LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7463108 / 15004-28764 JSONTXT 11 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T191 0-105 Sentence denotes Epidemiological studies suggest OUD can increase AIDS progression (Donahoe and Vlahov 1998; Dronda et al.
T192 106-128 Sentence denotes 2004; Meijerink et al.
T193 129-141 Sentence denotes 2014, 2015).
T194 142-236 Sentence denotes In the pre-cART era, opiate abuse was found to exacerbate HIV encephalitis (HIVE) (Bell et al.
T195 237-249 Sentence denotes 1998, 2002).
T196 250-421 Sentence denotes In Indonesian injection heroin abusers who lacked access to cART, CD4 counts (a measure of HIV progression) were reduced compared to PWH not using heroin (Meijerink et al.
T197 422-428 Sentence denotes 2014).
T198 429-782 Sentence denotes However, with the introduction of cART, the clinical picture has significantly changed with a 50% decline in the rate of death from AIDS, reduced incidence of opportunistic infections and HIVE, and a 40–50% decrease in the incidence of HIV-associated dementia (HAD), the most severe form of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) (Maschke et al.
T199 783-804 Sentence denotes 2000; McArthur et al.
T200 805-824 Sentence denotes 2010; Saylor et al.
T201 825-831 Sentence denotes 2016).
T202 832-992 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, chronic opiate exposure (which almost always is confounded by the use of other illicit and legal drugs) in PWH can worsen neuroHIV (Anthony et al.
T203 993-1010 Sentence denotes 2005; Bell et al.
T204 1011-1031 Sentence denotes 2006; Anthony et al.
T205 1032-1088 Sentence denotes 2008) and cognitive impairment (Rodriguez Salgado et al.
T206 1089-1138 Sentence denotes 2006; Martin-Thormeyer and Paul 2009; Byrd et al.
T207 1139-1157 Sentence denotes 2011; Smith et al.
T208 1158-1177 Sentence denotes 2014; Martin et al.
T209 1178-1196 Sentence denotes 2018; Rubin et al.
T210 1197-1297 Sentence denotes 2018) despite cART, even though some studies fail to show that opioids worsen neuroHIV (Royal et al.
T211 1298-1320 Sentence denotes 1991; Applebaum et al.
T212 1321-1349 Sentence denotes 2010) or HAND (Martin et al.
T213 1350-1356 Sentence denotes 2019).
T214 1357-1440 Sentence denotes Opiate exposure in cART-treated PWH worsens CD4 counts and viral loads (Ryan et al.
T215 1441-1507 Sentence denotes 2004), neuropathology (including increased tauopathy; Smith et al.
T216 1508-1547 Sentence denotes 2014), CNS inflammation (Anthony et al.
T217 1548-1572 Sentence denotes 2005, 2008; Smith et al.
T218 1573-1616 Sentence denotes 2014), and neurocognition (Applebaum et al.
T219 1617-1634 Sentence denotes 2009; Byrd et al.
T220 1635-1653 Sentence denotes 2011; Meyer et al.
T221 1654-1720 Sentence denotes 2013) including deficits in memory and working memory (Byrd et al.
T222 1721-1727 Sentence denotes 2011).
T223 1728-1883 Sentence denotes Table 1 gives an overview on reported interactive effects of HIV and opioids in some of the clinical and preclinical CNS studies referenced in this review.
T224 1884-1925 Sentence denotes Table 1 Clinical and preclinical findings
T225 1926-1998 Sentence denotes Major effects HIV pathogena ARV Opioids Outcome Model system Citation(s)
T226 1999-2024 Sentence denotes Clinical findings (human)
T227 2025-2076 Sentence denotes HIV progression and/or ARV adherence HIV cART • SUD
T228 2077-2132 Sentence denotes • Prescription opioids for pain • ↑ Viral load with SUD
T229 2133-2150 Sentence denotes • ↓ ARV adherence
T230 2151-2222 Sentence denotes • ↑ Frequency of prescription drugs with pain + SUD Human (Denis et al.
T231 2223-2228 Sentence denotes 2019)
T232 2229-2271 Sentence denotes HIV cART OUD • ↓ Lasting viral suppression
T233 2272-2326 Sentence denotes • ↓ Adherence to cART for 3 years Human (Lemons et al.
T234 2327-2332 Sentence denotes 2019)
T235 2333-2402 Sentence denotes HIV ARV naive Injection drug use ↓ CD4 counts Human (Meijerink et al.
T236 2403-2408 Sentence denotes 2014)
T237 2409-2432 Sentence denotes HIV encephalitis (HIVE)
T238 2433-2513 Sentence denotes HIV infection CNS HIV ZDV Former drug use (+ OST) • ↑ Multinucleated giant cells
T239 2514-2562 Sentence denotes • ↑ HIV p24 Human, postmortem brain (Bell et al.
T240 2563-2568 Sentence denotes 1998)
T241 2569-2600 Sentence denotes Microglial activation HIV • ARV
T242 2601-2702 Sentence denotes • ZDV OUD ↑ CD68 microglial activation only in non-OUD HIV+ PWH Human, postmortem brain (Smith et al.
T243 2703-2708 Sentence denotes 2014)
T244 2709-2718 Sentence denotes HIV • ARV
T245 2719-2815 Sentence denotes • ZDV, other monotherapies Injection drug use (+ OST) ↑ Microglial activation Human (Bell et al.
T246 2816-2821 Sentence denotes 2002)
T247 2822-2859 Sentence denotes HIV No info Drug use • ↑ MHC class II
T248 2860-2908 Sentence denotes • ↑ CD68 Human, postmortem brain (Anthony et al.
T249 2909-2914 Sentence denotes 2005)
T250 2915-3006 Sentence denotes HIV No info OUD (44% methadone, 36% other opiates) • ↓ CD68, HLA-D in HIV and HIVE with OUD
T251 3007-3070 Sentence denotes • No effect of IDU on CD68 Human, postmortem brain (Byrd et al.
T252 3071-3076 Sentence denotes 2012)
T253 3077-3203 Sentence denotes Plasma cytokines HIV cART OUD (codeine, fentanyl, morphine) ↑ sTNF-R2, not sCD14, TNF-α, sTNF-R1, in plasma Human (Ryan et al.
T254 3204-3209 Sentence denotes 2004)
T255 3210-3305 Sentence denotes HIV ARV naive Reported heroin use • ↓ MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MCP-2 in blood after stimulation with LPS
T256 3306-3362 Sentence denotes • ↑ CCR5 expression in CD4 cells Human (Meijerink et al.
T257 3363-3368 Sentence denotes 2015)
T258 3369-3430 Sentence denotes HIVE HIV No info OUD • ↑ Parenchymal inflammatory infiltrates
T259 3431-3507 Sentence denotes • ↑ HIV PCR amplification products Human, postmortem brain (Gosztonyi et al.
T260 3508-3513 Sentence denotes 1993)
T261 3514-3678 Sentence denotes Aberrant immune responses HIV No info SUD (opioids, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine) (+ OST) • ↑ Autoantibodies and delayed hypersensitivity to neural antigens OUD only
T262 3679-3729 Sentence denotes • No HIV effect/interaction Human (Jankovic et al.
T263 3730-3735 Sentence denotes 1991)
T264 3736-3829 Sentence denotes Learning-memory HIV 50-70% on cART Heroin, crack/cocaine • ↓ Total learning; ↓ Learning slope
T265 3830-3876 Sentence denotes • ↓ Delayed recall Human, female (Meyer et al.
T266 3877-3882 Sentence denotes 2013)
T267 3883-3929 Sentence denotes HIV cART Reported heroin use • ↓ Recall memory
T268 3930-3967 Sentence denotes • ↓ Working memory Human (Byrd et al.
T269 3968-3973 Sentence denotes 2011)
T270 3974-4052 Sentence denotes HIV No info SUD (opioids, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine) • ↓ Complex figure copy
T271 4053-4092 Sentence denotes • ↓ Delayed recall Human (Concha et al.
T272 4093-4098 Sentence denotes 1997)
T273 4099-4191 Sentence denotes Neuropsychological performance cART OST (methadone) No effect of OST Human (Applebaum et al.
T274 4192-4197 Sentence denotes 2010)
T275 4198-4347 Sentence denotes Cognitive function HIV cART OUD • ↓ Cognitive performance with anticholinergics, but not opioids, anxiolytics, or anticonvulsants Human (Rubin et al.
T276 4348-4353 Sentence denotes 2018)
T277 4354-4360 Sentence denotes Memory
T278 4361-4446 Sentence denotes Cognitive function HIV cART SUD (alcohol, cocaine, heroin) • ↓ Working memory in HIV+
T279 4447-4521 Sentence denotes • ↓ Spatial and verbal response times in women, irrespective of HIV status
T280 4522-4577 Sentence denotes • ↑ Response time with cocaine use Human (Martin et al.
T281 4578-4583 Sentence denotes 2018)
T282 4584-4711 Sentence denotes Visual and cognitive function HIV No info OUD (+ OST, methadone) • ↑ Pattern-shift visual evoked potential delay with methadone
T283 4712-4758 Sentence denotes • No HIV effect/interaction Human (Bauer 1998)
T284 4759-4861 Sentence denotes Transmission risk HIV No info OST ↓ Frequency of injection drug use Human (Kwiatkowski and Booth 2001)
T285 4862-4908 Sentence denotes HIV cART OST • ↓ Frequency of heroin injection
T286 4909-4940 Sentence denotes • ↑ On ARV Human (Pettes et al.
T287 4941-4946 Sentence denotes 2010)
T288 4947-5020 Sentence denotes Motor and visual function HIV No info OST • ↓ Digital Finger-Tapping test
T289 5021-5071 Sentence denotes • ↓ Visual motor pursuit Human (Silberstein et al.
T290 5072-5077 Sentence denotes 1993)
T291 5078-5169 Sentence denotes ARV adherence HIV cART OST • ↑ ARV adherence in PWH with OST vs. OUD Human (Mazhnaya et al.
T292 5170-5175 Sentence denotes 2018)
T293 5176-5244 Sentence denotes PENK expression HIV Pre- and post-cART SUD • ↓ PENK in HIVE vs. HIV−
T294 5245-5275 Sentence denotes • ↓ DRD2L HIV+ vs. HIVE & HIV−
T295 5276-5301 Sentence denotes • ↓ DRD2L correlates with
T296 5302-5365 Sentence denotes ↑ cognitive performance Human, post mortem brain (Gelman et al.
T297 5366-5371 Sentence denotes 2012)
T298 5372-5542 Sentence denotes OPRM1 polymorphisms, splice variants HIV No info SUD C17T MOR polymorphism correlates with ↑ risk of cocaine, alcohol & tobacco (but not opiate) use Human (Crystal et al.
T299 5543-5548 Sentence denotes 2012)
T300 5549-5651 Sentence denotes HIV cART No Some OPRM1 polymorphisms may alter HIV severity / response to ARV Human (Proudnikov et al.
T301 5652-5657 Sentence denotes 2012)
T302 5658-5706 Sentence denotes HIV No info MOR-1K expression • ↑ MOR-1K in HIVE
T303 5707-5810 Sentence denotes • ↑ CCL2, CCL6, CCL5, but not CXCR4, CCR5 or CD4 receptor in HIVE Human, postmortem brain (Dever et al.
T304 5811-5816 Sentence denotes 2014)
T305 5817-5955 Sentence denotes OPRK and PDYN polymorphisms HIV cART No Some OPRK and PDYN polymorphisms may alter HIV severity / response to ARV Human (Proudnikov et al.
T306 5956-5961 Sentence denotes 2013)
T307 5962-6089 Sentence denotes Sensory Neuropathy HIV cART SUD HIV sensory neuropathy- regardless of SUD (trends, not significant) Human (Robinson-Papp et al.
T308 6090-6095 Sentence denotes 2010)
T309 6096-6133 Sentence denotes Preclinical in vivo findings (animal)
T310 6134-6267 Sentence denotes HIV entry into the brain Mixture of SIV17-EFr, SHIVKU_1B, SHIV89.6P No Morphine (5 mg/kg i.m., b.i.d., ≤ 56 weeks) • ↑ CSF viral load
T311 6268-6340 Sentence denotes • ↑ Viral migration through BBB for SHIVKU Rhesus macaques (Kumar et al.
T312 6341-6346 Sentence denotes 2006)
T313 6347-6421 Sentence denotes SIVmacR71/17E No Morphine (3 mg/kg i.m., q.i.d.) • ↑ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells
T314 6422-6440 Sentence denotes • ↑ CSF viral load
T315 6441-6512 Sentence denotes • ↑ Infiltration of MDMs into the brain Rhesus macaques (Bokhari et al.
T316 6513-6519 Sentence denotes 2011).
T317 6520-6669 Sentence denotes Viral load and HIV progression Mixture of SIV17-EFr, SHIVKU _1B, SHIV89.6P No Morphine (5 mg/kg, i.m., t.i.d., 20 weeks) • ↑ Viral load; ↓ CD4 counts
T318 6670-6736 Sentence denotes • ↑ ROS with morphine + SIV Rhesus macaques (Perez-Casanova et al.
T319 6737-6764 Sentence denotes 2007; Perez-Casanova et al.
T320 6765-6770 Sentence denotes 2008)
T321 6771-6857 Sentence denotes SIV gene mutation/evolutiontat Mixture of SIV17-EFr, SHIVKU _1B, SHIV89.6P No Morphine
T322 6858-6923 Sentence denotes (5 mg/kg, i.m., t.i.d., 20–56 weeks) • ↑ Viral load; ↓ CD4 counts
T323 6924-6980 Sentence denotes • tat evolution—inverse correlation with SIV progression
T324 6981-7062 Sentence denotes • ↓ tat diversity with morphine Rhesus macaques (Noel and Kumar 2006; Noel et al.
T325 7063-7069 Sentence denotes 2006b)
T326 7070-7102 Sentence denotes nef • ↑ Viral load; ↓ CD4 counts
T327 7103-7181 Sentence denotes • ↓ nef evolution; no correlation with SIV progression ± morphine (Noel et al.
T328 7182-7188 Sentence denotes 2006a)
T329 7189-7221 Sentence denotes env • ↑ Viral load; ↓ CD4 counts
T330 7222-7294 Sentence denotes • ↑ env evolution (V4 region) correlates with SIV progression + morphine
T331 7295-7354 Sentence denotes • ↑ env evolution in CSF with morphine (Rivera-Amill et al.
T332 7355-7367 Sentence denotes 2007, 2010b)
T333 7368-7465 Sentence denotes vpr • ↓ vpr evolution and/or Vpr R50G mutation—inverse correlation with SIV progression/mortality
T334 7466-7533 Sentence denotes • ↓ vpr evolution with morphine (Noel and Kumar 2007; Rivera et al.
T335 7534-7539 Sentence denotes 2013)
T336 7540-7661 Sentence denotes Neuronal injury, survival, oxidative stress gp120 HIV-1LAV No Morphine (25 mg pellet, 5–7 days) • ↑ ROS during withdrawal
T337 7662-7701 Sentence denotes • ↓ PSD95 during chronic and withdrawal
T338 7702-7719 Sentence denotes • ↑ Sphingomyelin
T339 7720-7765 Sentence denotes • ↓ Ceramide Mouse, gp120 tgb (Bandaru et al.
T340 7766-7771 Sentence denotes 2011)
T341 7772-7879 Sentence denotes HIV No Morphine (37.5 mg s.c, 5 days) ↓ neuron survival HIV tg + morphine Rat, HIV-1 tg, female (Guo et al.
T342 7880-7885 Sentence denotes 2012)
T343 7886-7889 Sentence denotes SIV
T344 7890-8001 Sentence denotes HIV Tat No Morphine (3 mg/kg i.m., q.i.d., 3 weeks) • ↑ miR-29b, ↓ PDGF-B mRNA, ↑ PDGF-BB with morphine and SIV
T345 8002-8134 Sentence denotes • ↓ PDGF-B, ↓ neuron survival with CM from morphine-treated astrocytes Rhesus macaques; Ratb, primary neurons, astrocytes (Hu et al.
T346 8135-8140 Sentence denotes 2012)
T347 8141-8293 Sentence denotes Synaptic transmission Tat1–86 No Morphine ex vivo (1 μM) to the bath ↓ mIPSC frequency Mouse, male and female, PFC slices, ex vivo (Xu and Fitting 2016)
T348 8294-8307 Sentence denotes SIVmacR71/17E
T349 8308-8386 Sentence denotes Tat No info • Morphine (escalating doses of 1–3 mg/kg i.m., q.i.d., 12 months)
T350 8387-8437 Sentence denotes • Morphine in vitro • SIV ↑ Synaptic protein HSPA5
T351 8438-8484 Sentence denotes • Tat ↑ HSPA5 mRNA (in vitro) Rhesus macaques;
T352 8485-8491 Sentence denotes Human,
T353 8492-8545 Sentence denotes SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells in vitro (Pendyala et al.
T354 8546-8551 Sentence denotes 2015)
T355 8552-8666 Sentence denotes White matter effects SIVmacR71/17E No Morphine (3 mg/kg i.m., q.i.d., ≤ 59 weeks) • ↑ Focal, demyelinating lesions
T356 8667-8739 Sentence denotes • ↑ Macrophages in areas of myelin loss Rhesus macaques (Marcario et al.
T357 8740-8746 Sentence denotes 2008),
T358 8747-8861 Sentence denotes CNS metabolites SIVsmm9 No info Morphine (escalating doses of 1–3 mg/kg i.m., q.i.d., ≤ 4 years) • ↑ Survival time
T359 8862-8912 Sentence denotes • ↑ Creatine in white matter (SIV + morphine only)
T360 8913-8970 Sentence denotes • ↑ Myo-inositol in putamen Rhesus macaques (Cloak et al.
T361 8971-8976 Sentence denotes 2011)
T362 8977-9103 Sentence denotes Neuroinflammation Tat1–86 No Morphine (10 mg/kg i.p., b.i.d., 5 days) ↑ Iba1+ 3-NT+ microglia Mouse, Tat tg, males (Zou et al.
T363 9104-9109 Sentence denotes 2011)
T364 9110-9128 Sentence denotes Chemokines Tat1–72
T365 9129-9239 Sentence denotes (25 μg intrastriatal injection) No Morphine (25 mg pellet, 5 days) • ↑ CCL2 in astrocytes is regulated by CCR5
T366 9240-9273 Sentence denotes • ↑ CCL2 in macrophages/microglia
T367 9274-9358 Sentence denotes • CCL2-knockout blocks morphine + Tat-induced glial reactivity Mouse (El-Hage et al.
T368 9359-9365 Sentence denotes 2008a)
T369 9366-9498 Sentence denotes Cytokines, Chemokines HIV Tat (10 μg/kg i.v.) No Morphine (25, 75 mg pellet, 6 days) • Morphine ↑ death in Tat + bacterial infection
T370 9499-9520 Sentence denotes • ↑ TNFα, IL-6, CCL2,
T371 9521-9596 Sentence denotes • ↑ TLR2, TLR4, TLR9 Mouse, male, in vivo; microglia in vitro (Dutta et al.
T372 9597-9602 Sentence denotes 2012)
T373 9603-9691 Sentence denotes MOR expression HIV-1IIIB gp120 (X4) No MOR ↑ MOR mRNA Rats, HIV-1 tg males (Chang et al.
T374 9692-9697 Sentence denotes 2007)
T375 9698-9778 Sentence denotes MOR-coupling efficacy to G proteins Tat1–86 No • Morphine (acute, 10 mg/kg i.p.)
T376 9779-9942 Sentence denotes • Morphine, DAMGO (ex vivo) ↓ [35S]GTPγS binding in NAc Shell, CPu, amygdala, PFC, but not hippocampus, with morphine in Tat mice Mouse, Tat tg, males (Hahn et al.
T377 9943-9948 Sentence denotes 2016)
T378 9949-10145 Sentence denotes Neuroinflammation; morphine tolerance (antinociception), physical withdrawal, reward Tat1–86 No Morphine (75 mg pellet, 5 days) • ↑ Tolerance (↓ anti-nociceptive potency and ↓ withdrawal symptoms)
T379 10146-10191 Sentence denotes • ↑ CPP and cytokines (24 h after withdrawal)
T380 10192-10267 Sentence denotes • Above effects reduced by CCR5 blockade Mouse, Tat tg, males (Gonek et al.
T381 10268-10273 Sentence denotes 2018)
T382 10274-10392 Sentence denotes Neuropathy gp120 (0.2 μg), q.d. intrathecally No Morphine (3 μg, intrathecally, b.i.d., 5 days) • ↑ Mechanic allodynia
T383 10393-10442 Sentence denotes • ↑ Brd4 mRNA Rat, males, gp120 (Takahashi et al.
T384 10443-10448 Sentence denotes 2018)
T385 10449-10608 Sentence denotes Morphine efficacy, potency Tat1–86 No Morphine (acute, 2–8 mg/kg s.c.) ↓ Antinociceptive potency and efficacy (tail flick) Mouse, Tat tg, males (Fitting et al.
T386 10609-10614 Sentence denotes 2012)
T387 10615-10727 Sentence denotes Morphine tolerance, physical dependence Tat1–86 No Morphine (75 mg pellet, 4 days) • ↑ Antinociceptive tolerance
T388 10728-10788 Sentence denotes • ↓ Physical dependence Mouse, Tat tg, males (Fitting et al.
T389 10789-10794 Sentence denotes 2016)
T390 10795-10976 Sentence denotes Locomotor function Tat1–86 No Oxycodone (0–10 mg/kg, i.p., 15 min prior behavioral assay) ↑ Locomotor activity, center entries (open field) Mouse, Tat tg, females (Salahuddin et al.
T391 10977-10982 Sentence denotes 2020)
T392 10983-11112 Sentence denotes SIVmacR71/17E No Morphine (escalating doses of 1–2.5 mg/kg i.m., q.i.d., 59 weeks) ↓ Motor skill Rhesus macaques (Marcario et al.
T393 11113-11118 Sentence denotes 2016)
T394 11119-11226 Sentence denotes Tat1–86 No Oxycodone (acute, 0.1–10 mg/kg, i.p.) ↑ Psychomotor effects Mouse, Tat tg, females (Paris et al.
T395 11227-11232 Sentence denotes 2020)
T396 11233-11379 Sentence denotes BBB integrity Tat No Morphine (25 mg pellet, 5 days) ↑ Dextran extravasation across the blood-brain barrier Mouse, Tat tg females (Leibrand et al.
T397 11380-11385 Sentence denotes 2019)
T398 11386-11522 Sentence denotes Immune cell trafficking into CNS Tat No Morphine • ↑ Infiltration of monocytes and T cells into S. pneumoniae-infected CNS with morphine
T399 11523-11638 Sentence denotes • ↑ T cell CXCR4 and CCR5 expression with morphine Mouse, CNS infection (S. pneumoniae), males (Dutta and Roy 2015)
T400 11639-11663 Sentence denotes ARV accumulation Tat DTG
T401 11664-11667 Sentence denotes ABC
T402 11668-11853 Sentence denotes 3TC Morphine (2 mg/day, s.c.. osmotic pump, 5 days) ↓ Dolutegravir and abacavir, but no change in lamivudine in brains of morphine-treated animals Mouse, Tat tg females (Leibrand et al.
T403 11854-11859 Sentence denotes 2019)
T404 11860-11992 Sentence denotes Circadian rhythms Tat1–86 No Morphine (25 mg pellet, last 5 days) ↓ Total wheel-running activity Mouse, Tat tg, males (Duncan et al.
T405 11993-11998 Sentence denotes 2008)
T406 11999-12112 Sentence denotes aassumed Clade B, unless noted otherwise; b sex not reported; c authors reported a trend that was not significant
T407 12113-13159 Sentence denotes ABC, abacavir; ARV, antiretroviral(s); BBB, blood-brain barrier; b.i.d., twice a day; Brd4, Bromodomain-containing protein 4; CPu, caudate-putamen; CNS, central nervous system; CPP, conditioned place preference; CM, conditioned medium; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; DAMGO [D-Ala2, N-MePhe4, Gly-ol]-enkephalin; DRD2L, type 2 dopamine receptor; DTG, dolutegravir; HIVE, HIV encephalitis (typically seen pre-cART); HSPA5, heat shock 70-kDa protein A 5; IDU, injection drug use; i.m., intramuscularly; i.p., intraperitoneal; Iba1, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1; 3TC, lamivudine; MHC class II, major histocompatibility class II; mIPSC, miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents; MOR, μ-opioid receptor; No info, information not provided or uncertain; OST, opioid substitution therapy; OUD, opioid use disorder; PFC, prefrontal cortex; PENK, preproenkephalin; q.d., once a day; q.i.d., four times a day; ROS, reactive oxygen species; s.c., subcutaneous; SUD, substance use disorder; tg, transgenic; t.i.d., three times a day; ZDV, zidovudine
T408 13160-13315 Sentence denotes For practicality, Tables 1 and 2 are limited to key studies in the CNS with emphasis on neuropathological or neuroimmune rather than psychosocial outcomes.
T409 13316-13760 Sentence denotes With deference toward the excellent studies we excluded: (1) on opioid and HIV effects on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), or on isolated lymphocytes and monocytes, not directly related to the central nervous system or BBB; (2) on HIV or opioid and ARV interactions in the peripheral nervous system; and (3) studies not directly examining opioid-HIV interactions (irrespective of whether a positive or negative interaction was found)