LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7565665 / 12380-15818 JSONTXT 10 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T57 0-2 Sentence denotes 2.
T58 3-48 Sentence denotes Autophagy, Respiratory Infection and Immunity
T59 49-222 Sentence denotes Autophagy is the proteostatic process that helps maintain healthy cellular homeostasis by degrading dysfunctional cellular components, lipids, misfolded proteins, etc. [64].
T60 223-369 Sentence denotes In addition to processing dysfunctional cellular components, autophagy also plays a critical role in immunity and the clearance of pathogens [64].
T61 370-614 Sentence denotes When working at optimal levels, the autophagy pathway can clear cells of infections via xenophagy, participate in innate and adaptive immune responses, activate macrophages, and remove damaged mitochondria via mitophagy [8,9,20,61,64,65,66,67].
T62 615-833 Sentence denotes In the respiratory tract specifically, autophagy has even been shown to dictate the length of cilia in the mucociliary escalator that is responsible for the mechanical clearing of pathogens from the airways [68,69,70].
T63 834-937 Sentence denotes However, the dysfunction and inhibition of autophagy can lead to the pathogenesis of various illnesses.
T64 938-1043 Sentence denotes When it comes to respiratory bacterial infections, autophagy is necessary for a complete immune response.
T65 1044-1143 Sentence denotes Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is an intercellular pathogen that causes tuberculosis.
T66 1144-1314 Sentence denotes M. tuberculosis evades the body’s immune response by forming granulomas and blocks phagolysosome trafficking to inhibit the intracellular killing of pathogens [71,72,73].
T67 1315-1602 Sentence denotes Recently, studies have demonstrated the importance of functional autophagy in targeting and killing M. tuberculosis in respiratory cells by showing that the induction of autophagy pathways overcomes the inhibition of phagolysosome formation to effectively kill M. tuberculosis [6,74,75].
T68 1603-1856 Sentence denotes In the case of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae), which is the most common pathogen causing community acquired pneumonia [76], studies have demonstrated that infection activates the autophagy pathway as part of the body’s immune response [77,78].
T69 1857-2127 Sentence denotes Recently, it has been shown that this induction of autophagy makes the clearance of S. pneumoniae infection more effective by enhancing the rate of phagocytosis by neutrophils [78], demonstrating that autophagy is necessary for an effective immune response in pneumonia.
T70 2128-2354 Sentence denotes Studies have also exhibited the activation of autophagy in alveolar macrophages by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) [5,79] and Klebsiella pneumoniae [46,79] to induce the degradation of these pathogens in phagolysosomes.
T71 2355-2521 Sentence denotes Moreover, there has been evidence that autophagy is activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is a bacterial toxin on the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
T72 2522-2694 Sentence denotes Typically, LPS can cause inflammation that leads to lung injury [80,81]; however, the activation of autophagy in response to LPS was shown to attenuate lung injury [82,83].
T73 2695-2920 Sentence denotes Autophagy is not only integral to the immune response to bacterial infections within the respiratory system, but it has been demonstrated to play an important role in the response to viral pathogens as well [8,9,20,65,84,85].
T74 2921-3077 Sentence denotes In the case of the influenza virus, studies have demonstrated autophagy is similarly induced to attenuate the virus and limit its replication [84,85,86,87].
T75 3078-3291 Sentence denotes Autophagy has also been shown to be essential in the activation of dendritic cells to produce cytokines and mount an immune response to respiratory synovial virus (RSV) [88,89], MERS [50] and SARS-CoV2 [90,91,92].
T76 3292-3438 Sentence denotes Therefore, autophagy is an essential part of the immune response against bacterial and viral pathogens attempting to invade the respiratory tract.