| Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
| T634 |
0-111 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Recent evidence has demonstrated SARS-CoV-2 uses ACE2 as an internalization receptor to enter the target cells. |
| T635 |
112-333 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 recognizes and interacts with its target ACE2 receptor on the host cell surface, mediating viral entry during the infection cycle (Letko, Marzi, & Munster, 2020; Yan et al., 2020). |
| T636 |
334-442 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Excessive binding of spike protein to ACE2 leads to downregulation of the ACE2 receptor (Jung et al., 2020). |
| T637 |
443-590 |
Sentence |
denotes |
This finding is consistent with reports in the animal models infected with SARS-CoV (Crackower et al., 2002; Imai et al., 2005; Kuba et al., 2005). |
| T638 |
591-786 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The reduction in ACE2 levels leads to excessive pro-inflammatory responses adversely affecting both lung and cardiovascular systems (Crackower et al., 2002; Imai et al., 2005; Kuba et al., 2005). |
| T639 |
787-1014 |
Sentence |
denotes |
These detrimental effects can be explained as the partial decrease in ACE2 function leads to dominant angiotensin II effects, including augmented cytokine storm, inflammation, vasoconstriction and susceptibility for thrombosis. |
| T640 |
1015-1212 |
Sentence |
denotes |
These effects further increase the cardiovascular burden by worsening hypertension, HF and other cardiovascular disorders in predisposed patients (Liu, Blet, Smyth, & Li, 2020; Oudit et al., 2009). |
| T641 |
1213-1328 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Importantly, the accumulation of Ang II was positively associated to viral load and lung injury (Liu et al., 2020). |
| T642 |
1329-1601 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Moreover, reduction in the activity and/or number of ACE2 leads to deficiency of Ang-(1–7) production and consequently loss of its anti-inflammatory, vasodilatory, and cardiovascular protective effects (Lelis, Freitas, Machado, Crespo, & Santos, 2019; Patel et al., 2016). |
| T643 |
1602-1739 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Therefore, it is hypothesized that inhibition of RAAS may be helpful to attenuate the inflammatory storm and ameliorate end-organ damage. |
| T644 |
1740-2022 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Interestingly, recent data indicates individuals with COVID-19 who are being treated with ACE inhibitors or ARBs, for pre-existing conditions, are at lower risk of 28-day all-cause mortality than those not treated with ACE inhibitors or ARBs (Wang et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020). |
| T645 |
2023-2269 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Although ARBs and ACE inhibitors do not directly impact ACE2, they indirectly elevate ACE2 activity and the beneficial Ang-(1–7) production and counter the excessive production of the harmful Ang II (Hanff, Harhay, Brown, Cohen, & Mohareb, 2020). |
| T646 |
2270-2452 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Therefore, it was proposed that maintaining the levels of ACE2 and its downstream effector Ang-(1–7) may limit cardiovascular damage secondary to COVID-19 (Wang, Edin, et al., 2020). |
