| Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
| T101 |
0-275 |
Sentence |
denotes |
To test whether this site was under selection, we used likelihood-based, phylogenetically informed models that assume branch-specific substitution rates (29) and implemented a sampling strategy to circumvent computational limitations imposed by the large number of sequences. |
| T102 |
276-477 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Subsampled alignments (100 times at a 10% sampling fraction) had diversity estimates statistically similar to the complete alignment for each gene (Mann−Whitney U test, P > 0.09; SI Appendix, Fig. S3). |
| T103 |
478-906 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In S, only site 614 was estimated to be under diversifying selection in a majority of subsampled alignments (58%); evidence of diversifying selection indicates that genetic diversity increases in the viral population (i.e., there was a higher proportion of mutations causing an amino acid change than not at site 614, or, the nonsynonymous/synonymous substitution rates ratio, dN/dS, was over 1, P < 0.1) (SI Appendix, Fig. S4). |
| T104 |
907-1088 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Because diversifying selection is often associated with the host adaptive response, we considered whether the D614G mutation coincided with targets of antibody and T cell responses. |
| T105 |
1089-1220 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Site 614 is at the interface between the S1 and S2 subunits and is thus not highly accessible to antibodies (SI Appendix, Fig. S5). |
| T106 |
1221-1389 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Therefore, we predict that antibodies to the native S protein would cross-react with S containing the D614G mutation, in agreement with recent reports (24, 25, 27, 28). |
| T107 |
1390-1659 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Many known neutralizing antibodies target the RBD, yet we found little evidence that mutations could affect binding to the ACE2 receptor, as only five shared mutations were identified at contact sites with the ACE2 receptor, and all were found in 10 or fewer sequences. |
| T108 |
1660-1753 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Of these, one mutation, at position 489, was synonymous and found in three sequences (0.02%). |
| T109 |
1754-1887 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The others were nonsynonymous: G476S (n = 10 sequences, 0.05%), Y453F (n = 5, 0.02%), G446V (n = 3, 0.02%), and A475V (n = 2, 0.01%). |
| T110 |
1888-2210 |
Sentence |
denotes |
To predict the potential immune pressure linked to T cell responses, we developed a T cell immunogenicity index which takes into account the CD8 and CD4 epitope repertoires in the structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 (S, N, M, E) and the frequency of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles or haplotypes in a given population. |
| T111 |
2211-2375 |
Sentence |
denotes |
We found that sites with mutations, including 614 in S, were not colocalized with T cell epitopes frequently identified in different populations (SI Appendix, Figs. |
| T112 |
2376-2514 |
Sentence |
denotes |
S6 and S7), and there was no significant relationship between the number of mutations and the immunogenicity index (SI Appendix, Fig. S8). |
