| Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
| T687 |
197-471 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Subpopulations of striatal glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactive astrocytes in wildtype mice normally express CCR2 immunoreactivity (a-b; arrows), CCL2 (c; arrow), or μ-opioid receptor (MOR) (d; arrows) immunoreactivity (scale bars a-b = 25 μm; c-d = 15 μm). |
| T688 |
472-752 |
Sentence |
denotes |
CCR2 deletion (−/−) significantly reduces HIV-1 Tat ± morphine-induced increases in GFAP+ astroglia (e) and F4/80+ macrophages/microglia (f) compared to wild type (+/+) mice at sites near (300 ± 100 μm) the site of Tat injection (*p < 0.05 vs. wild type mice) (see, El-Hage et al. |
| T689 |
753-760 |
Sentence |
denotes |
2006a). |
| T690 |
761-1309 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In wild-type mice, Tat ± morphine administration markedly increases the proportion of CCL2 immunoreactive astrocytes (g) or macrophages/microglia (h) [*p < 0.05 vs. other groups in wild-type or CCL5(−/−) mice; bp < 0.05 vs. vehicle- or Tat plus morphine-treated wild-type mice; #p < 0.05 vs. equivalent treatment in wild-type mice], while in CCL5 null mice, significant increases in CCL2 immunoreactivity were only seen in macrophages/microglia co-exposed to Tat and morphine (§p < 0.05 vs. vehicle injected CCL5 knockout mice) (see, El-Hage et al. |
| T691 |
1310-1317 |
Sentence |
denotes |
2008a). |
| T692 |
1318-1490 |
Sentence |
denotes |
CCL5 expression in striatal GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes (arrows) increases following Tat injections (i, j) compared to wild-type control mice (not shown) (El-Hage et al. |
| T693 |
1491-1498 |
Sentence |
denotes |
2008a). |
| T694 |
1499-1751 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Opioids exacerbate HIV-1-induced CNS inflammation, in part, by increasing CCL5 and augmenting CCR5-dependent increases in CCL2 production by astrocytes resulting in the activation and recruitment of microglia/macrophages and spiraling inflammation (k). |
| T695 |
1752-1857 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Additional factors likely mediate the proinflammatory cascade, but these are less well substantiated (?). |
| T696 |
1858-2273 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Moreover, autocrine and reciprocal paracrine (astroglial ↔ macrophage/microglial) intercellular, feedback amplification mechanisms from macrophages/microglia are likely to be operative (dashed red arrow) (also see, Kang and Hebert 2011) and occur elsewhere within the cascade (not shown); effects of HIV-1 Tat/HIV, red arrows; sites of opioid convergence, blue arrows; pro-BDNF:mature BDNF (mBDNF) ratio (Kim et al. |
| T697 |
2274-2427 |
Sentence |
denotes |
2018). (a-f) Modified and reprinted with permission from El-Hage et al. (2006a). (g-k) Modified and reprinted with permission from El-Hage et al. (2008a) |
