LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7436573 / 1391-17308 JSONTXT 10 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T15 0-12 Sentence denotes Introduction
T16 13-231 Sentence denotes World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID‐19 a pandemic on 12 March 2020 (World Health Organization 2020a), and compared to other countries, Taiwan has to date registered a relatively low number of COVID‐19 cases.
T17 232-486 Sentence denotes As of 10 June 2020, Taiwan’s 443 confirmed cases of COVID‐19 included 55 domestic cases (12.4%) and 352 imported cases (79.5%), while 36 (8.1%) were navy members on the fleet, and of these, seven had died (Taiwan Centers for Disease Control 2020, 2020a).
T18 487-814 Sentence denotes This is all the more remarkable given that Taiwan sits only 81 miles off the coast of China and was initially predicted to suffer the second highest number of COVID‐19 cases worldwide due to its proximity to and frequency of flights to and from China (Center for Systems Science & Engineering of Johns Hopkins University 2020).
T19 815-912 Sentence denotes How has Taiwan controlled the spread of this coronavirus outbreak while other countries have not?
T20 913-1080 Sentence denotes The answer to this question has its roots in the hard lessons learned from prior experience dealing with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003.
T21 1081-1249 Sentence denotes This experience helped Taiwan, both at governmental and societal levels, react relatively quickly to the COVID‐19 outbreak and treat its potential harms more seriously.
T22 1250-1491 Sentence denotes Border controls and wearing of face masks became routine policies as early as January in Taiwan, while hospitals quickly established readiness plans that included relevant protocols and the stockpiling of supplies, equipment and medications.
T23 1492-1736 Sentence denotes This article describes the quick response of the Taiwan government and of Taiwan’s nurses and Taiwan Nurses Association, as a National Nurses Association, to the COVID‐19 outbreak as a reference to other countries in their response to COVID‐19.
T24 1738-1775 Sentence denotes Taiwan government’s preparedness plan
T25 1776-2033 Sentence denotes After experience with the SARS epidemic, Taiwan government began regularly promoting the concept of infection control as well as implementing policies to prevent future epidemics that emphasized preventive health education, hand hygiene and cough etiquette.
T26 2034-2153 Sentence denotes Infection control was made both a formal hospital accreditation item and an item targeted in yearly onsite inspections.
T27 2154-2295 Sentence denotes As part of their continuing education, all healthcare professionals must participate in training courses on infection prevention and control.
T28 2296-2511 Sentence denotes A further key factor that has likely contributed to Taiwan’s low number of confirmed cases is the widespread public acceptance and adherence to infection control rules that have been enacted and promoted after 2003.
T29 2512-2639 Sentence denotes Moreover, Taiwan government has actively distributed three million N95 masks and isolation gowns from its 35‐day reserve stock.
T30 2640-2826 Sentence denotes This distribution began in December 2019, following the finding by a nationally convened public health expert panel that COVID‐19 posed a significant risk of human‐to‐human transmission.
T31 2827-3014 Sentence denotes As of 10 June 2020, no healthcare workers in Taiwan have lost their lives to COVID‐19, and only four nurses have been infected with mild symptoms and have since been cured and discharged.
T32 3015-3238 Sentence denotes The Taiwan government classified COVID‐19 as a notifiable infectious disease on 15th January, and the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (CDC) officially activated the Central Epidemic Command Center (CECC) on 20th January.
T33 3239-3412 Sentence denotes A series of clear policies, and standard operation procedures (SOPs) were regularly announced and strictly executed to prevent nosocomial infections and community outbreaks.
T34 3413-3521 Sentence denotes These SOPs target surveillance and containment, case identification, resource reallocation and quarantining.
T35 3522-3839 Sentence denotes These procedures included a national public policy on face masks, which temporarily prohibited the export of masks, implemented a citizen ID‐based mask rationing system, and established a public‐access mask pre‐order eMask website (https://emask.taiwan.gov.tw/msk/index.jsp; Taiwan Centers for Disease Control 2020b).
T36 3840-4068 Sentence denotes The government’s pre‐emptive measures and centralized coordination of surgical‐mask manufactures have been successful in ensuring adequate supplies of personal protective equipment (PPE) for frontline healthcare workers to date.
T37 4069-4233 Sentence denotes The CECC holds daily press conferences to directly provide to the public transparent, updated information on the pandemic and related control and response measures.
T38 4234-4390 Sentence denotes Quick and effective communication and information transparency have been critical to raising public awareness and knowledge regarding the COVID‐19 outbreak.
T39 4391-4639 Sentence denotes All television networks broadcast public education information on personal protection measures necessary for different occasions, covering face mask and hand washing protocols, avoiding big gathering activities and crowded venues, and other issues.
T40 4640-4757 Sentence denotes Nowadays, hand sanitization and temperature monitoring using thermal imagers have become routine in all public areas.
T41 4758-4980 Sentence denotes COVID‐19 testing is free to the public under Taiwan’s National Health Insurance System (NHIS) and the toll‐free number ‘1922’ is manned as a single‐window information hotline for COVID‐19 questions and assistance requests.
T42 4981-5196 Sentence denotes The abovementioned policies and strategies have helped Taiwan keep community transitions exceptionally low to date, allowed infected persons to receive comprehensive care, and avoided the need to lock down any city.
T43 5197-5345 Sentence denotes The Taiwan NHIS, established in 1995, provides universal health coverage with a coverage rate of 99.9% and accessible health services to all people.
T44 5346-5660 Sentence denotes The NHIS database has recently been integrated with Immigration and Customs databases, creating a platform for big data analytics that allows real‐time alerts to be generated during hospital visits based on an individual’s travel history and clinical symptoms to facilitate rapid case identification and diagnosis.
T45 5661-5820 Sentence denotes The system also uses app and AI software, including QR code scanning and online reporting, to check on individual travel histories during the previous 14 days.
T46 5821-6009 Sentence denotes People at higher risk levels are asked to self‐quarantine at home, with their current position tracked via their mobile phone to ensure compliance with quarantine restrictions (Wang et al.
T47 6010-6016 Sentence denotes 2020).
T48 6017-6375 Sentence denotes The asymptomatic nature of some cases during the early stage of infection has led the CECC to update control measures, including the announcement on 1st April of a new policy urging people to practice social distancing in public spaces by keeping a distance of at least 1 metre outdoors and 1.5 metre indoors (Taiwan Centers for Disease Control 2020, 2020c).
T49 6377-6416 Sentence denotes The roles of nurses during the outbreak
T50 6417-6542 Sentence denotes Working together with the government, Taiwanese nurses are heavily involved in prevention, control and treatment of COVID‐19.
T51 6543-6575 Sentence denotes They provide services including:
T52 6577-6605 Sentence denotes Border control and screening
T53 6606-6691 Sentence denotes Nurses provide services at airports and harbours to control suspected imported cases.
T54 6692-6867 Sentence denotes They utilize technology and big data to take history of travel, occupation, contact and cluster (TOCC) and further conduct case finding, fever screening and health assessment.
T55 6869-6907 Sentence denotes Charter flight and evacuation services
T56 6908-7060 Sentence denotes In January and March, three charter flights were sent to evacuate Taiwanese citizens from Wuhan, China, and Tokyo, Japan (Diamond Princess Cruise ship).
T57 7061-7158 Sentence denotes Nurses play the key roles to fulfil this mission in protecting all passengers’ health and safety.
T58 7160-7179 Sentence denotes Quarantine services
T59 7180-7255 Sentence denotes Twenty‐seven quarantine centres are allocated in communities around Taiwan.
T60 7256-7357 Sentence denotes Nurses are designated to assess physical and psychological health of residents evacuated from abroad.
T61 7358-7514 Sentence denotes Nurse‐led quarantine call centre was established to recruit nurse volunteers to follow up people under self‐quarantine and early detect those need referral.
T62 7516-7541 Sentence denotes Clinical nursing services
T63 7542-7696 Sentence denotes Clinical nurses provide direct medical and social care for suspected and confirmed cases at infection control units and negative‐pressure isolation wards.
T64 7697-7828 Sentence denotes Mental health and psychosocial support of patients and their families are also delivered by nurses via technology and social media.
T65 7829-7944 Sentence denotes Infection control nurses serve as mentors and consultants to hospitals and the public during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
T66 7946-7985 Sentence denotes Community services and public education
T67 7986-8272 Sentence denotes In addition to the direct care provided by clinical nurses, nurses in schools, industries and communities implement contact tracing and provide care as part of self‐health management, home quarantine, home isolation and community care services, such as case monitoring and following up.
T68 8273-8429 Sentence denotes In response to government’s policy, nurses also provide public education regarding proper hand hygiene, cough etiquette, mask wearing and social distancing.
T69 8430-8595 Sentence denotes In light of the large number of professional nurses involved, coordinating nurses as a group to respond effectively to this crisis may be considered half the battle.
T70 8597-8643 Sentence denotes Measures to protect nurses during the outbreak
T71 8644-8764 Sentence denotes Their long working hours and close contact with patients significantly increase the risk to nurses of becoming infected.
T72 8765-8956 Sentence denotes Working closely with nursing society, the government and healthcare system in Taiwan have enacted a variety of measures specifically aimed to protect nurses and help enhance their resilience.
T73 8958-8986 Sentence denotes Appropriate PPE and training
T74 8987-9107 Sentence denotes In addition to providing adequate PPEs, hospitals ensure that every nurse understands how to properly use the equipment.
T75 9108-9339 Sentence denotes Also, remote temperature detectors have been introduced and centralized health care has been implemented to reduce the frequency and duration that nurses are required to be physically presented in negative‐pressure isolation rooms.
T76 9341-9375 Sentence denotes Professional and legal protections
T77 9376-9535 Sentence denotes In response to the pandemic, the government has temporarily suspended all hospital review and accreditation procedures as well as licensure renewal for nurses.
T78 9536-9683 Sentence denotes To protect nurses’ rights, hospitals are required to provide additional insurance coverage for nurses working in negative‐pressure isolation wards.
T79 9684-9859 Sentence denotes Furthermore, nurses are receiving special‐hazard subsidies equal to those received by medical doctors during this crisis (Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan 2020a, 2020b).
T80 9861-9888 Sentence denotes Health and safety assurance
T81 9889-10079 Sentence denotes In line with restrictive patient‐visitation policies in place during this pandemic, nurses help family members communicate with patients via the telephone, mobile phone and tablet computers.
T82 10080-10237 Sentence denotes To reduce anxiety about possibly infecting their family members, nurses may stay in outside accommodations that are arranged and paid for by the institution.
T83 10238-10347 Sentence denotes To help address their anxiety, panic or concerns, nurses may access free hospital‐based counselling and care.
T84 10348-10513 Sentence denotes Nurses, who are deemed at higher risk of contracting COVID‐19, are pregnant or vulnerable and are eligible for reassignment to non‐COVID‐19‐related responsibilities.
T85 10514-10637 Sentence denotes Furthermore, a clinical practicum SOP for nursing students was established to ensure safety for both students and patients.
T86 10639-10676 Sentence denotes Physical and psychological resilience
T87 10677-10832 Sentence denotes To strengthen resilience, nurses who have taken care of suspected or confirmed cases of COVID‐19 may take additional 3‐day and 14‐day leaves, respectively.
T88 10833-10930 Sentence denotes Hospitals maintain caring‐support mechanisms to promote the physical and mental health of nurses.
T89 10932-10987 Sentence denotes The Taiwan Nurses Association provides leadership roles
T90 10988-11107 Sentence denotes Under the support of government, the Taiwan Nurses Association (TWNA) launched the Taiwan Nursing Now in February 2018.
T91 11108-11214 Sentence denotes TWNA speaks and advocates on behalf of nurses in concert with other nursing associations and stakeholders.
T92 11216-11267 Sentence denotes Advocacy for nurses and patients’ health and safety
T93 11268-11359 Sentence denotes Taiwan Nurses Association strongly advocates the health and safety for nurses and patients.
T94 11360-11557 Sentence denotes It called on government’s attention to postpone or terminate the last‐long and large‐scale gatherings to prevent the collapse of healthcare system in the beginning of the pandemic on 26th February.
T95 11558-11854 Sentence denotes Through interviewed by TV channels, Ministry of Health and Welfare and national and international media, TWNA urges the health authorities and healthcare systems to provide adequate supplies of PPE, safe staffing and compensation, and protect safety, health and well‐being of nurses and patients.
T96 11856-11891 Sentence denotes Enhancing nurses’ profile and image
T97 11892-12016 Sentence denotes Taiwan Nurses Association has started to collect photographs, videos and stories related to the COVID‐19 containment effort.
T98 12017-12179 Sentence denotes These will be printed, published and otherwise promoted to gain widespread media exposure to recognize and spotlight the critical role and contribution of nurses.
T99 12180-12397 Sentence denotes In early March 2020, TWNA worked with nine medical centres to produce videos, showcasing how nurses are currently working to combat COVID‐19, have been posted and shared on a variety of popular social media platforms.
T100 12399-12461 Sentence denotes Experience sharing through international and national platform
T101 12462-12631 Sentence denotes Taiwan Nurses Association has been working on sharing information and the containment experiences of nurses on its official website, Facebook, Line and Twitter accounts.
T102 12632-12786 Sentence denotes Furthermore, TWNA extends its appreciation to all frontline nurses to salute them for their significant contributions to protect people from the pandemic.
T103 12787-12931 Sentence denotes On 27 March, TWNA President Dr. Hsiu‐Hung Wang was invited to speak on the ‘Key Strategies to Combat COVID‐19 in Taiwan’ on ICN’s first webinar.
T104 12932-13005 Sentence denotes This webinar was attended by over 200 nurse leaders in over 50 countries.
T105 13006-13139 Sentence denotes Dr. Wang’s presentation highlighted Taiwan’s anti‐pandemic efforts and helped raise the national and international profile of nurses.
T106 13140-13326 Sentence denotes On 15 April, Dr. Wang was invited by the Qatar Foundation and the World Innovation Summit for Health to share the experience in a virtual panel discussion entitled ‘Flattening the Curve:
T107 13327-13421 Sentence denotes Global Responses to COVID‐19’, which was attended by over 2,000 viewers from around the world.
T108 13423-13468 Sentence denotes Showing appreciation for nurses’ contribution
T109 13469-13566 Sentence denotes On 12th May, International Nurses Day, the nurse leaders were invited to the Presidential Office.
T110 13567-13841 Sentence denotes During the visit, Taiwan President Dr. Ing‐Wen Tsai extended her appreciation for nurses’ contribution to team up with other health workers to tackling the pandemic crisis and praised frontline nurses with the words of ‘This country is great because of you’ via press media.
T111 13842-14014 Sentence denotes At the same day, TWNA and Taiwan Union of Nurses Association (TUNA) called on hospitals and the public around the country to show gratitude to all nurses by clapping hands.
T112 14015-14130 Sentence denotes An Appreciation Ceremony for frontline nurses who are taking care of COVID‐19 patients will be held in August 2020.
T113 14132-14174 Sentence denotes Implications for nursing and health policy
T114 14175-14307 Sentence denotes What we have learned from the COVID‐19 pandemic is that we need to well prepare for any unpredicted emerging pandemic in the future.
T115 14308-14486 Sentence denotes Nurses are at the frontline who comprise more than half of health workforce and are the critical manpower to prevent the collapse of healthcare system due to any pandemic crisis.
T116 14487-14651 Sentence denotes Unfortunately, according to 2020 State of the World’s Nursing (World Health Organization 2020b), the number of nurses per 10,000 populations varies from 0.6 to 196.
T117 14652-14730 Sentence denotes Investing in nursing is the imperative priority to increase nursing workforce.
T118 14731-14873 Sentence denotes As of the early June 2020, more than 600 nurses died from the COVID‐19 pandemic due to insufficient PPE (International Council of Nurses2020).
T119 14874-15075 Sentence denotes Providing adequate PPE and appropriate staffing should be the highest priority and responsibility of the governments and policymakers around the world to protect nurses’ safety and save people’s lives.
T120 15077-15088 Sentence denotes Conclusions
T121 15089-15243 Sentence denotes There remains great concern in many countries regarding the adequacy of currently available medical resources and supplies to combat COVID‐19 effectively.
T122 15244-15317 Sentence denotes This situation makes the quality and number of nurses even more critical.
T123 15318-15422 Sentence denotes In Taiwan, the quick response and high vigilance of the CECC have been essential to containing COVID‐19.
T124 15423-15547 Sentence denotes The fight against COVID‐19 requires the participation of all, including the government, healthcare workforce and the public.
T125 15548-15696 Sentence denotes Nurses comprise over half of the health workforce worldwide and have the mindset and professional training necessary to effectively combat COVID‐19.
T126 15698-15718 Sentence denotes Author contributions
T127 15719-15741 Sentence denotes Study design: HHW, LHH
T128 15742-15767 Sentence denotes Data collection: CMC, SFC
T129 15768-15791 Sentence denotes Data analysis: CMC, SFC
T130 15792-15814 Sentence denotes Study supervision: HHW
T131 15815-15853 Sentence denotes Manuscript writing: HHW, LHH, CMC, SFC
T132 15854-15917 Sentence denotes Critical revisions for important intellectual content: HHW, LHH