Sentence denotes This search resulted in a number of studies, which addressed muscle wasting and related dynamics through the use of three bee products, namely royal jelly, bee pollen, and propolis.
T58 3057-3229 Sentence denotes Figure 1, Panel A and Panel B, summarizes the chemical composition and biological properties of these bee products while this section elaborates on these products in depth.
T59 3231-3235 Sentence denotes 2.1.
T60 3236-3248 Sentence denotes Royal Jelly:
T61 3249-3309 Sentence denotes Its Constituents, Biological, and Pharmacological Activities
T62 3310-3497 Sentence denotes Royal jelly is a thick, milky, white-yellowish, acidic colloid substance secreted from the hypopharyngeal and mandibular salivary glands of young nurse honey bees (5–15 days old) [32,43].
T63 3498-3672 Sentence denotes In general, fresh royal jelly mostly consists of water (67% w/w) in addition to carbohydrates (16%), proteins and amino acids (12.5%), fat (5%), and many other elements [32].
T64 3673-3899 Sentence denotes However, royal jelly content of these substances noticeably varies depending on numerous factors like botanical source, bee species, bee artificial feeding, weather, season, location, method of processing, and the like [2,44].
T65 3900-4010 Sentence denotes Protein is the most copious active element in royal jelly, representing half the weight of its dry matter [2].
T66 4011-4130 Sentence denotes It vastly comprises nine 49–87 kDa water-insoluble proteins, known as major royal jelly proteins 1–9 (MRJPs1-9) [2,45].
T67 4131-4238 Sentence denotes MRJPs constitute more than 80% of royal jelly protein content, and MRJPs1–5 constitute 82–90% of all MRJPs.
T68 4239-4422 Sentence denotes MRJPs contain 400–578 amino acids that contribute to the antioxidant effect of royal jelly as well as its role in cell proliferation, cell adhesion, cell growth, and immunity [46,47].
T69 4423-4480 Sentence denotes Novel non-MRJPs proteins have been newly discovered [48].
T70 4481-4597 Sentence denotes Royalisin, jelleines, and aspimin are examples of other proteins that exist in royal jelly, albeit in small amounts.
T71 4598-4978 Sentence denotes These proteins as well as MRJPs demonstrate strong antimicrobial and bactericidal activities even against the most drug-resistant bacterial strains such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, as well as extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli [28,29].
T72 4979-5116 Sentence denotes Carbohydrates (e.g., fructose, glucose maltose, trehalose, melibiose, ribose, and erlose) constitute 7.5–16% or royal jelly content [49].
T73 5117-5322 Sentence denotes Reducing sugars in royal jelly are thought to contribute to its epigenetic effect through the activation of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling cascades.
T74 5323-5455 Sentence denotes Thus, they stimulate caste differentiation of Apis mellifera larvae into queens by increasing intake of food and key nutrients [50].
T75 5456-5510 Sentence denotes Lipids make up 7–18% of the dry weight of royal jelly.
T76 5511-5739 Sentence denotes This fraction largely comprises a group of unique and rare saturated or monounsaturated short and medium chain fatty acids that are terminally or internally hydroxylated with terminal mono- or dicarboxylic acid functions [2,28].
T77 5740-5994 Sentence denotes The vast majority of royal jelly fat content (80–85%) consists of short hydroxyl fatty acids such as trans-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA), which exists only in royal jelly; and therefore, it is known as royal jelly acid or queen bee acid [28,49,51].
T78 5995-6221 Sentence denotes 10-HDA is one of the most potent bioactive elements in royal jelly expressing strong anti-aging, neuroprotective, antiproliferative, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and epigenetic effects [52,53,54,55,56,57,58].
T79 6222-6365 Sentence denotes In addition, the lipid fraction of royal jelly contains phenolic acids (4–10%), wax (5–6%), steroids (3–4%), and phospholipids (0.4–0.8%) [49].
T80 6366-6953 Sentence denotes A wide range of minor constituents and bioactive compounds exist profusely in royal jelly such as acetylcholine, nucleotides (adenosine, guanosine, adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP)), minerals (iron, sodium, calcium, potassium, zinc, magnesium, manganese, and copper), amino acids (8 out of 9 essential amino acids Val, Leu, Ile, Thr, Met, Phe, Lys, and Trp), vitamins (retinol (A), ascorbic acid (C), tocopherol (E), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), and other B vitamins), esters, aldehydes, ketones, alcohol, and minor heterocyclic compounds [2,28,49,59,60,61].
T81 6954-7103 Sentence denotes It is worth noting that royal jelly loses most of its bioactive ingredients and biological properties when stored at a temperature of 5 °C or higher.
T82 7104-7169 Sentence denotes Therefore, freezing is the best method to store royal jelly [62].
T83 7170-7372 Sentence denotes Enzymatic treatment of royal jelly removes allergen proteins and enhances its nutrient content in addition to improving its digestibility and absorption in the gut without altering its freshness [2,59].
T84 7373-7529 Sentence denotes Royal jelly has been historically used as a beautifying agent by famous queens such as Cleopatra, and it is still involved in the cosmetic industry [29,56].
T85 7530-7817 Sentence denotes Its rich content of bioactive compounds grants it a plethora of diverse health benefits such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neurotrophic, hypotensive, antidiabetic, antilipidemic, antirheumatic, anticarcinogenic, anti-fatigue, antiadipogenic, and antimicrobial activities [43,45,63].
T86 7818-8056 Sentence denotes Therefore, it is widely used to treat multiple serious conditions including diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cancer, skin diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease [2,43,46,59,64].
T87 8057-8348 Sentence denotes In addition, bee queens (which enjoy long lifespan as well as super fertility and physical qualities) consume royal jelly throughout their entire lives, and royal jelly is considered a promising anti-aging nutraceutical that can positively enhance fertility and improve body composition [2].
T88 8350-8354 Sentence denotes 2.2.
T89 8355-8364 Sentence denotes Propolis:
T90 8365-8425 Sentence denotes Its Constituents, Biological, and Pharmacological Activities
T91 8426-8635 Sentence denotes Propolis, also known as bee glue, is a sticky wax-like substance that constitutes a mixture of bee salivary secretions, bee wax, and resinous sap occurring in the bark and leaf-buds of specific plants [37,65].
T92 8636-8723 Sentence denotes It comes in green, red, brown, or black colors based on the collected local flora [66].
T93 8724-8867 Sentence denotes The word propolis comprises two Greek words “pro” and “polis”, which in order mean “in front of or at the entrance to” and “community or city”.
T94 8868-8962 Sentence denotes Propolis is a hive-defensive substance, which bees use to protect and repair their hives [67].
T95 8963-9074 Sentence denotes Propolis is a unique product of a complex composition that comprises more than 420 chemical substances [37,68].
T96 9075-9245 Sentence denotes Nonetheless, its composition and biological activities vary considerably depending on its botanical and geographical origins as well as the time of harvesting [38,65,67].
T97 9246-9447 Sentence denotes Propolis is rich in oxyprenylated phenylpropanoids—secondary metabolites from plants, fungi, and bacteria [69]—such as 7-isopentenyloxucoumarin, boropinic acid, 4-geranyloxyferulic acid, and auraptene.
T98 9448-9514 Sentence denotes The last two exist in raw Italian propolis at high concentrations:
T99 9515-9568 Sentence denotes 107.12 and 145.37 μg/g of dry propolis, respectively.
T100 9569-9988 Sentence denotes Flavonoids, a large group of phenolic compounds, are abundant in Italian propolis, and they are differentiated into several groups including flavanones (e.g., naringenine, 4.4 mg/g), flavones (e.g., apigenine, 1.7 mg/g), flavonols (e.g., galaning, 0.9 mg/g), tannins (e.g., gallic acid 8.4 mg/g), catechins (expressed as (+)-catechin 0.4 mg/g, and caffeic acid and its esters (expressed as caffeic acid, 9.2 mg/g) [69].
T101 9989-10151 Sentence denotes The most profuse flavonoids in ethanolic extracts of Brazilian propolis are artepillin C (38.6 mg/g), coumaric acid (10.6 mg/g), and kaempferide (12.6 mg/g) [70].
T102 10152-10585 Sentence denotes Key other constituents of propolis include polyphenol (e.g., phenolic acids and aromatic esters), phenolic aldehydes, terpenoids, ketones, enzymes (e.g., α- and β-amylase), vitamins (e.g., thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), pyridoxine (B6), ascorbic acid (C), tocopherol (E)), minerals (e.g., calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, sodium, barium) essential oils, alcohol, fatty acids, β-steroids, and many other elements [37,38,67,68,71].
T103 10586-10744 Sentence denotes The attention of several drug targeting studies has recently been focused on the therapeutic activities of individual bioactive compounds in propolis [65,68].
T104 10745-10829 Sentence denotes Flavonoids comprise the majority of mostly studies bioactive substances in propolis.
T105 10830-10987 Sentence denotes Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) is a flavonoid that exists in certain mushrooms, flowers (e.g., blue passion flower), and in other bee products (e.g., honey).
T106 10988-11086 Sentence denotes It expresses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and neuroprotective effects [72].
T107 11087-11275 Sentence denotes Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a derivative of hydroxycinnamic acid, expresses anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and ant-neoplastic properties [73,74,75].
T108 11276-11472 Sentence denotes Pinocembrin (5,7-dihydroxyflavanone) is the most copious flavonoid in propolis—1 g of balsam/an ethanolic extract from poplar propolis found in Spain contains up to 606–701 mg of pinocembrin [76].
T109 11473-11533 Sentence denotes It exists in numerous plants (e.g., Eucalyptus and Populus).
T110 11534-11634 Sentence denotes It exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiproliferative activities [77,78].
T111 11635-11754 Sentence denotes Essential/volatile oils are major bioactive constituents of propolis, and they contribute to its special aroma [79,80].
T112 11755-11879 Sentence denotes They also, partially, contribute to the strong antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of propolis [79,81,82].
T113 11880-12002 Sentence denotes The volatile fraction of propolis varies in each sample even within a single country due to plant source and climate [79].
T114 12003-12162 Sentence denotes For instance, cumulative knowledge shows that volatile oils in propolis found in countries surrounding the Mediterranean depend mainly on the botanical origin.
T115 12163-12368 Sentence denotes They primarily comprise poplar-derived compounds (e.g., benzoic acid and its esters and oxygenated sesquiterpene β-eudesmol) and conifer-derived compounds such as the hydrocarbon monoterpene α-pinene [80].
T116 12369-12516 Sentence denotes Interestingly, the number of volatile compounds derived from a single type of propolis is also reported to vary according to extraction techniques.
T117 12517-12754 Sentence denotes In this regard, reports from China show that traditional hydrodistillation, steam-distillation extraction, and dynamic headspace sampling could characterize around 12, 40 and 70 type of volatile components of propolis, respectively [79].
T118 12755-12888 Sentence denotes Moreover, the level of antimicrobial activity of volatile compounds of propolis greatly depends on their extent of purification [82].
T119 12889-13145 Sentence denotes Thanks to its countless bioactive elements, propolis enjoys a range of versatile biological and pharmacological properties including antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, antiaging, and cytostatic properties.
T120 13146-13266 Sentence denotes In addition, it is considered a perfect natural food preservative due to its antimicrobial activity [35,38,65,66,68,71].
T121 13267-13418 Sentence denotes Because of its enormous health-promoting activities, propolis is widely used as a dietary supplement in many countries, especially in Japan [37,38,39].
T122 13419-13543 Sentence denotes Propolis is not suitable for use in its crude state since it may contact harmful materials e.g., asphalt from the road [68].
T123 13544-13727 Sentence denotes Using solvents like ethanol, glycerol, chloroform, ether and acetone or water is necessary to get rid of hazardous substances and to increase its yield of bioactive compounds [67,68].
T124 13728-13805 Sentence denotes Although water may be a cheap solvent, propolis has poor solubility in water.
T125 13806-13908 Sentence denotes Therefore, propolis water extracts are 10-fold lower in their phenolic contents than ethanol extracts.
T126 13909-13979 Sentence denotes In addition, they retain the strong flavor and aroma of propolis [68].
T127 13980-14172 Sentence denotes Moreover, propolis contains allergenic components: caffeic acids derivates (e.g., 3-methyl-2-butenyl caffeate and phenylethyl caffeate), as well as benzyl salicylate and benzyl cinnamate [80].
T128 14173-14271 Sentence denotes Therefore, propolis use/consumption should be contraindicated in individuals with known allergies.
T129 14273-14277 Sentence denotes 2.3.
T130 14278-14289 Sentence denotes Bee Pollen:
T131 14290-14350 Sentence denotes Its Constituents, Biological, and Pharmacological Activities
T132 14351-14479 Sentence denotes Bee pollen is an api-material that originally comprises male gametophytes or spermatophytes of flowers, which stick to bee body.
T133 14480-14552 Sentence denotes Bee workers mix these floral pollens with honey, nectar, and bee saliva.
T134 14553-14692 Sentence denotes The latter is rich in various enzymes e.g., amylase, catalase, as well as lactic acid bacteria, which cause pollen fermentation [36,83,84].
T135 14693-14818 Sentence denotes Hence, the tiny wind pollen grains collected by bees aggregate together to form granules or pellets of 1.4–4 mm in size [84].
T136 14819-14993 Sentence denotes In addition to water, which in order constitutes 20–30% and 6–8% of the content of recently collected and dried bee pollen, bee pollen contains around 200 chemical compounds.
T137 14994-15085 Sentence denotes Like other bee products, its composition varies considerably according to botanical origin.
T138 15086-15257 Sentence denotes Carbohydrates account for the most abundant ingredient (18.50–84.25%), and reducing sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose constitute the vastest majority (13–55%).
T139 15258-15562 Sentence denotes Other major elements include proteins and essential amino acids (5–60%), unsaturated and saturated fatty acids (0.15–31.26%), crude fiber (0.3–20%), nucleic acids (especially RNA), and various minerals (e.g., potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, and iron) [36,83,84,85,86].
T140 15563-15740 Sentence denotes In addition, its average total phenolic content is 30.59 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g, but again it varies considerably based on floral origin (0.69–213.20 mg GAE/g) [86].
T141 15741-15945 Sentence denotes Moreover, bee pollen is abundant in both water- and fat-soluble vitamins e.g., β-carotene (vitamin A precursor), ascorbic acid (C), tocopherol (E), folic acid (B9), and other vitamin B, especially niacin.
T142 15946-16024 Sentence denotes Bee pollen contains other elements that still need to be explored (2–5%) [83].
T143 16025-16096 Sentence denotes Therefore, bee pollen represents a perfect whole health-promoting food.
T144 16097-16306 Sentence denotes In fact, comparisons of the percentages of nutrients in bee pollen with daily required intake of an adult individual revealed that few grams of bee pollen can meet daily human nutritional requirements [83,84].
T145 16307-16494 Sentence denotes Bee pollen demonstrates various biological properties and therapeutic activities e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-lipidemic, anticancer, antiallergic, and antimicrobial [36,87].
T146 16495-16775 Sentence denotes Existing knowledge emphasizes its antiaging effects: it reduced the production of age-related pigment known as lipofuscin (induced by oral peroxidized corn oil or intravenous alloxan injection) in cardiac muscle, brain, liver, and suprarenal gland in aged mice (reviewed in [34]).
T147 16776-17010 Sentence denotes The composition of bee pollens depends primarily on its botanical source since nutrient contents (e.g., polyphenols) of pollen grains, which support their survival and fusion with female gametes, vary between different plants [83,84].
T148 17011-17098 Sentence denotes Storage conditions are of great importance were it to retain its biological activities.
T149 17099-17157 Sentence denotes Bee pollen should be consumed fresh soon after collection.
T150 17158-17271 Sentence denotes Most of its major elements (reducing sugars, total proteins, vitamin C, and provitamin A) are destroyed at 40 °C.
T151 17272-17428 Sentence denotes Lyophilization damages its vitamin content while freezing is recommended for the storage of bee pollen since it does not affect its chemical structure [83].
T152 17429-17563 Sentence denotes Dry pollen pellets resist decay due to their tough outer coat, which comprises two layers made of cellulose and sporopollenin [88,89].
T153 17564-17767 Sentence denotes However, ingestion of bee pollen by humans may not yield its optimal nutritional value because the hard sporopollenin shell hinders access of digestive secretions to the nutrient-rich core of the pellet.
T154 17768-17908 Sentence denotes Biological, chemical, and mechanical techniques are used to break bee pollen microcapsules in order to enhance its digestibility in the gut.
T155 17909-18034 Sentence denotes However, these methods may be expensive or ineffective i.e., they degrade important nutrients via enzymatic activity [88,90].
T156 18035-18297 Sentence denotes Ultraviolet spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography-photo diode array show that processing bee pollen through the use of an edible lipid-surfactant mixture (Captex 355 and Tween 80) increases its yield of polyphenols and flavonoid aglycones [90].
T157 18299-18303 Sentence denotes 2.4.
T158 18304-18359 Sentence denotes Safety Profile of Royal Jelly, Propolis, and Bee Pollen
T159 18360-18633 Sentence denotes Propolis exists in a plethora of commercial products that are directly consumed or used by humans e.g., lozenges, soap, toothpastes and mouth wash, creams, gels, cough syrups, wines, cakes, chewing gums, candies, shampoo, chocolate, skin lotions, processed meat, etc. [67].
T160 18634-18765 Sentence denotes In addition, royal jelly, bee pollen, and propolis are widely used as dietary supplements in many parts of the world [36,37,38,39].
T161 18766-18874 Sentence denotes Existing knowledge denotes no adverse effects from their consumption either in rodents or in humans [39,66].
T162 18875-19031 Sentence denotes The safety of pinocembrin, a flavonoid available in propolis and an approved drug in China, is documented since its elimination from the body is rapid [91].
T163 19032-19120 Sentence denotes The safety profile of bee pollen (both crude and processed) has been empirically tested.
T164 19121-19357 Sentence denotes Oral consumption of bee pollen (up to 2 g/kg body weight) expressed no allergic reactions in mice including behavioral changes, salivation, diarrhea, respiratory or autonomic responses, restlessness, convulsions, tremors, or death [90].
T165 19358-19455 Sentence denotes In fact, the German Federal Board of Health acknowledges bee pollen as an official medicine [36].
T166 19456-19543 Sentence denotes Several lines of evidence support the anti-allergic effect of propolis and royal jelly.
T167 19544-19780 Sentence denotes This effect involves inhibiting mast cell degranulation, suppressing cysteinyl-leukotriene release, as well as reducing serum histamine, IgG, and IgE levels in various allergic conditions by suppressing histamine H1 receptor [37,39,92].
T168 19781-19889 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, rare allergic reactions to bee products other than bee venom are documented in the literature.
T169 19890-19939 Sentence denotes They are most frequent in small children [80,93].
T170 19940-20147 Sentence denotes Examples of such reactions comprise contact dermatitis in beekeepers following the handling of propolis, as well as contact stomatitis and oral mucositis after the usage of lozenges containing propolis [80].
T171 20148-20294 Sentence denotes Hence, bee products should be used with caution, especially in people with known allergies, pregnant and lactating women, and small children [61].
T172 20295-20370 Sentence denotes In addition, bee products can be safely consumed after adequate processing.
T173 20371-20525 Sentence denotes Processing involves removal of known allergens such as enzyme treatment of royal jelly and filtration of bee venom by stepped-gradient open column [2,94].