LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7435837 / 21271-40281 JSONTXT 11 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T162 0-2 Sentence denotes 6.
T163 3-132 Sentence denotes Targets for LbL Coating and Potential Applications against Coronaviruses as Well as General Antiviral Applications and Challenges
T164 133-328 Sentence denotes The applications that are discussed in this section are in a sense a crude method of applying highly sophisticated materials and techniques that were developed for in vivo or diagnostic purposes.
T165 329-443 Sentence denotes A so-called nanotrap set of applications has been developed that can be used for the detection of pathogens [114].
T166 444-547 Sentence denotes These traps rely on the recognitions between antigens and antibodies that were already discussed above.
T167 548-773 Sentence denotes An example of carbohydrate trapping was illustrated for chitosan fibers that were functionalized with sialyllactose, facilitating the capture of influenza viruses via the virus hemagglutinin glycoprotein on its surface [115].
T168 774-946 Sentence denotes Carbohydrate microarrays have been reviewed comprehensively [116,117] and these were developed to recognize certain pathogens based on glycan-binding properties of lectins.
T169 947-1010 Sentence denotes Either glycan or lectin is indicative of a particular pathogen.
T170 1011-1207 Sentence denotes Numerous analytical methods, for example, fluorescence spectrometry, mass spectrometry, and surface plasmon resonance spectrometry methods are employed for qualitative and quantitative techniques.
T171 1209-1213 Sentence denotes 6.1.
T172 1214-1233 Sentence denotes Water Sterilization
T173 1234-1317 Sentence denotes All humans need to drink water and have access to water to ensure personal hygiene.
T174 1318-1447 Sentence denotes In the context of the recommendation to wash hands frequently to remove coronavirus and other pathogens, humans need clean water.
T175 1448-1503 Sentence denotes However, water can easily be contaminated with viruses.
T176 1504-1673 Sentence denotes It was proven that representative coronaviruses, mouse hepatitis virus, and transmissible gastrointestinal virus survived for weeks, even in pasteurized, settled sewage.
T177 1674-1780 Sentence denotes This suggested that sewage and contaminated water sources posed a risk for coronavirus transmission [118].
T178 1781-1957 Sentence denotes Currently, numerous research groups have started to establish if SARS-CoV-2 is present in sewage water and traces of the virus have been found in numerous sewage sources [119].
T179 1958-2169 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2 was also recently detected in the stool of an asymptomatic child [120] and remains in the gastrointestinal tract of pediatric patients for a prolonged period even after clearance from the lungs [121].
T180 2170-2390 Sentence denotes It is suggested that the fecal-oral route of transmission should not be excluded as a route of virus transmission [122], however, it is still being investigated if SARS-CoV-2 will spread through contaminated water [123].
T181 2391-2482 Sentence denotes An indirect form of LbL coating was effected by the manufacturing of lignin core particles.
T182 2483-2554 Sentence denotes These lignin cores were coated with prepared cationic lignin particles.
T183 2555-2701 Sentence denotes Negatively charged cowpea chlorotic mottle viruses and the cationic lignin particles were highly effective in removing the viruses from the water.
T184 2702-2779 Sentence denotes It is suggested to develop this material into water filtration devices [124].
T185 2780-2886 Sentence denotes A microfiltration membrane was developed to filter water and reduce viral counts of a model bacteriophage.
T186 2887-3070 Sentence denotes The LbL coating of the filters was performed with the synthetic polycation, poly(ethylene imine) which was covalently immobilized onto the poly(ether sulfone) water membrane material.
T187 3071-3244 Sentence denotes Silver and copper nanoparticles were also coated in the LbL layers, and although an effective antiviral performance was seen, leached markedly into the filtered water [125].
T188 3245-3349 Sentence denotes In a proof-of-concept study, silicon wafers were LbL-coated with synthetic polyelectrolytes in bilayers.
T189 3350-3447 Sentence denotes Antibacterial effects were apparent and also antiviral activity against the H1N1 influenza virus.
T190 3448-3650 Sentence denotes Although the coated material proved to be 100% bactericidal against waterborne bacteria, it demonstrated 60% virucidal activity against an H1N1 droplet after coating three layers of the polyelectrolyte.
T191 3651-3749 Sentence denotes However, as the coating was increased to 7.5 bilayers, 100% virucidal activity was observed [126].
T192 3750-3872 Sentence denotes LbL coating of nanofiltration membranes with gallic acid and PEI could effectively adsorb selected antibiotics from water.
T193 3873-3976 Sentence denotes Although not directly related, an antiviral effect can be envisioned by this kind of LbL coating [127].
T194 3977-4143 Sentence denotes The successful disinfection of aqueous poliovirus and rotavirus solution was achieved by coating glass slides with synthetic poly(ethylene imine), PEI, cations [128].
T195 4144-4340 Sentence denotes Numerous other examples of LbL coatings on surfaces were also shown to be antimicrobial against many waterborne organisms, yet antiviral effects were not reviewed or were simply mentioned briefly.
T196 4341-4522 Sentence denotes It is, however, apparent that the same intermolecular forces that lead to interaction between surfaces and viruses occur between surfaces and other microorganisms [129,130,131,132].
T197 4524-4528 Sentence denotes 6.2.
T198 4529-4543 Sentence denotes Air Filtration
T199 4544-4783 Sentence denotes As with water, coronaviruses survive on inanimate surfaces [133] that include metal, glass, wood, paper, silicon, surgical gloves, plastic, and non-stick PTFE surfaces for a period of up to nine days on plastic and two days on steel [134].
T200 4784-4905 Sentence denotes It was also observed that MERS-CoV could survive in the air for much longer durations than influenza virus strains [135].
T201 4906-4983 Sentence denotes However, living tissue such as mucosal membranes harbors these viruses [136].
T202 4984-5095 Sentence denotes As with the need for water, humans need to breathe and are, therefore, naturally exposed to all these surfaces.
T203 5096-5180 Sentence denotes The need for broad-spectrum protection against airborne microbes has been expressed.
T204 5181-5410 Sentence denotes Three protective measures against airborne spread of viruses have been suggested to ensure the antiviral efficiency of filter materials and lastly, that these materials are not limited to only one type of device or surface [137].
T205 5411-5566 Sentence denotes Wearing facial masks is a commonly recommended prophylactic measure against the spread of airborne pathogens [138,139] such as the influenza A virus [140].
T206 5567-5779 Sentence denotes It is even recommended that patients suspected of being infected with SARS-CoV-2 should be fitted with masks during surgery or procedure requiring anesthesia [141] and also during transport to the hospital [142].
T207 5780-5976 Sentence denotes FFP2 and FFP3/N95 masks offer significant protection against airborne particles and even then the FFP3 masks filter at least 99% of airborne particles, leaving a gap for some particle penetration.
T208 5977-6040 Sentence denotes These masks also still pose the risk of improper sealing [143].
T209 6041-6321 Sentence denotes It has been shown that airborne viruses, for example, norovirus, adenovirus, and torque teno virus can be detected in air samples [144] on for instance PTFE filters that were used to detect SARS-CoV [145], and MERS by the employment of a specialized air sampling instrument [146].
T210 6322-6669 Sentence denotes Several viruses, especially respiratory viruses are effectively distributed by airborne droplets [147,148], and very obviously the human coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV [145,149,150], MERS [146,151,152], and SARS-CoV-2 [153,154,155,156] even though some controversy exists regarding respiratory transmission as the only means of distribution [157].
T211 6670-6727 Sentence denotes Some examples of viral air filtration are discussed next.
T212 6728-6783 Sentence denotes HEPA filters were coated with charged carbon nanotubes.
T213 6784-6942 Sentence denotes During the filtration study, the nanotubes were shown to be 92% effective in the filtration of a viral bacteriophage, MS2, as a model of viral particle [158].
T214 6943-7071 Sentence denotes There are virtually no reports on coated antiviral air filters, let alone employing an LbL coating method to create these masks.
T215 7072-7251 Sentence denotes These are rapid inactivation action, broad-spectrum inactivation not only against specific strains, and lastly universal application on various media, not just facial masks [159].
T216 7252-7391 Sentence denotes The coating of the filter fabric of these masks with PEI achieved more than 99.999% antiviral activity against the T4D bacteriophage virus.
T217 7392-7485 Sentence denotes These coatings were achieved by dip coating, however, LbL nanocoating was not reported [159].
T218 7486-7586 Sentence denotes A disposable polyimide layer has been coated onto porous silicon-based masks, including an N95 mask.
T219 7587-7695 Sentence denotes The layer proved to be hydrophobic and prevented the accumulation of droplets on the mask almost completely.
T220 7696-7770 Sentence denotes The film can be peeled off after use and replaced to reuse the mask [160].
T221 7771-7902 Sentence denotes A comprehensive review of cellulose-based air filters has shown that cellulose is an effective material to produce antiviral masks.
T222 7903-8112 Sentence denotes Cellulose ester materials that are anionic are still seen as the most effective antiviral material in filters and again affirms the potential interaction of positively charged spike proteins and negative GAGs.
T223 8113-8222 Sentence denotes However, LbL nanocoating of cellulose has both been described as a method to produce antiviral filters [161].
T224 8223-8388 Sentence denotes In an unrelated application, our research has shown that cellulose can be coated easily employing LbL coating with, for example, chitosan as coating materials [162].
T225 8389-8510 Sentence denotes It is proposed that it would be possible to modify a facial mask that is based on a cellulose fabric with antiviral GAGs.
T226 8511-8746 Sentence denotes There are indications that LbL nanocoating of air filtration devices can make a significant contribution to the prevention of virus distribution and be very relevant to the prevention of the respiratory variants of human coronaviruses.
T227 8748-8752 Sentence denotes 6.3.
T228 8753-8761 Sentence denotes Textiles
T229 8762-8880 Sentence denotes In addition to wearing facial masks, protective clothing is another important measure against the spread of pathogens.
T230 8881-8963 Sentence denotes Cotton is one of the most commonly employed textiles used to manufacture clothing.
T231 8964-9047 Sentence denotes Cotton fabric, which was ready for use by the textile industry, was LbL nanocoated.
T232 9048-9159 Sentence denotes The alternating layers comprised of PSS and poly(allylamine) bilayers followed by bilayers of PSS and chitosan.
T233 9160-9267 Sentence denotes The coated fabric was washed in water to remove the excess polyelectrolyte with or without ultrasonication.
T234 9268-9369 Sentence denotes The fabric that was washed with ultrasonication produced a more uniformly coated fabric than without.
T235 9370-9582 Sentence denotes The coated material was exposed to antimicrobial tests and significant antibacterial activity was shown toward S. aureus and some activity was still maintained after washing the fabric with a non-ionic detergent.
T236 9583-9725 Sentence denotes Up to 80% of bactericidal activity was maintained for fabric samples that were washed with ultrasonication compared to samples washed without.
T237 9726-9792 Sentence denotes The latter samples retained approximately 30% bactericidal effect.
T238 9793-9839 Sentence denotes Antiviral effects were not investigated [163].
T239 9840-9983 Sentence denotes Chitosan-alginate LbL was also reported to impart antibacterial effects on cotton fabric, however, antiviral activity was not determined [164].
T240 9984-10119 Sentence denotes Chitosan also afforded antibacterial properties when alternately layered with sulfonated lignin or boric acid onto cotton fabric [165].
T241 10120-10305 Sentence denotes Lignin, an abundant product of unexplored commercial value, that is produced from wood pulp during paper manufacturing also impart antibacterial properties to coated textiles [165,166].
T242 10306-10413 Sentence denotes Another popular application of the LbL coating of cotton fabrics was to create flame-retardant cloth [167].
T243 10414-10597 Sentence denotes Examples include the coating of the material with flame-retardant laponite nanoclay particles [168], cationic starch, and montmorillonite nanoclay particles in alternate layers [169].
T244 10598-10769 Sentence denotes Nylon-66, a popular synthetic textile, was also rendered flame-retardant by LbL-nanocoating with cationic chitosan and anionic alginate [170] or anionic phytic acid [171].
T245 10770-10919 Sentence denotes Another synthetic textile, polyester, were coated with synthetic PSS and PDDA to impart significant antibacterial properties to the fabric [172,173].
T246 10920-11122 Sentence denotes Dual-purpose, environmentally friendly, antibacterial, and flame-retardant layers of poly(hexamethylene guanidine phosphate) and the seaweed-derived alginate could also be coated on cotton fabric [174].
T247 11123-11394 Sentence denotes Another example of synthetic polyelectrolyte LbL nanocoating that showed significant antibacterial properties comprises of N-halamine-derived copolymer polyelectrolytes, however, the coated cotton fiber had to be immersed in household bleach to elicit antiviral activity.
T248 11395-11511 Sentence denotes Despite this, the amount of chlorine that was absorbed could be controlled depending on the bilayer thickness [175].
T249 11512-11612 Sentence denotes Another approach to producing a coated textile is to coat fibers that are used to weave the textile.
T250 11613-11725 Sentence denotes Some drug delivery approaches were employed to create chitosan-alginate fibers loaded with a protein drug [176].
T251 11726-11901 Sentence denotes Wood pulp fibers were also successfully LbL-coated with chitosan and carboxymethylcellulose [177] and this fiber coating could, for example, lead to paper strengthening [178].
T252 11902-12020 Sentence denotes Antibacterial vascular grafts were produced by LbL nanocoating of chitosan and heparin onto the graft materials [179].
T253 12021-12126 Sentence denotes It is suggested that pre-coated fibers can be produced and subsequently weaved into an antiviral textile.
T254 12127-12204 Sentence denotes Again, a scarcity of literature was found that focused on antiviral activity.
T255 12205-12340 Sentence denotes It provides an “inside-out” method of textile coating instead of coating the finished textile after it was weaved from uncoated fibers.
T256 12341-12437 Sentence denotes Polysaccharides may again prevail as an effective pre-treatment option prior to weaving fabrics.
T257 12438-12775 Sentence denotes Antiviral activities of polysaccharides, especially of unmodified GAGs or uncomplicated naturally derived polysaccharides such as chitosan and pullulan have been reviewed [180], yet at the time of writing, almost no literature could be found where these polysaccharides were LbL-coated onto textiles specifically for an antiviral effect.
T258 12776-12955 Sentence denotes Antibacterial and improvement of the physical properties of coated textiles seem to be the focus of comprehensive reviews with brief mentioning of antiviral effects [173,181,182].
T259 12956-13103 Sentence denotes Despite the lack of explicit LbL nanocoating of textiles, it is illustrated that coating of fabrics could be an effective antiviral countermeasure.
T260 13104-13288 Sentence denotes Surgical gowns were, for example, laminated with a 3-fold layer of poly(propylene) as the outer layer, PTFE as the middle layer, and a non-woven polyester layer as the innermost layer.
T261 13289-13382 Sentence denotes PTFE proved essential in curbing viral adhesion and penetration through the fabric [183,184].
T262 13383-13514 Sentence denotes A survey of the patent literature also revealed almost no applications of LbL-nanocoating in antiviral settings regarding textiles.
T263 13516-13520 Sentence denotes 6.4.
T264 13521-13536 Sentence denotes Medical Devices
T265 13537-13716 Sentence denotes Seriously ill patients with respiratory distress, and also other patients with other conditions such as cardiovascular disease often require intimate contact with medical devices.
T266 13717-13866 Sentence denotes Examples of devices include prosthetic heart valves, orthopedic implants, intravascular catheters, artificial hearts, cardiac pacemakers, etc. [185].
T267 13867-13992 Sentence denotes Wettability of the surfaces has been shown to play a crucial role in the adhesion of viruses to whichever surface is present.
T268 13993-14165 Sentence denotes Glass slides were successfully coated with silanes of various hydrophobicity and showed that more hydrophobic surfaces were most efficient in capturing influenza A viruses.
T269 14166-14270 Sentence denotes This points again to a form of nanotrapping and inactivation of the virus by surface interactions [186].
T270 14271-14371 Sentence denotes Glass slides were also LbL coated with polyanionic and polycationic chitosan to eliminate S. aureus.
T271 14372-14474 Sentence denotes It was implied that this LbL process will benefit medical devices with antibacterial properties [187].
T272 14475-14637 Sentence denotes Vascular prostheses were coated successfully with alternating layers of human serum albumin and the GAG, heparin, and other carbohydrates such as dextran sulfate.
T273 14638-14805 Sentence denotes These multilayered contacts prevented the clotting factor, fibrinogen from causing thrombosis which is a serious complication of contact with the medical device [188].
T274 14806-15241 Sentence denotes Although not always disclosing full information, self-eliminating coatings on medical devices that comprise mainly of polypeptides were successfully applied to medical devices that could deliver biological substances after implantation into the human body [189], applied to urethral catheters and stents to prevent mucosal tissue of the urethra to block openings of the catheter or stent that will lead to prevention of fluid drainage.
T275 15242-15348 Sentence denotes These coatings also released antimicrobials although antivirals were not mentioned specifically [190,191].
T276 15349-15510 Sentence denotes In a comprehensive review, the future of LbL nanocoating in the medical profession was pointed out, however, antiviral LbL applications were not mentioned [192].
T277 15511-15695 Sentence denotes It was interesting to find that LbL-nanocoating of medical devices also revealed very few literature entries and even fewer regarding coating with polysaccharides or antiviral coating.
T278 15696-15843 Sentence denotes It was reported that catheter silicon tubes that contained chlorohexidine-containing PEG-micelles were coated with poly(acrylic acid) as polyanion.
T279 15844-15938 Sentence denotes Again the purpose of this study was to afford antibacterial action to the silicon tubes [193].
T280 15939-16045 Sentence denotes Dental implants are another medical device that benefited from antibacterial LbL coating with PSS and PAH.
T281 16046-16175 Sentence denotes Metronidazole was coated in the final bilayer and this provided the antibacterial effect to prevent periodontal infections [194].
T282 16176-16328 Sentence denotes It is again apparent, at the time of writing, that antiviral coatings of medical devices have not been the main focus of research or innovation efforts.
T283 16329-16454 Sentence denotes Figure 5 depicts a summary of our suggested methods of contributing in an almost crude, passive way to curb viral infections.
T284 16456-16460 Sentence denotes 6.5.
T285 16461-16514 Sentence denotes Challenges to LbL Nanocoating as an Antiviral Measure
T286 16515-16677 Sentence denotes It is seen from the literature that LbL nanocoating has been successful against many microorganisms, however, it has not seen significant testing against viruses.
T287 16678-16809 Sentence denotes It is uncertain how long a surface will remain efficient in trapping viruses, and regular replacement of the materials is probable.
T288 16810-16985 Sentence denotes Recently [160] it was shown that self-cleaning reusable face masks could be manufactured by coating the textile with hydrophobic silicon dioxide over etched pores of the mask.
T289 16986-17186 Sentence denotes On the other hand, it was shown that superhydrophilic chitosan/carboxymethylcellulose LbL coating of silicone ophthalmic devices encouraged the flow of tears and prevented bacterial biofilm formation.
T290 17187-17298 Sentence denotes The devices also contained antibacterial agents that were released and contributed to the overall effect [195].
T291 17299-17406 Sentence denotes Perhaps polysaccharides can be employed in the same way, however, they might require chemical modification.
T292 17407-17495 Sentence denotes It is also not established if hydro- or hydrophilic coatings will be the most effective.
T293 17496-17646 Sentence denotes It has been illustrated that orthopedic implants could be coated with drug-containing niosomes that prevented bacterial adhesion to the implant [196].
T294 17647-17720 Sentence denotes Other antibacterial coatings almost always contained antibacterial drugs.
T295 17721-17832 Sentence denotes Antiviral drugs are not so abundant and other agents might have to be included in the LbL polysaccharide films.
T296 17833-17864 Sentence denotes These are yet to be identified.
T297 17865-17963 Sentence denotes There are no studies that have reported the saturation load that these coatings might accommodate.
T298 17964-18101 Sentence denotes The disposal of materials that have come in contact with viruses is of concern and protocols for handling this waste should be developed.
T299 18102-18227 Sentence denotes Not only do they contribute to waste production [197], but also possibly to accumulation of a virus at the place of disposal.
T300 18228-18371 Sentence denotes Antibacterial textiles have been utilized to manufacture sportswear, underwear, bedding, mattresses, wound dressings, and hospital gowns [198].
T301 18372-18515 Sentence denotes These items need laundering in order to reuse and pollute water sources, potentially leading to the accumulation of viruses in the water [199].
T302 18516-18729 Sentence denotes Perhaps a disposable product is a better alternative than a reusable product such as illustrated for disposable towels and baths that prevent the accumulation of skin bacteria in patients under nursing care [200].
T303 18730-18837 Sentence denotes Clearly many challenges need to be addressed to ensure the effectiveness of these coatings against viruses.
T304 18838-19010 Sentence denotes The way has, however, been paved by, for example, successful antibacterial and antifungal applications in many settings where humans are exposed to many different surfaces.