LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7405836 / 86503-98757 JSONTXT 10 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T603 0-8 Sentence denotes Vaccines
T604 9-178 Sentence denotes The S protein plays a significant role in the induction of protective immunity against SARS-CoV by mediating T-cell responses and neutralizing antibody production (168).
T605 179-327 Sentence denotes In the past few decades, we have seen several attempts to develop a vaccine against human coronaviruses by using S protein as the target (168, 169).
T606 328-469 Sentence denotes However, the developed vaccines have minimal application, even among closely related strains of the virus, due to a lack of cross-protection.
T607 470-587 Sentence denotes That is mainly because of the extensive diversity existing among the different antigenic variants of the virus (104).
T608 588-853 Sentence denotes The contributions of the structural proteins, like spike (S), matrix (M), small envelope (E), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins, of SARS-CoV to induce protective immunity has been evaluated by expressing them in a recombinant parainfluenza virus type 3 vector (BHPIV3).
T609 854-1086 Sentence denotes Of note, the result was conclusive that the expression of M, E, or N proteins without the presence of S protein would not confer any noticeable protection, with the absence of detectable serum SARS-CoV-neutralizing antibodies (170).
T610 1087-1223 Sentence denotes Antigenic determinant sites present over S and N structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 can be explored as suitable vaccine candidates (294).
T611 1224-1361 Sentence denotes In the Asian population, S, E, M, and N proteins of SARS-CoV-2 are being targeted for developing subunit vaccines against COVID-19 (295).
T612 1362-1526 Sentence denotes The identification of the immunodominant region among the subunits and domains of S protein is critical for developing an effective vaccine against the coronavirus.
T613 1527-1655 Sentence denotes The C-terminal domain of the S1 subunit is considered the immunodominant region of the porcine deltacoronavirus S protein (171).
T614 1656-1792 Sentence denotes Similarly, further investigations are needed to determine the immunodominant regions of SARS-CoV-2 for facilitating vaccine development.
T615 1793-2013 Sentence denotes However, our previous attempts to develop a universal vaccine that is effective for both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV based on T-cell epitope similarity pointed out the possibility of cross-reactivity among coronaviruses (172).
T616 2014-2110 Sentence denotes That can be made possible by selected potential vaccine targets that are common to both viruses.
T617 2111-2185 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2 has been reported to be closely related to SARS-CoV (173, 174).
T618 2186-2347 Sentence denotes Hence, knowledge and understanding of S protein-based vaccine development in SARS-CoV will help to identify potential S protein vaccine candidates in SARS-CoV-2.
T619 2348-2545 Sentence denotes Therefore, vaccine strategies based on the whole S protein, S protein subunits, or specific potential epitopes of S protein appear to be the most promising vaccine candidates against coronaviruses.
T620 2546-2643 Sentence denotes The RBD of the S1 subunit of S protein has a superior capacity to induce neutralizing antibodies.
T621 2644-2824 Sentence denotes This property of the RBD can be utilized for designing potential SARS-CoV vaccines either by using RBD-containing recombinant proteins or recombinant vectors that encode RBD (175).
T622 2825-3025 Sentence denotes Hence, the superior genetic similarity existing between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV can be utilized to repurpose vaccines that have proven in vitro efficacy against SARS-CoV to be utilized for SARS-CoV-2.
T623 3026-3161 Sentence denotes The possibility of cross-protection in COVID-19 was evaluated by comparing the S protein sequences of SARS-CoV-2 with that of SARS-CoV.
T624 3162-3327 Sentence denotes The comparative analysis confirmed that the variable residues were found concentrated on the S1 subunit of S protein, an important vaccine target of the virus (150).
T625 3328-3450 Sentence denotes Hence, the possibility of SARS-CoV-specific neutralizing antibodies providing cross-protection to COVID-19 might be lower.
T626 3451-3633 Sentence denotes Further genetic analysis is required between SARS-CoV-2 and different strains of SARS-CoV and SARS-like (SL) CoVs to evaluate the possibility of repurposed vaccines against COVID-19.
T627 3634-3841 Sentence denotes This strategy will be helpful in the scenario of an outbreak, since much time can be saved, because preliminary evaluation, including in vitro studies, already would be completed for such vaccine candidates.
T628 3842-3960 Sentence denotes Multiepitope subunit vaccines can be considered a promising preventive strategy against the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
T629 3961-4060 Sentence denotes In silico and advanced immunoinformatic tools can be used to develop multiepitope subunit vaccines.
T630 4061-4237 Sentence denotes The vaccines that are engineered by this technique can be further evaluated using docking studies and, if found effective, then can be further evaluated in animal models (365).
T631 4238-4377 Sentence denotes Identifying epitopes that have the potential to become a vaccine candidate is critical to developing an effective vaccine against COVID-19.
T632 4378-4541 Sentence denotes The immunoinformatics approach has been used for recognizing essential epitopes of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and B cells from the surface glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2.
T633 4542-4629 Sentence denotes Recently, a few epitopes have been recognized from the SARS-CoV-2 surface glycoprotein.
T634 4630-4801 Sentence denotes The selected epitopes explored targeting molecular dynamic simulations, evaluating their interaction with corresponding major histocompatibility complex class I molecules.
T635 4802-4849 Sentence denotes They potentially induce immune responses (176).
T636 4850-4935 Sentence denotes The recombinant vaccine can be designed by using rabies virus (RV) as a viral vector.
T637 4936-5052 Sentence denotes RV can be made to express MERS-CoV S1 protein on its surface so that an immune response is induced against MERS-CoV.
T638 5053-5257 Sentence denotes The RV vector-based vaccines against MERS-CoV can induce faster antibody response as well as higher degrees of cellular immunity than the Gram-positive enhancer matrix (GEM) particle vector-based vaccine.
T639 5258-5340 Sentence denotes However, the latter can induce a very high antibody response at lower doses (167).
T640 5341-5455 Sentence denotes Hence, the degree of humoral and cellular immune responses produced by such vaccines depends upon the vector used.
T641 5456-5510 Sentence denotes Dual vaccines have been getting more popular recently.
T642 5511-5637 Sentence denotes Among them, the rabies virus-based vectored vaccine platform is used to develop vaccines against emerging infectious diseases.
T643 5638-5826 Sentence denotes The dual vaccine developed from inactivated rabies virus particles that express the MERS-CoV S1 domain of S protein was found to induce immune responses for both MERS-CoV and rabies virus.
T644 5827-5920 Sentence denotes The vaccinated mice were found to be completely protected from challenge with MERS-CoV (169).
T645 5921-6214 Sentence denotes The intranasal administration of the recombinant adenovirus-based vaccine in BALB/c mice was found to induce long-lasting neutralizing immunity against MERS spike pseudotyped virus, characterized by the induction of systemic IgG, secretory IgA, and lung-resident memory T-cell responses (177).
T646 6215-6368 Sentence denotes Immunoinformatics methods have been employed for the genome-wide screening of potential vaccine targets among the different immunogens of MERS-CoV (178).
T647 6369-6555 Sentence denotes The N protein and the potential B-cell epitopes of MERS-CoV E protein have been suggested as immunoprotective targets inducing both T-cell and neutralizing antibody responses (178, 179).
T648 6556-6733 Sentence denotes The collaborative effort of the researchers of Rocky Mountain Laboratories and Oxford University is designing a chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine to counter COVID-19 (180).
T649 6734-6858 Sentence denotes The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) has initiated three programs to design SARS-CoV-2 vaccines (181).
T650 6859-6982 Sentence denotes CEPI has a collaborative project with Inovio for designing a MERS-CoV DNA vaccine that could potentiate effective immunity.
T651 6983-7191 Sentence denotes CEPI and the University of Queensland are designing a molecular clamp vaccine platform for MERS-CoV and other pathogens, which could assist in the easier identification of antigens by the immune system (181).
T652 7192-7433 Sentence denotes CEPI has also funded Moderna to develop a vaccine for COVID-19 in partnership with the Vaccine Research Center (VRC) of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (182).
T653 7434-7605 Sentence denotes By employing mRNA vaccine platform technology, a vaccine candidate expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is likely to go through clinical testing in the coming months (180).
T654 7606-7764 Sentence denotes On 16 March 2020, Jennifer Haller became the first person outside China to receive an experimental vaccine, developed by Moderna, against this pandemic virus.
T655 7765-7905 Sentence denotes Moderna, along with China’s CanSino Biologics, became the first research group to launch small clinical trials of vaccines against COVID-19.
T656 7906-7999 Sentence denotes Their study is evaluating the vaccine’s safety and ability to trigger immune responses (296).
T657 8000-8128 Sentence denotes Scientists from all over the world are trying hard to develop working vaccines with robust protective immunity against COVID-19.
T658 8129-8506 Sentence denotes Vaccine candidates, like mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, INO-4800 DNA coronavirus vaccine, and adenovirus type 5 vector vaccine candidate (Ad5-nCoV), are a few examples under phase I clinical trials, while self-amplifying RNA vaccine, oral recombinant COVID-19 vaccine, BNT162, plant-based COVID-19 vaccine, and Ii-Key peptide COVID-19 vaccine are under preclinical trials (297).
T659 8507-8638 Sentence denotes Similarly, the WHO, on its official website, has mentioned a detailed list of COVID-19 vaccine agents that are under consideration.
T660 8639-8932 Sentence denotes Different phases of trials are ongoing for live attenuated virus vaccines, formaldehyde alum inactivated vaccine, adenovirus type 5 vector vaccine, LNP-encapsulated mRNA vaccine, DNA plasmid vaccine, and S protein, S-trimer, and Ii-Key peptide as a subunit protein vaccine, among others (298).
T661 8933-9123 Sentence denotes The process of vaccine development usually takes approximately ten years, in the case of inactivated or live attenuated vaccines, since it involves the generation of long-term efficacy data.
T662 9124-9219 Sentence denotes However, this was brought down to 5 years during the Ebola emergency for viral vector vaccines.
T663 9220-9325 Sentence denotes In the urgency associated with the COVID-19 outbreaks, we expect a vaccine by the end of this year (343).
T664 9326-9575 Sentence denotes The development of an effective vaccine against COVID-19 with high speed and precision is the combined result of advancements in computational biology, gene synthesis, protein engineering, and the invention of advanced manufacturing platforms (342).
T665 9576-9724 Sentence denotes The recurring nature of the coronavirus outbreaks calls for the development of a pan-coronavirus vaccine that can produce cross-reactive antibodies.
T666 9725-9921 Sentence denotes However, the success of such a vaccine relies greatly on its ability to provide protection not only against present versions of the virus but also the ones that are likely to emerge in the future.
T667 9922-10105 Sentence denotes This can be achieved by identifying antibodies that can recognize relatively conserved epitopes that are maintained as such even after the occurrence of considerable variations (362).
T668 10106-10252 Sentence denotes Even though several vaccine clinical trials are being conducted around the world, pregnant women have been completely excluded from these studies.
T669 10253-10435 Sentence denotes Pregnant women are highly vulnerable to emerging diseases such as COVID-19 due to alterations in the immune system and other physiological systems that are associated with pregnancy.
T670 10436-10552 Sentence denotes Therefore, in the event of successful vaccine development, pregnant women will not get access to the vaccines (361).
T671 10553-10727 Sentence denotes Hence, it is recommended that pregnant women be included in the ongoing vaccine trials, since successful vaccination in pregnancy will protect the mother, fetus, and newborn.
T672 10728-10912 Sentence denotes The heterologous immune effects induced by Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccination is a promising strategy for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic and requires further investigations.
T673 10913-10984 Sentence denotes BCG is a widely used vaccine against tuberculosis in high-risk regions.
T674 10985-11052 Sentence denotes It is derived from a live attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis.
T675 11053-11188 Sentence denotes At present, three new clinical trials have been registered to evaluate the protective role of BCG vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 (363).
T676 11189-11313 Sentence denotes Recently, a cohort study was conducted to evaluate the impact of childhood BCG vaccination in COVID-19 PCR positivity rates.
T677 11314-11471 Sentence denotes However, childhood BCG vaccination was found to be associated with a rate of COVID-19-positive test results similar to that of the nonvaccinated group (364).
T678 11472-11609 Sentence denotes Further studies are required to analyze whether BCG vaccination in childhood can induce protective effects against COVID-19 in adulthood.
T679 11610-11741 Sentence denotes Population genetic studies conducted on 103 genomes identified that the SARS-CoV-2 virus has evolved into two major types, L and S.
T680 11742-11851 Sentence denotes Among the two types, L type is expected to be the most prevalent (∼70%), followed by the S type (∼30%) (366).
T681 11852-12013 Sentence denotes This finding has a significant impact on our race to develop an ideal vaccine, since the vaccine candidate has to target both strains to be considered effective.
T682 12014-12130 Sentence denotes At present, the genetic differences between the L and S types are very small and may not affect the immune response.
T683 12131-12254 Sentence denotes However, we can expect further genetic variations in the coming days that could lead to the emergence of new strains (367).