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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-90 Sentence denotes A fair allocation approach to the ethics of scarce resources in the context of a pandemic:
T2 91-146 Sentence denotes The need to prioritize the worst‐off in the Philippines
T3 147-163 Sentence denotes DE CASTRO et al.
T4 165-173 Sentence denotes Abstract
T5 174-182 Sentence denotes Abstract
T6 183-433 Sentence denotes Using a fair allocation approach, this paper identifies and examines important concerns arising from the Philippines’ COVID‐19 response while focusing on difficulties encountered by various sectors in gaining fair access to needed societal resources.
T7 434-575 Sentence denotes The effectiveness of different response measures is anchored on addressing inequities that have permeated Philippine society for a long time.
T8 576-804 Sentence denotes Since most measures that are in place as part of the COVID‐19 response are meant to be temporary, these are unable to resolve the inequities that have led to the magnitude of morbidity and mortality associated with the pandemic.
T9 805-909 Sentence denotes These cannot improve the country’s readiness to deal with pandemics and other emergencies in the future.
T10 910-1039 Sentence denotes Transition to a new normal recognizes the possibility that other infectious diseases could come and endanger our health security.
T11 1040-1224 Sentence denotes Our pandemic experiences are proving that having an egalitarian society will serve the interests not only of disadvantaged sectors but also of everybody else, including the privileged.
T12 1225-1472 Sentence denotes Response measures should thus take the opportunity to promote equity by giving importance to the concerns of the underprivileged and vulnerable while giving preference to initiatives that can be sustained beyond the period of the current pandemic.
T13 1474-1489 Sentence denotes 1 INTRODUCTION
T14 1490-1584 Sentence denotes The COVID‐19 pandemic has caught a lot of people, governments and health agencies by surprise.
T15 1585-1779 Sentence denotes Health authorities throughout the world have been aware for some time that contagious viruses could strike anytime and had prepared contingency measures before SARS‐CoV‐2 manifested its effects.
T16 1780-1956 Sentence denotes But even the best prepared authorities have been stunned by the speed and ease with which the infections have been transmitted among individuals and across national boundaries.
T17 1957-2160 Sentence denotes In the Philippines, the consequences have been severe not only for vulnerable sectors but also for an entire population that previously had confidence in its ability to deal with pandemics and disasters.
T18 2161-2257 Sentence denotes Located in Southeast Asia, the Philippines is an archipelago made up of more than 7,100 islands.
T19 2258-2373 Sentence denotes The estimated population for the middle of 2020 is 110 million, which is expected to continue to increase slightly.
T20 2374-2564 Sentence denotes Notwithstanding a downward trend in population growth and fertility rate, the country is still one of the most densely populated in Southeast Asia and even in the entire Asia‐Pacific region.
T21 2565-2685 Sentence denotes The downward trend in growth rate is attributed to an aging population, the diminishing birth rate and poor health care.
T22 2686-2830 Sentence denotes The Philippines has a high tuberculosis prevalence and it is among the countries with a high probability of death from noncommunicable diseases.
T23 2831-2910 Sentence denotes It has an average Human Development Index rating.1 Pletcher, H. (2020, May 21).
T24 2911-2952 Sentence denotes Total Population of the Philippines 2024.
T25 2953-2962 Sentence denotes Statista.
T26 2963-3071 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 24, 2020, from, https://www.statista.com/statistics/578726/total‐population‐of‐philippines/
T27 3072-3148 Sentence denotes How dire is the situation in this country compared to the rest of the world?
T28 3149-3494 Sentence denotes As of August 14, 2020, the Philippines was 22nd in the list of countries with the highest number of COVID‐19 cases throughout the world and it had the highest number of cases among members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, even though its population is less than half that of second placed Indonesia.2 Elflein, J. (2020, August 14).
T29 3495-3554 Sentence denotes COVID‐19 Cases Worldwide as of August 14, 2020, by Country.
T30 3555-3564 Sentence denotes Statista.
T31 3565-3695 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 15, 2020, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1043366/novel‐coronavirus‐2019ncov‐cases‐worldwide‐by‐country/
T32 3696-3924 Sentence denotes The Philippines also had the highest number of COVID‐19 cases per million in the region, and the 14th highest number of active cases as well as the 32nd highest total number of deaths in the world.3 Anonymous. (2020, August 17).
T33 3925-3988 Sentence denotes Reported Cases and Deaths by Country, Territory, or Conveyance.
T34 3989-4001 Sentence denotes Worldometer.
T35 4002-4102 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 17, 2020, from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/?utm_campaign=homeAdvegas1
T36 4103-4270 Sentence denotes Additionally, the country had the highest number of deaths per million population among Southeast Asian countries as of August 14, 2020.4 de Best, R. (2020, August 5).
T37 4271-4358 Sentence denotes COVID‐19 Deaths Worldwide per One Million Population as of August 14, 2020, by Country.
T38 4359-4368 Sentence denotes Statista.
T39 4369-4498 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 15, 2020, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1104709/coronavirus‐deaths‐worldwide‐per‐million‐inhabitants/
T40 4499-4677 Sentence denotes In light of these statistics, it is quite frustrating that the Philippines could only manage to be ranked a lowly 128th in the number of tests done per million population.5 Ibid.
T41 4678-4928 Sentence denotes Perhaps this is partly due to the economic reality that the country’s Gross Domestic Product at Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) per capita in 2017 was only $8,361 – rated 115th worldwide and only 6th among Southeast Asian countries.6 Anonymous. (2020).
T42 4929-4952 Sentence denotes Gross Domestic Product.
T43 4953-4965 Sentence denotes Worldometer.
T44 4966-5047 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 17, 2020, from https://www.worldometers.info/gdp/gdp‐per‐capita/
T45 5048-5198 Sentence denotes The rankings using the above COVID‐19 parameters have deteriorated even after the country was placed under the longest quarantine period in the world.
T46 5199-5389 Sentence denotes The prolonged lockdown is understood to be the reason why Filipinos are experiencing a “recession for the first time since the 1997‐98 Asian financial crisis”.7 Castaneda, J. (2020, May 15).
T47 5390-5438 Sentence denotes Why Duterte Won’t Lift World’s Longest Lockdown.
T48 5439-5450 Sentence denotes Asia Times.
T49 5451-5557 Sentence denotes Retrieved June 29, 2020, from https://asiatimes.com/2020/05/why‐duterte‐wont‐lift‐worlds‐longest‐lockdown/
T50 5558-5740 Sentence denotes Before the pandemic started to show its effects in the country in January 2020, the unemployment rate was recorded at 5.3 percent.8 Philippine Statistics Authority. (2020, August 7).
T51 5741-5778 Sentence denotes Employment Situation in January 2020.
T52 5779-5873 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 22, 2020, from https://psa.gov.ph/content/employment‐situation‐january‐2020‐0
T53 5874-6090 Sentence denotes It quickly rose to 17.7 percent in April 2020, meaning that there were 7.3 million Filipinos in the labor force who were out of a job – a record high for the country.9 Philippine Statistics Authority. (2020, June 5).
T54 6091-6126 Sentence denotes Employment Situation in April 2020.
T55 6127-6217 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 22, 2020, from https://psa.gov.ph/content/employment‐situation‐april‐2020
T56 6218-6366 Sentence denotes The impact of COVID‐19 has been of such magnitude that social, cultural, economic, educational, political, and health institutions have been shaken.
T57 6367-6637 Sentence denotes The steps taken to address this impact have forced the government to acquire loans since March this year amounting to US$ 6.8 billion, a figure that has worried economists because of what it means for the country’s debt to GDP ratio.10 Punongbayan, J.C. (2020, June 19).
T58 6638-6706 Sentence denotes Last updated 2020, June 19. [Analysis] Duterte’s New COVID‐19 Loans:
T59 6707-6721 Sentence denotes Need we Worry?
T60 6722-6847 Sentence denotes Retrieved June 29, 2020, from https://www.rappler.com/thought‐leaders/264259‐analysis‐duterte‐coronavirus‐loans‐need‐we‐worry
T61 6848-7119 Sentence denotes As the government experiments with ways of jumpstarting a process of recovery for the Filipino people, we have to be very clear about the nature of the issues that we need to address as we put together initiatives based on a vision of the future that we can widely share.
T62 7120-7252 Sentence denotes This paper uses a fair allocation approach to identify and analyze ethical concerns arising in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic.
T63 7253-7455 Sentence denotes Fair allocation is taken to refer to “arrangements that allow equal geographic, economic and cultural access to available services for all in equal need of care.”11 Whitehead, M., & Dahlgren, G. (2006).
T64 7456-7521 Sentence denotes Concepts and Principles for Tackling Social Inequities in Health:
T65 7522-7542 Sentence denotes Levelling up Part 1.
T66 7543-7592 Sentence denotes Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2006.
T67 7593-7700 Sentence denotes The arrangements can be systemic or politically driven; they can be the product of neglect or indifference.
T68 7701-8047 Sentence denotes The approach shares the view that “all systematic differences in health between different socioeconomic groups within a country can be considered unfair and, therefore, classed as health inequities, [and these]. . . are directly or indirectly generated by social, economic and environmental factors and structurally influenced lifestyles.12 Ibid.
T69 8048-8390 Sentence denotes While highlighting the existing access or lack of access in the context of very closely intertwined social and health indicators, this paper uses equity and equality interchangeably: “in the public health community the phrase social inequalities in health carries the same connotation of health differences that are unfair and unjust.13 Ibid.
T70 8391-8683 Sentence denotes Hence, the paper’s fair allocation approach examines the COVID‐19 related events and response measures on the basis of the principle that the pandemic experiences cannot be seen in isolation as strictly health phenomena: “Health equity cannot be concerned only with health, seen in isolation.
T71 8684-8821 Sentence denotes Rather it must come to grips with the larger issue of fairness and justice in social arrangements, including economic allocations . . . .
T72 8822-8925 Sentence denotes Indeed, health equity as a consideration has an enormously wide reach and relevance.”14 Sen, A. (2004).
T73 8926-8944 Sentence denotes Why Health Equity?
T74 8945-8950 Sentence denotes In S.
T75 8951-8960 Sentence denotes Anand, F.
T76 8961-8972 Sentence denotes Peter, & A.
T77 8973-9019 Sentence denotes Sen (Eds.), Public Health, Ethics, and Equity.
T78 9020-9029 Sentence denotes New York:
T79 9030-9058 Sentence denotes Oxford University Press, pp.
T80 9059-9065 Sentence denotes 21–34.
T81 9066-9316 Sentence denotes This approach considers the impact of how health‐related resources have been allocated or distributed and looks at the issues over a period that precedes the onset of the COVID‐19 emergency and extends beyond the expected end of the current pandemic.
T82 9317-9600 Sentence denotes What this avoids is a narrower view that looks at the COVID‐19 emergency as a disease‐focused phenomenon that started with the transmission of the virus to humans and will end when a medical solution is discovered in the form of a cure for the disease or the control of transmission.
T83 9601-9776 Sentence denotes It is very important for a proper approach to “take into account how resource allocation and social arrangements link health with other features of states of affairs.”15 Ibid.
T84 9777-10018 Sentence denotes The paper identifies important concerns as they arise in different areas, focusing mainly on the difficulties encountered by various sectors in accessing societal resources like education, housing, employment and fair wage, and economic aid.
T85 10019-10142 Sentence denotes The difficulties often lie in terms of geographic, economic and cultural access.16 Whitehead, & Dahlgren, op. cit. note 11.
T86 10143-10388 Sentence denotes The resources referred to are not readily recognized by non‐medical people as having a huge impact on health although they have long been accepted as social determinants of vulnerability to diseases.17 Wilkinson, R., & Marmot, M. (Eds.). (2003).
T87 10389-10443 Sentence denotes Social Determinants of Health: the Solid Facts 2nd Ed.
T88 10444-10487 Sentence denotes Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe.
T89 10488-10565 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 15, 2020, from https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/108082
T90 10566-10603 Sentence denotes , 18 Cabral, E.I. (2016, April‐June).
T91 10604-10650 Sentence denotes The Philippine Health Agenda for 2016 to 2022.
T92 10651-10691 Sentence denotes Philippine Journal of Internal Medicine.
T93 10692-10698 Sentence denotes 54(2).
T94 10699-10990 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 15, 2020, from https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjF6NfbvqTrAhUEGaYKHXg‐Df8QFjABegQIChAE&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcp.org.ph%2Ffiles%2FPJIM%2520Vol54%2520No2%2FThe_Philippine_Health_Agenda_2016_to_2022.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2KRJZMVvrXpyAaJRIzccYS
T95 10991-11181 Sentence denotes It is perhaps for this reason that the lack – or unfair allocation – of pertinent resources has been insufficiently addressed or pushed down the priority order in government decision‐making.
T96 11182-11340 Sentence denotes This paper examines an extensive inventory of reported experiences and explores their consequences and ethical implications as they arise from the inequities.
T97 11341-11547 Sentence denotes It also investigates the interconnected and overlapping health, educational, and cultural fronts in the development of the pandemic and the impact that these have on existing social and economic inequities.
T98 11548-11782 Sentence denotes By examining the way that pertinent resources are accessible to different stakeholders, a fair allocation approach highlights how closely the experiences of various socio‐economic and political sectors are bound inextricably together.
T99 11783-11881 Sentence denotes This is very useful because of the nature and character of the pandemic that we are going through.
T100 11882-12099 Sentence denotes In the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic we are forced to accept that the kind of life that each sector of the country’s population experiences is a function of the kind of life that every other sector is experiencing.
T101 12100-12249 Sentence denotes During better times, we manage to live as if we have separate lives whose mutual and interdependent connections we can downplay or entirely overlook.
T102 12250-12355 Sentence denotes This happens because the interconnection is not easily perceived even when it is comprehensively present.
T103 12356-12502 Sentence denotes Perhaps it is partly because we have been conditioned to accept the inequities as an inescapable part of reality in a resource‐challenged country.
T104 12503-12621 Sentence denotes The pandemic has put the interconnectivity among various sectors under the spotlight through the impact of SARS‐CoV‐2.
T105 12622-12694 Sentence denotes By infecting more than 23 million people19 Anonymous. (2020, August 23).
T106 12695-12758 Sentence denotes Reported Cases and Deaths by Country, Territory, or Conveyance.
T107 12759-12771 Sentence denotes Worldometer.
T108 12772-12846 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 23, 2020, from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
T109 12847-13031 Sentence denotes of various demographics throughout the world, the virus has manifested its ability to penetrate barriers regardless of nationality, age, ethnic origin, or socio‐economic circumstances.
T110 13032-13156 Sentence denotes There is an undeniably real risk of acquiring infection regardless of who we are and what demographic category we belong to.
T111 13157-13291 Sentence denotes Given the ease of transmission of the virus across the global population, no one can be left untouched by the pandemic’s consequences.
T112 13292-13635 Sentence denotes Even statistical outliers such as billionaires who can pass the time away in secluded vacation spots have to be dependent on other people who maintain their yachts, produce and prepare their food, look after their psychosocial and medical needs, and provide such other services as they might require during their prolonged period of seclusion.
T113 13636-13723 Sentence denotes The ability of these people to provide services can easily be affected by the pandemic.
T114 13724-13991 Sentence denotes This paper proceeds by identifying specific inequities in the Philippines and beyond, exploring how these are being experienced in the context of the pandemic, and examining how problems are being addressed through specific measures in the evolving COVID‐19 response.
T115 13992-14163 Sentence denotes Each section focuses on an area of inequity and discusses the implications of measures being implemented not only for the short term but also for the post‐pandemic period.
T116 14164-14367 Sentence denotes The paper goes on to anticipate the ethical requirements for the post‐pandemic new normal and to make broad recommendations for an ethical framework that ought to govern our transition to the new normal.
T117 14369-14417 Sentence denotes 2 SCARCE RESOURCES IN THE CONTEXT OF A PANDEMIC
T118 14418-14586 Sentence denotes Ethical discussions regarding the allocation of scarce resources in emergency situations often refer to the distribution of ICU beds and critical care devices or drugs.
T119 14587-14686 Sentence denotes In the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic the fair allocation of ventilators has been in sharp focus.
T120 14687-14843 Sentence denotes The discussions of triage criteria have been very important as health authorities scamper to deal with situations where demand could easily outstrip supply.
T121 14844-14992 Sentence denotes Healthcare authorities want to be satisfied that their allocation of critical care resources meets the requirements of fairness and cost efficiency.
T122 14993-15157 Sentence denotes At the bedside, physicians have to cope with the emotional burden associated with selecting whom to prioritize among human beings needing life‐sustaining treatment.
T123 15158-15297 Sentence denotes Physicians seek comfort in assurances that any decisions they make are consistent with guidance provided by peers and with societal values.
T124 15298-15547 Sentence denotes Faced with the scarcity of bedside resources, one has to remember that ethical issues regarding the allocation of scarce resources do not begin within hospital premises or in relation to the availability of medicines, devices, or hospital equipment.
T125 15548-15762 Sentence denotes For example, in a country like the Philippines, there are many people who reside in places with under‐equipped government hospitals that are often the last resort for needy patients requiring huge subsidized costs.
T126 15763-15926 Sentence denotes On the other hand, there are private hospitals that are able to provide the best available facilities but have to charge full costs in order to sustain operations.
T127 15927-16408 Sentence denotes The 2017 National Demographic and Health Survey of the Philippine Statistics Authority of 27,496 households showed that during the 30 days prior to the survey, 59% of the individuals who sought care first went to a public healthcare facility and 40% first consulted a private healthcare provider or facility; among those who were confined to a clinic or hospital in the 12 months prior to the survey, 55% were in a public facility.20 Philippine Statistics Authority, & ICF. (2018).
T128 16409-16465 Sentence denotes Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey 2017.
T129 16466-16534 Sentence denotes Quezon City, Philippines, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: PSA and ICF.
T130 16535-16678 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/PHILIPPINE%20NATIONAL%20DEMOGRAPHIC%20AND%20HEALTH%20SURVEY%202017_new.pdf
T131 16679-16773 Sentence denotes This disparity in the provision of healthcare services violates the principle of equal access.
T132 16774-16869 Sentence denotes This is one of the issues that the country’s Universal Health Care Law was intended to address.
T133 16870-16959 Sentence denotes Signed by President Rodrigo Duterte on February 20, 2019,21 Tomacruz, S. (2019, April 1).
T134 16960-16987 Sentence denotes Last updated 2019, April 1.
T135 16988-17060 Sentence denotes Explainer: what Filipinos can Expect from the Universal Health Care Law.
T136 17061-17069 Sentence denotes Rappler.
T137 17070-17206 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 1, 2020, from https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/226810‐explanation‐what‐filipinos‐can‐expect‐universal‐health‐care‐law
T138 17207-17284 Sentence denotes the law’s implementing rules and regulations were issued on October 20, 2019.
T139 17285-17495 Sentence denotes However, on June 16, 2020, the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) suggested a delay in the law’s full implementation due to quarantine‐related economic losses.22 Magsambol, B. (2020, June 16).
T140 17496-17523 Sentence denotes Last updated 2020, June 16.
T141 17524-17600 Sentence denotes Lawmakers Oppose Proposal to Delay Universal Health Care Law Implementation.
T142 17601-17609 Sentence denotes Rappler.
T143 17610-17749 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 1, 2020, from https://www.rappler.com/nation/263979‐lawmakers‐oppose‐proposal‐delay‐universal‐health‐care‐law‐implementation
T144 17750-17922 Sentence denotes While the system of universal healthcare is still being phased in, the dispensing of appropriate healthcare is inequitably distributed among various socio‐economic sectors.
T145 17923-18255 Sentence denotes Apart from purchasing power or the ability to pay for health‐related needs, other factors affect access to much‐needed health services including health literacy or the capacity to acquire and process pertinent information about one’s health condition and prognosis, and awareness of existing options and concomitant treatment costs.
T146 18256-18495 Sentence denotes These are things that are not fairly distributed across individuals or demographic categories so that there are individuals or groups in the country who do not have the same capabilities as those who are socially or economically fortunate.
T147 18496-18656 Sentence denotes The relevant factors have an impact not only on access to COVID‐19 critical care facilities but also on a more general access to prevention and basic treatment.
T148 18657-18965 Sentence denotes If we begin to give thought to considerations of ethics and fairness only when we encounter shortages in the filling of prescriptions or the use of hospital facilities then we are likely to be acting merely to limit, or to make up for harm already inflicted on people because of their unmet healthcare needs.
T149 18966-19073 Sentence denotes Our effort to respond justly to people’s emergency health care needs may be too late already at that point.
T150 19074-19253 Sentence denotes But, using timely preventive measures, or simply well‐directed dissemination of information, health problems that send people to emergency rooms can be avoided in the first place.
T151 19254-19341 Sentence denotes These can even be addressed much earlier by attending to social determinants of health.
T152 19342-19519 Sentence denotes There is nothing new about this observation, but the reiteration is timely because the emergency we are facing makes it easier to focus on basic principles of public healthcare.
T153 19520-19689 Sentence denotes The effort to promote healthcare fairness, guided by the principle of prioritization of the worst off, has to be planned across various stages leading up to emergencies.
T154 19690-19898 Sentence denotes Steps taken to promote fairness at the time of an emergency can easily be a merely remedial measure that ought to have been preempted by proper allocation initiatives way before the existence of an emergency.
T155 19899-20172 Sentence denotes This paper discusses the fairness of allocation measures in relation to the dispensing of adequate information, the provision of isolation and quarantine facilities, the availability of healthcare services and providers, and the criteria for triage in the hospital setting.
T156 20174-20212 Sentence denotes 3 PROVIDING CARE AS A TWO‐WAY PROCESS
T157 20213-20363 Sentence denotes It is important for this paper’s approach that healthcare is understood to be a two‐way effort that involves people caring and people being cared for.
T158 20364-20503 Sentence denotes This relationship between the “carer” and the “cared for” involves both parties thinking about the situation and making decisions together.
T159 20504-20593 Sentence denotes The process stems from the autonomy of human beings or their right to self‐determination.
T160 20594-20907 Sentence denotes Patients in healthcare settings, as well as non‐patients who are the intended beneficiaries of public health initiatives, simultaneously have the status of being cared for and being “carers.” They are carers in the sense of having to be decision‐makers insofar as the care that they need and deserve is concerned.
T161 20908-21124 Sentence denotes By virtue of their being carers, they need to have access to information that may initially be available only to those who are regarded as having the primary role as carers (healthcare professionals and authorities).
T162 21125-21234 Sentence denotes This means that information understandable to carers also has to be rendered understandable to the cared for.
T163 21235-21450 Sentence denotes This is important in the context of public health and health promotion where healthcare providers may need reminding that dispensing care and information is an effort that they jointly carry out with the recipients.
T164 21451-21679 Sentence denotes The pandemic emergency does not necessarily clothe them with authority to perform their tasks with arrogance and disdain for the ignorance and lack of medical sophistication that they may occasionally encounter in the cared for.
T165 21680-21786 Sentence denotes This also means that the perspective of the cared for has to be understood – and respected – by the carer.
T166 21787-21872 Sentence denotes In this way, the cared for is afforded an opportunity to exercise self‐determination.
T167 21873-21934 Sentence denotes Strictly speaking, the cared for does not shift perspectives.
T168 21935-22146 Sentence denotes What happens is that the perspective of the cared for is taken into consideration by the healthcare provider because the process of caring, on this account, is being done by the carer on behalf of the cared for.
T169 22147-22204 Sentence denotes The carer and the cared for are partners in the activity.
T170 22205-22398 Sentence denotes The relationship between them is not hierarchical but complementary, as healthcare providers or researchers need to be reminded when seeking informed consent from patients or research subjects.
T171 22400-22436 Sentence denotes 4 INEQUITABLE ACCESS TO INFORMATION
T172 22437-22551 Sentence denotes As partners in decision‐making, autonomous patients are entitled to full, accurate and understandable information.
T173 22552-22881 Sentence denotes In addition to autonomy and equality, the prioritization of the worst off can be easily overlooked in individual consultations in resource‐challenged environments, and this entitlement is all the more likely to be ignored in the public health context of a pandemic such as what we are going through during this period in history.
T174 22882-23009 Sentence denotes In a public healthcare setting, the carer‐cared for dynamics between healthcare professional and patient are enlarged in scope.
T175 23010-23204 Sentence denotes Respecting autonomy and equality while paying attention to the marginalized in decision‐making are needed both with individuals in a clinic and within a community between officials and citizens.
T176 23205-23620 Sentence denotes In this section of the paper, the neglect of these principles, especially the prioritization of the worst off, in public healthcare decision‐making is examined in relation to three problems within the Philippines in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic: paternalistic decision‐making complicated by false information, failure to be mindful of literacy levels, and failure to account for language and other barriers.
T177 23621-23716 Sentence denotes The first problem is paternalistic decision‐making or deciding without consulting stakeholders.
T178 23717-23806 Sentence denotes The Philippine government has needed to act swiftly to contain the spread of the disease.
T179 23807-23932 Sentence denotes It has had to enforce quickly crafted rules that could not wait for extended rounds of consultations and confidence building.
T180 23933-24078 Sentence denotes Quite understandably, the existence of a pandemic emergency compels decision‐makers and government officials to act unequivocally and resolutely.
T181 24079-24235 Sentence denotes However, emergencies also tend to trigger a highly paternalistic stance that can have the effect of reducing human beings to mere recipients of information.
T182 24236-24400 Sentence denotes Failing to heed instructions for dealing with the pandemic, people may be shunted aside for being obstacles to the implementation of a necessary emergency response.
T183 24401-24595 Sentence denotes Yet, firm and decisive action is not necessarily incompatible with a compassionate and lawful consideration for the rights of citizens regardless of their level of education and health literacy.
T184 24596-24834 Sentence denotes Emergencies should inspire creativity in finding ways to implement laws and rules decisively without showing disrespect for fellow human beings who may not have the means or opportunity to understand the full import of new laws and rules.
T185 24835-25056 Sentence denotes The arrogant display of power by authorities under these circumstances reflects a paternalistic stance that can deteriorate into a disregard for the interests of the cared for whom they need to protect in the first place.
T186 25057-25321 Sentence denotes These paternalistic regulations can pertain to decisions to lock down communities without prior consultation or information dissemination, sending patients home even if they have COVID‐19 symptoms without giving prior information about the treatment protocol, etc.
T187 25322-25526 Sentence denotes For example, 21 persons from an urban poor community in Quezon City were arrested for violating rules enforced during the enhanced community quarantine (ECQ) that took effect in Quezon City in April 2020.
T188 25527-25678 Sentence denotes Those arrested explained that they were given false information about the distribution of goods to people who could not go out because of the lockdown.
T189 25679-25830 Sentence denotes Disappointed that the relief goods did not reach them, they wandered off to an area where distribution of relief goods was supposed to be taking place.
T190 25831-25911 Sentence denotes The Philippine National Police rejected their explanation so they were arrested.
T191 25912-26127 Sentence denotes Desperately needing food and cash, and possibly exposed to SARS‐Cov‐2, they were hauled off to jail and told that they were lawbreakers who could not be set free unless they posted bail.23 Yumol, D. (2020, April 1).
T192 26128-26185 Sentence denotes 21 Protesters Demanding Food Aid Arrested in Quezon City.
T193 26186-26202 Sentence denotes CNN Philippines.
T194 26203-26316 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/4/1/quezon‐city‐protesters‐arrested‐.html
T195 26317-26352 Sentence denotes , 24 Aspinwall, N. (2020, April 3).
T196 26353-26415 Sentence denotes The Philippines’ Coronavirus Lockdown Is Becoming a Crackdown.
T197 26416-26429 Sentence denotes The Diplomat.
T198 26430-26552 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 21, 2020, from https://thediplomat.com/2020/04/the‐philippines‐coronavirus‐lockdown‐is‐becoming‐a‐crackdown/
T199 26553-26669 Sentence denotes In the aftermath they must have been more exposed to the infection that authorities should have protected them from.
T200 26670-26772 Sentence denotes The fact that these people were misled into wandering off because of false information was bad enough.
T201 26773-26902 Sentence denotes The real situation was made even worse because of the treatment that they got for actions motivated by desperation and ignorance.
T202 26903-27194 Sentence denotes By acting decisively but with insufficient regard for individual sensitivities, authorities could be missing an important opportunity to process issues of fairness in the allocation of resources in the dispensing of full, accurate, and understandable information about the COVID‐19 pandemic.
T203 27195-27450 Sentence denotes Local media have reported situations reflecting a failure to appreciate pertinent information by people who have needed information the most but were probably not engaged in a meaningful conversation that considered their perspectives and vulnerabilities.
T204 27451-27678 Sentence denotes Paternalistic decision‐making as illustrated here violates the equality between the carer and the cared for, in the carer (officers) failing to factor into decision‐making the specific context of the cared for (those arrested).
T205 27679-27832 Sentence denotes By not being sensitive to the situation of the economically deprived, the authorities failed to give due consideration to the interests of the worst off.
T206 27833-27991 Sentence denotes In addition, the authorities may have failed to recognize their own deficiencies in disseminating accurate information in an effective and appropriate manner.
T207 27992-28143 Sentence denotes Information dissemination that is sensitive to the target demographic is especially needed in the Philippines where educational challenges are present.
T208 28144-28257 Sentence denotes It is in this area where the second decision‐making problem comes in: the failure to account for literacy levels.
T209 28258-28561 Sentence denotes In a 2017 survey of people aged 16‐64 by London‐based research company Ipsos MORI conducted among 38 countries, the Philippines ranked the 3rd least accurate when it comes to answering various questions (including health‐related data) but also the 3rd most confident with their answers.25 Ipsos. (2017).
T210 28562-28588 Sentence denotes Perils of Perception 2017.
T211 28589-28600 Sentence denotes Ipsos MORI.
T212 28601-28747 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 21, 2020, from https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2018‐02/ipsos‐mori‐perils‐of‐perception‐2017‐charts_0.pdf
T213 28748-28841 Sentence denotes In this survey, respondents were given multiple choice factual questions about their country.
T214 28842-28917 Sentence denotes Accuracy was measured by checking if the respondents’ answers were correct.
T215 28918-29025 Sentence denotes Confidence was measured by asking the respondents how confident they were in the accuracy of their answers.
T216 29026-29273 Sentence denotes Additional insights about Filipinos’ level of literacy can be gained from the 2018 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) survey of 15‐year‐old students conducted by the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD).
T217 29274-29415 Sentence denotes Among 79 countries, the Philippines ranked the lowest in reading and the 2nd lowest in both mathematics and science.26 Schleicher, A. (2019).
T218 29416-29455 Sentence denotes PISA 2018 Insights and Interpretations.
T219 29456-29461 Sentence denotes OECD.
T220 29462-29581 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://www.oecd.org/pisa/PISA%202018%20Insights%20and%20Interpretations%20FINAL%20PDF.pdf
T221 29582-29944 Sentence denotes The OECD notes that in the Philippines, students from the highest socio‐economic quarter scored 88 points higher in reading compared to students from the lowest socio‐economic quarter; 88 is close to the average of OECD countries’ difference in reading scores between each country’s highest and lowest socio‐economic quarters, which is 89 points.27 OECD. (2019).
T222 29945-30047 Sentence denotes Philippines Country Note Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) Results from Pisa 2018.
T223 30048-30053 Sentence denotes OECD.
T224 30054-30141 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://www.oecd.org/pisa/publications/PISA2018_CN_PHL.pdf
T225 30142-30278 Sentence denotes Other studies abroad have shown that lower income groups have a harder time comprehending health information.28 Tang, C., et al. (2019).
T226 30279-30397 Sentence denotes Examining Income‐Related Inequality in Health Literacy and Health‐Information Seeking among Urban Population in China.
T227 30398-30416 Sentence denotes BMC Public Health.
T228 30417-30425 Sentence denotes 19, 221.
T229 30426-30533 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 28, 2020, from https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889‐019‐6538‐2
T230 30534-30569 Sentence denotes , 29 von Wagner, C., et al. (2007).
T231 30570-30667 Sentence denotes Functional Health Literacy and Health‐Promoting Behaviour in a National Sample of British Adults.
T232 30668-30711 Sentence denotes Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health.
T233 30712-30730 Sentence denotes 61(12), 1086‐1090.
T234 30731-30801 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 28, 2020, from https://jech.bmj.com/content/61/12/1086
T235 30802-30895 Sentence denotes There is a direct relationship between socioeconomic status and the level of health literacy.
T236 30896-31101 Sentence denotes This is a reason why a lot of Filipinos have failed to grasp the full significance of the existence of the COVID‐19 pandemic and the importance of cooperating with measures to control and limit its spread.
T237 31102-31204 Sentence denotes The failure to account for stakeholders’ literacy levels violates the prioritization of the worst off.
T238 31205-31399 Sentence denotes Understanding this specific context should result in the provision of more assistance to those in more need of health and educational services, not in the easy targeting for police apprehension.
T239 31400-31550 Sentence denotes Prioritization of the worst off should also apply to the removal of language barriers, the third decision‐making problem addressed in in this section.
T240 31551-31663 Sentence denotes In the Philippines, Filipino is the national language, and both Filipino and English are the official languages.
T241 31664-31787 Sentence denotes However, as many as 186 languages are spoken in the country.30 Eberhard, D.M., Simons, G.F., & Fennig, C.D. (Eds.). (2020).
T242 31788-31800 Sentence denotes Philippines.
T243 31801-31812 Sentence denotes Ethnologue:
T244 31813-31844 Sentence denotes Languages of the World 23rd Ed.
T245 31845-31911 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PH
T246 31912-32122 Sentence denotes The OECD mentions in the 2018 PISA that: “Some 94% of 15‐year‐old students in the Philippines speak a language other than the test language (i.e. English) at home most of the time.”31 OECD, op. cit. note 27, p.
T247 32123-32125 Sentence denotes 1.
T248 32126-32281 Sentence denotes Notable efforts have been made by the University of the Philippines (UP) to translate English medical terms related to COVID‐19 into the Filipino language.
T249 32282-32543 Sentence denotes A UP professor, Eilene Antoinette Narvaez, has come up with a compendium of Filipino terms regarding COVID‐19, and the university’s Department of Linguistics is connecting community translators with one another across the country.32 Anonymous. (2020, March 27).
T250 32544-32557 Sentence denotes KapitDiliman!
T251 32558-32578 Sentence denotes We’ve Got your Back.
T252 32579-32609 Sentence denotes UP Diliman Information Office.
T253 32610-32759 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 28, 2020, from https://upd.edu.ph/kapitdiliman‐we‐got‐your‐back/?fbclid=IwAR3gFraGwK3aeTGIkuyuuir2w3yFY7ZjKGr0MuoWCnI1hhtcV‐YgI9f3‐k4
T254 32760-32999 Sentence denotes The UP College of Education has written a dictionary of COVID‐19‐related terms in both English and Filipino for children, and this dictionary contains links to videos of the Filipino sign language of the terms.33 Anonymous. (2020, May 16).
T255 33000-33081 Sentence denotes COVID‐19 Dictionary for Filipino Children in Filipino and English (Full Version).
T256 33082-33133 Sentence denotes University of the Philippines College of Education.
T257 33134-33266 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://educ.upd.edu.ph/covid‐19‐dictionary‐for‐filipino‐children‐in‐filipino‐and‐english‐full‐version/
T258 33267-33378 Sentence denotes Apart from the language or dialect that is being used, the level and the manner of discourse is also important.
T259 33379-33481 Sentence denotes Viewed as a matter of fair allocation, the dissemination of information has to be seen in these terms.
T260 33482-33736 Sentence denotes Communication that is not carried out at the level of understanding pertinent to its divergent audiences or that is not cognizant of their specific information needs can only serve the interests of a select population and thereby contributes to inequity.
T261 33737-33901 Sentence denotes This inequity arises especially because these divergent audiences are likely to be among the worst off financially and educationally, and deserve to be prioritized.
T262 33902-34245 Sentence denotes In this country – as in many others – information infrastructures can be fully developed in affluent areas but not in others; access to interesting and high‐quality information can be expensive; and training and equipment for the effective use of pertinent technology may not be equitably available.”34 Van Den Hoven, J., & Rooksby, E. (2008).
T263 34246-34327 Sentence denotes Distributive Justice and the Value of Information: a (Broadly) Rawlsian Approach.
T264 34328-34333 Sentence denotes In J.
T265 34334-34353 Sentence denotes Van den Hoven, & J.
T266 34354-34469 Sentence denotes Weckert (Eds.), Information Technology and Moral Philosophy (Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Public Policy, pp.
T267 34470-34479 Sentence denotes 376‐396).
T268 34480-34490 Sentence denotes Cambridge:
T269 34491-34563 Sentence denotes Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511498725.019
T270 34564-34901 Sentence denotes While the capability of new information and communication technology to level the playing field for all citizens has been much heralded, it may also have the reverse effect of exacerbating existing inequalities if access is not widely distributed and benefits are merely integrated into already existing socioeconomic structures.35 Ibid.
T271 34903-34963 Sentence denotes 5 TELEHEALTH AS A RESPONSE TO HEALTH INFORMATION INEQUITIES
T272 34964-35138 Sentence denotes In addition to translation initiatives, telehealth practice illustrates what can be done to address an otherwise crippling lack of access to vital health‐related information.
T273 35139-35317 Sentence denotes Advocates of telehealth have been taking the opportunity to highlight how the practice can help address inequities in access to health information and to healthcare more broadly.
T274 35318-35476 Sentence denotes Even before the onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic, they were already promoting the use of digital means to address healthcare issues faced by vulnerable sectors.
T275 35477-35759 Sentence denotes Telehealth has been demonstrated to help close the gaps in healthcare service delivery as a way of ensuring that national healthcare systems are responsive, efficient, and equitable in providing healthcare to all, especially the traditionally underserved and vulnerable populations.
T276 35760-36000 Sentence denotes The World Health Organization (WHO) developed a National eHealth strategy framework in 2012 to guide countries in effectively integrating ehealth in their systems.36 World Health Organization & International Telecommunication Union. (2012).
T277 36001-36044 Sentence denotes National eHealth Strategy Toolkit Overview.
T278 36045-36071 Sentence denotes World Health Organization.
T279 36072-36154 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 16, 2020, from https://www.who.int/ehealth/publications/overview.pdf
T280 36155-36424 Sentence denotes The Philippine government was able to develop an ehealth strategic framework in 2013, but as early as 2008, the University of the Philippines (UP) National Telehealth Center (NTHC) was already practicing telemedicine.37 Patdu, I.D., & Tenorio, A.S. (2016, December 31).
T281 36425-36491 Sentence denotes Establishing the Legal Framework of Telehealth in the Philippines.
T282 36492-36531 Sentence denotes Acta Medica Philippina. (50)4, 237‐246.
T283 36532-36632 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 15, 2020, from https://actamedicaphilippina.upm.edu.ph/index.php/acta/article/view/763
T284 36633-36922 Sentence denotes Recognizing the gaps in the healthcare system and the inequitable delivery of healthcare services, the UP NTHC provided telehealth services to aid physicians who were assigned to remote communities all over the Philippines upon being recruited to the Doctors to the Barrios Program (DTTB).
T285 36923-37111 Sentence denotes Clinical specialists from the UP Philippine General Hospital (PGH) became the remote source of valuable knowledge to DTTB physicians as they provided healthcare services to their patients.
T286 37112-37278 Sentence denotes This enabled the patients from far flung communities to access quality healthcare from specialists based at a tertiary hospital that was otherwise beyond their reach.
T287 37279-37424 Sentence denotes In various ways, the COVID‐19 pandemic has turned the once underrated practice of telehealth into a widely explored alternative mode of practice.
T288 37425-37499 Sentence denotes It is riding on the wave of the new normal in healthcare service delivery.
T289 37500-37680 Sentence denotes Both the Department of Health (DOH) and the private sector have scrambled to utilize telehealth to provide consults and information to a nation hit hard by anxiety and uncertainty.
T290 37681-37763 Sentence denotes One of the early users was the Lung Center of the Philippines COVID‐19 Task Force.
T291 37764-37948 Sentence denotes Through a social media platform, the Lung Center held teleconsultations and provided answers to COVID‐19 related questions.38 Nonato, V., Crisostomo, S., & Calica, A. (2020, March 31).
T292 37949-37970 Sentence denotes The Doctor Is Online:
T293 37971-38025 Sentence denotes Physicians Offer Free Services to Decongest Hospitals.
T294 38026-38035 Sentence denotes One News.
T295 38036-38163 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://www.onenews.ph/the‐doctor‐is‐online‐physicians‐offer‐free‐services‐to‐decongest‐hospitals
T296 38164-38195 Sentence denotes , 39 Perez, R. (2020, April 7).
T297 38196-38262 Sentence denotes DOH COVID‐19 Hotline Now Provides Free Telemedicine Consultations.
T298 38263-38279 Sentence denotes Smart Parenting.
T299 38280-38403 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/life/news/doh‐covid‐19‐hotline‐telemedicine‐a00041‐20200407
T300 38404-38558 Sentence denotes The Philippine General Hospital established the "Bayanihan na" call center where consults were made through a hotline.40 Dela Cruz, R.C. (2020, March 31).
T301 38559-38618 Sentence denotes PGH Launches Covid‐19 Hotline for Consultations, Donations.
T302 38619-38642 Sentence denotes Philippine News Agency.
T303 38643-38711 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 20, 2020, from https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1098332
T304 38712-38753 Sentence denotes , 41 Romualdo, A.VCD.P. (2020, March 31).
T305 38754-38767 Sentence denotes Bayanihan Na!
T306 38768-38804 Sentence denotes UP‐PGH Launches COVID‐19 Ops Center.
T307 38805-38847 Sentence denotes University of the Philippines Manila News.
T308 38848-38948 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 20, 2020, from https://www.up.edu.ph/bayanihan‐na‐up‐pgh‐launches‐covid‐19‐ops‐center/
T309 38949-39112 Sentence denotes The DOH, having no telehealth platform of its own, has collaborated with private providers to establish the DOH (Telehealth) hotline.42 Anonymous. (2020, April 7).
T310 39113-39193 Sentence denotes DOH Boost Telemedicine Services for NCR Service to Expand to Other Regions Soon.
T311 39194-39208 Sentence denotes Press Release.
T312 39209-39230 Sentence denotes Department of Health.
T313 39231-39380 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 16, 2020, from https://www.doh.gov.ph/doh‐press‐release/DOH‐BOOST‐TELEMEDICINE‐SERVICES‐FOR‐NCR‐SERVICE‐TO‐EXPAND‐TO‐OTHER‐REGIONS‐SOON
T314 39381-39426 Sentence denotes , 43 CNN Philippines Staff. (2020, April 27).
T315 39427-39493 Sentence denotes DOH Launches Telemedicine Consultation for Metro Manila Residents.
T316 39494-39510 Sentence denotes CNN Philippines.
T317 39511-39659 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/4/7/Telemedicine‐consultation‐COVID.html https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1047575
T318 39660-39866 Sentence denotes Whereas only a few physicians practiced telehealth in the country at the beginning of the year, the COVID‐19 pandemic has certainly accelerated the acceptance of telehealth as a means to improve healthcare.
T319 39867-40042 Sentence denotes Aside from providing healthcare access to remote patients, the practice of telehealth has served to limit physical contact in order to reduce the risk of contracting COVID‐19.
T320 40043-40183 Sentence denotes Physicians who previously disliked the use of technology and preferred face to face consultations are now forced to “see” patients remotely.
T321 40184-40304 Sentence denotes The tide has started to turn and this appears to have happened also in other countries.44 Galewitz, P. (2020, March 27).
T322 40305-40381 Sentence denotes Telemedicine Surges, Fueled by Coronavirus Fears and Shift in Payment Rules.
T323 40382-40401 Sentence denotes Kaiser Health News.
T324 40402-40527 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 17, 2020, from https://khn.org/news/telemedicine‐surges‐fueled‐by‐coronavirus‐fears‐and‐shift‐in‐payment‐rules/
T325 40528-40643 Sentence denotes Multiple studies have shown how telemedicine has enhanced health service delivery.45 Williams, O.E., et al. (2017).
T326 40644-40694 Sentence denotes The Use of Telemedicine to Enhance Secondary Care:
T327 40695-40728 Sentence denotes Some Lessons from the Front Line.
T328 40729-40755 Sentence denotes Future Healthcare Journal.
T329 40756-40770 Sentence denotes 4(2), 109–114.
T330 40771-40853 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 20, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6502630/
T331 40854-40890 Sentence denotes , 46 Bryant, B. (2018, December 11).
T332 40891-40960 Sentence denotes Telemedicine Improves Healthcare through Innovative Service Delivery.
T333 40961-41001 Sentence denotes National Association of Counties (NACO).
T334 41002-41129 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 20, 2020, from https://www.naco.org/articles/telemedicine‐improves‐healthcare‐through‐innovative‐service‐delivery
T335 41130-41168 Sentence denotes , 47 Siddiquee, N.K.A., et al. (2019).
T336 41169-41210 Sentence denotes Telemedicine in Resource‐Limited Setting:
T337 41211-41263 Sentence denotes Narrative Synthesis of Evidence in Nepalese Context.
T338 41264-41305 Sentence denotes Smart Homecare Technology and TeleHealth.
T339 41306-41468 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 21, 2020, from https://www.dovepress.com/telemedicine‐in‐resource‐limited‐setting‐narrative‐synthesis‐of‐eviden‐peer‐reviewed‐fulltext‐article‐SHTT.
T340 41469-41799 Sentence denotes Even before launching the COVID‐19 telemedicine hotline, the DOH already launched multiple telehealth initiatives: a non‐COVID‐19 clinical Helpdesk (through hotlines), email, and chat (including a DOH internet‐based messaging app group that is open to lay people and another group for health care workers).48 Anonymous. (No date).
T341 41800-41827 Sentence denotes National Telehealth Center.
T342 41828-41858 Sentence denotes National Institutes of Health.
T343 41859-41949 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 21, 2020, from http://nih.upm.edu.ph/institute/national‐telehealth‐center
T344 41950-41978 Sentence denotes , 49 Anonymous. (2016‐2020).
T345 41979-42006 Sentence denotes PH COVID‐19 Health Workers.
T346 42007-42021 Sentence denotes Rakuten Viber.
T347 42022-42236 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 21, 2020, from https://invite.viber.com/?g2=AQA70%2FYXR8FXAEs1ff7nzV%2BJvuR8LVkveAaVASkICVnUaqX7In%2F%2Fp8nQ%2BzXeW%2BDr&lang=en&fbclid=IwAR3YDLl3YQJ5rxb‐UA6GI2NDfo5muokHKdcHYHUWFV7GUtSjUPlxFM3Ptqo
T348 42237-42368 Sentence denotes Another heavily used platform is Facebook where infographic materials, videos, and press releases are done.50 Anonymous. (No date).
T349 42369-42402 Sentence denotes Department of Health Philippines.
T350 42403-42412 Sentence denotes Facebook.
T351 42413-42485 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 21, 2020, from https://www.facebook.com/OfficialDOHgov/
T352 42486-42594 Sentence denotes The use of a digital platform in these ways is in line with what we expect post‐COVID‐19 society to be like.
T353 42595-42703 Sentence denotes It is useful for people with COVID‐19 symptoms as well as for those with non‐COVID‐19 health related issues.
T354 42704-42948 Sentence denotes A device called RxBox has become an important tool for the practice of telemedicine. The RxBox is a telemedicine device developed by the University of the Philippines Manila and supported by the DOH and the Department of Science and Technology.
T355 42949-43180 Sentence denotes It captures medical signals through built‐in medical sensors and has several capabilities such as functioning as a blood pressure and pulse rate monitor, pulse oximeter, and temperature sensor.51 National Telehealth Center. (2014).
T356 43181-43187 Sentence denotes RxBox:
T357 43188-43224 Sentence denotes Advancing Community Healthcare 2014.
T358 43225-43290 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 23, 2020, from https://telehealth.ph/project‐rxbox/
T359 43291-43587 Sentence denotes  Primarily used in isolated and disadvantaged communities nationwide, it is able to store data in an electronic medical record, and transmit this information via internet to a clinical specialist at regional government hospitals including PGH, the doctors from which can then offer expert advice.
T360 43588-43876 Sentence denotes By facilitating teleconsultations within the National Telehealth Service Program, the RxBox can reduce the overall cost of healthcare by enabling healthcare workers to diagnose, monitor and treat patients within the rural healthcare facility, using medical sensors inside the box.52 Ibid.
T361 43877-44047 Sentence denotes As part of an initiative of the University of the Philippines and the Department of Science and Technology to respond to the pandemic, devices are being installed at PGH.
T362 44048-44215 Sentence denotes The RxBox is now being developed to have telemetry capability, which means being able to connect with a dashboard at the nurses’ station where vital signs can be read.
T363 44216-44378 Sentence denotes The device therefore allows for remote monitoring that minimizes risks associated with the proximity of healthcare workers to patients with communicable diseases.
T364 44379-44589 Sentence denotes The installation of 100 RxBox devices at PGH as a response to the COVID‐19 pandemic will significantly improve access by people in remote locations to health care and information.53 Macan, J.G. (2020, April 1).
T365 44590-44649 Sentence denotes PGH to Use DOST's RxBox for COVID‐19 In‐patient Monitoring.
T366 44650-44705 Sentence denotes Philippine Council for Health Research and Development.
T367 44706-44844 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 5, 2020, from http://www.pchrd.dost.gov.ph/index.php/news/6527‐pgh‐to‐use‐dost‐s‐rxbox‐for‐covid‐19‐in‐patient‐monitoring
T368 44845-44880 Sentence denotes , 54 Sambatyon, E. (2020, April 4).
T369 44881-44993 Sentence denotes UP and DOST‐developed RxBox Vital Signs Monitor for COVID‐19 Patients Now in Use at Philippine General Hospital.
T370 44994-45016 Sentence denotes Good News Philippines.
T371 45017-45194 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 5, 2020, from https://www.goodnewspilipinas.com/up‐and‐dost‐developed‐rxbox‐vital‐signs‐monitor‐for‐covid‐19‐patients‐now‐in‐use‐at‐philippine‐general‐hospital/
T372 45195-45696 Sentence denotes Another initiative under the UP College of Medicine's Surgical Innovation and Biotechnology Laboratory (SIBOL) in cooperation with UP Diliman’s Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute is a “telepresence" device, a computer programmed to automatically answer calls from authorized accounts using available teleconferencing and remote‐control applications, minimizing contamination and allowing effortless access even by patients with no technological know‐how.55 Gonzalez, C.J. (2020, June 1).
T373 45697-45783 Sentence denotes COVID‐19 Telepresence Device Connects Frontliners to Patients, Patients to Loved Ones.
T374 45784-45839 Sentence denotes Philippine Council for Health Research and Development.
T375 45840-46004 Sentence denotes Retrieved June 25, 2020, from http://www.pchrd.dost.gov.ph/index.php/news/6559‐covid‐19‐telepresence‐device‐connects‐frontliners‐to‐patients‐patients‐to‐loved‐ones.
T376 46005-46196 Sentence denotes Like the RxBox, a “telepresence” device allows healthcare workers and patients to communicate with each other without need for face to face contact.56 CNN Philippines Staff. (2020, April 16).
T377 46197-46278 Sentence denotes New Device Developed to Limit COVID‐19 Exposure of Frontline Health Care Workers.
T378 46279-46295 Sentence denotes CNN Philippines.
T379 46296-46400 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 23, 2020, from https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/4/16/telepresence‐device‐pgh‐.html
T380 46401-46634 Sentence denotes This paper notes the use of telehealth devices for healthcare providers to listen to stakeholders and not merely to observe them and implement programs without consultation, as we reiterate the view that caring is a two‐way exercise.
T381 46635-46761 Sentence denotes Measures responding to the pandemic have to maintain and enhance the two‐way conversation between the carer and the cared for.
T382 46762-47114 Sentence denotes It has significantly improved the quality of delivery by overcoming geographic barriers, increasing accessibility and efficiency by reducing the need to travel, providing clinical support, offering access through multiple platforms that patients can easily connect with, and ultimately improving patient health outcomes.57 Alvandi, M. (2017, March 10).
T383 47115-47180 Sentence denotes Telemedicine and its Role in Revolutionizing Healthcare Delivery.
T384 47181-47218 Sentence denotes American Journal of Accountable Care.
T385 47219-47231 Sentence denotes 5(1), e1‐e5.
T386 47232-47378 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 16, 2020, from https://www.ajmc.com/journals/ajac/2017/2017‐vol5‐n1/telemedicine‐and‐its‐role‐in‐revolutionizing‐healthcare‐delivery
T387 47379-47657 Sentence denotes The current pandemic has hopefully provided an irreversible inertia for the DOH and other healthcare authorities and stakeholders to accelerate their preparedness and capability to respond to pandemics and disasters not only in the short term but also in the foreseeable future.
T388 47658-47875 Sentence denotes This approach can be possible by focusing on removing barriers to inequitable access to healthcare communication and other healthcare resources, an important strategy in support of the prioritization of the worst off.
T389 47876-47978 Sentence denotes Paradoxically, the use of telehealth to address one kind of need highlights a problem of another kind.
T390 47979-48171 Sentence denotes This has to do with healthcare being essentially an expression of closeness, of solidarity, and of removing physical and emotional barriers to well‐being.58 Kelley, J.M., et al. (2014, April).
T391 48172-48318 Sentence denotes The Influence of the Patient‐Clinician Relationship on Healthcare Outcomes: a Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
T392 48319-48328 Sentence denotes PLoS ONE.
T393 48329-48334 Sentence denotes 9(4).
T394 48335-48440 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 21, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3981763/pdf/pone.0094207.pdf
T395 48441-48486 Sentence denotes , 59 Eton, D.T., et al. (2017, September 26).
T396 48487-48637 Sentence denotes Healthcare Provider Relational Quality Is Associated with Better Self‐Management and Less Treatment Burden in People with Multiple Chronic Conditions.
T397 48638-48671 Sentence denotes Patient Preference and Adherence.
T398 48672-48681 Sentence denotes 2017(11).
T399 48682-48692 Sentence denotes 1635‐1646.
T400 48693-48797 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 21, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5630069/pdf/ppa‐11‐1635.pdf
T401 48798-48831 Sentence denotes , 60 Ndjaboue, R., et al. (2020).
T402 48832-48907 Sentence denotes Patients’ Perspectives on How to Improve Diabetes Care and Self‐Management:
T403 48908-48926 Sentence denotes Qualitative Study.
T404 48927-48936 Sentence denotes BMJ Open.
T405 48937-48943 Sentence denotes 10(4).
T406 48944-49037 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 21, 2020, from https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/10/4/e032762.full.pdf
T407 49038-49241 Sentence denotes Thus, we have seen how family members have bemoaned their inability to be close to their loved ones who are being administered critical (possibly end of life) care.61 Wakam, G.K., et al. (2020, June 11).
T408 49242-49311 Sentence denotes Not Dying Alone — Modern Compassionate Care in the Covid‐19 Pandemic.
T409 49312-49348 Sentence denotes The New England Journal of Medicine.
T410 49349-49357 Sentence denotes 382(24).
T411 49358-49440 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 21, 2020, from https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmp2007781
T412 49441-49474 Sentence denotes , 62 Anonymous. (2020, April 16).
T413 49475-49487 Sentence denotes Coronavirus:
T414 49488-49539 Sentence denotes Family of Dead Boy, 13, 'Happy' with Policy Change.
T415 49540-49544 Sentence denotes BBC.
T416 49545-49628 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 21, 2020, from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk‐england‐london‐52312653
T417 49629-49751 Sentence denotes Physical distancing appears to be antithetical to human beings’ emotional closeness.63 Walker, R.C., et al. (2019, April).
T418 49752-49831 Sentence denotes Patient Expectations and Experiences of Remote Monitoring for Chronic Diseases:
T419 49832-49896 Sentence denotes Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis of Qualitative Studies.
T420 49897-49942 Sentence denotes International Journal of Medical Informatics.
T421 49943-49954 Sentence denotes 124, 78‐85.
T422 49955-50149 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 21, 2020, from https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S1386505618309821?token=AE5D9B38531915EFC954F90AE486E57D24337F6D95DD1C3ED6B50094A68FD07DF5474EB5F4C4488859E0BD8D7311577B
T423 50150-50194 Sentence denotes , 64 Mirzaei, T., & Kashian, N. (2020, May).
T424 50195-50262 Sentence denotes Revisiting Effective Communication between Patients and Physicians:
T425 50263-50365 Sentence denotes Cross‐Sectional Questionnaire Study Comparing Text‐Based Electronic Versus Face‐to‐Face Communication.
T426 50366-50403 Sentence denotes Journal of Medical Internet Research.
T427 50404-50410 Sentence denotes 22(5).
T428 50411-50501 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 21, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7254277/#ref2
T429 50502-50567 Sentence denotes But this is another issue that is beyond the scope of this paper.
T430 50568-50671 Sentence denotes The physical availability of health care workers is a related concern that the next section deals with.
T431 50673-50722 Sentence denotes 6 INEQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF HEALTHCARE WORKERS
T432 50723-50947 Sentence denotes The toll that the COVID‐19 pandemic has taken on the country’s human resources for health (HRH) reminds us of the impact of the continuing migration of doctors, nurses, and other health care personnel to developed countries.
T433 50948-51138 Sentence denotes Figures from the Professional Regulations Commission show that out of 84,783 licensed Filipino physicians, only 28,428 are actually practicing in the country.65 Dela Rosa, R. (2020, May 13).
T434 51139-51195 Sentence denotes Sponsorship Speech, Committee Report 86, Senate Bill No.
T435 51196-51201 Sentence denotes 1520.
T436 51202-51228 Sentence denotes Senate of the Philippines.
T437 51229-51320 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 18, 2020, from http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2020/0513_delarosa1.asp
T438 51321-51482 Sentence denotes And while the country licensed an average of 26,000 nurses from 2012 to 2016, there were around 18,500 who moved abroad each year.66 Bloomberg. (2020, April 25).
T439 51483-51551 Sentence denotes PH, Supplier of World’s Nurses, Struggles to Fight COVID‐19 at Home.
T440 51552-51568 Sentence denotes Manila Bulletin.
T441 51569-51694 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://mb.com.ph/2020/04/25/ph‐supplier‐of‐worlds‐nurses‐struggles‐to‐fight‐covid‐19‐at‐home/
T442 51695-51847 Sentence denotes There is an estimated shortage of 23,000 nurses nationwide and yet there are approximately 150,000 Filipino nurses working in the United States.67 Ibid.
T443 51848-52186 Sentence denotes According to Michael Obrigo and Danica Ortiz, researchers from the Philippine Institute of Development Studies, “less than 25 percent of cities and municipalities have HHR (human health resource) density above the 41 physicians, nurses and midwives per 10,000 population recommended by the WHO [in 2016].”68 Macaraeg, P. (2020, March 28).
T444 52187-52249 Sentence denotes About 75% of Cities, Towns in Philippines Lack Health Workers.
T445 52250-52258 Sentence denotes Rappler.
T446 52259-52381 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://rappler.com/nation/about‐75‐pecent‐cities‐towns‐philippines‐lack‐health‐workers‐pids
T447 52382-52696 Sentence denotes According to 2017 statistics, among the 17 regions of the country, the number of doctors ranged from 10.6 to 0.9 (average of 3.9), the number of nurses ranged from 15.8 to 4.2 (average of 8.6), and the number of midwives ranged from 9.9 to 2.3 (average of 4.1) per 10,000 population.69 Dayrit, M.M., et al. (2018).
T448 52697-52767 Sentence denotes The Philippines Health System Review Health Systems in Transition Vol.
T449 52768-52773 Sentence denotes 8 No.
T450 52774-52781 Sentence denotes 2 2018.
T451 52782-52792 Sentence denotes New Delhi:
T452 52793-52856 Sentence denotes World Health Organization, Regional Office for South‐East Asia.
T453 52857-52988 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 24, 2020, from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274579/9789290226734‐eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
T454 52989-53242 Sentence denotes To keep up with the continuing requirements for HRH, emergency hiring has been going on at a frenetic pace, sometimes to the extent of including interns who still lack the experience that would otherwise have been necessary.70 Anonymous. (2020, May 18).
T455 53243-53306 Sentence denotes DOH to Deputize Med Grads to Assist in Nat’l COVID‐19 Response.
T456 53307-53328 Sentence denotes Department of Health.
T457 53329-53466 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://www.doh.gov.ph/press‐release/DOH‐to‐deputize‐med‐grads‐to‐assist‐in‐nat%E2%80%99l‐covid‐19‐response
T458 53467-53577 Sentence denotes As part of COVID‐19 measures, the DOH issued a call for volunteer doctors and nurses in three state hospitals.
T459 53578-53794 Sentence denotes In response, almost 600 Filipino doctors and nurses volunteered regardless of experience and readiness to address the needs in stations for which they have not been thoroughly prepared.71 Anonymous. (2020, March 28).
T460 53795-53858 Sentence denotes Nearly 600 Doctors, Nurses, Volunteer for COVID‐19 Fight in PH.
T461 53859-53872 Sentence denotes ABS‐CBN News.
T462 53873-54003 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://news.abs‐cbn.com/news/03/28/20/nearly‐600‐doctors‐nurses‐volunteer‐for‐covid‐19‐fight‐in‐ph
T463 54004-54119 Sentence denotes This has also been going on in other countries that are more economically endowed.72 Mitchell, J. (2020, March 26).
T464 54120-54208 Sentence denotes Baker Requests Federal Disaster Assistance, Asks Med Schools to Graduate Students Early.
T465 54209-54214 Sentence denotes WBUR.
T466 54215-54313 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://www.wbur.org/news/2020/03/26/baker‐massachusetts‐coronavirus
T467 54314-54362 Sentence denotes , 73 Minder, R., & Peltier, E. (2020, March 24).
T468 54363-54428 Sentence denotes Virus Knocks Thousands of Health Workers out of Action in Europe.
T469 54429-54448 Sentence denotes The New York Times.
T470 54449-54559 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/24/world/europe/coronavirus‐europe‐covid‐19.html
T471 54560-54591 Sentence denotes , 74 Sopel, J. (2020, April 2).
T472 54592-54647 Sentence denotes Coronavirus: the Young Doctors Being Asked to Play God.
T473 54648-54652 Sentence denotes BBC.
T474 54653-54732 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world‐us‐canada‐52137160
T475 54733-54985 Sentence denotes Here, we are made to wonder how this could be happening when, for many years, the Philippines has, in effect, accepted the responsibility of providing care to patients in other countries by encouraging the migration of its own healthcare professionals.
T476 54986-55168 Sentence denotes This encouragement can be seen in the country creating bureaucratic institutions and promoting legislation to facilitate labor migration since the 1970s.75 Ladrido, P. (2020, May 6).
T477 55169-55237 Sentence denotes How the Philippines Became the Biggest Supplier of Nurses Worldwide.
T478 55238-55254 Sentence denotes CNN Philippines.
T479 55255-55353 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://www.cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/2020/5/6/ofw‐nurses.html
T480 55354-55389 Sentence denotes , 76 Mendoza, D.R. (2015, June 16).
T481 55390-55441 Sentence denotes Human Capital: the Philippines’ Labor Export Model.
T482 55442-55464 Sentence denotes World Politics Review.
T483 55465-55594 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/insights/15998/human‐capital‐the‐philippines‐labor‐export‐model
T484 55595-55872 Sentence denotes The long‐standing dilemma was highlighted again recently when public officials themselves debated a proposal to allow Filipino healthcare workers to leave for abroad in the midst of the pandemic.77 Philippine Overseas Employment Administration Governing Board. (2020, April 5).
T485 55873-55903 Sentence denotes Governing Board Resolution No.
T486 55904-55922 Sentence denotes 09 Series of 2020.
T487 55923-56072 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 17, 2020, from https://www.philembassy.no/newsroom/covid‐19‐public‐advisory‐no‐18‐on‐the‐temporary‐suspension‐of‐overseas‐deployment‐of
T488 56073-56105 Sentence denotes , 78 Aning, J. (2020, April 12).
T489 56106-56157 Sentence denotes DFA Chief Hits Deployment Ban on PH Health Workers.
T490 56158-56171 Sentence denotes Inquirer.net.
T491 56172-56292 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 17, 2020, from https://globalnation.inquirer.net/186772/dfa‐chief‐hits‐deployment‐ban‐on‐ph‐health‐workers
T492 56293-56545 Sentence denotes Eventually, a decision was reached to allow the departure of those who already had legally binding contractual obligations but to temporarily prevent others from entering into new contracts to work abroad.79 Romero, A., & Jaymalin, M. (2020, April 15).
T493 56546-56567 Sentence denotes To Ban or Not to Ban:
T494 56568-56619 Sentence denotes Health Workers Asked to Rethink Plans to Leave Phl.
T495 56620-56629 Sentence denotes One News.
T496 56630-56753 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 17, 2020, from https://www.onenews.ph/to‐ban‐or‐not‐to‐ban‐health‐workers‐asked‐to‐rethink‐plans‐to‐leave‐phl
T497 56754-56788 Sentence denotes , 80 Calonzo, A. (2020, April 14).
T498 56789-56849 Sentence denotes Philippines Relaxes Ban on Nurses Leaving for Jobs Overseas.
T499 56850-56867 Sentence denotes The Jakarta Post.
T500 56868-57010 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 17, 2020, from https://www.thejakartapost.com/seasia/2020/04/14/philippines‐relaxes‐ban‐on‐nurses‐leaving‐for‐jobs‐overseas.html
T501 57011-57211 Sentence denotes More recently, the DOH authorized the recruitment of fresh medical graduates to work as deputized physicians without having to pass medical board examinations.81 CNN Philippines Staff. (2020, May 16).
T502 57212-57302 Sentence denotes DOH to Authorize Medical Graduates to Work as Deputized Physicians during COVID‐19 Crisis.
T503 57303-57322 Sentence denotes CNNPhilippines.com.
T504 57323-57441 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 17, 2020, from https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/5/16/doh‐medical‐graduates‐deputized‐physicians.html
T505 57442-57598 Sentence denotes Clearly, the measures described in this section to address the lack of HRH in the context of the COVID‐19 emergency are intended to be in place temporarily.
T506 57599-57769 Sentence denotes Emergency healthcare staff are being recruited to work only during the period of the pandemic under contracts lasting only for 3 months.82 Mercado, N.A. (2020, April 27).
T507 57770-57836 Sentence denotes DBM Approves Hiring of Additional 15,700 Healthcare Professionals.
T508 57837-57850 Sentence denotes Inquirer.net.
T509 57851-58027 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1265554/dbm‐approves‐doh‐request‐for‐hiring‐of‐additional‐15700‐healthcare‐professionals‐duterte‐report#ixzz6NBzR1XL8
T510 58028-58126 Sentence denotes The ban on deployment of HRH to foreign countries will be lifted as soon as the pandemic subsides.
T511 58127-58237 Sentence denotes Recruitment calls for foreign healthcare jobs have not slowed down, and processing of applications is ongoing.
T512 58238-58376 Sentence denotes The conscription of pre‐licensed fresh medical school graduates to work in emergency healthcare facilities will stop when the crisis ends.
T513 58377-58590 Sentence denotes Hence, the measures cannot be expected to have an impact on the country’s capability to deal with the insufficiency or maldistribution of HRH that will plague the country beyond the period of the current pandemic.
T514 58591-58700 Sentence denotes These measures fail to take into consideration the continuing nature of the issues that need to be addressed.
T515 58701-58774 Sentence denotes They only help to cope with the exacerbation brought about by SARS‐CoV‐2.
T516 58775-58980 Sentence denotes While it is important to deal with the exacerbation, it is even more important in the long run to maintain a level of readiness that can only be attained by ensuring a sound HRH profile within the country.
T517 58981-59276 Sentence denotes As it is, we have a situation where because of poverty, a majority of Filipinos are forced to seek the services of government healthcare facilities that are served by only 4.5% of the country’s doctors, only about 1% of its nurses and about 23% of its midwives.83 Anonymous. (2017, February 21).
T518 59277-59348 Sentence denotes Shortage of Health Professionals in the Philippines, a Growing Concern.
T519 59349-59370 Sentence denotes HealthCareAsia Daily.
T520 59371-59505 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 22, 2020, from http://www.healthcareasia.org/2017/shortage‐of‐health‐professionals‐in‐the‐philippines‐a‐growing‐concern/
T521 59506-59706 Sentence denotes As the country maintains its position as an HRH supplier to much of the developed world, it must do more to improve healthcare access in rural areas as well as in urban yet under‐served areas.84 Ibid.
T522 59707-59932 Sentence denotes While telehealth helps to mitigate problems arising from inequitable HRH distribution, there is a lot to do to improve the overall HRH profile and prepare the healthcare system for the impact of future pandemics or disasters.
T523 59933-60142 Sentence denotes The systemic inequities, rooted as they are in the social determinants of health, are entrenched in the prevailing healthcare system; they perpetrate injustices against disadvantaged sectors of the population.
T524 60143-60221 Sentence denotes These injustices violate the principle of the prioritization of the worst off.
T525 60222-60327 Sentence denotes Similar inequities need also to be addressed in the implementation of quarantine measures in the country.
T526 60329-60385 Sentence denotes 7 ALLOCATION OF SAFE ISOLATION OR QUARANTINE FACILITIES
T527 60386-60584 Sentence denotes The various levels of quarantine that continue to be enforced in different parts of the country are meant to isolate people who are infected and thereby minimize or control the spread of SARS‐CoV‐2.
T528 60585-60657 Sentence denotes Obviously, isolation and quarantine should go hand in hand with testing.
T529 60658-60769 Sentence denotes Otherwise one would not know who is capable of transmitting the infection and who should be isolated from whom.
T530 60770-60826 Sentence denotes But testing has been scarce and inequitably distributed.
T531 60827-61003 Sentence denotes The onset of testing in the country immediately showcased one source of inequity as government officials jumped the queue and had their swabs processed ahead of everybody else.
T532 61004-61230 Sentence denotes Mostly asymptomatic government officials and their family members were tested even when healthcare institutions could not yet provide testing kits for many symptomatic and suspected patients.85 Concepcion, P. (2020, March 23).
T533 61231-61287 Sentence denotes Gov’t Officials Crowd out Patients for COVID‐19 Testing.
T534 61288-61301 Sentence denotes Inquirer.net.
T535 61302-61423 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 13, 2020, from https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1246714/govt‐officials‐crowd‐out‐patients‐for‐covid‐19‐testing
T536 61424-61588 Sentence denotes Meanwhile, a 34‐year‐old cardiology fellow died from the virus, amidst reports that his COVID‐19 test result came only after he died.86 Pasion, P. (2020, March 28).
T537 61589-61640 Sentence denotes Last updated 2020, March 28. ‘Doki’ to the Barrios:
T538 61641-61681 Sentence denotes Dr. Israel Bactol’s Commitment to Serve.
T539 61682-61690 Sentence denotes Rappler.
T540 61691-61801 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 29, 2020, from https://www.rappler.com/move‐ph/256145‐israel‐bactol‐doki‐doctor‐to‐the‐barrios
T541 61802-61909 Sentence denotes , 87 Arias, J. (2020, March 23). #NoToVIPTesting: on Politicians Abusing their Power to Get COVID‐19 Tests.
T542 61910-61919 Sentence denotes Preen.ph.
T543 61920-62018 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 29, 2020, from https://preen.ph/107493/vip‐testing‐politicians‐covid19‐philippines
T544 62019-62111 Sentence denotes Timely test results could significantly help in patient management, and possibly save lives.
T545 62112-62200 Sentence denotes Of course, it is the rich who can more easily afford to pay for tests if they choose to.
T546 62201-62414 Sentence denotes Power and wealth have been influential and if the situation is allowed to prevail we cannot hope to achieve the equitable allocation of healthcare resources that is a necessary condition for pandemic preparedness.
T547 62415-62605 Sentence denotes Meanwhile, the insufficiency of testing kits is being manifested in the prevalence of online selling of kits unauthorized by the Food and Drug Administration.88 Magsino, D. (2020, March 13).
T548 62606-62626 Sentence denotes FDA Warns Public Vs.
T549 62627-62674 Sentence denotes Unregistered COVID‐19 Test Kits in Philippines.
T550 62675-62691 Sentence denotes GMA News Online.
T551 62692-62845 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 2, 2020, from https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/729568/fda‐warns‐public‐vs‐unregistered‐covid‐19‐test‐kits‐in‐philippines/story/
T552 62846-62947 Sentence denotes Problematic and inequitable testing is worsened by problematic and inequitable isolation of the sick.
T553 62948-63055 Sentence denotes This section of the paper discusses the Philippines’ quarantine problems in crowded residences and prisons.
T554 63056-63262 Sentence denotes In private residences, economically privileged people can readily provide the necessary spaces to separate their family members from one another and prevent the possible transmission of the offending virus.
T555 63263-63379 Sentence denotes On the other hand, many of those who belong to the economically challenged segments do not have houses of their own.
T556 63380-63461 Sentence denotes A large segment of the population has to rent living spaces in crowded locations.
T557 63462-63590 Sentence denotes Those who cannot afford to pay rent end up as informal settlers in tiny spaces where isolation or self‐quarantine is impossible.
T558 63591-63753 Sentence denotes Out of 106.7 million Filipinos, 16.6% live below the poverty threshold while 5.2% cannot meet the basic food needs to stay healthy.89 Mapa, C. (2019, December 6).
T559 63754-63821 Sentence denotes Proportion of Poor Filipinos Was Estimated at 16.6 percent in 2018.
T560 63822-63851 Sentence denotes Philippine Statistics Office.
T561 63852-63935 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://psa.gov.ph/poverty‐press‐releases/nid/144752
T562 63936-64034 Sentence denotes Among families, 12.1 percent belong to the poor, which is equivalent to around 3 million families.
T563 64035-64118 Sentence denotes Around 4.5 million Filipinos are either homeless or living in informal settlements.
T564 64119-64209 Sentence denotes Of this number, about 3 million are living in Metro Manila.90 Chandran, R. (2018, June 7).
T565 64210-64282 Sentence denotes Slum Dwellers in the Philippines Build Homes through Community Programs.
T566 64283-64313 Sentence denotes The Christian Science Monitor.
T567 64314-64475 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 18, 2020, from https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia‐South‐Central/2018/0607/Slum‐dwellers‐in‐the‐Philippines‐build‐homes‐through‐community‐programs
T568 64476-64724 Sentence denotes Within the Metropolitan Manila area, the city of Manila has been rated as the most densely populated city in the world with 66,000 people per square kilometer, 6 times as much as New York City’s 11,000.91 United Nations Statistics Division. (2015).
T569 64725-64759 Sentence denotes Demographic and Social Statistics.
T570 64760-64786 Sentence denotes Demographic Yearbook 2015.
T571 64787-64891 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic‐social/products/dyb/dyb_2015.cshtml
T572 64892-64968 Sentence denotes It is not difficult to see what this translates into at the community level.
T573 64969-65141 Sentence denotes In the 16,000 households in Baseco, a village in Manila, it is normal for a family of 10 to live in a 20 sqm make‐shift hut.92 Tenolete, J., & Racelis, M. (2020, March 27).
T574 65142-65197 Sentence denotes Coronavirus in Baseco: a Community Leader’s Assessment.
T575 65198-65206 Sentence denotes Rappler.
T576 65207-65338 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://www.rappler.com/move‐ph/ispeak/256081‐opinion‐coronavirus‐baseco‐community‐leader‐assessment
T577 65339-65469 Sentence denotes Due to hot weather, boredom, and hunger, people in the shanties wander around in their alleys not minding the threat of the virus.
T578 65470-65651 Sentence denotes It is common to find “shacks no bigger than a flatbed truck [that] house large families whose members sleep side‐by‐side on wooden or cement floors.”93 Coronel, S. (2020, March 24).
T579 65652-65664 Sentence denotes Philippines:
T580 65665-65698 Sentence denotes Covid‐19 Will Devastate the Poor.
T581 65699-65715 Sentence denotes The Interpreter.
T582 65716-65831 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 17, 2020, from https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the‐interpreter/philippines‐covid‐19‐will‐devastate‐poor
T583 65832-65942 Sentence denotes Obviously, “where people are packed like bees in a hive, there is no such thing as social distancing.”94 Ibid.
T584 65943-66101 Sentence denotes For some people, finding space to live in is close to impossible, so they have to sleep on top of graves even before they die.95 Billing, L. (2020, March 21).
T585 66102-66119 Sentence denotes Graveyard Living:
T586 66120-66158 Sentence denotes Inside the 'Cemetery Slums' of Manila.
T587 66159-66172 Sentence denotes The Guardian.
T588 66173-66310 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 18, 2020, from https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/mar/21/cemetery‐slums‐life‐manilas‐graveyard‐settlements‐philippines
T589 66311-66396 Sentence denotes It does not matter whether we are talking about normal times or pandemic emergencies.
T590 66397-66583 Sentence denotes There are serious inequities to address, and if we continue to have an unfair distribution of dwelling places in our communities, we will have ready‐made disasters for the next epidemic.
T591 66584-66669 Sentence denotes We know that we need to allocate societal resources for housing fairly to avoid this.
T592 66670-66828 Sentence denotes If we do not realize how inequities have aggravated our public healthcare situation in the context of the current pandemic, we will not learn our lesson ever.
T593 66829-67150 Sentence denotes In order to accommodate the rising number of persons needing isolation and quarantine facilities, the national government has coordinated with local governments and the private sector in converting hotels, sports facilities, school buildings, and churches into temporary quarantine sites.96 Esguerra, D. (2020, March 20).
T594 67151-67236 Sentence denotes Gov’t to Convert Sports Facilities, Schools, Churches into COVID‐19 Quarantine Sites.
T595 67237-67250 Sentence denotes Inquirer.net.
T596 67251-67407 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 27, 2020, from: https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1250807/govt‐moving‐to‐convert‐sports‐facilities‐schools‐churches‐to‐covid‐19‐quarantine‐sites
T597 67408-67585 Sentence denotes The facilities are meant to accommodate asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients who are either homeless or whose dwelling units do not have enough spaces to allow isolation.
T598 67586-67670 Sentence denotes The temporary facilities may suffice for now, but certainly not for the near future.
T599 67671-67799 Sentence denotes These facilities will be eventually returned to their original use; a more sustainable and long‐term solution must be developed.
T600 67800-67966 Sentence denotes The problem with living spaces has somehow spilled over into the country’s prisons, a second area where chronic congestion issues are being magnified by the pandemic.
T601 67967-68095 Sentence denotes Separated from the rest of the population, persons deprived of liberty (PDLs) could not be physically isolated from one another.
T602 68096-68418 Sentence denotes One account describes how, in a jail dormitory, “518 men crowded into a space meant for 170” so that “inmates were cupped into each other, limbs draped over a neighbour’s waist or knee, feet tucked against someone else’s head, too tightly packed to toss and turn in the sweltering heat.”97 Almendral, A. (2019, January 7).
T603 68419-68488 Sentence denotes Where 518 Inmates Sleep in Space for 170, and Gangs Hold it Together.
T604 68489-68508 Sentence denotes The New York Times.
T605 68509-68625 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 18, 2020, from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/07/world/asia/philippines‐manila‐jail‐overcrowding.html
T606 68626-68796 Sentence denotes This way of living inside prisons is unsurprising given that in November 2019, there were 215,000 PDLs in facilities that could only house 40,610.98 Anonymous. (No date).
T607 68797-68833 Sentence denotes Philippines World Prison Brief Data.
T608 68834-68853 Sentence denotes World Prison Brief.
T609 68854-68932 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 20, 2020, from https://www.prisonstudies.org/country/philippines
T610 68933-69120 Sentence denotes On April 17 of this year, The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) reported that the national congestion rate of the prison system was 534 percent.99 Batnag, D. (2020, April 17).
T611 69121-69133 Sentence denotes Coronavirus:
T612 69134-69201 Sentence denotes Philippines Scrambling to Head off Public Health Crisis in Prisons.
T613 69202-69220 Sentence denotes The Straits Times.
T614 69221-69370 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 20, 2020, from https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se‐asia/coronavirus‐philippines‐scrambling‐to‐head‐off‐public‐health‐crisis‐in‐prisons
T615 69371-69498 Sentence denotes As of May 20 of this year, the Philippines had the second highest prison occupancy level in the world.100 Anonymous. (No date).
T616 69499-69564 Sentence denotes Highest to Lowest ‐ Occupancy Level (Based on Official Capacity).
T617 69565-69584 Sentence denotes World Prison Brief.
T618 69585-69707 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 20, 2020, from https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest‐to‐lowest/occupancy‐level?field_region_taxonomy_tid=All
T619 69708-69804 Sentence denotes Given this state of the country’s penal system, how detrimental has the impact of COVID‐19 been?
T620 69805-69975 Sentence denotes In April of this year, one inmate from the New Bilibid Prison (NBP) died due to the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus as confirmed by the BJMP.101 CNN Philippines Staff. (2020, April 24).
T621 69976-70019 Sentence denotes New Bilibid Prison Inmate Dies of COVID‐19.
T622 70020-70036 Sentence denotes CNN Philippines.
T623 70037-70158 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/4/24/New‐Bilibid‐Prison‐inmate‐die‐COVID‐19‐.html
T624 70159-70290 Sentence denotes Furthermore, 27 PDLs from the Correctional Institute for Women (CIW) had been infected.102 CNN Philippines Staff. (2020, April 25).
T625 70291-70350 Sentence denotes 27 Women’s Correctional Inmates Test Positive for COVID‐19.
T626 70351-70367 Sentence denotes CNN Philippines.
T627 70368-70495 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 27, 2020, from: https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/4/25/27‐women‐correctional‐inmates‐positive‐covid.html
T628 70496-70611 Sentence denotes As of May 1, as many as 332 PDLs in Cebu City Jail had tested positive for COVID‐19.103 Macasero, R. (2020, May 1).
T629 70612-70637 Sentence denotes Last updated 2020, May 1.
T630 70638-70692 Sentence denotes 125 New Coronavirus Cases Confirmed at Cebu City Jail.
T631 70693-70701 Sentence denotes Rappler.
T632 70702-70818 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 20, 2020, from https://www.rappler.com/nation/259573‐cebu‐city‐jail‐coronavirus‐april‐30‐2020#cxrecs_s
T633 70819-70912 Sentence denotes As of May 4, at least four inmates had died.104 Santos, A.P. (2020, May 4). 'Waiting to Die':
T634 70913-70959 Sentence denotes Coronavirus Enters Congested Philippine Jails.
T635 70960-70970 Sentence denotes Aljazeera.
T636 70971-71109 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 19, 2020, from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/die‐coronavirus‐enters‐congested‐philippine‐jails‐200504025823176.html
T637 71110-71225 Sentence denotes As of May 25, the number of infected PDLs had risen to 517 in 10 different prisons.105 Gregorio, X. (2020, May 25).
T638 71226-71267 Sentence denotes 517 Prisoners Contract COVID‐19 in Jails.
T639 71268-71284 Sentence denotes CNN Philippines.
T640 71285-71466 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 26, 2020, from https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/5/25/prisoners‐COVID‐19‐jails‐Philippines.html?fbclid=IwAR05Up7YsZH9gZNaCrdbj0YteHrnhH8HYnqtJj5CBcav3PulGfuH31xadKc
T641 71467-71715 Sentence denotes These statistics have worsened despite the measures that have been undertaken to combat the spread of the pandemic in jails, considering that on March 20, 2020, over 400 facilities were already locked down by the BJMP.106 Santos, op. cit. note 104.
T642 71716-71939 Sentence denotes To separate the sick and at‐risk PDLs from those who are not, the former have been quarantined in certain designated rooms within the correctional facilities to which they belong.107 CNN Philippines Staff. (2020, April 21).
T643 71940-71968 Sentence denotes Last updated 2020, April 21.
T644 71969-72039 Sentence denotes 18 Inmates, One Jail Worker in Women’s Correctional Contract COVID‐19.
T645 72040-72056 Sentence denotes CNN Philippines.
T646 72057-72184 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 22, 2020, from https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/4/21/Women‐s‐Correctional‐more‐COVID‐19‐infections.html
T647 72185-72271 Sentence denotes Quarantine structures for PDLs have also been arranged around Metro Manila.108 Batnag.
T648 72272-72292 Sentence denotes D. (2020, April 20).
T649 72293-72305 Sentence denotes Coronavirus:
T650 72306-72362 Sentence denotes Philippines Acts to Avert Public Health Crisis in Jails.
T651 72363-72381 Sentence denotes The Straits Times.
T652 72382-72510 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 22, 2020, from https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se‐asia/philippines‐acts‐to‐avert‐public‐health‐crisis‐in‐jails
T653 72511-72692 Sentence denotes In addition, quarantine facilities that can hold around 500 people have been set up by the International Committee of the Red Cross in certain prisons.109 Santos, op. cit. note 104.
T654 72693-72749 Sentence denotes Despite these quarantine measures, problems still arise.
T655 72750-72990 Sentence denotes A 61‐year‐old febrile PDL reported that he was transferred to a cell designed for two, but actually housed 11 people; still, his reaction was one of relief: "It's better than sleeping on the stairs, piled up on top of one another."110 Ibid.
T656 72991-73123 Sentence denotes While face masks are being provided to all PDLs, prisoners often do not wear them due to the scorching summer temperatures.111 Ibid.
T657 73124-73308 Sentence denotes Most recently, to address the problem of severely congested prisons, the Supreme Court of the Philippines ordered the release of around 10,000 prisoners.112 McCarthy, J. (2020, May 5).
T658 73309-73403 Sentence denotes As COVID‐19 Fears Grow, 10,000 Prisoners Are Freed from Overcrowded Philippine Jails. npr.org.
T659 73404-73588 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 18, 2020, from https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus‐live‐updates/2020/05/05/850513762/as‐covid‐19‐fears‐grow‐10‐000‐prisoners‐are‐freed‐from‐overcrowded‐philippine‐ja
T660 73589-73765 Sentence denotes The problems that are now being experienced in crowded residences and prisons are dramatic iterations of socio‐economic inequities that have existed over a long period of time.
T661 73766-74155 Sentence denotes Huge parts of the population do not have proper living spaces and do not actively pursue housing opportunities perhaps because, as a society, we have seen the disparity in housing conditions as a situation that has been entrenched by chance rather than as a matter of fair allocation over which we exercise control, and which we should clamor for the government to make an urgent priority.
T662 74156-74409 Sentence denotes The manifestations of these inequities that have come to the fore recently are hurriedly being addressed now because of the impact that the lopsided housing situation has had on the ability of the country to cope with problems arising from the pandemic.
T663 74410-74521 Sentence denotes The response measures are proving very costly and yet the infrastructure being built is only for temporary use.
T664 74522-74699 Sentence denotes The same amount of money could perhaps have been used earlier on for durable facilities that would have reduced housing inequity and hence, the harm brought about by SARS‐CoV‐2.
T665 74700-74821 Sentence denotes The experiences we have been going through constitute compelling evidence that the neglect cannot be allowed to continue.
T666 74822-74992 Sentence denotes It is up to us to act on our responsibility and try to exercise control over the situation by putting pressure on authorities to promote the fair allocation of resources.
T667 74993-75114 Sentence denotes Otherwise, the consequences can be even more costly in terms of economic development and the further loss of human lives.
T668 75115-75298 Sentence denotes It is about time we realized that the need for safe and healthy housing for all is a concern not only for the economically challenged but also for every other member of the community.
T669 75299-75454 Sentence denotes In times of pandemic emergencies, anyone and everyone can be affected by the lack of safe and healthy housing suffered by disadvantaged sectors of society.
T670 75455-75655 Sentence denotes When people get infected by a highly contagious virus and they have no safe isolation space to which they can withdraw, everybody else can be adversely affected as they radiate beyond their household.
T671 75656-75774 Sentence denotes In a world of interconnected and interrelated human beings, anyone’s virus has the potential to infect everybody else.
T672 75776-75842 Sentence denotes 8 THE INTERRELATEDNESS OF HUMAN BEINGS AS HIGHLIGHTED BY COVID‐19
T673 75843-76033 Sentence denotes The need for numerous safe isolation or quarantine facilities brings attention to how easily the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus can spread; one measure for this parameter is the basic reproduction number.
T674 76034-76297 Sentence denotes The basic reproduction number or basic reproductive number (R0) of a disease indicates the number of people that an initially infected person will transmit the infection to assuming no one yet in the population is immune to the disease.113 Liu, Y., et al. (2020).
T675 76298-76373 Sentence denotes The Reproductive Number of COVID‐19 Is Higher Compared to SARS Coronavirus.
T676 76374-76401 Sentence denotes Journal of Travel Medicine.
T677 76402-76408 Sentence denotes 27(2).
T678 76409-76497 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 28, 2020, from https://academic.oup.com/jtm/article/27/2/taaa021/5735319
T679 76498-76614 Sentence denotes On March 6, 2020, the WHO reported a reproductive number of 2 to 2.5.114 World Health Organization. (2020, March 6).
T680 76615-76673 Sentence denotes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) Situation Report ‐ 46.
T681 76674-76700 Sentence denotes World Health Organization.
T682 76701-76852 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 28, 2020, from https://www.who.int/docs/default‐source/coronaviruse/situation‐reports/20200306‐sitrep‐46‐covid‐19.pdf?sfvrsn=96b04adf_4
T683 76853-77004 Sentence denotes Another estimate put COVID‐19’s R0 at around 3.28 based on figures from different regions in China and overseas.115 Liu, Y., et al., op. cit. note 113.
T684 77005-77156 Sentence denotes To make sense of R0, for instance the 3.28 figure, one person who has COVID‐19 will infect around three people with COVID‐19; total cases are now four.
T685 77157-77273 Sentence denotes Each of these three newly infected will also infect three more, adding nine new cases to the previous total of four.
T686 77274-77330 Sentence denotes Each of the nine new cases will infect three, and so on.
T687 77331-77474 Sentence denotes From these numbers, one can make sense of how COVID‐19 is said to have exponential growth, seen internationally116 NEWS WIRES. (2020, April 1).
T688 77475-77502 Sentence denotes Last updated 2020, April 1.
T689 77503-77569 Sentence denotes WHO Troubled by 'Near Exponential' Growth of Coronavirus Pandemic.
T690 77570-77580 Sentence denotes France 24.
T691 77581-77710 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 6, 2020, from https://www.france24.com/en/20200401‐who‐troubled‐by‐near‐exponential‐growth‐of‐coronavirus‐pandemic
T692 77711-77771 Sentence denotes and in the Philippines117 David, G., et al. (2020, June 29).
T693 77772-77798 Sentence denotes Last updated 2020, July 2.
T694 77799-77890 Sentence denotes COVID‐19 Forecasts in the Philippines: NCR, Cebu and COVID‐19 Hotspots as of June 25, 2020.
T695 77891-77921 Sentence denotes University of the Philippines.
T696 77922-78061 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 6, 2020, from https://www.up.edu.ph/covid‐19‐forecasts‐in‐the‐philippines‐ncr‐cebu‐and‐covid‐19‐hotspots‐as‐of‐june‐25‐2020/
T697 78062-78063 Sentence denotes .
T698 78064-78174 Sentence denotes With exponential growth, as more people get infected, the faster will be the rate of new infections occurring.
T699 78175-78295 Sentence denotes This growth rate is opposed to a linear growth rate where the rate of new infections occurring stays the same over time.
T700 78296-78382 Sentence denotes From this picture, we can understand how quickly an entire population can be infected.
T701 78383-78597 Sentence denotes As a note of comparison, on March 3 of this year, the WHO announced COVID‐19’s global mortality rate of 3.4%, more than 3 times higher than that reported for seasonal flu’s 1%.118 Ghebreyesus, T.A. (2020, March 3).
T702 78598-78686 Sentence denotes WHO Director‐General’s Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID‐19 ‐ 3 March 2020.
T703 78687-78713 Sentence denotes World Health Organization.
T704 78714-78871 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 28, 2020, from https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who‐director‐general‐s‐opening‐remarks‐at‐the‐media‐briefing‐on‐covid‐19‐‐‐3‐march‐2020
T705 78872-79126 Sentence denotes We have seen how quickly seasonal influenza can be passed on from one person to another and these reproductive numbers are up to more than 3 times higher than that for seasonal influenza’s 1.3.119 Coburn, B.J., Wagner, B.G., & Blower, S. (2009, June 22).
T706 79127-79170 Sentence denotes Modeling Influenza Epidemics and Pandemics:
T707 79171-79216 Sentence denotes Insights into the Future of Swine Flu (H1N1).
T708 79217-79230 Sentence denotes BMC Medicine.
T709 79231-79237 Sentence denotes 7(30).
T710 79238-79342 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 6, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2715422/pdf/1741‐7015‐7‐30.pdf
T711 79343-79762 Sentence denotes Although the reproduction numbers have gone down since the onset of the pandemic, the large number of people already affected, the capability of asymptomatic patients to transmit the infection, the lack of knowledge concerning other aspects of the disease, and the impact of the prolonged containment measures on social, psychological and economic issues have made it difficult to control further spread of the disease.
T712 79763-79932 Sentence denotes This ease with which the virus can spread has highlighted the interconnectedness and interdependence of people that SARC‐CoV‐2 has thrived on in its destructive effects.
T713 79933-80090 Sentence denotes It is somewhat ironic that it has taken a tragedy like the COVID‐19 pandemic to remind us, human beings, that we are all bound together by common conditions.
T714 80091-80243 Sentence denotes While each of us can have different lifestyles with diverse socioeconomic backgrounds, the threat of the virus becomes clearer with more cases accruing.
T715 80244-80466 Sentence denotes Even if the most economically secure among the population are able to isolate themselves in the comfort of palatial homes, their survival requires the promotion of the welfare of other people whom they need in their lives.
T716 80467-80649 Sentence denotes For example, the rich need the farmers to be able to plant crops and every worker in the food chain to be able to function, so there can be products that can be bought in the market.
T717 80650-80835 Sentence denotes Many of the rich probably took that for granted until they realized that they had to engage in panic‐buying in order to ensure their food supply when quarantine regulations took effect.
T718 80836-81025 Sentence denotes Faced with the prospect of food becoming scarce, people had to accept that those workers needed fair access to health care because if they succumbed to the virus the food chain could break.
T719 81026-81204 Sentence denotes As such, farmers, fisherfolk, food delivery workers, cashiers, grocery baggers, and customer care staff have been hailed as frontliners and heroes.120 Cator, C. (2020, April 11).
T720 81205-81208 Sentence denotes DA:
T721 81209-81277 Sentence denotes Agriculture and Fisheries Workers Are Frontliners in COVID‐19 Fight.
T722 81278-81294 Sentence denotes CNN Philippines.
T723 81295-81443 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/4/11/da‐agriculture‐and‐fisheries‐players‐workers‐frontliners‐coronavirus.html
T724 81444-81490 Sentence denotes , 121 DA Communications Group. (2020, May 27).
T725 81491-81552 Sentence denotes Farmers, Fishers Take Spotlight as Food Security Frontliners.
T726 81553-81579 Sentence denotes Department of Agriculture.
T727 81580-81691 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://www.da.gov.ph/farmers‐fishers‐take‐spotlight‐as‐food‐security‐frontliners/
T728 81692-81725 Sentence denotes , 122 Pobre, A. (2020, March 26).
T729 81726-81848 Sentence denotes 3 Non‐Medical Philippine Frontliners Making Headlines During COVID‐19, Including GrabFood Delivery Men & Dancing Soldiers.
T730 81849-81877 Sentence denotes The Smart Local Philippines.
T731 81878-81975 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://thesmartlocal.com/philippines/non‐medical‐covid‐frontliners/
T732 81976-82013 Sentence denotes , 123 Casilao, J.L. (2020, March 24).
T733 82014-82072 Sentence denotes Non‐Medical Frontliners Detail Difficulties amid COVID‐19.
T734 82073-82089 Sentence denotes GMA News Online.
T735 82090-82229 Sentence denotes Retrieved July, 7, 2020, from https://www.msn.com/en‐ph/news/national/non‐medical‐frontliners‐detail‐difficulties‐amid‐covid‐19/ar‐BB11DI7Q
T736 82230-82277 Sentence denotes , 124 INQUIRER.net BrandRoom. (2020, April 24).
T737 82278-82350 Sentence denotes Frontliners Leaving Home and Family to Serve amid the COVID‐19 Pandemic.
T738 82351-82364 Sentence denotes Inquirer.net.
T739 82365-82502 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://business.inquirer.net/295417/frontliners‐leaving‐home‐and‐family‐to‐serve‐amid‐the‐covid‐19‐pandemic
T740 82503-82688 Sentence denotes Indeed, some people who have lived in near complete isolation have become infected even though they have been minimally exposed to such frontliners.125 Kingsu‐Cheng, J. (2020, July 17).
T741 82689-82778 Sentence denotes Divine Lee Tested Covid‐19 Positive—but No One in her Household Has Been out since March.
T742 82779-82795 Sentence denotes Manila Bulletin.
T743 82796-82944 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 25, 2020, from https://mb.com.ph/2020/07/17/divine‐lee‐tested‐covid‐19‐positive‐but‐no‐one‐in‐her‐household‐has‐been‐out‐since‐march/
T744 82945-83011 Sentence denotes As more people get infected, fewer and fewer safe spaces are left.
T745 83012-83248 Sentence denotes This is a message that we get from the experiences in almost every community, but especially in high‐density spaces such as crowded informal settlements, prisons, workplaces, public transport facilities, supermarkets, or even hospitals.
T746 83249-83482 Sentence denotes Hence, we are not merely talking about interconnectivity of humans in an abstract sense that is more closely associated with philosophical discourse on concepts such as human dignity or the sanctity of human life in various contexts.
T747 83483-83663 Sentence denotes We are referring to the physical interconnectivity that gives rise to concrete disease and deprivation that has affected more people with various kinds of social living conditions.
T748 83664-83729 Sentence denotes We can easily take this for granted in the absence of a pandemic.
T749 83730-83823 Sentence denotes But recent events have caused an alarming prevalence of the virus and its effects on society.
T750 83824-84070 Sentence denotes The interconnectedness of people of varying socio‐economic standing as highlighted by the pandemic reinforces the view that inequality needs to be reduced and prioritization of the worst off must be observed in order to achieve the best outcomes.
T751 84071-84193 Sentence denotes By giving more help to those who are more in need we move in the direction of achieving the best outcomes for more people.
T752 84194-84326 Sentence denotes The impact of interconnectedness and interdependence has been felt also in relation to the increased demand for hospital facilities.
T753 84328-84365 Sentence denotes 9 FAIR ACCESS TO HOSPITAL FACILITIES
T754 84366-84495 Sentence denotes In an archipelagic country composed of 17 regions across more than 7,000 islands, healthcare facilities are unevenly distributed.
T755 84496-84643 Sentence denotes In 2018, around two thirds of hospital beds in the Philippines were in one area, the National Capital Region.126 Dayrit, et al., op. cit., note 69.
T756 84644-84763 Sentence denotes The problem of physical location has been complicated by the suspension of public transportation during the quarantine.
T757 84764-84849 Sentence denotes The quarantine period started in March 17, 2020.127 Medialdea, S.C. (2020, March 16).
T758 84850-84988 Sentence denotes Community Quarantine over the Entire Luzon and Further Guidelines for the Management of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) Situation.
T759 84989-85083 Sentence denotes Office of the President of the Philippines Malacañang Memorandum from the Executive Secretary.
T760 85084-85204 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 6, 2020, from https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2020/03mar/20200316‐MEMORANDUM‐FROM‐ES‐RRD.pdf
T761 85205-85267 Sentence denotes Since then, public transportation has not been fully restored.
T762 85268-85367 Sentence denotes Various problems have ensued with largely ineffective government support for safe mass conveyances.
T763 85368-85498 Sentence denotes A bone cancer patient with only one leg had to walk to her healthcare facility for her monthly check‐up.128 KBK. (2020, March 18).
T764 85499-85572 Sentence denotes One‐Legged Cancer Patient Walks from Masinag to Checkpoint to Get to PGH.
T765 85573-85589 Sentence denotes GMA News Online.
T766 85590-85752 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/regions/730172/one‐legged‐cancer‐patient‐walks‐from‐masinag‐to‐checkpoint‐to‐get‐to‐pgh/story/
T767 85753-85883 Sentence denotes A leukemia patient had to walk in excess of five kilometers to get his chemotherapy medication.129 dela Peña, K. (2020, March 18).
T768 85884-85929 Sentence denotes Last updated 2020, March 18. ‘Walang Choice’:
T769 85930-85992 Sentence denotes Man with Leukemia Walks to Get Chemo Meds amid Luzon Lockdown.
T770 85993-86001 Sentence denotes Rappler.
T771 86002-86131 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://www.rappler.com/move‐ph/254995‐man‐leukemia‐walks‐get‐chemotherapy‐medicine‐luzon‐lockdown
T772 86132-86273 Sentence denotes As with other countries, the Philippines has a healthcare infrastructure that was not adequately prepared for the magnitude of this pandemic.
T773 86274-86366 Sentence denotes Hospital facilities and opportunities for safe medical confinement are not well distributed.
T774 86367-86422 Sentence denotes People have variable access to good quality facilities.
T775 86423-86501 Sentence denotes Access is largely dependent on two factors: location and financial capability.
T776 86502-86568 Sentence denotes Access in relation to location was taken up in an earlier section.
T777 86569-86667 Sentence denotes This section focuses on financial capability as well as infrastructure and equipment availability.
T778 86668-86804 Sentence denotes While universal healthcare funding is not fully in place, financial capability is a huge factor affecting access to hospital facilities.
T779 86805-87058 Sentence denotes A survey done in March 2020 showed that there were only 2,335 beds in all intensive care units (ICUs) in the Philippines, accounting for 3.1% of the total approved bed capacity of Levels 2 and 3 hospitals in the country.130 Tantuco, V. (2020, March 28).
T780 87059-87118 Sentence denotes In Numbers: what Hospitals Need to Treat COVID‐19 Patients.
T781 87119-87127 Sentence denotes Rappler.
T782 87128-87261 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 1, 2020, from: https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in‐depth/256133‐numbers‐what‐hospitals‐need‐treat‐coronavirus‐patients
T783 87262-87472 Sentence denotes Therefore, there were not enough beds in ICUs to cater to the projected 8,800 to 19,800 critical COVID‐19 cases if the number of additional cases did not go down.131 UP COVID‐19 Response Team. (2020, April 20).
T784 87473-87543 Sentence denotes Estimating Local Healthcare Capacity to Deal with COVID‐19 Case Surge:
T785 87544-87573 Sentence denotes Analysis and Recommendations.
T786 87574-87604 Sentence denotes University of the Philippines.
T787 87605-87754 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 1, 2020, from https://www.up.edu.ph/estimating‐local‐healthcare‐capacity‐to‐deal‐with‐covid‐19‐case‐surge‐analysis‐and‐recommendations/
T788 87755-87981 Sentence denotes Earlier on, a number of private hospitals had announced that they were temporarily not accepting suspected or confirmed COVID‐19 patients due to unavailable facilities and equipment.132 CNN Philippines Staff. (2020, March 24).
T789 87982-88048 Sentence denotes Hospitals Close Doors to COVID‐19 Patient after Reaching Capacity.
T790 88049-88065 Sentence denotes CNN Philippines.
T791 88066-88239 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 1, 2020, from https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/3/24/st‐lukes‐coronavirus‐patients.html?fbclid=IwAR0gXkJvLT6woPwp_‐3C32uy9c2‐vEP8_iSo8RxnJCZbxjI‐7spAVxRa6CI
T792 88240-88290 Sentence denotes Philippine hospitals are classified into 3 levels.
T793 88291-88367 Sentence denotes Level 2 and Level 3 hospitals, which have ICUs, can admit COVID‐19 patients.
T794 88368-88603 Sentence denotes There are 456 of these hospitals nationwide with a combined total number of 67,119 beds, and 41% are in government owned hospitals while the remaining 59% are owned by private hospitals.133 UP COVID‐19 Response Team, op. cit. note 131.
T795 88604-88718 Sentence denotes As public hospitals become congested, some patients have been forced to consider confinement in private hospitals.
T796 88719-88770 Sentence denotes But this is a privilege that very few could afford.
T797 88771-88989 Sentence denotes One patient’s bill for a 16‐day stay at a private hospital totaled PHP 3 million or around USD 59,000, which is about equivalent to a middle‐class Filipino worker’s salary for 3 years.134 Garcia, M.A. (2020, April 15).
T798 88990-89035 Sentence denotes COVID‐19 Patient’s Hospital Bill Reaches P3M.
T799 89036-89052 Sentence denotes GMA News Online.
T800 89053-89186 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/734202/covid‐19‐patient‐s‐hospital‐bill‐reaches‐p3m/story/
T801 89187-89352 Sentence denotes An estimate for a private hospital bill for a moderate COVID‐19 case amounts to at least PHP 1 million or a little under USD 20,000.135 Punzalan, J. (2020, April 9).
T802 89353-89467 Sentence denotes How Much to Be Treated for COVID‐19 in a Metro Manila Private Hospital? for a Moderate Case, Prepare at Least P1M.
T803 89468-89475 Sentence denotes PEP.ph.
T804 89476-89605 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://www.pep.ph/lifestyle/health‐and‐fitness/150720/covid‐19‐treatment‐cost‐a3830‐20200409‐lfrm
T805 89606-89809 Sentence denotes To address these financial concerns, the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) has come out with new policies for at least partial coverage of COVID‐19 cases.136 Garcia, op. cit. note 134.
T806 89810-89872 Sentence denotes The problem with PhilHealth is not everyone is able to use it.
T807 89873-90027 Sentence denotes In 2018, 53.9 % of Current Health Expenditures came from household‐out‐of‐pocket payment instead of medical insurance.137 Mapa, C.D.S. (2019, October 17).
T808 90028-90081 Sentence denotes Total Health Expenditure Grew by 8.3 Percent in 2018.
T809 90082-90114 Sentence denotes Philippine Statistics Authority.
T810 90115-90195 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://psa.gov.ph/pnha‐press‐release/node/144466
T811 90196-90309 Sentence denotes Both public and private healthcare sectors have been overloaded to the point that inequities have often surfaced.
T812 90310-90390 Sentence denotes Infected patients have been sent home to ease the burden on hospital facilities.
T813 90391-90612 Sentence denotes For example, in Quezon City, reports of 3 COVID‐19 positive patients being sent home were followed by reports of another 14 patients being sent home for the same reason of patient overload.138 Chaves, C. (2020, March 22).
T814 90613-90692 Sentence denotes Belmonte ‘Shocked’ 3 Patients who Tested Positive for COVID‐19 in QC Sent Home.
T815 90693-90709 Sentence denotes Manila Bulletin.
T816 90710-90852 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://news.mb.com.ph/2020/03/22/belmonte‐shocked‐3‐patients‐who‐tested‐positive‐for‐covid‐19‐in‐qc‐sent‐home/
T817 90853-91043 Sentence denotes Many more mildly symptomatic patients were subsequently refused admission, not being made aware earlier of the policy that only those who were likely to need ventilators were being admitted.
T818 91044-91144 Sentence denotes Some of those who required admission could only be accommodated in tents set up on hospital grounds.
T819 91145-91260 Sentence denotes The stress on the healthcare system brought about by COVID‐19 has reverberated in the management of other diseases.
T820 91261-91456 Sentence denotes A 56‐year‐old man died from cardiac arrest in a tent outside a hospital after calls to more than 30 hospitals were met with rejection citing the lack of ventilators.139 Canoy, J. (2020, April 2).
T821 91457-91533 Sentence denotes Her 56‐Year Old Father Had a Heart Attack and No Hospital Would Take him in.
T822 91534-91539 Sentence denotes ANCX.
T823 91540-91703 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://news.abs‐cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/04/02/20/her‐56‐year‐old‐father‐had‐a‐heart‐attack‐and‐no‐hospital‐would‐take‐him‐in
T824 91704-91968 Sentence denotes A woman who needed an immediate operation to remove her placenta after giving birth died due to blood loss after being refused by six hospitals in Metro Manila because their hospital rooms were fully occupied by COVID‐19 patients.140 Cayabyab, M. (2020, April 26).
T825 91969-92015 Sentence denotes Woman Dies after Being Refused by 6 Hospitals.
T826 92016-92141 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://www.philstar.com/nation/2020/04/26/2009815/woman‐dies‐after‐being‐refused‐6‐hospitals.
T827 92142-92394 Sentence denotes Another patient died after spending 11 hours in a tent outside the Lung Center of the Philippines, prompting the Department of Health to remind hospitals that COVID‐19 is not the only disease that has to be accommodated.141 Sabillo, K. (2020, April 3).
T828 92395-92496 Sentence denotes After Man Dies in Tent, DOH Reminds Hospitals to Take in Patients Ill with COVID‐19, Other Illnesses.
T829 92497-92510 Sentence denotes ABS‐CBN News.
T830 92511-92679 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://news.abs‐cbn.com/news/04/03/20/after‐man‐dies‐in‐tent‐doh‐reminds‐hospitals‐to‐take‐in‐patients‐ill‐with‐covid‐19‐other‐illnesses
T831 92680-92759 Sentence denotes The problems have been exacerbated by the lack of safety equipment for doctors.
T832 92760-92941 Sentence denotes Public institutions like the Philippine General Hospital, the national university hospital, have had to call for donations of alcohol and masks.142 Baticulon, R.E. (2020, March 20).
T833 92942-92970 Sentence denotes Last updated 2020, March 20.
T834 92971-93045 Sentence denotes Opinion: the Philippine Health Care System Was Never Ready for a Pandemic.
T835 93046-93062 Sentence denotes CNN Philippines.
T836 93063-93209 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 29, 2020, from https://cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/2020/3/20/healthcare‐pandemic‐opinion.html?fbcid%3Ffbclid%3Ffbclid%3Ffbclid
T837 93210-93377 Sentence denotes At one point, the National Centre for Mental Health was operating with 100 PPEs instead of its requirement of a minimum of 250 in a day.143 Dancel, R. (2020, April 8).
T838 93378-93405 Sentence denotes Last updated 2020, April 8.
T839 93406-93487 Sentence denotes Struck down by COVID‐19, Philippine Doctor Returns to Front Line to Rally Troops.
T840 93488-93506 Sentence denotes The Straits Times.
T841 93507-93647 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 29, 2020, from https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se‐asia/struck‐down‐by‐covid‐19‐doctor‐returns‐to‐frontline‐to‐rally‐troops
T842 93648-93758 Sentence denotes The situation in hospitals is further complicated by issues whose underlying roots are not so easy to explain.
T843 93759-93903 Sentence denotes A person under investigation for having COVID‐19 escaped from a private hospital where he or she was being observed.144 KBK. (2020, February 6).
T844 93904-93975 Sentence denotes Person under Investigation Dahil sa nCoV sa Cavite, Tumakas sa Ospital.
T845 93976-93985 Sentence denotes GMA News.
T846 93986-94150 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/balitambayan/promdi/725055/person‐under‐investigation‐dahil‐sa‐ncov‐sa‐cavite‐tumakas‐sa‐ospital/story/
T847 94151-94292 Sentence denotes An overseas Filipino worker with COVID‐19 symptoms also escaped from a hospital to probably go back to work abroad.145 FRJ. (2020, March 13).
T848 94293-94372 Sentence denotes OFW na Nakitaan ng Sintomas ng COVID‐19 sa Sarangani, Tumakas Umano sa Ospital.
T849 94373-94382 Sentence denotes GMA News.
T850 94383-94560 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/balitambayan/pinoyabroad/729486/ofw‐na‐nakitaan‐ng‐sintomas‐ng‐covid‐19‐sa‐sarangani‐tumakas‐umano‐sa‐ospital/story/
T851 94561-94748 Sentence denotes Another patient who tested positive for the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus escaped by jumping from a hospital window after she was not given permission to go home.146 Estrada‐Larino, J. (2020, May 12).
T852 94749-94811 Sentence denotes Babaeng Positibo sa COVID‐19 Tumakas sa Ospital sa Davao City.
T853 94812-94824 Sentence denotes DWIZ 882 AM.
T854 94825-94951 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 22, 2020, from http://www.dwiz882am.com/index.php/babaeng‐positibo‐sa‐covid‐19‐tumakas‐sa‐ospital‐sa‐davao‐city/
T855 94952-95108 Sentence denotes Expenses or space limitations are possible explanations but the exact reasons why these quarantined patients have tried to escape need to be probed further.
T856 95109-95192 Sentence denotes Of course, the reasons may have to do with things that are not unique to hospitals.
T857 95193-95457 Sentence denotes For instance, socio‐economic conditions characterized by inequity and a lack of safety nets for the worst off may compel patients to ignore their health and avoid long hospitalizations so they can continue to try to make a living for themselves and their families.
T858 95458-95645 Sentence denotes As earlier noted, the fair allocation of critical care resources is a concern that arises way before the need to prioritize patients arises in the triage context within hospital premises.
T859 95646-95804 Sentence denotes Many people affected – or suspected to be affected – by COVID‐19 do not have full information about their options for consultation, treatment, or confinement.
T860 95805-95926 Sentence denotes Access to the relevant services or facilities can easily be denied if pertinent information is not properly disseminated.
T861 95927-96065 Sentence denotes People need to know about confinement options, contact procedures, costs, prerequisites for admission, etc., in order to gain fair access.
T862 96066-96174 Sentence denotes Knowledge about these factors helps one decide which treatment alternatives suit one’s financial capability.
T863 96175-96308 Sentence denotes To be able to fully understand these factors, people need to be functionally literate and to have a minimum level of health literacy.
T864 96309-96470 Sentence denotes As we address these issues during the pandemic, it should be clear to us that these are also long‐standing concerns that have been waiting for durable solutions.
T865 96471-96554 Sentence denotes Only durable solutions can help us maintain emergency readiness over the long term.
T866 96555-96640 Sentence denotes In the meantime, during the COVID‐19 pandemic, guaranteeing fair access is necessary.
T867 96641-96792 Sentence denotes One way for authorities to do this is to uphold fair allocation principles in the various areas taken up so far, as well as in emergency critical care.
T868 96794-96874 Sentence denotes 10 FAIR ALLOCATION OF ICU AND CRITICAL CARE DEVICES: PRIORITIZATION OF PATIENTS
T869 96875-97036 Sentence denotes Resource allocation guidelines pertaining to in‐hospital COVID‐19 emergencies have the objective of fairly apportioning access to scarce critical care resources.
T870 97037-97097 Sentence denotes In this specific context, what criteria ought to be applied?
T871 97098-97150 Sentence denotes How can the interests of the worst off be protected?
T872 97151-97866 Sentence denotes A survey undertaken before the current pandemic identified various criteria that have been offered for the allocation of critical care resources, including: “‘sickest first’, ‘waiting list’, ‘prognosis’, ‘behaviour’ (i.e., those who engage in risky behaviour should not be prioritized), ‘instrumental value’ (e.g., health care workers should be favoured during epidemics), ‘combination of criteria’ (i.e., a sequence of the ‘youngest first’, ‘prognosis’, and ‘lottery’ principles), ‘reciprocity’ (i.e., those who provided services to the society in the past should be rewarded), ‘youngest first’, ‘lottery’, and ‘monetary contribution’.”147 Krütli, P., et al. (2016) How to Fairly Allocate Scarce Medical Resources:
T873 97867-97943 Sentence denotes Ethical Argumentation under Scrutiny by Health Professionals and Lay People.
T874 97944-97953 Sentence denotes PLoS ONE.
T875 97954-97970 Sentence denotes 11(7): e0159086.
T876 97971-98047 Sentence denotes Retrieved March 23, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0159086
T877 98048-98225 Sentence denotes With specific reference to COVD‐19, guidelines coming out of many countries have been offered, including those from the United States,148 Emanuel, E.J., et al. (2020, March 23).
T878 98226-98295 Sentence denotes Fair Allocation of Scarce Medical Resources in the Time of Covid‐ 19.
T879 98296-98332 Sentence denotes The New England Journal of Medicine.
T880 98333-98443 Sentence denotes Retrieved March 23, 2020, from https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsb2005114?query=featured_coronavirus.
T881 98444-98491 Sentence denotes Italy,149 Vergano, M., et al. (2020, March 16).
T882 98492-98620 Sentence denotes Clinical Ethics Recommendations for the Allocation of Intensive Care Treatments, in Exceptional, Resource‐Limited Circumstances.
T883 98621-98707 Sentence denotes Italian Society of Anesthesia, Analgesia, Resuscitation, and Intensive Care (SIAARTI).
T884 98708-98899 Sentence denotes Retrieved March 23, 2020, from http://www.siaarti.it/SiteAssets/News/COVID19%20‐%20documenti%20SIAARTI/SIAARTI%20‐%20Covid‐19%20‐%20Clinical%20Ethics%20Reccomendations.pdf. opens in new tab).
T885 98900-98938 Sentence denotes France,150 Azoulay, E., et al. (2020).
T886 98939-99029 Sentence denotes Admission Decisions to Intensive Care Units in the Context of the Major COVID‐19 Outbreak:
T887 99030-99081 Sentence denotes Local Guidance from the COVID‐19 Paris‐Region Area.
T888 99082-99096 Sentence denotes Critical Care.
T889 99097-99102 Sentence denotes 24:1.
T890 99103-99185 Sentence denotes and the Philippines.151 Task Force Ethics Guidelines COVID‐19 Philippines. (2020).
T891 99186-99274 Sentence denotes Ethical Guidelines for Leaders in Health Care Institutions during the COVID‐19 Pandemic.
T892 99275-99315 Sentence denotes Philippine Journal of Internal Medicine.
T893 99316-99322 Sentence denotes 58(1).
T894 99323-99447 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 9, 2020, from https://www.pcp.org.ph/index.php/pjim/pjim/1094‐phil‐journal‐of‐internal‐medicine‐vol‐58‐no‐1.
T895 99448-99594 Sentence denotes Considering that issues may arise in variable contexts, it is helpful to be clear about the level of scarcity obtaining in a particular situation.
T896 99595-100098 Sentence denotes The WHO Working Group on Ethics and COVID‐19 distinguishes three levels of scarcity and their corresponding effects on the fair allocation of resources like ventilators: first, with little scarcity, first come, first served may be best for equality; second, with more scarcity, the prioritization of the worst off may be best; and third, “with even greater scarcity, a principle that aims to maximize benefit from the resource may be most justified.”152 WHO Working Group on Ethics and COVID‐19. (2020).
T897 100099-100119 Sentence denotes Ethics and COVID‐19:
T898 100120-100161 Sentence denotes Resource Allocation and Priority Setting.
T899 100162-100276 Sentence denotes Retrieved June 29, 2020, from https://www.who.int/ethics/publications/ethics‐covid‐19‐resource‐allocation.pdf?ua=1
T900 100277-100327 Sentence denotes Of interest in this section is the scarcest level.
T901 100328-100635 Sentence denotes In extreme situations where there are simply not enough resources to accommodate everyone in need, giving protection to the vulnerable could take a backseat as medical vulnerability, in the sense of having comorbidities, could be seen to indicate futility of critical care that includes ventilatory support.
T902 100636-100915 Sentence denotes An early study showed that for COVID‐19, the Case Fatality Rate (CFR) was elevated among those with preexisting comorbid conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, hypertension, and cancer.153 Wu, Z., & McGoogan, J.M. (2020, February 24).
T903 100916-101020 Sentence denotes Characteristics of and Important Lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) Outbreak in China:
T904 101021-101122 Sentence denotes Summary of a Report of 72,314 Cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA.
T905 101123-101194 Sentence denotes Retrieved March 26, 2020, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2648
T906 101195-101461 Sentence denotes Another study of laboratory‐confirmed cases of COVID‐19 showed that “patients with any comorbidity yielded poorer clinical outcomes than those without” and “a greater number of comorbidities also correlated with poorer clinical outcomes.”154 Guan, W., et al. (2020).
T907 101462-101552 Sentence denotes Comorbidity and its Impact on 1590 Patients with Covid‐19 in China: a Nationwide Analysis.
T908 101553-101582 Sentence denotes European Respiratory Journal.
T909 101583-101657 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 20, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00547‐2020
T910 101658-102074 Sentence denotes Moreover, “persons with underlying chronic illnesses are more likely to contract the virus and become severely ill, . . . [while those] with history of hypertension, obesity, chronic lung disease, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease have the worst prognosis and most often end up with deteriorating outcomes such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pneumonia.”155 Sanyaolu, A., et al. (2020, June 25).
T911 102075-102128 Sentence denotes Comorbidity and its Impact on Patients with COVID‐19.
T912 102129-102164 Sentence denotes SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine.
T913 102165-102172 Sentence denotes 2, 1–8.
T914 102173-102245 Sentence denotes Retrieved June 27, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399‐020‐00363‐4
T915 102246-102463 Sentence denotes A patient rendered vulnerable by comorbidities may be considered ineligible for the application of “intensive care treatments, in exceptional, resource limited circumstances.”156 Vergano, et al., op. cit. note 149, p.
T916 102464-102466 Sentence denotes 1.
T917 102467-102657 Sentence denotes Within Italy, COVID‐19 deaths were mainly observed among older, male patients who were also suffering from multiple comorbidities.157 Onder, G., Rezza, G., & Brusaferro, S. (2020, March 23).
T918 102658-102748 Sentence denotes Case‐Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID‐19 in Italy.
T919 102749-102754 Sentence denotes JAMA.
T920 102755-102826 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 15, 2020, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4683
T921 102827-103051 Sentence denotes According to another study, “the existence of comorbidities increases the probability of dying from COVID‐19 by 2.4 times compared to those who do not have pre‐existing conditions.”158 Espinosa, O.A., et al. (2020, June 22).
T922 103052-103173 Sentence denotes Prevalence of Comorbidities in Patients and Mortality Cases Affected by SARS‐CoV2: a Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis.
T923 103174-103318 Sentence denotes Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Såo Paulo vol.62 São Paulo. Retrieved May 2, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678‐9946202062043
T924 103319-103555 Sentence denotes In the United States, a study showed deaths were 12 times higher among patients with reported underlying conditions compared with those without reported underlying conditions (19.5% versus 1.6%).159 Stokes, E.K., et al. (2020, June 19).
T925 103556-103640 Sentence denotes Coronavirus Disease 2019 Case Surveillance — United States, January 22–May 30, 2020.
T926 103641-103679 Sentence denotes Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.
T927 103680-103696 Sentence denotes 69(24), 759–765.
T928 103697-103767 Sentence denotes Retrieved June 30, 2020, from http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6924e2
T929 103768-103895 Sentence denotes Research findings such as these resulted in elderly patients being refused ventilatory support in Italy.160 Bosotti, A. (2020).
T930 103896-103915 Sentence denotes Coronavirus Horror:
T931 103916-103986 Sentence denotes Over‐70s Left to Die in Italy as Doctors Told Focus on Young Patients.
T932 103987-103995 Sentence denotes Express.
T933 103996-104151 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 15, 2020, from https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1257840/Coronavirus‐news‐Italy‐over‐70s‐dead‐covid‐19‐death‐toll‐Bergamo‐funeral‐latest
T934 104152-104604 Sentence denotes The Independent reported that a doctor gave an account of medics being forced to ration care to patients in the wake of the COVID‐19 outbreak such that elderly patients were being denied care based on their age and whether they had other conditions or not: “In Bologna, we are working with 80‐years‐old as our cut off, but between 65 and 80‐years‐old we still consider comorbidities.”161 Lintern, S. (2020, March 13). ‘We are making difficult choices’:
T935 104605-104658 Sentence denotes Italian doctor tells of struggle against coronavirus.
T936 104659-104671 Sentence denotes Independent.
T937 104672-104829 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 16, 2020, from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/coronavirus‐italy‐hospitals‐doctor‐lockdown‐quarantine‐intensive‐care‐a9401186.html
T938 104830-104981 Sentence denotes There are similar accounts pertaining to Sweden’s Karolinska Institute.162 Habib, H. (2020, April 13). ‘I’ve never written so many death certificates’:
T939 104982-105027 Sentence denotes Is Sweden having second thoughts on lockdown?
T940 105028-105040 Sentence denotes Independent.
T941 105041-105195 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 25, 2020, from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/sweden‐coronavirus‐lockdown‐doctor‐death‐certificates‐latest‐a9462796.html
T942 105196-105246 Sentence denotes , 163 Svensson, O. (2020, April 9) Dokument visar:
T943 105247-105285 Sentence denotes De prioriteras bort från intensivvård.
T944 105286-105298 Sentence denotes Aftonbladet.
T945 105299-105436 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 25, 2020, from https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/samhalle/a/lAyePy/dokument‐visar‐de‐prioriteras‐bort‐fran‐intensivvard
T946 105437-105566 Sentence denotes Yet, the acceptance of advanced age in itself as an indicator of medical futility has to be conclusively established by evidence.
T947 105567-105825 Sentence denotes Statistical findings of high mortality rates among patients belonging to the highest age groups can merely be reiterative of the high mortality rates among patients with comorbidities ‐‐ elderly patients have a higher likelihood of having more comorbidities.
T948 105826-106119 Sentence denotes If we overlook this point, the elderly could be exposed to unfair allocation of resources based simply on their age rather than on their having comorbidities that leave them with poor chances of surviving with the use of critical care devices.164 de Castro‐Hamoy, L., & de Castro, L.D. (2020).
T949 106120-106252 Sentence denotes Age Matters but it Should not Be Used to Discriminate Against the Elderly in Allocating Scarce Resources in the Context of COVID‐19.
T950 106253-106276 Sentence denotes Asian Bioethics Review.
T951 106277-106289 Sentence denotes 12, 331–340.
T952 106290-106364 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 16, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1007/s41649‐020‐00130‐6
T953 106365-106688 Sentence denotes As George Kuchel asserts, “having multiple chronic diseases and frailty is in many ways as or more important than chronological age” and “an 80‐year‐old who is otherwise healthy and not frail might be more resilient in fighting off infection than a 60‐year‐old with many chronic conditions.”165 Begley, S. (2020, March 30).
T954 106689-106740 Sentence denotes What Explains COVID‐19’s Lethality for the Elderly?
T955 106741-106792 Sentence denotes Scientists Look to ‘Twilight’ of the Immune System.
T956 106793-106803 Sentence denotes STAT News.
T957 106804-106919 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 15, 2020, from https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/30/what‐explains‐coronavirus‐lethality‐for‐elderly/
T958 106920-107088 Sentence denotes In addition, recent studies have generated optimism about the success of measures to delay or minimize age‐related immunological defects.166 Nikolich‐Žugich, J. (2017).
T959 107089-107114 Sentence denotes The Twilight of Immunity:
T960 107115-107163 Sentence denotes Emerging Concepts in Aging of the Immune System.
T961 107164-107182 Sentence denotes Nature Immunology.
T962 107183-107196 Sentence denotes 19(1), 10–19.
T963 107197-107270 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 16, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590‐017‐0006‐x
T964 107271-107385 Sentence denotes Admittedly, age serves as a useful indicator of the presence of comorbidities that the elderly are likely to have.
T965 107386-107571 Sentence denotes However, the studies about chronological age and immunological developments cited above indicate that statistical correlation should not necessarily be taken to mean causal correlation.
T966 107572-107681 Sentence denotes For this reason, age by itself should not be regarded as a valid basis for short‐term triage decision‐making.
T967 107682-108043 Sentence denotes In the absence of validated empirical proof that a particular age level indicates the medical futility of applying scarce critical care resources, the vulnerability of patients that is associated with advanced age should instead signify a need for them to be given protection deserved by those who are worst off – the most vulnerable – among members of society.
T968 108044-108258 Sentence denotes Vulnerability can also give rise to injustice when a patient’s level of health literacy results in a failure accurately to communicate one’s medical history or the nature or intensity of symptoms being experienced.
T969 108259-108386 Sentence denotes This exemplifies a failure in relation to the fair allocation of full and adequate information mentioned in an earlier section.
T970 108387-108605 Sentence denotes For instance, a poor patient from a far‐flung area with no prior knowledge about her condition may not mention relevant details in her history because she feels that these may not be important for a doctor’s diagnosis.
T971 108606-108815 Sentence denotes When caregivers overlook this point and do not try hard enough to clarify to the patient what could be relevant, they could be compounding the effects of inequity in education, or dissemination of information.
T972 108816-108958 Sentence denotes By their neglect, they allow the inequity to be manifested in the allocation of scarce lifesaving resources, especially in a triage situation.
T973 108959-109157 Sentence denotes Where the dangers to a patient’s life may already be difficult to deal with, missing treatment opportunities just because of miscommunication is going to magnify the adverse impact of vulnerability.
T974 109158-109371 Sentence denotes These examples of possible discrimination in a triage setting are most likely to affect those who belong to economically and educationally disadvantaged sectors of society because of their limited health literacy.
T975 109372-109625 Sentence denotes Rather than being blamed on the disadvantaged themselves, a community’s level of health literacy should be presumed to be the result of a failure on the part of health authorities to convey pertinent information and make it understandable to the public.
T976 109626-109738 Sentence denotes Disadvantaged sectors are also more likely to be affected by disparities in the location of hospital facilities.
T977 109739-109997 Sentence denotes In order to address the disproportionate access to critical care services by disadvantaged sectors, it would have been useful to have a monitoring, communication, and transport mechanism to facilitate their conveyance to pertinent facilities in case of need.
T978 109998-110215 Sentence denotes Moreover, temporary measures established during this period have to make way for a more durable network for the just distribution of various levels of hospital care consistent with the concept of universal healthcare.
T979 110216-110413 Sentence denotes In light of the risk of the country’s emergency care infrastructure being overwhelmed by COVID‐19, it may be tempting to invest huge sums of money on acquiring more critical care units and devices.
T980 110414-110521 Sentence denotes However, a more sustainable response would be mindful of the unfair allocation of access to such resources.
T981 110522-110808 Sentence denotes It would be more prudent to invest in a healthcare infrastructure that is anchored on equity and gives priority to the preventive aspects of healthcare that would give timely attention to the needs of disadvantaged sectors and eventually ease the burden on more expensive tertiary care.
T982 110810-110828 Sentence denotes 11 THE NEW NORMAL
T983 110829-110970 Sentence denotes Everybody is hoping that solutions will soon emerge that can facilitate quick recovery and help individuals and families resume stable lives.
T984 110971-111037 Sentence denotes Solutions being offered are expected to give rise to a new normal.
T985 111038-111265 Sentence denotes Even when the government decides that the economic consequences are too much to bear for COVID‐19 quarantine arrangements to continue, we cannot go back to the state of affairs that had to be suspended because of the emergency.
T986 111266-111335 Sentence denotes We should now realize that we cannot just revive the suspended state.
T987 111336-111440 Sentence denotes Epidemiologists tell us that the COVID‐19 pandemic will be with us far longer than we may have expected.
T988 111441-111675 Sentence denotes While many studies on possible treatments or vaccines are being rushed, it has been observed that the progression of past influenza pandemics “was not substantially influenced by a vaccination campaign.”167 Moore, K.A., et al. (2020).
T989 111676-111707 Sentence denotes COVID‐19: the CIDRAP Viewpoint.
T990 111708-111841 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 10, 2020, fromhttps://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/public/downloads/cidrap‐covid19‐viewpoint‐part1_0.pdf p.5.
T991 111842-112172 Sentence denotes Bill Gates has declared a plan to spend billions of dollars to build seven vaccine factories simultaneously while research is still going on in order to hasten the process of development but this extremely expensive initiative is not estimated to bring us closer than 18 months to vaccine implementation.168 Hamilton, I.A. (2020).
T992 112173-112298 Sentence denotes Bill Gates Is Helping Fund New Factories for 7 Potential Coronavirus Vaccines, even though it Will Waste Billions of Dollars.
T993 112299-112320 Sentence denotes Business insider.com.
T994 112321-112451 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 15, 2020, from https://www.businessinsider.com/bill‐gates‐factories‐7‐different‐vaccines‐to‐fight‐coronavirus‐2020‐4
T995 112452-112588 Sentence denotes While we are still waiting for a vaccine, we can only count on non‐pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to limit SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission.
T996 112589-112727 Sentence denotes This makes it necessary to continue with physical distancing and isolation measures for at least 2 years.169 Kissler, S.M., et al. (2020).
T997 112728-112811 Sentence denotes Projecting the Transmission Dynamics of SARS‐CoV‐2 through the Postpandemic Period.
T998 112812-112820 Sentence denotes Science.
T999 112821-112876 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 16, 2020, from 10.1126/science.abb5793
T1000 112877-113092 Sentence denotes Even worse, we are reminded that “our record for developing an entirely new vaccine is at least four years — more time than the public or the economy can tolerate social‐distancing orders.”170 Thompson, S.A. (2020).
T1001 113093-113129 Sentence denotes How Long Will a Vaccine Really Take?
T1002 113130-113149 Sentence denotes The New York Times.
T1003 113150-113264 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 16, 2020, from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/30/opinion/coronavirus‐covid‐vaccine.html
T1004 113265-113343 Sentence denotes We appear to be playing a waiting game where the cards are stacked against us.
T1005 113344-113617 Sentence denotes According to studies, the pandemic is not likely to be under control until 55 to 70% of the population is immune, which has been estimated to be the threshold for acquiring herd immunity in the case of the current COVID‐19 infection.171 Kwok, K.O., et al. (2020, March 21).
T1006 113618-113718 Sentence denotes Herd Immunity – Estimating the Level Required, to Halt the COVID‐19 Epidemics in Affected Countries.
T1007 113719-113740 Sentence denotes Journal of Infection.
T1008 113741-113747 Sentence denotes 80(6).
T1009 113748-113819 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 10, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.027
T1010 113820-113861 Sentence denotes , 172 Kissler, et al., op. cit. note 169.
T1011 113862-113945 Sentence denotes If so, this outbreak may take 18 to 24 months.173 Moore, et al., op. cit. note 167.
T1012 113946-114222 Sentence denotes But there are even warnings that herd immunity may not work because of uncertainty concerning the duration of individual immunity to SARS‐CoV‐2 and the low seroconversion rates even in huge populations known to be COVID‐19 hotspots.174 Eckerle, I., & Meyer, B. (2020, July 6).
T1013 114223-114270 Sentence denotes SARS‐CoV‐2 Seroprevalence in COVID‐19 Hotspots.
T1014 114271-114282 Sentence denotes The Lancet.
T1015 114283-114387 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140‐6736(20)31482‐3.pdf
T1016 114388-114521 Sentence denotes For instance, a study of 61,075 participants in Spain showed that only 5% developed antibodies.175 Pollán, M., et al. (2020, July 6).
T1017 114522-114626 Sentence denotes Prevalence of SARS‐CoV‐2 in Spain (ENE‐COVID): a Nationwide, Population‐Based Seroepidemiological Study.
T1018 114627-114638 Sentence denotes The Lancet.
T1019 114639-114738 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140‐6736%2820%2931483‐5
T1020 114739-114878 Sentence denotes Seroconversion rates were all less than 4% for various subpopulations among 17,368 participants in China.176 Xu, X., et al. (2020, June 5).
T1021 114879-114959 Sentence denotes Seroprevalence of Immunoglobulin M and G Antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2 in China.
T1022 114960-114976 Sentence denotes Nature Medicine.
T1023 114977-115059 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591‐020‐0949‐6.pdf
T1024 115060-115189 Sentence denotes These rates mean that a huge percentage of the population remains at risk for infection despite all the damage from the pandemic.
T1025 115190-115289 Sentence denotes Relying too much on the emergence of natural herd immunity will possibly just increase this damage.
T1026 115290-115601 Sentence denotes In light of these considerations, there have been many predictions of what we are likely to see in a new normal ‐‐ wearing a face mask becoming routine, an occasional cough being regarded as a threat, workplaces feeling like hot zones, and public transit being personally dangerous.177 Begley, S. (2020, May 1).
T1027 115602-115639 Sentence denotes Three Potential Futures for Covid‐19:
T1028 115640-115706 Sentence denotes Recurring Small Outbreaks, a Monster Wave, or a Persistent Crisis.
T1029 115707-115712 Sentence denotes Stat.
T1030 115713-115974 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 10, 2020, from https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/01/three‐potential‐futures‐for‐covid‐19/?campaign_id=154&emc=edit_cb_20200508&instance_id=18350&nl=coronavirus‐briefing&regi_id=73358599&segment_id=27020&te=1&user_id=fa814b3ffb5e235ccc80c3175fd5480f
T1031 115975-116162 Sentence denotes We can anticipate less travel, disruptions to consumer supply chains, social anxiety, heightened agoraphobia and, overall, greater mistrust in one another.178 Anonymous. (2020, 21 April).
T1032 116163-116201 Sentence denotes Life after COVID‐19: what Will Change?
T1033 116202-116223 Sentence denotes The Medical Futurist.
T1034 116224-116319 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 11, 2020, from https://medicalfuturist.com/life‐after‐covid‐19‐what‐will‐change/#
T1035 116320-116410 Sentence denotes As a corollary to physical distancing, digital interconnection is going to be intensified.
T1036 116411-116527 Sentence denotes We have seen this already in the accelerated shift to phone and internet banking,179 Caraballo, M.U. (2020, May 23).
T1037 116528-116574 Sentence denotes Internet Banking Trend to Continue Post‐COVID.
T1038 116575-116592 Sentence denotes The Manila Times.
T1039 116593-116736 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/05/23/business/business‐top/internet‐banking‐trend‐to‐continue‐post‐covid/726664/
T1040 116737-116857 Sentence denotes in the move from dine‐in to take‐out and delivery modes of restaurant food consumption,180 Malasig, J. (2020, April 30).
T1041 116858-116936 Sentence denotes How Filipinos Are Making Food Delivery Services Easy amid COVID‐19 Quarantine.
T1042 116937-116949 Sentence denotes Interaksyon.
T1043 116950-117117 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://www.interaksyon.com/trends‐spotlights/2020/04/30/167577/how‐filipinos‐making‐food‐delivery‐services‐easy‐amid‐covid‐19‐quarantine/
T1044 117118-117196 Sentence denotes in the spike of online shopping activities,181 de Vera, B.O. (2020, April 21).
T1045 117197-117242 Sentence denotes PH E‐Commerce Gains during COVID‐19 Lockdown.
T1046 117243-117252 Sentence denotes Inquirer.
T1047 117253-117363 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://business.inquirer.net/295234/ph‐e‐commerce‐gains‐during‐covid‐19‐lockdown
T1048 117364-117455 Sentence denotes and even in the accommodation of online religious worship.182 Billing, L. (2020, March 31).
T1049 117456-117484 Sentence denotes Last updated 2020, March 31.
T1050 117485-117497 Sentence denotes Coronavirus:
T1051 117498-117552 Sentence denotes Lockdown Forces Filipinos to Find New Ways to Worship.
T1052 117553-117566 Sentence denotes The National.
T1053 117567-117708 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://www.thenational.ae/world/asia/coronavirus‐lockdown‐forces‐filipinos‐to‐find‐new‐ways‐to‐worship‐1.999135
T1054 117709-117895 Sentence denotes In the Philippines, religious services have been broadcast through social media while physical attendance in places of worship has been limited to a handful.183 Rojas, K. (2020, May 16).
T1055 117896-117969 Sentence denotes A List of PH Churches where you Can Hear Holy Mass during the Quarantine.
T1056 117970-117978 Sentence denotes My Pope.
T1057 117979-118058 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 5, 2020, from https://www.mypope.com.ph/online‐mass‐philippines/
T1058 118059-118144 Sentence denotes A similar trend is going to be part of the new normal for many aspects of healthcare.
T1059 118145-118219 Sentence denotes We have seen how telehealth has taken on an increased role in the country.
T1060 118220-118299 Sentence denotes Telehealth can play a huge role in the new normal and we should make it happen.
T1061 118300-118677 Sentence denotes Realistic estimates of how long it will take before we can have a vaccine, if possible at all, together with real concerns about the possibility that other infectious diseases (or global disasters) could come and endanger global health security, impress upon us that the radical changes in our way of life are going to persist even beyond the development of a COVID‐19 vaccine.
T1062 118678-118711 Sentence denotes A new normal has begun to set in.
T1063 118712-119142 Sentence denotes The new normal is a sum total of the things that we can do as a departure from what we could do before the pandemic, the new things that we have to learn to do and the new ways in which we have to do these things, the political and cultural structures that are developing, and in general, the ways in which we will have to live our lives because of the challenges that have confronted us and are likely to continue to confront us.
T1064 119143-119268 Sentence denotes The new normal also refers to the period in which citizens are expected to become accustomed to the emerging state of things.
T1065 119269-119509 Sentence denotes As we transition to the new normal and address the challenges that are coming our way, we have to remember that our ability to overcome the problems confronting us during the pandemic has been premised on the equitable sharing of resources.
T1066 119510-119826 Sentence denotes The efforts being exerted to contain the COVID‐19 pandemic in the Philippines are being focused on addressing manifestations of underlying inequities – though that is perhaps happening more coincidentally than deliberately, and many efforts have been highly problematic and insufficient as pointed out in this paper.
T1067 119827-119970 Sentence denotes Because the insufficient efforts have been triggered by the existence of an emergency, most of the response measures are meant to be temporary.
T1068 119971-120117 Sentence denotes People on the brink of starvation have been receiving emergency food aid, and those with no financial savings have been receiving cash assistance.
T1069 120118-120223 Sentence denotes However, these efforts have neither been fully successful nor sustainable.184 Beltran, M. (2020, May 12).
T1070 120224-120280 Sentence denotes The Philippines’ Pandemic Response: a Tragedy of Errors.
T1071 120281-120294 Sentence denotes The Diplomat.
T1072 120295-120410 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/the‐philippines‐pandemic‐response‐a‐tragedy‐of‐errors/
T1073 120411-120449 Sentence denotes , 185 Esguerra, D.J. (2020, April 24).
T1074 120450-120457 Sentence denotes Palace:
T1075 120458-120518 Sentence denotes No More Cash Aid for Poor Families in Areas with Lifted ECQ.
T1076 120519-120532 Sentence denotes Inquirer.net.
T1077 120533-120666 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 5, 2020, from https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1264069/palace‐no‐more‐cash‐aid‐for‐poor‐families‐in‐areas‐with‐lifted‐ecq
T1078 120667-120700 Sentence denotes , 186 Geducos, A. (2020, May 30).
T1079 120701-120708 Sentence denotes Palace:
T1080 120709-120736 Sentence denotes No More Cash Aid this June.
T1081 120737-120753 Sentence denotes Manila Bulletin.
T1082 120754-120846 Sentence denotes Retrieved July 5, 2020, from https://mb.com.ph/2020/05/30/palace‐no‐more‐cash‐aid‐this‐june/
T1083 120847-121131 Sentence denotes Those who could not be isolated or quarantined have been evacuated, but these evacuation facilities are also temporary and the occupants are going to be reinstated in their cramped dwellings that cannot protect them from new transmissions or other communicable diseases in the future.
T1084 121132-121219 Sentence denotes If the inequities continue in the new normal, the normal is not going to be really new.
T1085 121220-121337 Sentence denotes The vulnerable are going to remain vulnerable and Philippine society will not be more prepared for the next pandemic.
T1086 121338-121794 Sentence denotes Clearly, the lesson is that everyone, especially the most economically disadvantaged, need to have access to the resources that relate to their healthcare, inter alia, – adequate and accurate information so they can be properly advised about their healthcare needs; clean flowing water so they can wash their hands properly; and dwelling units that will give them the capability to be isolated from neighbours or from household members who can be infected.
T1087 121795-122034 Sentence denotes In support of these necessities, they will require employment opportunities that can yield fair wages or other opportunities to generate adequate income, and social and health insurance coverage that they can fall back on in times of need.
T1088 122035-122207 Sentence denotes Subject to certain logistical limitations, the Philippine government has seen the indispensability of temporarily providing the required resources to disadvantaged sectors.
T1089 122208-122245 Sentence denotes However, a lot more needs to be done.
T1090 122246-122388 Sentence denotes The distribution of resources has to proceed in a way that transcends the long‐standing barriers associated with structural social inequities.
T1091 122389-122501 Sentence denotes Sustained fair allocation founded on equality, equity, and the prioritization of the worst off is indispensable.
T1092 122502-122687 Sentence denotes Sustainability is critical because, as has been pointed out, the problems that need to be addressed are chronic pre‐pandemic inequities that are being magnified by the health emergency.
T1093 122688-122867 Sentence denotes There is evidence that the need to improve the plight of the resource challenged has been partially acknowledged by the more economically advantaged sectors of Philippine society.
T1094 122868-122991 Sentence denotes Small and big business companies in the Philippines have made huge contributions to help provide for their emergency needs.
T1095 122992-123415 Sentence denotes The private sector has supported the national government, local government units, and the general population by providing wages to employees who could not work, monetary assistance, relaxed working conditions, emergency transportation, food products, ventilators, test kits, Personal Protective Equipment, and many other goods and services that can help everyone overcome the current crisis.187 Anonymous. (2020, March 23).
T1096 123416-123474 Sentence denotes Aid from Philippine Companies during Coronavirus Pandemic.
T1097 123475-123483 Sentence denotes Rappler.
T1098 123484-123600 Sentence denotes Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://www.rappler.com/business/255591‐aid‐philippine‐companies‐coronavirus‐pandemic
T1099 123601-123877 Sentence denotes Beyond this, these privileged sectors have to realize that what they have helped provide during the emergency is something that needs to be available in the long term and institutionalized for society to survive future pandemics and for their businesses to continue to thrive.
T1100 123878-124082 Sentence denotes Institutionalization requires arrangements that would provide realistic opportunities for disadvantaged sectors to acquire the goods and services that they need beyond the period of the current emergency.
T1101 124083-124313 Sentence denotes As we transition to the new normal the most economically deprived should seize the opportunity to establish how important the improvement of their situation is in order for the current widespread problems to be properly addressed.
T1102 124314-124719 Sentence denotes While disadvantaged sectors continue to be dependent on others because of their vulnerability, society should seek to translate the realization that the health and security of the more privileged is dependent on the health and security of everybody else in society into sustainable measures to improve the conditions of the worst off and narrow the gaps between its most endowed and least endowed sectors.
T1103 124720-124825 Sentence denotes In the new normal, there must be institutionalized safety nets that can be accessed when things go wrong.
T1104 124826-125021 Sentence denotes People should not have to beg and fight for places in dignity‐sapping queues for the distribution of emergency social amelioration funds ‐‐ these should be available to them as a matter of right.
T1105 125022-125203 Sentence denotes People should not have to be rushed to temporary isolation and quarantine places – prioritizing the concerns of the worst off is essential for the improvement of everybody’s health.
T1106 125204-125382 Sentence denotes To provide them with home spaces that will enable them to care for the sick while still protecting themselves also advances the health interests of everybody else in the country.
T1107 125383-125524 Sentence denotes This reality acquires an unprecedented level of concreteness in the context of a pandemic such as the one that we are currently experiencing.
T1108 125525-125797 Sentence denotes In the new normal, those who require medical attention should be protected by universal healthcare; we ought to realize that “those in the greatest need often have the poorest access to care – a striking example of unfairness.”188 Whitehead, & Dahlgren., op. cit. note 11.
T1109 125798-126045 Sentence denotes Very importantly, people should know all of these, what to do and where to go when they require services because, in the new normal, information will have to be dispensed efficiently and equitably regardless of the people’s level of understanding.
T1110 126046-126158 Sentence denotes We see the entirety of the telehealth movement as a paradigm of how response measures ought to be characterized.
T1111 126159-126270 Sentence denotes It uses advanced technology to promote access by the underprivileged to the most important healthcare services.
T1112 126271-126357 Sentence denotes It listens to patients and gives them an opportunity to participate in their own care.
T1113 126358-126506 Sentence denotes What it is trying to do in the course of the current pandemic is something that is only a part of what it should aim to accomplish in the long term.
T1114 126507-126667 Sentence denotes Thus, it should be part of a sustained effort that can have a good chance to narrow the gap between the economically privileged and the economically challenged.
T1115 126668-126783 Sentence denotes It exists in sharp contrast with measures meant to address the lack of isolation spaces in many people’s dwellings.
T1116 126784-126938 Sentence denotes The isolation and quarantine facilities that have been set up are clearly temporary facilities that cannot be retained beyond the period of the emergency.
T1117 126939-127085 Sentence denotes The people currently using them will be going back to their informal settlements without any prospects of having their living conditions improved.
T1118 127086-127299 Sentence denotes Learning from these comparisons, we see the need to observe a number of criteria for evaluating COVID‐19 response options consistent with the principles of equality, equity and the prioritization of the worst off:
T1119 127300-127346 Sentence denotes Showing equal respect for all stakeholders by:
T1120 127347-127536 Sentence denotes involving them in consultations prior to the finalization of decisions and their implementation, consistent with what we have said about the relationship between the carer and the cared for
T1121 127537-127585 Sentence denotes upholding human rights, e.g. the right to health
T1122 127586-127716 Sentence denotes being mindful of the differences among individuals and groups that can render people more vulnerable to the impact of the pandemic
T1123 127717-127870 Sentence denotes Promoting equity by giving priority to those who lack the means to cope with possibly traumatic impact on their own ‐‐ the underprivileged and vulnerable
T1124 127871-128031 Sentence denotes Enhancing sustainability ‐‐ giving preference to measures that can be maintained beyond the period of the current pandemic in anticipation of future emergencies
T1125 128032-128147 Sentence denotes Putting a premium on healthcare that tends to improve the conditions of the worst off.189 Kelly, M. (2020, May 14).
T1126 128148-128261 Sentence denotes An Appeal for Practical Social Justice in the COVID‐19 Global Response in Low‐Income and Middle‐Income Countries.
T1127 128262-128287 Sentence denotes The Lancet Global Health.
T1128 128288-128400 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 20, 2020, from https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214‐109X(20)30249‐7/fulltext
T1129 128402-128416 Sentence denotes 12 CONCLUSION
T1130 128417-128586 Sentence denotes Using a fair allocation approach, this paper has highlighted how closely the experiences of various socio‐economic and political sectors are bound inextricably together.
T1131 128587-129055 Sentence denotes The various factors leading to the high rate of transmissibility of the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus, the high mortality rate, the need for isolation and quarantine, the indispensability of help coming from various types of frontline workers, and the need for large numbers of ICU facilities and healthcare workers have established very forcefully the interconnectivity and interdependence of all human beings regardless of sex, ethnic origin, age, economic class, or nationality.
T1132 129056-129237 Sentence denotes In the presence of the highly transmissible SARS‐CoV‐2, one person’s virus could literally be every person’s infection because of our physical interconnectivity, as discussed above.
T1133 129238-129422 Sentence denotes It is because of our interconnectivity and interdependence that, in a very real sense, every person is every other person’s keeper – one cannot be safe if the other person is not safe.
T1134 129423-129550 Sentence denotes We have observed that problematic experiences during the COVID‐19 pandemic have arisen from systemic and persistent inequities.
T1135 129551-129791 Sentence denotes The interconnected and overlapping fronts that we have had to face in the course of the pandemic in the country are evidently related to the inequitable social and economic circumstances that existed way before the pandemic became a threat.
T1136 129792-129929 Sentence denotes The interconnection between the proper allocation of societal resources and the health status of society in general cannot be overlooked.
T1137 129930-130031 Sentence denotes The short‐term efforts exerted to contain the pandemic have to be aimed at addressing the inequities.
T1138 130032-130171 Sentence denotes Having existed for a long time, these inequities deserve everyone’s attention not only during the pandemic but also when we emerge from it.
T1139 130172-130342 Sentence denotes This glaring reality may have been overlooked as authorities focus on the short term and see the measures as a requirement to tide us over until we can go back to normal.
T1140 130343-130495 Sentence denotes Thus, addressing the manifestations of the inequities has happened incidentally rather than deliberately, using stop‐gap rather than long‐term measures.
T1141 130496-130650 Sentence denotes Yet, what we are going through now is not merely a fleeting disaster but an instantiation of chronic injustice characterized by inequities on many fronts.
T1142 130651-130949 Sentence denotes The totality of our experiences relating to the pandemic constitutes evidence that the inequitable access to essential goods and services needs to be overcome – not only for the sake of the underprivileged but also for the sake of everybody else regardless of economic, political, or social status.
T1143 130950-131277 Sentence denotes What is being asked of us is not merely to provide for people’s needs during an emergency but to manifest our realization that fellow Filipinos are countryfolk with whom we are interconnected and interdependent “art bound by one fate, by the same joys and sorrows and by common aspirations and interests.”190 Mabini, A. (2005).
T1144 131278-131311 Sentence denotes Mabini's Decalogue for Filipinos.
T1145 131312-131330 Sentence denotes Project Gutenberg.
T1146 131331-131417 Sentence denotes Retrieved May 16, 2020, from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/14660/14660‐h/14660‐h.htm
T1147 131418-131710 Sentence denotes Apolinario Mabini, one of our nation’s heroes, wrote these words having in mind a war time context, and went on to say: “unite in a perfect solidarity of purpose and interest, in order to have force, not only to resist the common enemy but also to attain all the aims of human life.”191 Ibid.
T1148 131711-131829 Sentence denotes A war is precisely what many of us think we are in the midst of today;192 Crisostomo, S., & Romero, A. (2020, May 19).
T1149 131830-131899 Sentence denotes Spike In COVID‐19 Cases Feared: ‘Stay at Home, World War C Not Over’.
T1150 131900-131909 Sentence denotes One News.
T1151 131910-132028 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 5, 2020, from https://www.onenews.ph/spike‐in‐covid‐19‐cases‐feared‐stay‐at‐home‐world‐war‐c‐not‐over
T1152 132029-132081 Sentence denotes , 193 Crisostomo, S., & Nonato, V. (2020, August 5).
T1153 132082-132100 Sentence denotes Winning or Losing?
T1154 132101-132167 Sentence denotes Nobody Wins in COVID‐19 ‘War’ if Authorities Don’t See Eye to Eye.
T1155 132168-132177 Sentence denotes One News.
T1156 132178-132314 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 15, 2020, from https://www.onenews.ph/winning‐or‐losing‐nobody‐wins‐in‐covid‐19‐war‐if‐authorities‐don‐t‐see‐eye‐to‐eye
T1157 132315-132374 Sentence denotes , 194 Reperant, L.A., & Osterhaus, A.D.M.E. (2020, May 19).
T1158 132375-132384 Sentence denotes COVID‐19:
T1159 132385-132419 Sentence denotes Losing Battles or Winning the War?
T1160 132420-132444 Sentence denotes One Health Outlook 2, 9.
T1161 132445-132519 Sentence denotes Retrieved August 15, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1186/s42522‐020‐00019‐2
T1162 132520-132639 Sentence denotes the solidarity we seek can only find fulfilment in a new normal characterized by social, economic and political equity.
T1163 132642-132835 Sentence denotes Leonardo D. de Castro, PhD, is a Professorial Lecturer at the University of the Philippines and Chair of the Philippine Health Research Ethics Board, Philippine National Health Research System.
T1164 132836-132854 Sentence denotes Alexander Atrio L.
T1165 132855-132949 Sentence denotes Lopez, BA, BSBMS, is an Instructor in Philosophy at the University of the Philippines Diliman.
T1166 132950-133001 Sentence denotes He graduated with BA (Philosophy), summa cum laude.
T1167 133002-133095 Sentence denotes He also has a degree in Basic Medical Sciences from the University of the Philippines Manila.
T1168 133096-133106 Sentence denotes Geohari L.
T1169 133107-133231 Sentence denotes Hamoy, MD, MPH, is a Senior Lecturer at the University of the Philippines Manila ‐ Community Health and Development Program.
T1170 133232-133294 Sentence denotes He is the Lead Investigator for the SIBOL COVID‐19 Task Force:
T1171 133295-133439 Sentence denotes Telemetry System for The Philippine General Hospital Response Team, as well as a Community Medicine Practitioner and a Public Health Specialist.
T1172 133440-133457 Sentence denotes Kriedge Chlare C.
T1173 133458-133554 Sentence denotes Alba, BA, is a Master of Arts (Philosophy) student at the University of the Philippines Diliman.
T1174 133555-133637 Sentence denotes She obtained her bachelor’s degree in Philosophy at the University of Santo Tomas.
T1175 133638-133748 Sentence denotes Her research interests include women's rights and empowerment, philosophy for children, and biomedical ethics.
T1176 133749-133765 Sentence denotes Joshua Cedric A.
T1177 133766-133866 Sentence denotes Gundayao, BA, is a Master of Arts (Philosophy) student at the University of the Philippines Diliman.
T1178 133867-133990 Sentence denotes He studied Philosophy at the Immaculate Conception Major Seminary and has served on the faculty of Chiang Kai Shek College.