LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7463108 / 12385-29719 JSONTXT 11 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T137 0-55 Sentence denotes Preclinical and Clinical Findings—a Complicated Picture
T138 56-170 Sentence denotes People infected with HIV (PWH) with OUD have an increased incidence of neuroHIV and CNS complications (Bell et al.
T139 171-188 Sentence denotes 1998; Nath et al.
T140 189-222 Sentence denotes 1999, 2000a, 2002; Anthony et al.
T141 223-241 Sentence denotes 2008; Meyer et al.
T142 242-260 Sentence denotes 2013; Smith et al.
T143 261-267 Sentence denotes 2014).
T144 268-344 Sentence denotes Injection drug use increases the probability of contracting HIV (Nath et al.
T145 345-412 Sentence denotes 1999) and opioid drugs intrinsically alter the pathogenesis of HIV.
T146 413-550 Sentence denotes PWH who develop intractable pain syndromes related to peripheral neuropathies often receive opioid drugs for treatment (Mirsattari et al.
T147 551-569 Sentence denotes 1999; Denis et al.
T148 570-576 Sentence denotes 2019).
T149 577-752 Sentence denotes PWH who misuse opioids are more likely to undertake risky sexual behavior and are less likely to adhere to combined antiretroviral (ARV) therapy (cART) regimens (Lemons et al.
T150 753-759 Sentence denotes 2019).
T151 760-923 Sentence denotes Opioid receptors are widely expressed on immune cells and opioids can modulate immune function (Donahoe and Falek 1988; Plotnikoff 1988; Rouveix 1992; Adler et al.
T152 924-962 Sentence denotes 1993; Carr and Serou 1995; Carr et al.
T153 963-981 Sentence denotes 1996; Sheng et al.
T154 982-1003 Sentence denotes 1997; Banerjee et al.
T155 1004-1024 Sentence denotes 2011; Purohit et al.
T156 1025-1108 Sentence denotes 2012), which typically (but not always) result in immune suppression (Wybran et al.
T157 1109-1131 Sentence denotes 1979; McDonough et al.
T158 1132-1182 Sentence denotes 1980, 1981; Donahoe and Falek 1988; Donahoe et al.
T159 1183-1201 Sentence denotes 1991; Falek et al.
T160 1202-1221 Sentence denotes 1991; Novick et al.
T161 1222-1239 Sentence denotes 1991; Chao et al.
T162 1240-1262 Sentence denotes 1996a; Peterson et al.
T163 1263-1307 Sentence denotes 1998; Rogers and Peterson 2003; Stein et al.
T164 1308-1324 Sentence denotes 2003; Roy et al.
T165 1325-1345 Sentence denotes 2006; Rittner et al.
T166 1346-1352 Sentence denotes 2008).
T167 1353-1609 Sentence denotes The “opiate cofactor hypothesis” proposes opioids contribute directly to the pathogenesis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (Donahoe and Vlahov 1998), in part, because MOR activation can increase HIV replication in immune cells (Peterson et al.
T168 1610-1643 Sentence denotes 1990, 1992, 1993, 1999; Ho et al.
T169 1644-1650 Sentence denotes 2003).
T170 1651-1725 Sentence denotes Furthermore, MOR and HIV co-receptors, including both CCR5 (El-Hage et al.
T171 1726-1743 Sentence denotes 2013; Yuan et al.
T172 1744-1763 Sentence denotes 2013; Arnatt et al.
T173 1764-1795 Sentence denotes 2016) and CXCR4 (Pitcher et al.
T174 1796-1911 Sentence denotes 2014) can interact via convergent downstream signaling and perhaps via direct molecular interactions (Rogers et al.
T175 1912-1957 Sentence denotes 2000; Rogers and Peterson 2003; Steele et al.
T176 1958-1975 Sentence denotes 2003; Chen et al.
T177 1976-1993 Sentence denotes 2004; Song et al.
T178 1994-2013 Sentence denotes 2011; Arnatt et al.
T179 2014-2020 Sentence denotes 2016).
T180 2021-2101 Sentence denotes MOR-CCR5 or CXCR4 interactions are highly contextual and can promote (Guo et al.
T181 2102-2121 Sentence denotes 2002; Steele et al.
T182 2122-2154 Sentence denotes 2003) or inhibit (Strazza et al.
T183 2155-2252 Sentence denotes 2014) HIV expression, depending on the nature and duration of exposure (see Fig. 9; Berman et al.
T184 2253-2293 Sentence denotes 2006) and cell type involved (Kim et al.
T185 2294-2300 Sentence denotes 2018).
T186 2301-2405 Sentence denotes Depending on the outcome measure, Tat expression reduces morphine’s efficacy and potency (Fitting et al.
T187 2406-2429 Sentence denotes 2012, 2016; Hahn et al.
T188 2430-2436 Sentence denotes 2016).
T189 2437-2611 Sentence denotes Antagonizing CCR5 with maraviroc reinstates morphine potency in an antinociceptive assay and restores physical dependence in Tat exposed, morphine-tolerant mice (Gonek et al.
T190 2612-2618 Sentence denotes 2018).
T191 2619-2724 Sentence denotes Epidemiological studies suggest OUD can increase AIDS progression (Donahoe and Vlahov 1998; Dronda et al.
T192 2725-2747 Sentence denotes 2004; Meijerink et al.
T193 2748-2760 Sentence denotes 2014, 2015).
T194 2761-2855 Sentence denotes In the pre-cART era, opiate abuse was found to exacerbate HIV encephalitis (HIVE) (Bell et al.
T195 2856-2868 Sentence denotes 1998, 2002).
T196 2869-3040 Sentence denotes In Indonesian injection heroin abusers who lacked access to cART, CD4 counts (a measure of HIV progression) were reduced compared to PWH not using heroin (Meijerink et al.
T197 3041-3047 Sentence denotes 2014).
T198 3048-3401 Sentence denotes However, with the introduction of cART, the clinical picture has significantly changed with a 50% decline in the rate of death from AIDS, reduced incidence of opportunistic infections and HIVE, and a 40–50% decrease in the incidence of HIV-associated dementia (HAD), the most severe form of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) (Maschke et al.
T199 3402-3423 Sentence denotes 2000; McArthur et al.
T200 3424-3443 Sentence denotes 2010; Saylor et al.
T201 3444-3450 Sentence denotes 2016).
T202 3451-3611 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, chronic opiate exposure (which almost always is confounded by the use of other illicit and legal drugs) in PWH can worsen neuroHIV (Anthony et al.
T203 3612-3629 Sentence denotes 2005; Bell et al.
T204 3630-3650 Sentence denotes 2006; Anthony et al.
T205 3651-3707 Sentence denotes 2008) and cognitive impairment (Rodriguez Salgado et al.
T206 3708-3757 Sentence denotes 2006; Martin-Thormeyer and Paul 2009; Byrd et al.
T207 3758-3776 Sentence denotes 2011; Smith et al.
T208 3777-3796 Sentence denotes 2014; Martin et al.
T209 3797-3815 Sentence denotes 2018; Rubin et al.
T210 3816-3916 Sentence denotes 2018) despite cART, even though some studies fail to show that opioids worsen neuroHIV (Royal et al.
T211 3917-3939 Sentence denotes 1991; Applebaum et al.
T212 3940-3968 Sentence denotes 2010) or HAND (Martin et al.
T213 3969-3975 Sentence denotes 2019).
T214 3976-4059 Sentence denotes Opiate exposure in cART-treated PWH worsens CD4 counts and viral loads (Ryan et al.
T215 4060-4126 Sentence denotes 2004), neuropathology (including increased tauopathy; Smith et al.
T216 4127-4166 Sentence denotes 2014), CNS inflammation (Anthony et al.
T217 4167-4191 Sentence denotes 2005, 2008; Smith et al.
T218 4192-4235 Sentence denotes 2014), and neurocognition (Applebaum et al.
T219 4236-4253 Sentence denotes 2009; Byrd et al.
T220 4254-4272 Sentence denotes 2011; Meyer et al.
T221 4273-4339 Sentence denotes 2013) including deficits in memory and working memory (Byrd et al.
T222 4340-4346 Sentence denotes 2011).
T223 4347-4502 Sentence denotes Table 1 gives an overview on reported interactive effects of HIV and opioids in some of the clinical and preclinical CNS studies referenced in this review.
T224 4503-4544 Sentence denotes Table 1 Clinical and preclinical findings
T225 4545-4617 Sentence denotes Major effects HIV pathogena ARV Opioids Outcome Model system Citation(s)
T226 4618-4643 Sentence denotes Clinical findings (human)
T227 4644-4695 Sentence denotes HIV progression and/or ARV adherence HIV cART • SUD
T228 4696-4751 Sentence denotes • Prescription opioids for pain • ↑ Viral load with SUD
T229 4752-4769 Sentence denotes • ↓ ARV adherence
T230 4770-4841 Sentence denotes • ↑ Frequency of prescription drugs with pain + SUD Human (Denis et al.
T231 4842-4847 Sentence denotes 2019)
T232 4848-4890 Sentence denotes HIV cART OUD • ↓ Lasting viral suppression
T233 4891-4945 Sentence denotes • ↓ Adherence to cART for 3 years Human (Lemons et al.
T234 4946-4951 Sentence denotes 2019)
T235 4952-5021 Sentence denotes HIV ARV naive Injection drug use ↓ CD4 counts Human (Meijerink et al.
T236 5022-5027 Sentence denotes 2014)
T237 5028-5051 Sentence denotes HIV encephalitis (HIVE)
T238 5052-5132 Sentence denotes HIV infection CNS HIV ZDV Former drug use (+ OST) • ↑ Multinucleated giant cells
T239 5133-5181 Sentence denotes • ↑ HIV p24 Human, postmortem brain (Bell et al.
T240 5182-5187 Sentence denotes 1998)
T241 5188-5219 Sentence denotes Microglial activation HIV • ARV
T242 5220-5321 Sentence denotes • ZDV OUD ↑ CD68 microglial activation only in non-OUD HIV+ PWH Human, postmortem brain (Smith et al.
T243 5322-5327 Sentence denotes 2014)
T244 5328-5337 Sentence denotes HIV • ARV
T245 5338-5434 Sentence denotes • ZDV, other monotherapies Injection drug use (+ OST) ↑ Microglial activation Human (Bell et al.
T246 5435-5440 Sentence denotes 2002)
T247 5441-5478 Sentence denotes HIV No info Drug use • ↑ MHC class II
T248 5479-5527 Sentence denotes • ↑ CD68 Human, postmortem brain (Anthony et al.
T249 5528-5533 Sentence denotes 2005)
T250 5534-5625 Sentence denotes HIV No info OUD (44% methadone, 36% other opiates) • ↓ CD68, HLA-D in HIV and HIVE with OUD
T251 5626-5689 Sentence denotes • No effect of IDU on CD68 Human, postmortem brain (Byrd et al.
T252 5690-5695 Sentence denotes 2012)
T253 5696-5822 Sentence denotes Plasma cytokines HIV cART OUD (codeine, fentanyl, morphine) ↑ sTNF-R2, not sCD14, TNF-α, sTNF-R1, in plasma Human (Ryan et al.
T254 5823-5828 Sentence denotes 2004)
T255 5829-5924 Sentence denotes HIV ARV naive Reported heroin use • ↓ MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MCP-2 in blood after stimulation with LPS
T256 5925-5981 Sentence denotes • ↑ CCR5 expression in CD4 cells Human (Meijerink et al.
T257 5982-5987 Sentence denotes 2015)
T258 5988-6049 Sentence denotes HIVE HIV No info OUD • ↑ Parenchymal inflammatory infiltrates
T259 6050-6126 Sentence denotes • ↑ HIV PCR amplification products Human, postmortem brain (Gosztonyi et al.
T260 6127-6132 Sentence denotes 1993)
T261 6133-6297 Sentence denotes Aberrant immune responses HIV No info SUD (opioids, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine) (+ OST) • ↑ Autoantibodies and delayed hypersensitivity to neural antigens OUD only
T262 6298-6348 Sentence denotes • No HIV effect/interaction Human (Jankovic et al.
T263 6349-6354 Sentence denotes 1991)
T264 6355-6448 Sentence denotes Learning-memory HIV 50-70% on cART Heroin, crack/cocaine • ↓ Total learning; ↓ Learning slope
T265 6449-6495 Sentence denotes • ↓ Delayed recall Human, female (Meyer et al.
T266 6496-6501 Sentence denotes 2013)
T267 6502-6548 Sentence denotes HIV cART Reported heroin use • ↓ Recall memory
T268 6549-6586 Sentence denotes • ↓ Working memory Human (Byrd et al.
T269 6587-6592 Sentence denotes 2011)
T270 6593-6671 Sentence denotes HIV No info SUD (opioids, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine) • ↓ Complex figure copy
T271 6672-6711 Sentence denotes • ↓ Delayed recall Human (Concha et al.
T272 6712-6717 Sentence denotes 1997)
T273 6718-6810 Sentence denotes Neuropsychological performance cART OST (methadone) No effect of OST Human (Applebaum et al.
T274 6811-6816 Sentence denotes 2010)
T275 6817-6966 Sentence denotes Cognitive function HIV cART OUD • ↓ Cognitive performance with anticholinergics, but not opioids, anxiolytics, or anticonvulsants Human (Rubin et al.
T276 6967-6972 Sentence denotes 2018)
T277 6973-6979 Sentence denotes Memory
T278 6980-7065 Sentence denotes Cognitive function HIV cART SUD (alcohol, cocaine, heroin) • ↓ Working memory in HIV+
T279 7066-7140 Sentence denotes • ↓ Spatial and verbal response times in women, irrespective of HIV status
T280 7141-7196 Sentence denotes • ↑ Response time with cocaine use Human (Martin et al.
T281 7197-7202 Sentence denotes 2018)
T282 7203-7330 Sentence denotes Visual and cognitive function HIV No info OUD (+ OST, methadone) • ↑ Pattern-shift visual evoked potential delay with methadone
T283 7331-7377 Sentence denotes • No HIV effect/interaction Human (Bauer 1998)
T284 7378-7480 Sentence denotes Transmission risk HIV No info OST ↓ Frequency of injection drug use Human (Kwiatkowski and Booth 2001)
T285 7481-7527 Sentence denotes HIV cART OST • ↓ Frequency of heroin injection
T286 7528-7559 Sentence denotes • ↑ On ARV Human (Pettes et al.
T287 7560-7565 Sentence denotes 2010)
T288 7566-7639 Sentence denotes Motor and visual function HIV No info OST • ↓ Digital Finger-Tapping test
T289 7640-7690 Sentence denotes • ↓ Visual motor pursuit Human (Silberstein et al.
T290 7691-7696 Sentence denotes 1993)
T291 7697-7788 Sentence denotes ARV adherence HIV cART OST • ↑ ARV adherence in PWH with OST vs. OUD Human (Mazhnaya et al.
T292 7789-7794 Sentence denotes 2018)
T293 7795-7863 Sentence denotes PENK expression HIV Pre- and post-cART SUD • ↓ PENK in HIVE vs. HIV−
T294 7864-7894 Sentence denotes • ↓ DRD2L HIV+ vs. HIVE & HIV−
T295 7895-7920 Sentence denotes • ↓ DRD2L correlates with
T296 7921-7984 Sentence denotes ↑ cognitive performance Human, post mortem brain (Gelman et al.
T297 7985-7990 Sentence denotes 2012)
T298 7991-8161 Sentence denotes OPRM1 polymorphisms, splice variants HIV No info SUD C17T MOR polymorphism correlates with ↑ risk of cocaine, alcohol & tobacco (but not opiate) use Human (Crystal et al.
T299 8162-8167 Sentence denotes 2012)
T300 8168-8270 Sentence denotes HIV cART No Some OPRM1 polymorphisms may alter HIV severity / response to ARV Human (Proudnikov et al.
T301 8271-8276 Sentence denotes 2012)
T302 8277-8325 Sentence denotes HIV No info MOR-1K expression • ↑ MOR-1K in HIVE
T303 8326-8429 Sentence denotes • ↑ CCL2, CCL6, CCL5, but not CXCR4, CCR5 or CD4 receptor in HIVE Human, postmortem brain (Dever et al.
T304 8430-8435 Sentence denotes 2014)
T305 8436-8574 Sentence denotes OPRK and PDYN polymorphisms HIV cART No Some OPRK and PDYN polymorphisms may alter HIV severity / response to ARV Human (Proudnikov et al.
T306 8575-8580 Sentence denotes 2013)
T307 8581-8708 Sentence denotes Sensory Neuropathy HIV cART SUD HIV sensory neuropathy- regardless of SUD (trends, not significant) Human (Robinson-Papp et al.
T308 8709-8714 Sentence denotes 2010)
T309 8715-8752 Sentence denotes Preclinical in vivo findings (animal)
T310 8753-8886 Sentence denotes HIV entry into the brain Mixture of SIV17-EFr, SHIVKU_1B, SHIV89.6P No Morphine (5 mg/kg i.m., b.i.d., ≤ 56 weeks) • ↑ CSF viral load
T311 8887-8959 Sentence denotes • ↑ Viral migration through BBB for SHIVKU Rhesus macaques (Kumar et al.
T312 8960-8965 Sentence denotes 2006)
T313 8966-9040 Sentence denotes SIVmacR71/17E No Morphine (3 mg/kg i.m., q.i.d.) • ↑ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells
T314 9041-9059 Sentence denotes • ↑ CSF viral load
T315 9060-9131 Sentence denotes • ↑ Infiltration of MDMs into the brain Rhesus macaques (Bokhari et al.
T316 9132-9138 Sentence denotes 2011).
T317 9139-9288 Sentence denotes Viral load and HIV progression Mixture of SIV17-EFr, SHIVKU _1B, SHIV89.6P No Morphine (5 mg/kg, i.m., t.i.d., 20 weeks) • ↑ Viral load; ↓ CD4 counts
T318 9289-9355 Sentence denotes • ↑ ROS with morphine + SIV Rhesus macaques (Perez-Casanova et al.
T319 9356-9383 Sentence denotes 2007; Perez-Casanova et al.
T320 9384-9389 Sentence denotes 2008)
T321 9390-9476 Sentence denotes SIV gene mutation/evolutiontat Mixture of SIV17-EFr, SHIVKU _1B, SHIV89.6P No Morphine
T322 9477-9542 Sentence denotes (5 mg/kg, i.m., t.i.d., 20–56 weeks) • ↑ Viral load; ↓ CD4 counts
T323 9543-9599 Sentence denotes • tat evolution—inverse correlation with SIV progression
T324 9600-9681 Sentence denotes • ↓ tat diversity with morphine Rhesus macaques (Noel and Kumar 2006; Noel et al.
T325 9682-9688 Sentence denotes 2006b)
T326 9689-9721 Sentence denotes nef • ↑ Viral load; ↓ CD4 counts
T327 9722-9800 Sentence denotes • ↓ nef evolution; no correlation with SIV progression ± morphine (Noel et al.
T328 9801-9807 Sentence denotes 2006a)
T329 9808-9840 Sentence denotes env • ↑ Viral load; ↓ CD4 counts
T330 9841-9913 Sentence denotes • ↑ env evolution (V4 region) correlates with SIV progression + morphine
T331 9914-9973 Sentence denotes • ↑ env evolution in CSF with morphine (Rivera-Amill et al.
T332 9974-9986 Sentence denotes 2007, 2010b)
T333 9987-10084 Sentence denotes vpr • ↓ vpr evolution and/or Vpr R50G mutation—inverse correlation with SIV progression/mortality
T334 10085-10152 Sentence denotes • ↓ vpr evolution with morphine (Noel and Kumar 2007; Rivera et al.
T335 10153-10158 Sentence denotes 2013)
T336 10159-10280 Sentence denotes Neuronal injury, survival, oxidative stress gp120 HIV-1LAV No Morphine (25 mg pellet, 5–7 days) • ↑ ROS during withdrawal
T337 10281-10320 Sentence denotes • ↓ PSD95 during chronic and withdrawal
T338 10321-10338 Sentence denotes • ↑ Sphingomyelin
T339 10339-10384 Sentence denotes • ↓ Ceramide Mouse, gp120 tgb (Bandaru et al.
T340 10385-10390 Sentence denotes 2011)
T341 10391-10498 Sentence denotes HIV No Morphine (37.5 mg s.c, 5 days) ↓ neuron survival HIV tg + morphine Rat, HIV-1 tg, female (Guo et al.
T342 10499-10504 Sentence denotes 2012)
T343 10505-10508 Sentence denotes SIV
T344 10509-10620 Sentence denotes HIV Tat No Morphine (3 mg/kg i.m., q.i.d., 3 weeks) • ↑ miR-29b, ↓ PDGF-B mRNA, ↑ PDGF-BB with morphine and SIV
T345 10621-10753 Sentence denotes • ↓ PDGF-B, ↓ neuron survival with CM from morphine-treated astrocytes Rhesus macaques; Ratb, primary neurons, astrocytes (Hu et al.
T346 10754-10759 Sentence denotes 2012)
T347 10760-10912 Sentence denotes Synaptic transmission Tat1–86 No Morphine ex vivo (1 μM) to the bath ↓ mIPSC frequency Mouse, male and female, PFC slices, ex vivo (Xu and Fitting 2016)
T348 10913-10926 Sentence denotes SIVmacR71/17E
T349 10927-11005 Sentence denotes Tat No info • Morphine (escalating doses of 1–3 mg/kg i.m., q.i.d., 12 months)
T350 11006-11056 Sentence denotes • Morphine in vitro • SIV ↑ Synaptic protein HSPA5
T351 11057-11103 Sentence denotes • Tat ↑ HSPA5 mRNA (in vitro) Rhesus macaques;
T352 11104-11110 Sentence denotes Human,
T353 11111-11164 Sentence denotes SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells in vitro (Pendyala et al.
T354 11165-11170 Sentence denotes 2015)
T355 11171-11285 Sentence denotes White matter effects SIVmacR71/17E No Morphine (3 mg/kg i.m., q.i.d., ≤ 59 weeks) • ↑ Focal, demyelinating lesions
T356 11286-11358 Sentence denotes • ↑ Macrophages in areas of myelin loss Rhesus macaques (Marcario et al.
T357 11359-11365 Sentence denotes 2008),
T358 11366-11480 Sentence denotes CNS metabolites SIVsmm9 No info Morphine (escalating doses of 1–3 mg/kg i.m., q.i.d., ≤ 4 years) • ↑ Survival time
T359 11481-11531 Sentence denotes • ↑ Creatine in white matter (SIV + morphine only)
T360 11532-11589 Sentence denotes • ↑ Myo-inositol in putamen Rhesus macaques (Cloak et al.
T361 11590-11595 Sentence denotes 2011)
T362 11596-11722 Sentence denotes Neuroinflammation Tat1–86 No Morphine (10 mg/kg i.p., b.i.d., 5 days) ↑ Iba1+ 3-NT+ microglia Mouse, Tat tg, males (Zou et al.
T363 11723-11728 Sentence denotes 2011)
T364 11729-11747 Sentence denotes Chemokines Tat1–72
T365 11748-11858 Sentence denotes (25 μg intrastriatal injection) No Morphine (25 mg pellet, 5 days) • ↑ CCL2 in astrocytes is regulated by CCR5
T366 11859-11892 Sentence denotes • ↑ CCL2 in macrophages/microglia
T367 11893-11977 Sentence denotes • CCL2-knockout blocks morphine + Tat-induced glial reactivity Mouse (El-Hage et al.
T368 11978-11984 Sentence denotes 2008a)
T369 11985-12117 Sentence denotes Cytokines, Chemokines HIV Tat (10 μg/kg i.v.) No Morphine (25, 75 mg pellet, 6 days) • Morphine ↑ death in Tat + bacterial infection
T370 12118-12139 Sentence denotes • ↑ TNFα, IL-6, CCL2,
T371 12140-12215 Sentence denotes • ↑ TLR2, TLR4, TLR9 Mouse, male, in vivo; microglia in vitro (Dutta et al.
T372 12216-12221 Sentence denotes 2012)
T373 12222-12310 Sentence denotes MOR expression HIV-1IIIB gp120 (X4) No MOR ↑ MOR mRNA Rats, HIV-1 tg males (Chang et al.
T374 12311-12316 Sentence denotes 2007)
T375 12317-12397 Sentence denotes MOR-coupling efficacy to G proteins Tat1–86 No • Morphine (acute, 10 mg/kg i.p.)
T376 12398-12561 Sentence denotes • Morphine, DAMGO (ex vivo) ↓ [35S]GTPγS binding in NAc Shell, CPu, amygdala, PFC, but not hippocampus, with morphine in Tat mice Mouse, Tat tg, males (Hahn et al.
T377 12562-12567 Sentence denotes 2016)
T378 12568-12764 Sentence denotes Neuroinflammation; morphine tolerance (antinociception), physical withdrawal, reward Tat1–86 No Morphine (75 mg pellet, 5 days) • ↑ Tolerance (↓ anti-nociceptive potency and ↓ withdrawal symptoms)
T379 12765-12810 Sentence denotes • ↑ CPP and cytokines (24 h after withdrawal)
T380 12811-12886 Sentence denotes • Above effects reduced by CCR5 blockade Mouse, Tat tg, males (Gonek et al.
T381 12887-12892 Sentence denotes 2018)
T382 12893-13011 Sentence denotes Neuropathy gp120 (0.2 μg), q.d. intrathecally No Morphine (3 μg, intrathecally, b.i.d., 5 days) • ↑ Mechanic allodynia
T383 13012-13061 Sentence denotes • ↑ Brd4 mRNA Rat, males, gp120 (Takahashi et al.
T384 13062-13067 Sentence denotes 2018)
T385 13068-13227 Sentence denotes Morphine efficacy, potency Tat1–86 No Morphine (acute, 2–8 mg/kg s.c.) ↓ Antinociceptive potency and efficacy (tail flick) Mouse, Tat tg, males (Fitting et al.
T386 13228-13233 Sentence denotes 2012)
T387 13234-13346 Sentence denotes Morphine tolerance, physical dependence Tat1–86 No Morphine (75 mg pellet, 4 days) • ↑ Antinociceptive tolerance
T388 13347-13407 Sentence denotes • ↓ Physical dependence Mouse, Tat tg, males (Fitting et al.
T389 13408-13413 Sentence denotes 2016)
T390 13414-13595 Sentence denotes Locomotor function Tat1–86 No Oxycodone (0–10 mg/kg, i.p., 15 min prior behavioral assay) ↑ Locomotor activity, center entries (open field) Mouse, Tat tg, females (Salahuddin et al.
T391 13596-13601 Sentence denotes 2020)
T392 13602-13731 Sentence denotes SIVmacR71/17E No Morphine (escalating doses of 1–2.5 mg/kg i.m., q.i.d., 59 weeks) ↓ Motor skill Rhesus macaques (Marcario et al.
T393 13732-13737 Sentence denotes 2016)
T394 13738-13845 Sentence denotes Tat1–86 No Oxycodone (acute, 0.1–10 mg/kg, i.p.) ↑ Psychomotor effects Mouse, Tat tg, females (Paris et al.
T395 13846-13851 Sentence denotes 2020)
T396 13852-13998 Sentence denotes BBB integrity Tat No Morphine (25 mg pellet, 5 days) ↑ Dextran extravasation across the blood-brain barrier Mouse, Tat tg females (Leibrand et al.
T397 13999-14004 Sentence denotes 2019)
T398 14005-14141 Sentence denotes Immune cell trafficking into CNS Tat No Morphine • ↑ Infiltration of monocytes and T cells into S. pneumoniae-infected CNS with morphine
T399 14142-14257 Sentence denotes • ↑ T cell CXCR4 and CCR5 expression with morphine Mouse, CNS infection (S. pneumoniae), males (Dutta and Roy 2015)
T400 14258-14282 Sentence denotes ARV accumulation Tat DTG
T401 14283-14286 Sentence denotes ABC
T402 14287-14472 Sentence denotes 3TC Morphine (2 mg/day, s.c.. osmotic pump, 5 days) ↓ Dolutegravir and abacavir, but no change in lamivudine in brains of morphine-treated animals Mouse, Tat tg females (Leibrand et al.
T403 14473-14478 Sentence denotes 2019)
T404 14479-14611 Sentence denotes Circadian rhythms Tat1–86 No Morphine (25 mg pellet, last 5 days) ↓ Total wheel-running activity Mouse, Tat tg, males (Duncan et al.
T405 14612-14617 Sentence denotes 2008)
T406 14618-14731 Sentence denotes aassumed Clade B, unless noted otherwise; b sex not reported; c authors reported a trend that was not significant
T407 14732-15778 Sentence denotes ABC, abacavir; ARV, antiretroviral(s); BBB, blood-brain barrier; b.i.d., twice a day; Brd4, Bromodomain-containing protein 4; CPu, caudate-putamen; CNS, central nervous system; CPP, conditioned place preference; CM, conditioned medium; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; DAMGO [D-Ala2, N-MePhe4, Gly-ol]-enkephalin; DRD2L, type 2 dopamine receptor; DTG, dolutegravir; HIVE, HIV encephalitis (typically seen pre-cART); HSPA5, heat shock 70-kDa protein A 5; IDU, injection drug use; i.m., intramuscularly; i.p., intraperitoneal; Iba1, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1; 3TC, lamivudine; MHC class II, major histocompatibility class II; mIPSC, miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents; MOR, μ-opioid receptor; No info, information not provided or uncertain; OST, opioid substitution therapy; OUD, opioid use disorder; PFC, prefrontal cortex; PENK, preproenkephalin; q.d., once a day; q.i.d., four times a day; ROS, reactive oxygen species; s.c., subcutaneous; SUD, substance use disorder; tg, transgenic; t.i.d., three times a day; ZDV, zidovudine
T408 15779-15934 Sentence denotes For practicality, Tables 1 and 2 are limited to key studies in the CNS with emphasis on neuropathological or neuroimmune rather than psychosocial outcomes.
T409 15935-16379 Sentence denotes With deference toward the excellent studies we excluded: (1) on opioid and HIV effects on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), or on isolated lymphocytes and monocytes, not directly related to the central nervous system or BBB; (2) on HIV or opioid and ARV interactions in the peripheral nervous system; and (3) studies not directly examining opioid-HIV interactions (irrespective of whether a positive or negative interaction was found)
T410 16380-16611 Sentence denotes Although translational, “bench-to-bedside”, research is important, reverse-translational approaches and multiple preclinical models are essential to better understand complex disease and improve established therapies (Singer 2019).
T411 16612-16796 Sentence denotes Evidence suggests that HIV compartmentalizes within the CNS early during the course of the infection establishing a separate reservoir harboring “intact proviral” HIV (Churchill et al.
T412 16797-16816 Sentence denotes 2016; Bruner et al.
T413 16817-16877 Sentence denotes 2019) within resident neural cell populations (Bednar et al.
T414 16878-16901 Sentence denotes 2015; Sturdevant et al.
T415 16902-16923 Sentence denotes 2015; Veenhuis et al.
T416 16924-16980 Sentence denotes 2019) and perivascular macrophages (Fischer-Smith et al.
T417 16981-16999 Sentence denotes 2001; Burdo et al.
T418 17000-17033 Sentence denotes 2013; Rappaport and Volsky 2015).
T419 17034-17334 Sentence denotes Preclinical studies assessing opioid interactions with HIV or viral proteins permit mechanistic understanding of how particular CNS cell types, including neurons, astroglia, and microglia are affected and contribute to accentuating effects of opiates on neuroHIV, which are discussed in detail below.